Structural

Analysis
Part 1

Fundamentals

Basic Structural Analysis

Statically Determinate Structures: Introduction; Analysis of

support reactions, internal forces in trusses, beams, cables,

arches and frames; Analysis of slopes and deflections in beams.
Work and Energy Methods: Introduction; Principle of virtual

displacements and virtual forces; Reciprocal theorems; Energy

concepts; Displacement-based and force-based energy
principles; deriving stiffness and flexibility coefficients.
Force Methods - Statically Indeterminate Structures:

Introduction; Method of consistent deformations; Theorem of

least work.
Displacement Methods - Kinematically Indeterminate Structures:

Introduction; Slope-deflection method; Moment distribution

method.

Basic Structural Analysis

Chapters 1-3

Part I:
Fundamentals

Chapters 4-9

Part II: Force

Response in
Statically
Determinate
Structures

Chapters 10-12

Part III:
Displacement
Response in
Statically
Determinate
Structures

Chapters 19-22

Part V:
Kinematically
Indeterminate
Structures:
Displacement
Methods

Part IV:
Statically
Indeterminate
Structures:
Force
Methods Chapters 13-18

Structural Analysis & Design

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
LOADS

RESPONSE ?

(input)

(output)
STRUCTURE

(system)

o Stability
o Strength
o Stiffness
o Economy
o Aesthetics

STRUCTURAL
DESIGN

Structural Analysis

Part I

Chapter 3

Chapter 2

LOADS

RESPONSE ?

(input)

(output)

Chapter 1

STRUCTURE (system)

Structural Analysis is the application of solid mechanics to

predict the response (in terms of forces and

displacements) of a given structure (existing or proposed)
subject to specified loads.

Part 1 - Fundamentals
2. LOAD

1. STRUCTURE

Direct Actions
Indirect Loading
Structural System
Structural Idealisation
Structural Elements

3. RESPONSE

Equilibrium of Forces
Compatibility of Displacements
Force-displacement relations
Levels of Structural Analysis

Joints & Internal Stability

Supports & External Stability
Static Indeterminacy
Kinematic Indeterminacy

Structure
A structure may be defined as an assemblage of

load-bearing elements in a construction.

By making appropriate idealizations, we reduce

the structural system to separate sub-systems,

each of which is made of structural elements.
Line elements and surface (spatial) elements.
Joints and supports.

Structural Modelling
slab

Space frame

Secondary beams

Typical Bridge Systems

Typical Bridge Systems

Dubai

Space and Plane Frames

Space frame
(3D analysis)

Space Frame
Element

Plane frame
Element

Plane frames
(2D analysis)

Plane Frames and Beams

Partial (substitute) frame

Continuous beam
Full (plane) frame
under gravity loading

Beam element
Bending moments
Shear forces

Grids and Beams

Grid element
Bending moments

Shear forces
Twisting moments

Grid
Torsional stiffness negligible

Grid element reduces to Beam element

(Introduce torsional releases at member ends)

Structural Efficiency
Efficient utilization of material in the structural element:

axial/membrane elements are most efficient.

Non-uniform stresses generated in bending and torsion:

use of I-beams and annular sections

Surface Elements

Membrane structures

Typical examples of two-dimensional surface elements

Egg shell

MODELLING
OF
STRUCTURES

STRUCTURE
WALLS
SKELETAL

SPATIAL

SLABS
SHELLS

LINEAR (1D)

PLANAR (2D)

Plane Frame

Beam

Axial System

Plane Truss

FOLDED
PLATES

SPACE (3D)

Space
Frame

Grid

Space Truss

Space Frame
Element
Plane Frame
Element

Joints & Supports

Pinned

Kinematic function:
Control relative displacements
Join
t
Static function:
Provide for transmission of forces

Semi-rigid

(Connection
between
elements)

Rigid

Fixed

Support
Reactions

(Free relative
rotation)

Roller
Hinged
Support

(Joint at boundary of structure)

(No relative
rotation or
translation)

Behaviour: Rigid vs pinned joints

Rigid joint at B

Pinned joint at B

Internal Stability
nsi = 1

nsi = 1
Unstable
(mechanism)

Stable
(just-rigid)

Stable
(just-rigid)

Stable
(over-rigid)

When there are just adequate internal constraints to render a

structural system internally stable, we may use the term just-rigid
to define the state of internal stability. If, we give additional (extra
or redundant) internal constraints, then we may use the term overrigid to define the state of internal stability. We use the term underrigid to define the state of internal instability arising out of
insufficient internal constraints.

Stable
(over-rigid)

nsi = 3

Stable
(over-rigid)

Supports & External Stability

Minimum no. of
independent support
restraints needed for
stability of a structure
= 6 (space structure)
= 3 (planar structure)

When there are just adequate external restraints (supports) to render a structural
system externally stable, we may use the term just-rigid to define the state of
external stability. If we give additional (extra or redundant) external restraints,
then we may use the term over-rigid to define the state of external stability. We
use the term under-rigid to define the state of external instability arising out of
insufficient external restraints. Internal under-rigidity can sometimes be
compensated by external over-rigidity to provide for overall stability.

Just-rigid structures with

internal hinges

Externally Unstable Systems

The support
reactions should be
so located and
aligned such that
their lines of action
do not always
converge at a
point, and are also
not mutually
parallel.

Overall Stability & Rigidity,

Degree of static indeterminacy (ns)
Simple Plane Truss:
m = 3 + 2(j 3)
(m = 11, j = 7)
r=3
m + r = 2j
(m = 11, r = 3, j = 7)
Just-rigid

(m = 9, r = 3, j = 6)
m + r = 2j = 12

Unstable

Over-rigid
(ns = m + r 2j =
2)

Assessment of static
indeterminacy

Stability and Rigidity

Cantilever

Just-rigid

Portal
frame

Just-rigid

Unstable
Propped cantilever

ns = 1

Unstable

Just-rigid
ns = 2
Fixed beam

ns = 3

Portal
frame
ns = 1

ns = 3

Box
frame
ns = 3

Behaviour of a continuous beam

with an internal hinge

Must satisfy compatibility conditions

Forces and Displacements

Must satisfy equilibrium conditions
F2
2

F1

F12

F13

F3

F7
5

F8

F4

F5

10

F9

F10

F6

11

Simple Plane Truss:

4

F11

m = 11, r = 3, j = 7
m + r = 2j = 14
F14

Forces: external ; internal

Fj (j 1,2,,14) ; Ni (i = 1,2,,11)
D6

D2
D1

L11

D4
D3

D5

D6

D5

N11

L11 + e11
D10

11

D10
D9

D9

Displacements:
deflections ; deformations
Dj (j 1,2,,14) ; ei (i = 1,2,,11)

Kinematic Indeterminacy
2

Simple Plane Truss:

13
12

10

14

11

m = 11, r = 3, j = 7
m + r = 2j = 14

Global (Structure) Coordinates: j = 1, 2,,14

Restraints: D12 = 0, D13 = 0 , D14 = 0
Unknown Displacements: D1 , D2 ,, D11
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy nk = 11
(Degree of static indeterminacy ns = 0 !)

The degree of kinematic indeterminacy may be defined as

the total number of degrees of freedom (independent
displacement coordinates) at the various joints in a skeletal
structure.

Kinematic Indeterminacy
1
2 A

Beam element

D2
D1

Fixed Beam

3
B 4

nk = 0

D
B 3

nk = 2

B 6
3 A
Plane frame element

Cantilever

D4

2
3

Portal
frame
nk = 6

3
Continuous Beam

nk = 4

1
3

Box frame

4
nk = 6

5
6

nk = 3

Ignoring axial deformations

Static vs Kinematic Indeterminacy

ns = (4 3) 3 = 36
nk = (4 4) 3 = 48

17

18

10

11

12

19

13

14

15

16

2
0

Ignoring axial deformations:

nk = 16 + 4 = 20

Structural Analysis
o Stable or Unstable?
o Degree of Indeterminacy?
Direct
Actions

Static
Kinematic
Forces

SKELETAL
STRUCTURE

LOADS

RESPONSE
Displacements

Indirect
Loading

ELEMENTS
o Space / Plane Frame
o Grid / Beam
o Space / Plane Truss

JOINTS / SUPPORTS
o Rigid
o Pinned
o Semi-rigid

Structural Idealization

o Fixed
o Guided-fixed
o Hinged
o Roller
o Elastic