MEC 291(b) - MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ETTIMADAI, COIMBATORE- 641 112

Managed by
MATA AMRITANANDAMAYI MATH

INDEX
Expt. Date of
No.
Conducting

1
2
3
4
5

Title of Experiment

Tensile Test on Metals

Spring Test 1. Open
2. Closed
Hardness Test 1. Brinell
2. Rockwell
Impact Test - 1. Charpy
2. Izod
Static Bending Test on woods
Test On Wood
1. Compression Test
Parallel To Grain
2. Compression Test
Perpendicular To Grain
Double Shear test
1. 1. Tensile Test on Thin
Wires
2. 2. Deflection TestVerification Of Maxwells
Reciprocal Theorem

Date of
submission

Mark

Signature

Page
No:

TENSION TEST ON METALS

(IS 1608 1972 & IS 432 1966)
Expt. No:
Date:
AIM: -To determine the following elastic properties of the material and to study the type and character
of fracture.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)

Yield Stress
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Actual breaking Stress
Nominal breaking stress
Ductility
(a) Percentage elongation
(b) Percentage reduction in area
Modulus of elasticity.

EQUIPMENTS: Universal Testing Machine (UTE-40), extensometer, gauge marking tools, screw
gauge, meter scale etc.
GENERAL
Gauge length (Lo)
It is the prescribed part of the cylindrical or prismatic portion of the test piece on which elongation is
measured at any moment during the test.
Percentage elongation after fracture (A)
It is the variation of the gauge length of test piece subjected to fracture expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length Lo
(If the gauge length is other than 5.65So, A should be supplemented by a suffix indicating the gauge
length used. For e.g. A100 means, percentage elongation after fracture measured on a gauge length of
100 mm).
So = The original cross sectional area of specimen.
Ultimate Load (Fm)
It is the maximum load which the test piece withstands during the test.
Nominal Breaking Stress

It is the breaking load divided by the original area of the section

Actual Breaking Stress
It is the breaking load divided by the actual area of cross section
Tensile strength (Rm)
It is the ultimate load divided by the original cross sectional area of test piece.
Yield Stress (fy)
In steel, which exhibits a yield phenomenon a point is reached during the test at which a plastic
deformation continues to occur at nearly constant stress.
Permanent Set Stress
The stress at which after removal of a load, a prescribed permanent elongation, expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length results.

PRINCIPLE: Typical stress-strain curve for an M.S. bar of uniform cross section as shown in figure

.
ABCCDE-

Limit of proportionality
Limit of elasticity
Upper yield point
Lower yield point
Point of ultimate stress
Breakingpoint

Up to limit of proportionality A, the material obeys Hooks law and so the curve will be a
straight line. Point B is the limit of elasticity up to which bar can be loaded without any permanent set.

ie. on removing the load, the whole deformation will vanish. Beyond point B the rate of increase in
strain will be more till the point C is reached, where the material undergoes additional strain without
increase in stress and undergoes plastic deformation. This is known as Yield point and the stress is
known as yield stress. Actually at this point there is a drop in stress and yielding commences.
After yielding any further increase in stress will cause considerable increase in strain and curve
raised till point D is reached which is known as point of ultimate stress. The deformation in this range is
partly elastic and plastic. From this moment neck formation takes place. On continuing the loading as
the curve reaches E, the bar breaks.
Modulus of elasticity E = _P l
Ao
where l is the extensometer gauge length and Ao represents the original area of cross section of
the specimen. From the straight-line graph between load and extension P/ can be determined as the
slope.
During loading at a particular point the load remains constant for few seconds and again goes on
increasing. This point corresponds to yield point. Stress at that point gives yield stress. Tensile
strength can be calculated by dividing maximum load by original cross sectional area of the test piece.
Percentage elongation

Percentage reduction of area

PROCEDURE: -

= Final length - original length x 100

Original length
= Original area - Final area x 100
Original area

OBSERVATIONS:1.

Mean diameter (d) mm

2.

Original cross sectional area, So

3.

Approximate ultimate load = 500 So

4.

Original gauge length, Lo

5.

Extensometer gauge length, Le

6.

Reduced diameter, Du

7.

Reduced cross sectional area, Su

8.

Final gauge length, Lu

9.

Load at yield point, Fy

10.

Ultimate load, Fm

11.

Breaking load, Fb

Least count of extensometer

Load- Extension Table

Load in
kN
Extension
in mm
Load in
kN
Extension
in mm
Load in
kN
Extension
in mm
Calculations:

Fy

1.

Yield Stress fy =

2.

Ultimate Stress fu =

So

Fu
So

N/mm2

N/mm2

3.

Nominal breaking stress fn =

4.

Actual breaking stress fact =

5.

Percentage elongation on a

Fb
So

Fb
Su

Gauge length of ________mm

N/mm2

N/mm2

Lu Lo
Lo

100 =

S u S o

100 =

6.

Percentage reduction in area

7.

Slope of load vs extension curve,

N / mm

8.

Youngs Modulus

Pl
=
A

N /mm2.

RESULT: 1.

Yield Stress

2.

Proof Stress

3.

Ultimate tensile strength =

4.

Actual breaking stress

5.

Nominal breaking stress =

6.

Percentage elongation

(Gauge length________)
7.

Percentage reduction in area

8.

Modulus of elasticity

INFERENCE:

So

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

(IS 1500-1968)
Expt No. :
Date :
AIM :- Top determine the Brinell Hardness Number of the material of the given specimen.
EQUIPMENTS : Brinell Hardness Testing Machine, Microscope etc.
PRINCIPLE :- The test consists in forcing a steel ball of diameter D under a load F into the test
piece and measuring the mean diameter d of the indentation left in the surface after removal of the
load. The Brinell Hardness HB is obtained by dividing the test load F (in kg(f)) by the curved surface
area of the indentation (in square millimeters). The curved surface is assumed to be a portion of the
1
sphere of diameter D. The depth of indentation h is given by h D D 2 d 2
2

The curved surface area of indention

Brinell Hardness HB =

Dh
D
=
D D2 d 2
2
=

Applied load
Area of indentation
=
=

F
Dh

2F

D D D 2 d 2
Usually Brinell Hardness HB is supplemented by an index giving at the first place the diameter of the
ball in mm., at the second place the test load in Kg and at the third place the duration of the load in
seconds. For example, the symbol: HB 5/750/20 indicates that the test was conducted using a steel ball
5mm diameter under a test load of 750 Kg, which was maintained for 20 seconds.
Normally a ball of 10mm nominal diameter shall be used. Balls of diameters 1, 2, 2.5 and 5mm are also
used but in no case the nominal diameter of the ball shall be less than one millimeter unless otherwise
specified.
The surface of the piece to be tested shall be sufficiently smooth and even to permit the accurate
determination of the diameter of the indentation. It shall be free from oxide scale and foreign matter.
The thickness of the test piece shall not be less than 8 times the depth of the indentation h. No
deformation shall be visible at the back of the test piece after the test.

The following table shows the minimum thickness of various ball diameters, loads and hardness values:
Ball
Load
HB Values
diameter
Kg
100
200
300
400
500
in mm
2.9
187.5
1.91
0.95
0.64
0.48
0.42
5.0
750
3.81
1.90
1.27
0.97
0.84
10.0
3000
2.64
3.81
2.54
1.90
1.70

Load for testing: Ferrous Metals Hardness between 140 450

F/D2 = 30 (D in mm) time 10 seconds
Non-ferrous metals: Brass, copper HB between 35-140
F/D2 = 10 (D in mm) time 30 seconds
NOTE:- For most metals, Brinell hardness increases linearly with the tensile strength values of the
metal.
Tensile Strength = k x Brinell Number in tonnes/sq.inch
For mild steel, k = 0.23, for plain carbon steel, k = 0.22
For wrought light alloys, tensile strength = (BHN/4)-1
It should be noted that the same analysis of metals or alloy will give a variation in hardness
values in the forged, hot or cold rolled, extruded, cast or heat treated conditions.
It is recommended that the Brinell Test as specified in IS 1500-1968 should not be used for steels with a
Brinell hardness exceeding 450. For harder steels, a test with harder indenter, for example, tungsten
carbide and diamond may be substituted. But the hardness number would then be on a different scale.
In cases when a tungsten carbide ball is used, the test shall be termed as Modified Brinell Hardness
Test and the symbol HBW should be used.
PROCEDURE:-

OBSERVATIONS:Material of
specimen

Load in Kg
and duration

Diameter of
indenter
D mm

Diameter of indentation
d1
d2
d = (d1+d2)/2

CALCULATIONS:BHN = P/Spherical area of indentation in mm

Where spherical area of indentation = area of projection on the ball circle
= area abc
= Dy
To find y,
2

D d

2 2

oe =

O
2

D
D d

2
2 2

BHN =

2
2
D
D d

D

2
2 2

P
D
D D2 d 2
2
2P

D D D d
2

HB Value

Mean

RESULT :Material

INFERENCE:

Brinell Hardness Number

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

(IS- 1586-1968 & 3804 1966)
Expt No.:
Date:
AIM :- To determine the Rockwell hardness number of the material of the given specimen.
EQUIPMENTS :- Rockwell hardness testing machine, diamond cone penetrator, 1/16 steel ball
indenter.
GENERAL:- This is a direct reading hardness testing machine compared to Brinell hardness testing
machine, testing is quicker with a much smaller permanent indentation. This method of test is well
suited to finished or machined parts of simple shape. Various models of Rockwell machines are
available for testing inside cylindrical surfaces, thin strip metal, wire, safety razor blades etc.
PRINCIPLE:- The hardness of a material can be defined as the resistance to penetration/indentation.
The test consists in forcing an indenter of standard type (cone or ball) into the surface of the test piece in
two operations and measuring the permanent increase of depth of indentation e of the indenter under
specified conditions. The unit of measurement of e is 0.002mm from which a number known as
Rockwell hardness is derived.
The method is used for testing of hardness over a wide range of material hardness. The hardness of a
material is measured by the depth of penetration of the indenter in the material. The depth of
penetration is inversely proportional to hardness. Both ball and diamond type of indenters is used in this
test. This test gives direct hardness readings on a large dial provided with two scales. Scale B is used
for tests on unhardened steel, phosper, bronze, aluminium and magnesium, light alloys etc. For readings
on this scale a 1/16 (1.5875mm) diameter steel ball is used for indentation with a 10 Kg minor load and
90 Kg major loads. The minor load is applied to overcome the film thickness on the metal surface,
which may have formed in due course of time. Minor load also eliminates error in the depth
measurements due to springing of the machine frame or setting down of specimen and table attachments.
Scale C is used with a 120 cone angle diamond indenter with a minor load of 10 Kg and a major load
of 140 Kg. This is applicable to test the harder metals such as hardened steels or hard alloys.
The Rockwell hardness with reference to these two scales is written as HRB, HRC followed by values of
the hardness. For example HRB45 means the Rockwell hardness corresponding to the scale B is 45.
The Rockwell hardness is derived from the measurements of the depth of impression.
HRB = 130 (depth of penetration (mm))
0.002
HRC = 100- (depth of penetration (mm))
0.002

PROCEDURE :- .

OBSERVATIONS:Sl No.

Material

Test Load
in Kg

Penetrator
used

Scale Used

Rockwell
Hardness
Number

Mean

RESULT ;Material

INFERENCE:

Rockwell Hardness Number

SPRING TEST
Expt No:
Date:
AIM:- To determine stiffness, the modulus of rigidity, of the material of the springs.
EQUIPMENTS: - Spring testing machine, Screw gauge, Vernier calipers.
PRINCIPLE:R - Mean radius of spring coil.
D Wire diameter
P Pitch of coil
N Number of coils.
W Axial load on spring.
N Modulus of rigidity for the spring material
Fs - Maximum shear stress induced in the spring wire.
F Bending stress induced in the spring wire due to bending.
- Deflection of spring as a result of axial load.
- Angle of helix.
Moment M at any point on the spring due to axial W load W is WR. Component of M along the
axis of the wire will produce torsion and component perpendicular to the axis will produce bending.
i.e. T = WRcos ,

M = WRsin

= Angle of twist as a result of twisting moment WRcos

= Angle of bend, as a result of bending moment WRsin
We know that length of spring wire l = 2nRsec
Twisting moment

WRcos =

fsd 3
16

T=

fsd 3
16

We know that

f=

M
f

I
y

d
My WR sin ( 2 )

I
( )d 4
64

32WR sin
d 3

T N

J
l
Tl WR cos l

JN
JN

We know that

M l WR sin l
I.

EI
EI
Work done by the load in deflecting the spring is equal to strain energy of the spring.
1 (W ) 1 T 1 M
2
2
2

Angle of bend due to bending moment

W = T + M

WR cos l
WR sin l
WR sin
JN
EI
2
2
cos sin
WR 2 l [

]
JN
EI
WR cos

Now substituting the values of l = 2nrsec, J

4
4
d and I
d in the above equation.
32
64

cos 2 2 sin 2
64WR 3 n

sec

E
d4
N
In the case of closed coiled spring is very small so that cos = 1, sin = 0, then
64WR 3 n

Nd 4
Stiffness = W/ where w is the load and is the deflection.
GENERAL: - In this machine the weighing mechanism is located in the upper housing and has a lever
ratio of 1 : 5 Balancing weight is placed at one end and the loading pan on the other side of the lever.
There is a vertical graduated scale fixed on the right stand from which the deflection of the spring can be
noted against the arrow on the lower compression plate.
The Modulus of Rigidity of both springs are obtained from the relationship shown above as
cos 2 2 sin 2
64WR 3 n

sec

E
d4
N
but E = 2N (1+1/m) = 2N (1+0.3) = 2.6N as 1/m = 0.3 for steel

Substituting in the above equation and rearranging

2
64WR 3 n
2 sin 2
N
sec

cos

for spring open coiled spring and similarly

2 .6
d4

64WR 3 n
for open coiled spring
d 4
W
From the experiment the value of
is obtained as the slope of the load vs. deflection curve.

PROCEDURE: Spring under tension: N

Spring under compression:

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:Sl No

Load kg

Scale Reading

Loading

Average
reading

Deflection

Unloading

Spring under
Tension

Spring under
compression

Particulars

Spring
Open coiled

Diameter of the wire d

Outer diameter of coil D
Effective radius of spring R
No of turns n
Pitch P = L/n
tan = P/(2R)
=
Maximum load Wm
Maximum deflection m

Closed coiled

CALCULATIONS :1. Open coiled spring:Stiffness = W/

N/mm

N/mm2

=
=

N/mm2
N mm

mm3

Nmm/mm3

N/mm

N/mm2

Elastic strain energy stored U = Wm m)/2 =

=
=

N/mm2
N mm

d 2
Volume of the spring V = 2R
n=
4

mm3

Strain energy per unit volume = U/V =

Nmm/mm3

2
64WR 3 n
2 sin 2
N
sec cos

2 .6
d4

Torsional shear stress at maximum load Wm , qmax=

16Wm R
=
d 3

Elastic strain energy stored U = Wm m)/2 =

Volume of the spring V = 2R

d 2
n=
4

Strain energy per unit volume = U/V =

2. Close coiled spring

Stiffness = W/

64WR 3 n
d 4

Torsional shear stress at maximum load Wm , qmax=

16Wm R
=
d 3

RESULT :-

Spring under Compression Spring under Tension

(open coiled spring)
(closed coiled spring)
Stiffnesss
Modulus of Rigidity
Torsional shear stress
Strain energy per unit volume

DISCUSSION :-

IMPACT TEST
(IS 1499 1977, 1598-1977 & 3766 1966)
Expt No. :
Date:
AIM :- To find the impact strength (energy required to rupture the specimen) in izod and charpy tests.
EQUIPMENTS:- Impact testing machine (Model IT-30)
The principal features of a single blow pendulum impact testing machine are
1.
A moving mass whose kinetic energy is great enough to cause rupture of the test specimen
placed in its path.
2.

An anvil and a support on which the specimen is placed to receive the blow and

3. A means of measuring the energy required to rupture the specimen and residual energy of the
moving mass after the specimen is broken.

GENERAL:The ordinary tensile and bending tests are no true criterion of the impact resisting qualities of a material.
Satisfactory performance of certain machine parts such as parts of percussion drilling equipments, parts
of automotive engines, parts of rail road equipments - track and buffer devices; depends upon the
toughness of the parts under shock loading. Some materials will withstand great deformation together
with high stress without fracture. Such materials have great toughness. Some materials under tension
can be drawn out to a considerable elongation without fracture. Such materials are ductile. A ductile
material that can be stretched out only under high stress is tough. One way of determining toughness is
to fracture the specimen by a single blow from a moving mass of metal and determining the energy
absorbed in fracturing the specimen. The impact test measures energy required for fracture not force.
In the design of many machine parts subject to impact loading the aim is to provide for the absorption
of as much energy as possible through elastic action and then dissipate that elastic energy by some
damping device. In such cases the elastic energy capacity derived from static loading may be adequate.
The impact test gives energy capacity at rupture. This is different from the elastic energy capacity or
resilience.
PRINCIPLE :The charpy test consists of measuring the energy absorbed in breaking by one blow from a swinging
hammer, under prescribed conditions, a test piece V notched in the middle and supported at each end.

The izod test consists of breaking by one blow from a swinging hammer under specified conditions, a
V notched test piece gripped vertically with the bottom of the notch in the same plane as the upper face
of the grips. The blow is struck at a fixed position on the face having the notch. The energy absorbed is
determined.
CALIBRATION OF THE MACHINE :The pendulum in its highest position is inclined at an angle of 1410 47 to the vertical and the initial
energy in this position is 300J for conducting the charpy test. In the case of izod test, it is inclined at an
angle of 90o and the initial energy is 168J
Initial Energy E1=wh= Wl (1+sin 1)
Considering the pendulum as a simple pendulum, l
can be determined and from the above formula,
weight of the pendulum can be determined.
After breaking the specimen, the pendulum will move
through a high h1 making an angle 2 with the rest position.
Residual energy E2 = Wl(1-cos2)
Energy absorbed is calculated for various values of 2
and a graph is plotted between EL and 2 which is the
calibration curve for the machine.
PROCEDURE:CHARPY TEST:-

IZOD TEST:- (Cantilever Test)

Calculate,
Impact Strength =

Impact value
-----------------------------------------Area of cross section of the specimen
Below notch in m2

Impact modulus =

Impact value
--------------------------------------------Volume of cross section of specimen
Below notch in m3

OBSERVATION:
Description
Weight W

Izod

Charpy

Energy Loss (izod)

Joules

Energy Loss (Charpy)

Joules

Length L
Initial energy E1
Initial Energy E1 = w1(1+sin1)
1 =
2 =
Energy loss EL = w1(sin 1 + cos 2)

2, Degrees
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
140
14147

CALCULATIONS:Charpy Test
Energy loss = EL = w1(sin 1 + cos 2) =
=

Impact Strength =
Impact value
-----------------------------------(Area of cross section of the
specimen below notch in m2)
Impact modulus =
Impact value
-----------------------------------Volume of cross section of
specimen below notch in m3

J/ mm2

J/mm3

J/ mm2

J/mm3

Izod Test
Energy loss = EL = w1(sin 1 + cos 2) =
=

Impact Strength =
Impact value
-----------------------------------(Area of cross section of the
specimen below notch in m2)
Impact modulus =
Impact value
-----------------------------------Volume of cross section of
specimen below notch in m3

RESULT:Test No.

Details of
specimen

Energy Loss in Joules

Izod
From
Graph

Impact Strength
Impact Modulus

INFERENCE:

From
Calculation

From
Graph

Charpy
From
Calculation

STATIC BENDING TEST.

AIM:- To determine the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of the given timber specimen.
EQUIPMENTS :- UTE 40
Theory:-

For a beam, simply supported at the ends with a central concentrated load W, the bending moment is M
=Wl/4 = fz where l is the span of the beam, f is the extreme fibre stress and Z is the modulus of
section of the beam ie.bd2/6 for a rectangular cross-section. If we know the load at failure, (Wmax) and
modulus of section, , from the above equation, f= Wl/4Z. Assuming a maximum stress fmax of about
600 N/mm2 then we get Wmax= (4fmax Z)/1
For simply supported beam with central concentrated load, the deflection at center = W13/(48 EI). From
the equation we can find the value of modulus of elasticity E. I is the moment of inertia which is equal
to (bd3)/12 for a rectangular section. To find the modulus of rupture fu , load the specimen to failure and
note the load as Wu. Then from the above equation, modulus of rupture fu = (Wul)/4Z.
The test specimen should be of size 50 x 50 x 750 mm that should be absolutely free from the defect and
shall not have a slope of grain more than 1 in 20 parallel to its longitudinal edges. (Where a standard
specimen cannot be obtained the dimensions of the test specimen should be such that the span is 14
times the depth).
PROCEDURE:-

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:Load

kN
Deflection
mm
Load
kN
Deflection
mm
Load
kN
Deflection
mm
Load
kN
Deflection
mm
Span of the specimen, lmm

Breadth of specimen, b mm

Depth of specimen, d mm

=
2

Modulus of section, Z = (bd )/6

3

Moment of inertia,

I = (bd )/12

Maximum load,

Wu

Load at limit of proportionality

(from graph)

Deflection at limit of proportionality =

(from graph)
Fibre stress at limit of proportionality

= M/Z = (Wl)/4Z =
=

Equivalent fibre stress at maximum load = (Wl)/4Z

(Modulus of rupture)
Modulus of elasticity, E = (W13)/48 I

=
=
=

=
Elastic resilience = Work upto limit of proportionality
--------------------------------------Volume
= Area under the curve up to limit of proportionality
-----------------------------------------------------------Volume
=

Nmm/mm3

RESULT :a) Fiber Stress at limit of proportionality

b) Modulus of elasticity

c) Modulus of rupture

d) Elastic Resilience

INFERENCE:

COMPRESSION TESTS ON WOOD

(IS 1708 1969 & IS 888 1970)
Expt No:
Date:
AIM:To study the behaviour of wood and to determine the strength under following types of loading.
1. Compression parallel to grain.
2. Compression perpendicular to grain.
Compression test parallel to grain
AIM :- To determine the compressive test of wood under compression parallel to grain using
compressive testing machine.
EQUIPMENTS:- Compression testing machine
PRINCIPLE:- The test consists of subjecting a wooden piece to compressive load and recording the
maximum load P at failure. Then the compressive strength shall be calculated using the formula P/A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the given specimen.
PROCEDURE:-

Compression Perpendicular to Grains:AIM:- To find out the compressive strength of specimen perpendicular to grain.
PROCEDURE:-

OBSERVATIONS:Compression test parallel to grain

Dimension of cross section
=
Crushing load
=
Compressive strength parallel to grain = Crushing load
------------------- =
C.S. area
Compression test perpendicular to grain: Dimension of cross section
=
Crushing load
=
Compressive strength perpendicular to grain = Crushing load
------------------ =
C.S. area

RESULT :1.Compressive strength of given timber specimen parallel to grain

2.Compressive strength of given timber specimen perpendicular to grain =

INFERENCE:

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST

(IS 5242 1969)
Expt No. :
Date:
AIM: - To determine the shear strength of the given material subjecting the specimen to fail under
double shear.
EQUIPMENTS: Universal Testing machine, Shear shackle, Screw gauge etc.
PRINCIPLE: The test consists of subjecting a suitable length of steel specimen in full cross section to
double shear, using a suitable test rig, in a testing machine under a compressive load or tensile pull and
recording the maximum loaf F to fracture. The shear strength F s shall be calculated from the following
formula:

Fs =

2 2F
d
d 2
4
2

where d is the actual diameter of the specimen.

PROCEDURE: -

OBSERVATIONS:Diameter of the specimen

mm

Approximate ultimate shear strength

N/mm2

Area of cross section in double shear

Approximate load

Failure load

Shear strength = F/A=

2F
=
d 2

N/mm2

RESULT :Shear Strength of given specimen

INFERENCE:

N/mm2

VERIFICATION OF MAXWELLS RECIPROCAL THEOREM

Expt no;
Date:

AIM:- To verify Maxwells reciprocal theorem

EQUIPMENTS:- Magnetic Stand, Dial gauge etc.
PRINCIPLE:- Maxwells reciprocal theorem states that for a linearly elastic body, the vertical
displacement of a point B of the beam due to force P at another point A is equal to the vertical
displacement of point A; due to the same force at point B. Or in other words, the work done by the
first system of loads due to displacement caused by a second system of loads equals the work done by
the second system of loads due to displacement caused by the first system of loads.
PROCEDURE:-

OBSERVATIONS:Load at A

Deflection at B

Load at B

Deflection at A

RESULT :- Maxwells reciprocal theorem is verified.

INFERENCE:-

TENSILE TEST ON THIN WIRES

Expt No:Date:AIM:- To determine the tensile strength and elongation of the given wire using tensile tester.
PRINCIPLE :- In this test the strength is determined in such a manner that test specimen is gripped by
two grips vertically arranged one below the other and continuously tensile stressed until it breaks. At
the same time elongation is also indicated on a scale.
GENERAL :- The machine is for determining the tensile strength and elongation of various fibrous and
generic materials, textile, rubber, plastic, leather, cardboard, plywood, paper, asbestos, cables and
conductors etc. The machine consists of a base and a vertical column, which supports the loadmeasuring unit. The base houses the drive unit. The drive is effected by electric motor whose stroke is
transmitted through the set of pulleys to the lead screw. When pull is applied to specimen, the pendulum
gets deflected from its vertical position in proportion to pull applied and the tensile force is indicated in
the dial by drag pointer.
This strength-testing machine has three power measuring ranges. This permits finer graduations and
hence betters reading accuracy for the lower ranges. The measuring ranges are set by attaching weight
disks on the pendulum rod stud. For preventing sudden fall of pendulum rod and rupture of specimen, a
damping unit is provided which ensures that the pendulum rod slowly goes back to its vertical position.
PROCEDURE:- Depending on the materials to be tested, mount the appropriate grips. Select the load
range in accordance with the strength of wire. Mount the required weight disc on the stud for setting the
appropriate machine range. Set the machine for required gripping length and if all the specimens to be
tested are having constant gripping length, then set the position of the adjustable collar so that for the
subsequent tests the gripping length is not required to be adjusted again and again. To prevent the
sudden fall of the pendulum rod, adjust the setscrew of dashpot unit. Grip the test specimen in the
center of the two vertical grips, which are arranged one below the other. While fixing the specimen,
lock the load cell with the help of locking device.
Note the initial extension scale reading R1 with the help of pointer. Unlock the load cell, switch on
power supply and operate machine in forward direction till specimen breaks. Note the extension scale
reading R2 with the help of pointer when specimen just ruptures. Note the load from the dial, which
gives the tensile force of specimen. Press the stop button and the reverse direction button so that lower
grip goes back to its starting position for repeating the experiment. The difference between R 2 & R1
gives extension. The percentage elongation can be calculated using the formula (R 2-R1)/R1 x 100
OBSERVATION:Diameter of specimen

Area of cross section of specimenA

= d2/4

Tensile load of specimen

Tensile strength of specimen

= P/A

Initial extension scale reading R1

Final extension scale reading R2

Percentage elongation

= [(R2-R1)/R1] x 100

RESULT :Tensile strength of given wire

Percentage elongation of given wire
INFERENCE:-

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