DEC-22-2005 12:27 LINDA HALLLIBRARYL EU Cia eer $3.00 PER COPY $1.00 TO ASME MEMBERS \ 2 of Interpretation of Finite Element Stresses According to ASME Section Ill W. ©. KROENKE G.w.aDDIcoTT BLM. HINTON Babcock & Wilcox, Power Generation Group, Barberton, Ohio ‘Ssiresses from finite element analyses of typical pressure vessel components are classified ‘nd compared aganst ASME Section Il stress limits. Procedures are given forthe locetion of Ceitcal planes in vessel compononts, the dvision of total stresses into membrane, bendidg, land peak categories, and the assignment of strosses to the primary, secondary, oF catagories. Emphasis is placed on the presentation of specific results for a nozde ar Dotted clasure analy. I Conte bythe Presmre Vs & Pplog Divison of The Atmeccan Society of Mechanical Eagar for presentations te Second Nadonal Congres on Pressure Vessels & Pipiog, San Francisco, Calforia, ‘Jase 3-27, 10S Manuorip reeled at ASME. Headquarters March 28,1975. Cones wil be available ian March 3, 1976. ‘Discussion onthe pape will be received at ASME Headqnrters enti aly 28, 1975. INITED ENGINEERING CENTER, $45 EAST 47m STREET, NEW YORK, NY. h0O17DeC-ze-20es 1; Interpretation of Finite Element Stresses _\e¢erding to ASME Section W W.C, KROENKE GW. ADDICOTT STRESS CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE srroduction The allowable stresses Gu, 1-5 Sx and > gq specitied by the ASME Gode Section III? relate @irectiy to the redundant forces and moments resulting from shell programs and interaction analyses but not to the total stresses reoulting trom finite element analyses. The total finite clement stresses mst first be divided into nunbrane, bending, and peak portions. Freviously, redundant foress and monents were calculated end conpared to allovables at a limited munber of A finite element olution provides ot an infinite mumber of locations. Ure finite elenent method in conjunotion with of the Section IIT required the develoment® of @ stress classification procedure which would operate on total finite element strosses and produce stresses comparable to Code allovables. This stress olass~ Sfication procedure is applicable te axteymmetric solutions using elasticity elements. Tao proce Gure 1s outlined in the following, Tts applica ‘aon to bolted closure and norsle analyses +5 emphasized. TGSME Rotter ond Freseure Vesse) Code. IIE, Fuel 9th. 2 Eroenke, W. C., "Classification of Finite Elenent Stresses According to ASME Section IIT Section 2 Power Plant Components, Division 2, —_— LANDA HALL LIBRHIYL Bb ¥eb UD PUD eT BM. HINTON NOTICE: This material may be protected Sy copyright law (Tide 17, US. Code) oxtane ot seen caescsaisn Mats st are sei comment £7 chassiouiny ibe tv eaeoplavet Fen tts ty feted Fle Sit arched yt sit inthe eter ae eee Leena anrens ein se Set enpce seeent = Mi ee Sa ae anil he scot oven thn res aeratate, yea each pri 2 ee re alee hwy stent cere a btn ehh tn Sesh ert mie ate re ant sresns (Ry fe and Tsien tna te cram roe a eu fo te Yee ‘eal tn eee cnten ebvaed by sean | over which it acts; the bending stress 18 qual | ore ath 2 Str aot vas aim tn mote | woe res Stren, orae com sees | minus the membrane stzess if peak is not presents wie ar itn in agate tm eee sot oe ote seen et he ening stot we mon inne aeeoeoien- won eee maeiaed in Gu ee ERT a Sateen ann. rea bon aenonstrated (2) that the shear stress is con | ane een ona sven APERD cored PE omni ae ebee H (4.e., remove the peak stress from the total). {Sue ay tng te nes etsteaseon Fe ea og) aka earl ae oes vett Mee Ge ate seeitant ent 8 Stress categories," Pressure Vessels and Pip: total distribution and with surface shears oa} Analysis ap4 computers, ASHE, Sune 297%. culated fron @ Linearized Mobr's circle. Row onto Ag08E —_—$—$< $< < <_< —_ <_< __ | P+ peak stress pode} parallel to the stress classifi- T= locel coordinate direction in plane of cation line docet sorter te the cézess clascificay S,SqrSq * stress at locations Ay 3) and ¢, re- tion Line \ spectively prinery bending stress sok = stress classification 1ine prinary local menbrane’ stress Sh = stress in L direotion prisiary membrane stress SR = stress in R dizestion secontery stress 30 = stress in T direction Joce2 coordinate direction in plane of ‘T= hoop or efremferential directionDeC~2e-200s ot ners - aabr 218°C) - 50°F (282°C) [pate caster, 748° (250°C) } | I . | he 1824 me 1 z 4007, wonerel ‘baie | Pig. 1 Primary outlet noszle a | Fig, 3 Contour plot for temperature no stable method was found for calculating 2 Linearizod shear distribution, Consequently, no attempt is being nade to separate bending and Deak shear stresses. Primary stress linits fare setisfied using meubrane sheer stress. Grose shear failure of the cross section is thereby prevented. Ip meeting primary plus secondary stress limits, {t 15 assumed that the chear at ‘che vessel surface 1s zero, ‘This introduces some inaoctrncy, since the principal stresses at ‘the surface Would be greater ir the surface shear were included. ‘he inaccuracy 1s minimized by locating the SCL as noma} as possible to both yossel surfaces, ‘gren with the omfssion of the shear stress for primary plus secondary stress, the overall determination of acceptability is improved over shell solutions: because the redundants caloulated are more accurate and the sheers are treated in | the sane vay es for shell analyzes, Having classified the stresses according to ‘type (membrane, bending, or peck) and knowing: ‘the origin of the stress (dezign or operating) and the location of the stress, the components can bé classified into the appropriate category LDeC-22-2003 12:28 LINDA HALL LIBRARYL Fig. 4 Tangential stress contours for pressure Joading (fg, general primary menbrene stress; Pi, local prinary menbrane rbress; Py + 2p, Primary nes drane pour primary bending; Ft % + @, prisary plas secondary stress; and Fy + Fy +2 +7, total stress). Tt fo then a etraightforvend matter to caloulate the Principal stresses, the stress aieterences, and the stress intensity. ‘Yee of Stree Classification Method Tf it ip necessary te satisfy primary stress intts with finite element runs, « computer ron with design loads only 1s used. Computer runs With operating loads are used to eatisfy primary plus secondary wtress limits. In making these computer runs; it 1s necessary to choose the loca~ ‘tion and orientation of the ScLis. Selection of the Line orientation with respect to the ve: ie extremely important, since the values of the classified stresges are a function of line orten- tation, ‘Typical locations are through geometric stress concentrations and through vessel and ‘themgl Siscontinulties. ScLts are required. at stress concentrations in onder to calculate pri- nary plus secondary stress and thereby validate the use of the desien fatigue curves. Accepta- bility of discontinut ty stresses are determined by SOL!'s at junctures detween subcomponents. Isola ‘tion of peak thermal stress requires Sch's in rer Gions.of high redial gradient,’ SCL's are also re~ quired in many other eritical areas uhich ere BIB eb BD Fu ne mae nding trace Se Se Indentt ne oped tine (Ws ners oun) sai << Indices tan exon rough adg "War corer regent) itanes tour yan wal Fig. § ‘tangential stress for clad posse unique to a given Problen. ‘A plane (SCL) which gives basically a linear} bending @istribution for meridional end tangential stress has the best orientation for the following reasons: 1 the prinary stress limits are derived fron the Mimtt denign theory of a rectangular cross-section bean with linear, elastic, bending stress distribution, 2 The primary plus secondary stress limite prevent gross plastis distortion which results frome linear, elastic, bending steps 4istribuc thon, Selecting a plane hich has a Linear, bending distrinution is the basic oriterion for vada SCE orientation. Such a plane usually corresponds ‘to a line approximately normal % the neutral and vessel surfaces. ‘his plane is not necessarily ‘he same plane whieh would have been ured in a shell interaction analysis. shel? solutions assume ines normal to the middle surface renain straight and nomal te the middle durface, Since finite elenent solutions using elasticity elencnts imelude shear deforeations and local flextbility, Lines do not reuain normal to the middle surface, | Consequently, planes of bending are.mich ore aiftieult to ovate. Acer obtaining a finite element solution, it 1s. necessary to evaluate’ the stress. distrsbutions. on the $0L's and throughout 3Dec-22-2003 12:28 LINDA HALL LIBRARYL ' Sapte Wig. 6 Location of SCL's ‘the vessel to determine whether the SOz's are at critical planes ani whether they reflect behavior (e.g-, gross bending) indteative of that being Lintted by Section ITZ, APPLICATION OF STRESS CUASSIFTCATION PROCEDURE The use of the stress classification method outlined in the foregoing te deronstrated tn what follows by tts application to a primary outlet rozsle and a bolted mamray closure ana2- yais. Digeussion {s Mmited to interpreting Tinste elenent stress output. Wo disoussion se given topior such as uodel refinement and boundary conditions. Since total stresses for use in the fatigue analysis provide no problen when using fintte clement solutions, they wilt ikevise not Be discussed. Exshary outlet woseie Geonetey. The romzle to be used for this * atsoussion 4e a single-ended nozzle loated in fa hemispherical head ap show in Fig. 2. The 4 B16 926 BED PW Hig. 7 Strese distribution for 80L 2 Gein, (JBlemx) I.D, nozzle is a typidal example of @ reinforced primary nossie use@ to allov prinary fluid to exit the steam generator of a PWR system, Since the nosmle was designed to be exposed to primary fluid, the internal surface BAS been clad. Wodel, ‘The fintte element mesh shown in Fig, 2 will be used for doth the thermal ond the stress analysis. rt should be noted that the cladding on the internal surface has also been inoluded to insure realistic thermal distributions and stresses, Toading Conaittons. Since primary limits | re generally satisified by techniques other tha} finite element, the finite elenent mode} will ony he used for thermal/nechanioal loading. Th} Shercal aeesine a dnpeaed due tos hoet Sroter between the nozele, shell, and the primary flutd ‘The thermal istribution is shown in Fig. 3. hy mechanical loading 15 imposed by internal Drenswye. ‘Structural Behavior. he structural be~ havior of the noazle will govern the ultimate veleetion of stregs, categories and the localtiéi’ ef SL's. Consider firet the behivior resulting, from pressure loading, If the nozzle and sheld were detached and each received the sume interDEC-22-2003 12:29 oor nee om vig. 8 contour plot of tangential stress for pressure loading nal pressure, the dilation of the evo components would be different. Therefore, when these tro conpohents are attached, es in the noszle essen diy, secondary interaction stresses develop in the region where the’ attachment 16 made. In considering the inside corner, the shell portion of the nozzle asseubly could be thought of a6 a sphere with a hole tn it: The shell develope concentrated hoop stresses in the area of the hole as shown by the dashed contours in the isostress plot of Fig, +. ‘therefore. large hoop Peak stresses develop on the inside of the nozsle in the region vhteh represents the hole tm the shell. This beharior ts further Gis: cussed under the section on Lecation of Clasi ifteation Lines, In the case of thermal load~ tng, two Phenenena of interest oceur, ‘The first is caused by the difference in the coeffiosents of thermal expansion between the base neta? and ‘the cladding, ‘the resulting differentia) ex pansion will cause pesk stresses to develop in ‘the ragion of the cladding, ‘Secondly, due to the change in temperature of the primary fluid during the transient, both a through thickness ad an axiel aradient occur. The through thickness gradient infuses, both Peak and secondary themal stresses throughout the apsenbly. Also, isince the novrle 1s thimer than the shell, it will respond to the change in tenperature before the shell oan completely re~ spond. ‘The reguit is that the nozzle wants to ove before the thicker shell thereby inducing intergetion stresses much ac was seen in the cone of pressure loading. LINDA HALL LIBRARYL Bib eb BED sam] L. Pig. 9 Contour plot of waximun in-plane Prinei= pad stress for pressure loading a = = Sta Mg. 10 Stress distribution for SOL 7 joatign of ciasestication Lines, SCL's ghould be located with the intent of satietying prinary plus secondery stresa limits, S0b's rer |lemcoce POD ks 00K) Contour eet Seon te #08) A Fig, 12 Contour plot of tangential stress ror ‘themial/machantcal loading shouldbe Located through piye, nozzle, and shell thicknesses to-insure adequacy of sli componente within the assenbiy. Due to the large ondary interaction stresses developed in the wogion of the nozzle te shell juncture, partic- ular attention stiould be given to this ar Paragragh 10 3122.3 of thie Cole allows that the cladding may be negleoted provided that 4% ta lesa than 10 percent of the thickness. However, to attemrt to neglect the claddirs, when {t has been inoltded in the structural model, by stopping the Sct ab the bese netel- cladding interface vould cause the results to be iniceurate. ‘there are basically tyo Prob- eas which occur vhen the classification 15 ‘stopped et the interface. The first provien 4a thet shear streases whdch are introquced at ‘the interface cannot be Linearized as atscussea LINDA HALL LIBRARYL 816 926 8765 PLE snot 1.06 +06) : om EE O44 Nola ee e203 Pe 80 nalts 600K, et) Fig. 12 Contour plot of maximum in-plane Principal etress for thermal/nechanical leading in the first section of this paper, If the SCL were extended through the oladding, this prob- Lem could be minimized, ‘The second problen is that an Sci stopped at the interface cannot obtain the total meubrane load or redundant moment of the section. Stopping the SCL at the interface would regult in the Linearized stress value 24 as shown in Fig. 5. Extending the Line to the Aneide surface provides the value 5p at the interface, Tt is recommended that the SCL be extended through the cladding and the primary plus secondary stress So at the nozzle surface be compared to base metal allov- ables. In this mamer, the total membrane load and redundant moment on the section are reflec ‘and the problen of caloulating a ifnearized shear stress at the Interface 16"eliminated, Locating a line to oaloulate a valtd pri- mary plus secondary otress in the head at the hoad-to-ahell juncture te diftiowle, Pig. shows tangential stress contours Tor tio im Table 1 Stress Differences for S0L's 1-9 om ay = er rr) , | Seiiigtcaom | urarerouas | simnereroi | agmiazacceam | gaungrsmand | 21m lane ge 3)33 ES Bee St GREs | 3 2) 3 RS RES RHEE | 8DEC-22-2003 12:38 LINDA HALL LIBRARY Bib Yeb UD ru sable 2 stress nleterences for S0t's 1-78 a > | gowuasvenm | samasereum | azanacreny | mawnzy sary eae ge R) GSES | H REE Ue Gee | Be gre Bilger isestssage|lisoatetes HES |82 Scat Gividual finite element solutions. In each case, the loading was an internal presture of 2.50 ket (1.728 +04 kPa). One net of contours (shown 8 solid Lines) corresponds to the solu- thon for the entize nozzle geopetry. ‘The other set of contours (shown as dashed lines) corre- sponds to a solution for the perforated head without the nozele attachment, he nominal F2/2t tangential stress for this head is 8.35 west (5.745 04 lea). The SCL shown tn Pig. 4 demonstrates the aieftioulty in caleulating a valid Primary Plus secondary stress. Consider first the contours (dashed) for the perforated head without the nogtle attachment, ‘The expected posk stress (stress coneentretion factor of approximately 2.0) around the perforation oan be seen. he SCL, has a tangential meubrene stress of 12.20 ket (8.418 +0 xPa). sho difference between ‘this meabrane stress ond the nominal tangential stress 46 a peck stress. Consider next the contours (solid) for the antive nozzle geometry. Tt can be seen that ‘these contours near the perforation are not significantly different fron those of the per forated head by ituelf. “Consequently, the SOL of Fig. 4, using the solution for the nozzle geonetry, provides a tangential meubrene stress of 12.0 kat (8.278 + 0 kPa) which ts nearly equal that calculated from the solution of the perforated head by iteel?. Fron these results, 1t oan be concluded that the tangential membrane portion of the prizary plus secondary stress for the SCL does not originate entirely from shel interaction but includes a large amcunt of /peck stress. ‘he reason for the problen is that the Linearize~ ‘ion teotniques are only able to eliminate peck stresses which extent through a portion of the cress section. Hovaver, for the SoL of Fig. by Peak tangential stress extends through the entire vall thickness even though the stre concentration 4s leedl when eonsidering the Reridtora) direction. The primary plus second ary stress calculated fron the SCL of Pig. is move conservative then that calculated at 3 Jecation where the pesk stress dees not extend through the entire wall, ostentation of Classification Lines, To obtain the proper Scr orientation, consideretion of the oriteria sot forth in the first section of thie paper mot be made. Yore specifically, ‘the SCL shoud represent a rational plane of bending whieh, dn nest cases, will be Dexpendic= war to both surfaces and the mid-plane, For ScL's in the pipe, shell apd external nozzle, this erfterta can be easily met by constructing S0L'a 1, 2, 3,4, 5. and 9 as shoun in Pig. 6. Fowerer, for SOL's in the nogzle to shell june ‘are area, rational planes of bending connot be easily identified, To approxinate the plane of ending, the SC should be constructed so as to be perpendicular to the aid-plane and have tae angle between the SOT and the surface be the sane on both sides, This can be aocenp}ished in this problem by forming an isosceles triangle {te bese and the mid-plane as ite altitude as chown in Fig. 6. The one side of the trisngle ir tangent to the fillet at the point of interest. Scb's 6, 7, end 8 of Pig. 6 vere constructed in the foregoing manner. Te is recognized that,SOL's not nomal te the ‘urtace introduce shear stresses at the surface whieh will not be used in the oaleulation of the prinary plus secondary stresses. Teohntaues tor mininizing shear strees will be discussed in the following section. Brslustion and Compariaon vith Lintts, to ensure adequacy of the stress classification lines used, an eveluation of the stresses on all SL's Bust be pexformed. SOL!s 1 to 5 and 9 are obviously planes of ending, the stress Gistributtons shown in Pig. 7 for Scr 3 are chargeteristic of these bending Planes. No further evaluation of these ines is required, However, for SCL's 6, 7, and 8, further justifi~ cation ie required. So 11lustuate the procedure Tequired to Justify a given SCL, the following evaluation of Sci 7 18 presented. Since the radial stresees (SR) along SCL 7 do not correspond to a moment, no evaiua- ‘ion of these stresses 1 required. | However, ‘te hoop stresses (ST) and the longitudinal stresses (81) should represent planea of bending ant, therefore, require evaluation, Tn order to evaluate the location of theDEC-22-2003 12:30 Cowraiow einterong 9 teria Mig. 13 Yarvey closure first consider the oase where only inter- jure is applied to the nozele asseubly. ‘This loading infused ST and SL stress distribu tons as shown in Pigs. 8 and 9, respectively. Th Pig. 9, SL 1s considered to be equivalent to ‘the maxim in-plane principal stress, Prom Pig. 8, ve see that the superimposed SOL 7 35 apprexizatély normal to the isostress lines indicating a maximum Plane of hooP Pending. Fig. 10 illustrates that the hoop stress 41; ‘tribution for SOL 7 48 basically a denting di: ‘tribution and mst be included In the calculation of the total redundant. ron Figs. 9 and 10, it {8 seen that SCL 7 represents a maxim, ‘Linear, neridiona? bending plane, since it is approximately normal to the isoutress lin which are nearly ‘equally spaced. Since this SOL satisties the basic eriteria of a hoop and meridional bending!plane, it is # velid SCL, ‘The thersal/mechanical loading induced ST and SL’ strons distributions as shown in’ Migs. 12 and 12, respectively. A visual, :nspec- & LINDA HALL LIBRARYL Ble Yéb BMD Hw =} Tarp tre € es —a Fig, 14 Pinite element mesh ‘tion of these figures and the superimposed Sci 7 sndtoates that the SOL ts not as normal to the Asostress Lines as 1% was Lor the preasure loading-only. Therefore, the bending plane aesoribed by this SOL my not yiold conserva~ téve stress intensities on the inside or out side of the SOL. However, for an initia) anal- ysis SOL 7 Will be used to caleulate stresses ‘vo be compared to the prinary plus secondary stress lintts. If the stresses of this SCL are fount to be near the maximum value obtained for the entine model, a further refinenent of SOL 7 WIXI de required. Assuming that the validity of all SCLIs | has been ostablished, the Primary Plus sesoni- + ary stress intensity ranges can now be tabulated. ‘the results of this tabulation are presentedi Pig. 15 contour pist for temperature in Teble 2. mis table indicates that the crttieal section is on SOL 2, However, al sections fram 1 to 7 are of comparable magnitude As mentioned earlier, SCL's 6, 7, and 8 pay not be conservative becnuse their orientation yields nen-foxo shear strasses at the surface, Ther fore, these SCL's’ must be further refined tn an ‘attenpt to more conservatively evaluate the stress intensities. To {Tiustrate how these SCLig should be modified, SCL 7 will sgain be used. An inspection of Table 1 indicates that the critical stress intonsites are on the im side of the 80%. ‘To nedify these intensities. ‘the SOL should be rotated about the inside point 13 shown in Fig. 11, Judguent should be exer cised to Ansure that the SCL is not rotated éo fer as to completely change the stress field being @dgortbed, ‘This rotation will allew the SOL to Decoue more moms} to the inside surface ‘thereby reducing the shear stresses there, Tt wit1 alge Become more normal to the ssostress Lines. However, offsetting this, the rotation of the SCL will cause the area to increase whieh wii tend to reduce the stresses on the Line, Sine the paraneters involved do not set to Anorease or dcovease the stress intensitt: {4 not obvious which SCL will yield the more conservative valup. ‘Therefore, all SCL's trom 7 to Te were evaluated and tabulated as sho in Table 2, rom this we see that the maximum value-of the 831 intensity 1s 25.5 ket (175.8 KPa) which osowes on line 7e- For this particular geometry, rotation of the SOL ala not significantly change the stress intensities. However, for different geometries = wn fee + L we , 5 Ps rage i$} -* ‘ ln +——_—— Pig. 16 tocation of ScL's and leading conditions, thie technique may be significant. Realizing that SCI To is the most com | servative approxination of the intensities on | ‘the inside of this ScL, it wil be used for 11 themmal/mechantoal loads. The resulting intensities showd then be used in the primary plus secondary stress range determination. Janes 6 and 8 should also be modified to deter nine their proper ortentation and. stresseo. Having obteined the proper strens intensities, ‘the paxinun value of the stress intensity range} as calewated 4n the normal manner, should be. compared’ to 35m.ee isemsei pamcagead Fg. 17 Coverplate stress and moment atstribue ton crgsure Geometrs. the closure ts a 16-in. (406.I- um) namvay opening, located in the upper hen= apherioal head of a PWR systen pressurizer. The aseesbly contains a coverplate which 13 secured by 20 belts. Sealing 4s accomplished by an all motel diaphragm which fs welded by @ Wi-in, (6,35-mm) ftllet weld to the resnforce= mont ring forging. Fig. 13 shovs the assembly. ‘Medel. The mathenstical node, Fig. 2, in a composite finite element mesh of all parte of the closure, The discontinuous stud array is modeled as an axisymmetric solid ning vith modified dimensions end properties to simulate the stiffens of the aohial studs. Simtier techniques are used for the other nereaxisya~ netric areas in the closure, i.e., the mute ‘and the Penetrations in the coverplate ant forging, The cladding 1 included in the model to memure the most aodurate thermal ant struc~ tural response, even though consideration of the cladding 15 not required per Paregreph 1 3122.3 of Section TIT (2). ating. Cor . Primary sere: which Will be considered only for the cove Plate, result from a superposition of design pressure and a bolt preioad equivalent to the hydrostatic endlead due te design presoure. Prigary plus secondary stresses tegult fron the 10 LINDA HALL LIBRARYL B16 926 8785 P12 err nawsenoescaum uate niaseeanun +: Fig, 18 Hoop stress for thermal/mechanicad joaaing operating thers) lond, operating Pressure, ‘and the total bolt preload, In this oxanple of the application of the 50% teohnique, the thermal loading shown in Pig. 15 is used. ‘Abructunal Behavior, As indfonted in the firot example, the structural @iscontinui ties fare the critical leeations for SCE'x. Tor a array these areas of digcontinity are at the funetures Debween the head and shel, the head and the reinforcing ring, and the coverpiate and reinforeing ring. ation of § assiftostton Lines. Upper head ~ Becouse of the structural die continuity at the head to shell gunoture and the need to refntoreing ring juncture, SOL's ave placed at thes Junctures to neastre Pri- mary plus secondary stress (He, 16). ‘Goverplate ~ In addition to the obvious evitieal location at the center of the plate, ScLte should algo be placed at the outakde diam eter of the bearing surface, 1.0, where the coverpiate overhangs the @iaphrags, This wil], be a ositioal area Deoause of the cantilevered configuration and because this is in the pre~ load load Pats, Seal veld = Because of the couplenity inDEC-22-2003 1: LINDA HALL LIBRARYL P.43 816 926 98785 able } component Stresses (Outside Vessel surface) SR | -.04 ksi (-.276 © +03 kPa) 1.40 ksi (9.7 & +03 kPa) et aa 4b oe |. 1,94 ksi (13.4 +03 kPa) avalysing the etresses in the area of the seal weld, due primarily to a point of singularity fat the root of the wold, the seal weld witi not be considered an- this paver. tus — Since the total finite elenent otresses will yiold a Linear stress atstribution dizectly, an SCL £6 not needed in the area of ‘the sbuas. pientation of Stress classification Lines, As atated Defore, the major requisite for g00d Scr orientation is that the line be approxinately porpal to the neutral axis and to the surfaces, so that the problem of Lineertsing shear stress Ss minintzed and go that a bending plane 1s ob- tained, For the components in the closure, this vequizenent ta eastly satistied, ‘Braluatton and compauison with tintte = Exinary Stresses. Generally, primary stress nite are not checked by paxtoming fintte element analysis, Primary stresses are oas!l7 paloulated by hand and this 1s usually done during the inttial sizing stages, oxever, When te coverpiate 16 designed ax a claxped plate, a finite elepent anaiysia 49 required for the primary evaluation. therefore, the use of Sci'a in the prinary stress analysis of the coverplate 4s included. Tn designing the plate as being pertially restrained, the correct boundary stiffness 1p inherently present nt edges of the plate, and the correct mouent distribution through the plate 1s obtained through the finite elament nethod. Uner these conditions, the orttioal section for prizary stresses through tho cover Plate is pot necessadtly the center and, there fore, the support perimeter must be investigated aswell, Pg, 17 illustrates schematically the nonent @tetribution through the plate for this cas . ‘Me methods for evaluating the stress ai teibution at the edge wili be treated in the ‘Section on Frinary Plus Secondary Stresses. An additional consideration necessitated when the Plate in designed as partially restrained. is 15.57 ksi (107.4 E +03 kPa) 21,06 ksi (146.2 € +03 kPa) 21,09 ksi (145.4 E +03 kPa) sk sT |. 15.31 ksi (105.6 E +03 kPa) 17.37 ksi (119.8 E +03 kPa) 17.48 ksi (120.5 E +03 kPa) beeketeooed bbbnoossue Fig, 19 Stress distribution for SoL 6 that the bending stresses in the ring due to dew sign loads are primary (1imit = 1.5 Sm), his requirenent insures that the restraint on the | plate is mot lost due to yielding in the sing. | Yad the plate been initially sized as | simply supported, @ hand analysis of the plate | would be used to caloulate primary stresses at ‘the center of the plate, The finite element analysis would not give the ful monent of the center of the plate because of the presence, of mary plus secondary stress in this art ‘precedures to be followed are identics! to those set forth in the preceding section concerning the nouele, ‘By examining the stress contours of Fig, 18, the onttioal point in this region in geen to be near point A. Table 3 shows the stress levels determined for lines ta, Wb, andwenecne0ws 183 LUNUH HALL LLBRHRYL lie Whteh verity the location of the oritical point. Had the maximm stressed point been Jesated further te the left of SOL He, in the ‘area of the blend radius, the 80% would not have been normal to the gurfeoes of the vessel and the maximization tachniques discussed for the nondle yould-need to be used, Goverplate — Classicsliy, the orttteat section for a plate is at the center, but for thie essenbly, the orttical section ts at a radius equal to tha outeide redius of the dta- Phraga. This 16 due to the restraint caused by ‘the studs Ioad as discussed in the primary streas ston. The stress distributions at SOL 6 are very complex, ‘The plate is under a clamping foree smi moment due to the studs, a preseure oad, snd 2 lange shear load (friction foros) due to the relative notion of the Plate and reintoroing ring, Due to the clamping load, ‘the radial stress (SR) shows en obvious Pealting effect at the inside surface as seen in Fig, 19. The shearing load at the diaphragm interface causes peaking tn the hoop and longitudine? com ponents. ‘The hoop and Jongitudinal (Jocal co- ordinate systen) stresses are linearized in the conventional manner; however, since no monent oan be associated with the radial component, ‘there in no Physical meaning to iinearteing the radial stress. Since tho radiol Joad act: 8 concentrated ioad and it ts quickly distributed throughout the thickness of the plate, tt does seen Justitisble to apply the sane mathematical concepts radially to obtain a linearined value of stress. As oan be seen in Fig, 16, SCL 6 is 42 Bib ¥2b BAD PIS Perpentiowlar to the surfaces. Consequentiy, Jinearized’shear stresses are wesuued to be were at the gurfaces. Stress intensities can pow be etleulated in the normal manner, DISCUSSION MID cONCTUSTON Nozzle and bolted closure keometries were used to demonstrate the stress classification ‘technique for satisfying the stress Lintts of ASME Section III. These t¥o exauples 111ustrated ost of the procedures necessary in making an adequate comperison against Code allowable stresses. Other special strese classification problems would have to be approached using tecl- nigues similar to those Presented herein. ‘Unsolved Problems encountered in interpiet~ ing finite element stresseb in secordance with Section IIT have Dacn stated, Within the limita ‘tion of these Problous, the redundant forces and moments required for comparison against prix Bary snd primary Plus secondary etvess limits are being eoourately ealoulated. REVERMIOES 1 ASME Rotler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section TIT, Muclear Power Plant Components, Division 1, 1974, 2 Krocike, W. C., "lassttication of Finkte Blenent Stresses According, to ASME Section III Stress Categories,” Pressure Vessels, and Piping, Anslysts and Computers, ASME, June 197, TOTAL P.14