Copyright

by

JinAh Lee

2013

Masters Design Study

In fulfillment of requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Urban Design

Active Harbor City revitalization;

Stitching existing urban fabric and port redevelopments in Busan, Korea

JinAh Lee
Faculty Supervisors : Dean Almy, Barbara Hoidn
The University of Texas at Austin | 2013 Spring semester

Master of Science in Urban Design

JinAh Lee

Active Harbor City revitalization;

Stitching existing urban fabric and port redevelopments in Busan, Korea

This study is to propose spatial interventions to activate port

areas in the harbor city, Busan. Many ports including Busan North
Port redevelopment are expected to redevelop soon. Most of
them will be changed existing industrial ports to waterfront facility.
However, these developments do not consider existing urban
context. To resolve this problem, I suggest infrastructures and
public spaces between existing urban structure and expected
developments. This plan will increase accessibility to waterfront
area and provide active public spaces. Especially, this study
focuses on Busan North Port area. I propose an athletic park for
local people and four pedestrian bridges to connect between city
downtown and Busan North Port.

CHINA

1,7000/km2

Seoul

10,429/km2

New York City

BEIJING

7,315/km2
Singapore

PYUNG YANG

6,480/km2
Hong Kong
SEOUL

300
3H km
ou
rH
S

0km
1,10
ght
ur Fli
o
H
2

30
0k
1H m
ou
rF
li

JAPAN

gh

OSAKA

6,000/km2
Tokyo

TOKYO

Busan

m
ry
80k ur Fer
3Ho

Area : 736.5 km2 ( 294.8 sq miles)

Population: 3,614,950
Density : 4,700/km2 (12,000/ sq miles)

4,700/km2

Busan

FUKUOKA

3,600/km2

Shanghai

SHANGHAI

3,124/km2

Los Angeles

2,850/km2

Rotterdam

BUSAN is

the largest PORT CITY in South Korea and,

the worlds fifth busiest SEAPORTS by cargo tonnage.
However, the problems are ...

HIGH SPEED
RAILWAY

NORTH
PORT

BUSAN
NORTH PORT

RAILWAY

BUSAN
NEW PORT

SOUTH
PORT

NEW
PORT

CONTAINER TRAFFIC INCREASE,

CHINAS NEW PORTS GROWTH

LARGE CONTAINER SHIPS

INCREASE

NO POSSIBILITY TO EXPAND

GAMCHEON
PORT

DADEAPO
PORT

35,000

SHANGHAI
SINGAPORE

30,000

HONG KONG
SHENZHEN

25,000

DOWNTOWN

PORT

20,000

BUSAN

15,000

8.59%

10,000
5,000

0
2002

2005

2008

2011

HARBOUR FACILITIES
HARBOUR LIMIT LINE
RAILWAY

WORLDS BUSIEST CONTAINER PORT

EXPRESSWAY
MAIN ROAD

18.0

Global Average Temperature

5

17.0

16.0

15.0

14.0

Sea Level Change (Cm)

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of

Earths atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and
its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earths
mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 C (1.4
F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.
The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise
in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation.(12)The Earths average surface temperature rose by
0.740.18 C over the period 19102005. The rate of warming
over the last half of that period was almost double that for the
period as a whole. Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
According to a research, global average temperature will
increase about 2.5 C. Korea average temperature will rise by
3 C. It is higher than global average temperature rise. Not only
that, Korean sea level change will be higher than Global sea level
change.
Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation simulated
sea level rise in Busan. As a result of the simulation, the worst
scenario is that the sea level will increase 50cm by 2100. The red
filled are will be inundated. If sea level rises 1m, the dimmed red
area will be flooded. However, there is almost no possibility to
happen.

Average Temperature (C)

Busan has a humid subtropical climate. The temperautre is not extremely high or low temperatures. The city may experience typhoons during summer. On September 15, 1959, Super Typhoon
Sarah passed by the coast of the city and caused catastrophic damage. An unusually severe
storm on September 12, 2003, Typhoon Maemi, also caused damage to ships and buildings and
resulted in over 48 fatalities.

Global warming

Temperature Change (C)

Temperature and Precipitation

50
45

Korea Sea Level

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5

Global Sea Level

Korea Average Temperature

1

13.0

12.0

-5
-10
-15
1910

1910

1950

2000

2050

1950

2000

2100 Year

Sea Level Change 1910-2100

Temperature Change 1910-2100

2100 ~
Sea level +100cm

2100
Sea levle +50cm

2050

2100 Year

WATER FRONT CHARACTER

This city is surrounded by sea. However, there are limited areas to access to see. Ports and industries occupy
the waterfront areas. Especially, this phenomenon appears in near the old city rather than New city.

Hard Edge : there are two industrial ports and two fishing ports.
Soft Edge : There are steep mountains and four beaches.

NEW CITY

Even though the mountains are included in soft edge, the steep slope of mountains causes people hard to
access to waterfront area.

NORTH
PORT
Grain Pier

Jasungdea
Pier

Pier7

Uam
Pier

RT

Pier8

PO

Pier4

Pier3

OLD CITY

Central Pier

PO

RT

Pier2

Union
pier

New-Gamman
Gamman
Pier
Pier

Pier1
International
Ferry Terminal

PORT

PORT

Sinsundea
Pier

SOUTH
PORT

GAMCHEON
PORT

TRY
DUS

IN

Central Pier

Pier1

Pier5
Pier2

Pier6

POR

DADEAPO
PORT

Pier3

Pier7

Ship Yard

PORT
INDUSTRY
BEACH
COMMERCE& EDUCATION
RESIDENTIAL
RIVER DELTA
SCENIC
ACCESSIBLE AREA

Pier4

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
BUSAN
CITY
HALL

HEAUNDEAN
BEACH
GWANGANRI
BEACH

NORTH PORT
SEA CULTURE ZONE
INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL

NAK DONG RIVER DELTA

ECO PARK

YONGHO CRUISE SHIP

TERMINAL

SOUTH PORT
FISH MARKET

DONG-SAM
INNOVATIVE CITY

DADEAPO PORT
SEA CULTURE ZONE

TEAJONGDEA
HIGH SPEED and REGULAR TRAIN
SUBWAY LINE 1
SUBWAY LINE 2
SUBWAY LINE 3

N
PA

JA

INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL
WATER TAXI
CRUISE SHIP

The issue is hard accessibility to waterfront area. One main
reason is a lot of ports and industries occupied the waterfront
area. However, there is a development that port area change to
accessible waterfront area. Moreover, steep mountains are hard
to access waterfront area. Lastly, ground transportation is limited
in landside. To resolve these problems, I suggest the water infrastructure to connect among waterfront areas. There is an international terminal to go Japan, and some cruise ship terminals. The
water taxi system help a movement between old city and new
city. It generates active energy to on-going development projects
such as Dongsam innovative city, Dadeapo port, and Nackdon eco
delta city.

NEW DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

ASIAN
GAME
STADIUM
BUSAN
CITY
HALL

8. BUSAN CITY PARK

NEW
CITY

1.Nakdong river eco-delta city

8.Busan city park

2.Dadeapo port redevelopment

4.Sanbock renaissance project

3.South port redevelopment

5.North port redevelopment

7. RAILROAD FACILITIES
RELOCATION

6. MUNHYUN FINANCIAL
CENTER

. SANBOCK ROAD
RENAISSANCE PROJECT

. NORTH PORT
REDEVELOPMENT
OLD
CITY

1.NAKDONG RIVER
ECO-DELTA CITY

. SOUTH PORT
REDEVELOPMENT

. DONGSAM
INNOVATIVE CITY

2.DADEAPO PORT
REDEVELOPMENT

There are diverse on-going or

planned developments in Busan.
Three projects such as Dadeapo
port, South port, and North port are
to revitalize industrial port to active
waterfront areas. Sanbock road
renaissance project is intervention
around Sanbock road, which is
located on a mountain. Moreover, a
large-scale park will be constructed.

6.Munhyun financial center

GWANGANRI
BEACH

MUNHYUN
FINANCIAL
CENTER

YONGHO CRUISE SHIP

TERMINAL

SANBOCK
RENAISSANCEe PROJECT

NORTH PORT
SEA CULTURE ZONE
INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL

4
3
NAK DONG RIVER DELTA
ECO PARK
ASIAN
GAME
STADIUM

SOUTH PORT
FISH MARKET

OLD
CITY

BUSAN
CITY
PARK

Stitching

between existing urban fabric and new

devleopment

I suggest five stitching point

to connect existing urban fabric
and planned development. First
one is Deadeapo port area.
Second one is South port area.
The other threes are between
Sanbock road renaissance project and North port development.
These areas are connected to
green network plan.

N
PA

New development

JA

Existing urban fabric

DONGSAM
INNOVATIVE
CITY

DADEAPO PORT
SEA CULTURE ZONE

1. DADEAPO PORT REDEVELOPMENT

Existing Dadeapo Port Area

1.Residential blocks - Industrial port
2.Exisitn barrier : 7-8 m elevation difference

Dadeapo Port Area Development Plan

1.Residential blocks - sea culture zone
2.Proposal : the bridge that can people to access waterfront area

2. SOUTH PORT REDEVELOPMENT

Existing South Port Area

1.Old City Downtwon - Fishing port + Industial use
2.Existing barrier : narrow and dirty streetscape

South Port Area Development Plan

1.Old City downtown - Tourism fish market +Modern history cultural town
2.Proposal : clean and pavement street and connection the green space and
waterfront area.

3. NORTH PORT REDEVELOPMENT

Existing North Port Area

1.Modern City - Industiral Port
2.Existing barrier : railway tracks

North Port Area Development Plan

1.Modern city with Sanbock Road Reniassance project that is oriented small
scale intervention for local people - North Port project that is oriented large scale
development: Opera house + Convention center + Office + International cruise
terminal
2.Proposal : atheletic park for residents and midium density housing

ARTIFICAIL MOUNTAIN

To succeed the Busan North port redevelopment

project, this site has an important role to connect
existing city and port area. Thus, Korea Railroad
Corporation suggested that local trains tracks and
train supporting facilities move to Busan station.
Only High-speed rai lways will be left in this station.

Sanbock Road Renaissance Project

Cultural Facility

lack of accessible green space :

Old Housing
Redevelopment

Busan station and railways

300

500m

h=1-5m

h=20-40m

h=100m
100

This project is oriented for international tourism and large-scale development.

The scale of blocks and the building size are too big to match with existing fabric.
The program is also for high-income group or international business use such as
opera house, convention hall, and international cruise terminal.

SEA

EDUCATION
WATER SPORTS
TOURISM

MIX-USED

(Business- oridented)

COMMERCIAL

CHUNGJANG ROAD

(Business- oridented)

COMMERCIAL

JUNGANG ROAD

(Commerce- oridented)

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL
(Lower Slope)

TONGBOCK ROAD

RESIDENTIAL
(Steep Slope)

SANBOCK ROAD

CULTURE

RESIDENTIAL
(Steep Slope)

MOUNTAIN
0

h=3-7m

This area was unexpectedly developed during Japanese Colonial era. The area
near Sanbock Road was formed shantytown. This poor living condition is still
remained, and senior citizen or low-income group live here. Moreover, This
area has separate functional zoning such as residential, commerce, and office.
These problems cause this area to decline. Thus, government proposed the
Sanbock Road renaissance project to resolve these problems. The old housing
will be redeveloped to consider the slope of mountain. Cultural facilities will be
place around residential area or commercial area.

Stitching this three development.

This area is very dense. Even existing
open spaces are only for schools. Considering the lack of accessible green open
space, I suggest an artificial mountain
as an athletic park for local people with
education and watersports program. Also,
I proposed cultural and tourism programs
for connection to Busan North Port development. This green public space with
these active programs will attract both local
people and tourists.

Busan North Port redevelopment

underground
busan station&
rail tracks

view

Athletic park
for residents

Hard-scape:
Jogging and bike lanes

Soft-scape:
Green landscape

ATION

W
AT
E

SP

OR
TS

EDUC

Two regions on the

edge are mainly housings. I propsoed a green
open space and a
school in center area of
housing blocks.

TOURISM

TRANSIT

RE

To resolve scale difference between existing

urban block and new
development block,
the area that does not
effected by rail tracks
follow existing urban
block size.

U
LT

According to Korea
railroad corporation, the
local train tracks and
train supporting facilities
will be moved to Bujun
station. Only high-speed
rail tracks will be left. At
the point, the train goes
underground.

CU

As a barrier between
existing urban fabric and
new development, there
are rail tracks. There are
high-speed rail tracks,
local train tracks and
train supporting facilities.

Program:

Education, Water sports,

Tourism, Culture, transit

Buildings:

Library, School, Swimming pool,

Spa, Youth Hostel, Information
center, Theater, Gallery, Transit

Bridge:

connection for jogging lane and library

connection for green landscape and
swiming pool

B
wa ridge
ter 3:
fro co
nt nn
pa ec
rk tio
n

to

to a

to
Under path
r
transit cente

to

bike lane
convention center

public transit transfer center

jogging tracks

Ground pedestrian path :

connection to waterfront area

ion
nnect
e4: co
Bridg ont park
fr
water

ion
nnect
e2: co
Bridg erminal
t
cruise

ge

id
Br

ne

on

c
1:

nt

o
cti

er

p
oo

us

o
ah

n
Bridge6: connectio
to downtown

n
Bridge5: connectio
to downtown

Ground pedestrian path :

connection to waterfront area

outdoor swimming pool

Green space for local people