NaturalConvectionHeatTransferCoefficients SI Units Final Protected

Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator - S.I.
Un
Workbook Contents
Click on tabs at the bottom of the screen to access the following:
Tab 1. Contents (current tab)
Tab 2. Fluid Properties - Set values of fluid properties for other worksheets
Tab 3. Vertical Plane
Tab 4. Horizontal Plane
Tab 5. Horizontal Cylinder
nt Calculator - S.I. Units
for other worksheets
Selection of Fluid and Setting the Fluid Property

values for use in the other Worksheets
Enter Temperatures and Pressure

Surface Temperature (oC):
80
Fluid Temperature ( C):
40
Fluid Pressure (kPa):
101
(Enter Values in
yellow cells only)
Select a Fluid and Enter Temperature
FLUID DENSITY
Click at right to Select Fluid
Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

of the list) if you want to enter fluid
properties obtained elsewhere.
Toluene
Temperature Range ( C):
-95 to 319
60
Density from above menu selection:
831
kg/m3
OR
Enter a Fluid Density Obtained Elsewhere

Fluid Density (kg/m3):
Fluid Density Result:
831
kg/m3
(from menu selection)
(This is the density value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
FLUID VISCOSITY
Viscosity from above menu selection:

3.864E-04
Pa-s
Temperature Range (oC):
-95 to 111
OR

Enter a Fluid Viscosity Obtained Elsewhere
of the list in the menu near the top o

this worksheet, if you want to enter
FLUID VISCO
fluid properties obtained elsewhere
Fluid Viscosity (Pa-s)
Fluid Viscosity Result:
3.864E-04
Pa-s
(This is the viscosity value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific Heat from above menu selection:

1807
J/kg-K
Temperature Range ( C):
-95 to 227
OR

Enter a Fluid Specific Heat Obtained Elsewhere

Fluid Sp. Heat (J/kg-K)
Fluid Specific Heat Result:
1807
J/kg-K
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(This is the specific heat value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
Thermal Conductivity from above menu selection:

0.1238
W/m-K
Temperature Range (oC):

OR

Enter a Thermal Conductivity Obtained Elsewhere

Fluid Th. Cond. (W/m-K)
Fluid Thermal Conductivity R
0.1238
W/m-K
(This is the thermal conductivity value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
THERMA
Thermal Exp. Coeff. from above menu selection:
THERM EXP COEFF
1.158E-03
K-1
OR
Enter a Thermal Expans. Coeff. Obtained Elsewhere

Thermal Exp Coeff (K-1)

Thermal Expansion Coeff:
1.158E-03 K-1
(This is the thermal expansion coefficient value that will be used in all of the other worksheets.)
T =
0.2
1 =
T1 =
59.8
2 =
T2 =
60.2
Equations and References
The equations used to calculate the fluid properties in this worksheet are shown below.
The source for these equations and the constants in the Lookup Table used to make
the calculations came from:
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ch. 2, Physical and Chemical Data
Links to the tables for each fluid property are given at the top of the worksheet.
Density of water:
= (MW)(17.863 + 58.6060.35 - 95.3962/3 + 213.89 - 141.264/3)

T is in K
= 1 - T/647.096
is in kg/m3
Density of liquids other than water:
= (MW)(C1 + C2T + C32 + C43)

The density of air is calculated with the Ideal Gas Law
T is in K is in kg/m3
Viscosity of Liquids:
= exp[C1 + C2/T + C3(lnT) + C4(TC5)]
T is in K, is in Pa-s
Viscosity of Air:
= (C1TC2)/(1 + C3/T)
T is in K
is in Pa-s
Specific Heat of Air:
Cp = {C1 + (C2[(C3/T)/sinh(C3/T)]2 + C4[(C5/T)/cosh(C5/T)]2}/28.9

T is in K
Cp is in J/kg-K
Specific Heat of Liquids:
Cp = (C1 - C2T + C3T2 - C4T3 + C5T4)/18.015

T is in K
Cp is in J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity of Air
k = C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)
T is in K
k is in W/m-K
Thermal Conductivity of liquids
k = C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)
T is in K
k is in W/m-K
Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquids
= (1/V)dV/dT = (1/v)dv/dT = d(1/)/dT ~ (1/)/T = [(1/2) - (1/1)]/(T2 - T1)

T is in K, is in K-1
The values of come from the equations at the top of this section.
The thermal expansion coefficient of air is calculated as = 1/T, where T is in K.
The source for the data in the tables below used to calculate fluid density, viscosity, spe
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ch. 2, Physical and Chemical Data
Air Viscosity: Table 2-312
Liquid Viscosity: Table 2-313
Air Specific Heat: Table 2-156
Liquid Density: Table 2-32
Air Thermal Cond.: Table 2-314
Liquid Sp. Heat: Table 2-153
(Enter Values in
yellow cells only)
Excel Vlookup resu

0.8792
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2-Butadiene
-95 to 319
831.1002
Range, C
-36 to 329
-137 to 179
c1
0.9062
1.187
0.27136
Variables for Density Calculation
c2
0.25475
0.26114
1,2-Propylene glycol
-60 to 352
1.0923
0.26106
1,3-Butadiene
-109 to 152
1.2346
0.27216
1-Butanol
1-Octanol
-89 to 290
-15 to 379
0.98279
0.48979
0.2683
0.24931
1-Propanol
-126 to 264
1.2457
0.27281
2-Butanol
2-Octanol
2-Propanol
-115 to 262
-31 to 357
-88 to 235
0.9682
0.50726
1.1799
0.26244
0.25972
0.2644
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylic acid
Air
17 to 318
-73 to 333
-95 to 235
-44 to 273
13 to 342
0 to 500
1.4486
0.86852
1.2332
1.3064
1.2414
8.3145
0.25892
0.25187
0.25886
0.22597
0.25822
6 to 289
1.0259
0.26666
Benzoic acid
Bromobenzene
Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide
122 to 478
-31 to 397
-73 to 302
-112 to 279
0.71587
0.8226
0.67794
1.7968
0.24812
0.26632
0.2637
0.28749
Carbon tetrachloride
-23 to 283
0.99835
0.274
Chlorobenzene
-45 to 359
0.8711
0.26805
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Cumene
-63 to 263
-98 to 311
-96 to 358
1.0841
1.817
0.58711
0.2581
0.25877
0.25583
Calculations:
"Other Fluid" (at the bottom

t) if you want to enter fluid
es obtained elsewhere.
Benzene
Cyclohexane
7 to 281
0.88998
0.27376
t in the menu near the top of

ksheet, if you want to enter
Cyclopentane
Decane
-136 to 507
-29 to 344
1.1035
0.41084
0.27035
0.25175
perties obtained elsewhere.
Dibutyl ether
-98 to 311
0.55941
0.27243
Diethanol amine
29 to 464
0.68184
0.23796
Diethyl ether
-116 to 194
0.9554
0.26847
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Diphenyl ether
Dodecane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate
19 to 456
27 to 494
-9 to 385
-114 to 241
-83 to 250
-35 to 425
1.1096
0.52133
0.33267
1.6288
0.8996
0.48864
0.25189
0.26218
0.24664
0.27469
0.25856
0.23894
Ethylene glycol
-13 to 447
1.315
0.25125
Ethylenediamine
12 to 320
0.7842
0.20702
Fluorobenzene
-42 to 287
1.0146
0.27277
Formamide
3 to 498
1.2486
0.20352
Heptane
Hexadecane
-90 to 267
18 to 450
0.61259
0.23289
0.26211
0.23659

Hexane
Hydrazine
-95 to 235
2 to 380
0.70824
1.0516
0.26411
0.16613
Isopropyl amine
Methacrylic acid
-95 to 199
15 to 389
1.2801
0.87025
0.2828
0.24383
Methanol
-98 to 240
2.3267
0.27073
Methyl acetate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
-98 to 234
-48 to 293
-108 to 224
1.13
0.7761
0.928
0.2593
0.25068
0.289
Methylcyclohexane
Methylethyl ketone
Methylisobutyl ketone
-147 to 299
-87 to 263
-84 to 301
0.73109
0.93767
0.71687
0.26971
0.25035
0.26453
m-Xylene
-48 to 344
0.68902
0.26086
Nonane
-53 to 321
0.46321
0.25444
Octane
-57 to 296
0.5266
0.25693
Octanoic acid
17 to 421
0.48251
0.25196
o-Xylene
Pentadecane
-25 to 357
10 to 436
0.69962
0.25142
0.26143
0.23837

Pentane
Phenol
-130 to 197
41 to 421
0.84947
1.3798
0.26726
0.31598
Phthalic anhydride
131 to 518
0.5393
0.22704
Propionic acid
-21 to 328
1.0969
0.25568
Propylbenzene
-99 to 365
0.57233
0.25171
p-Xylene
13 to 343
0.67752
0.25887
Styrene
-30 to 363
0.7397
0.2603

worksheets.)
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
Triethyl amine
-108 to 267
-95 to 319
-115 to 262
1.2543
0.8792
0.7035
0.28084
0.27136
0.27386
Undecane
-25 to 366
0.36703
0.24876
Vinyl chloride
-154 to 159
1.5115
0.2707
0 to 80
-13.851
0.64038
Water
Other Fluid


the other worksheets.)
831.29
830.91
eet are shown below.

able used to make
Chemical Data
e worksheet.
is in kg/m3
is in kg/m3
Preliminary calculations for calculating the thermal expansion coefficient, , from:
= d(1/)/dT ~ (1/)/T = [(1/2) - (1/1)]/(T2 - T1)
Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. All rights reserved.
) - (1/1)]/(T2 - T1)
at the top of this section.
ere T is in K.
culate fluid density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity are the tables itemized below from:
al and Chemical Data
iscosity: Table 2-313
Liquid Thermal Conductivity: Table 2-315
Density: Table 2-32
p. Heat: Table 2-153
Excel Vlookup results based on selected fluid:

591.75
0.29241
Variables for Density Calculations:
c3
c4
602
0.31
452
0.3065
92.138
-226.08
Mol. Weight
133.404
54.09
-95 to 111
0.0003864
Range, C
-36 to 114
-136 to 11
c1
0.388
-10.143
6805.7
37.542
Variables for Viscosity Calculations:
c2
c3
736.5
-1.7063
472.79
-0.028241
626
0.20459
76.094
-60 to 228
-804.54
30487
130.79
425
0.28707
54.09
-23 to 127
17.844
-310.2
-4.5058
563.1
652.3
0.25488
0.27824
74.122
130.228
83 to 119
7 to 195
0.87669
-19.907
1602.9
2791.7
-2.1475
0.94296
536.8
0.23994
60.095
-126 to 97
23.467
116.07
-5.3372
535.9
629.8
508.3
0.26749
0.22
0.24653
74.122
130.228
60.095
-115 to 100
-32 to 180
-88 to 82
-16.323
16.792
-8.8918
3141.7
1353.6
2357.6
-4.6357
-0.91376
591.95
606
508.2
545.5
615
0.2529
0.31172
0.2913
0.28678
0.30701
60.052
102.09
58.079
41.052
72.063
28.96
17 to 118
-63 to 140
-83 to 56
-44 to 163
13 to 187
-193 to 1727
-9.03
1212.3
-0.322
-14.164
-14.918
-10.906
-28.12
1.425E-006
1350.3
1023.4
872.02
2280.2
0.5039
0.4492
0.5961
562.05
0.28394
78.112
6 to 272
7.5117
294.68
-2.794
752
670.15
575.4
552
0.2857
0.2821
0.29318
0.3226
122.121
157.008
116.16
76.141
123 to 327
-31 to 156
-23 to 126
-111 to 169
-12.947
-20.611
-17.488
-10.306
2557.9
1656.5
1478.2
703.01
1.4415
0.91828
556.35
0.287
153.823
-23 to 182
-8.0738
1121.1
-0.4726
632.35
0.2799
112.557
-23 to 267
0.15772
540.5
-1.6075
536.4
416.25
631
0.2741
0.2833
0.28498
119.378
50.488
120.192
- 63 to 80
-98 to 130
-73 to 127
-14.109
-25.132
-24.988
1049.2
1381.9
1807.9
0.5377
2.0811
2.0556
553.8
0.28571
84.159
7 to 170
-33.763
2497.2
3.2236
507
617.7
0.28699
0.28571
70.133
142.282
-48 to 52
-6 to 488
-3.2612
-10.115
614.16
1111.9
-1.156
-0.015659
2.3956
108.3
584.1
0.29932
130.228
-98 to 141
10.027
206
-3.1607
736.6
0.2062
105.136
20 to 316
-375.21
17177
66.66
466.7
0.2814
74.122
73 to 100
10.197
-63.8
-3.226
729
766.8
658
514
523.3
698
0.3311
0.31033
0.28571
0.23178
0.278
0.28421
78.133
170.207
170.335
46.068
88.105
150.175
19 to 191
20 to 340
-11 to 253
-73 to 167
-53 to 200
-23 to 214
-37.347
-12.373
-7.8244
7.875
14.354
-40.706
2835
2017.5
1191.9
781.98
-154.6
3035
3.7937
-0.49963
-3.0418
-3.7887
4.2655
720
0.21868
62.068
-13 to 303
-20.515
2468.5
1.2435
593
0.20254
43.068
11 to 210
-53.908
4030.8
5.9704
560.09
0.28291
96.102
- 41 to 180
-10.064
1058.7
-0.17162
771
0.25178
45.041
0 to 220
40.153
-912.39
-7.5664
540.2
723
0.28141
0.28571
100.202
226.441
-93 to 159
18 to 291
-9.4622
-20.182
877.07
2203.5
-0.23445
1.2289
507.6
653.15
0.27537
0.1898
86.175
32.045
-98 to 133
1 to 250
-6.3276
-75.781
640
4175.4
-0.694
9.6508
471.85
662
0.2972
0.28571
59.11
86.089
-23 to 180
15 to 161
-31.157
-14.527
1926
1497.7
2.925
0.51747
512.5
0.24713
32.042
-98 to 65
-25.317
1789.2
2.069
506.55
566
497.1
0.2764
0.29773
0.286
74.079
100.116
88.148
-23 to 152
-13 to 127
-108 to 177
13.557
-0.099
-6.921
-187.3
496
790.773
-3.6592
-1.5939
-0.654
572.1
535.5
574.6
0.29185
0.29984
0.28918
98.186
72.106
100.159
-126 to 185
-87 to 263
-84 - 116
-11.358
-1.0598
-11.394
1213.1
520.68
1168.7
-1.4961
-0.007539
617
0.27479
106.165
-48.to 140
-11.91
1094.9
0.13825
594.6
0.28571
128.255
-55 to 320
-68.54
3165.3
9.0919
568.7
0.28571
114.229
-62 to 182
-7.556
881.09
-0.52502
694.26
0.26842
144.211
17 to 240
-60.795
4617.8
7.028
630.3
708
0.27365
0.28571
106.165
212.415
-25 to 145
10 to 271
-15.489
-19.299
1393.5
2088.6
0.63711
1.1091
469.7
694.25
0.27789
0.32768
72.149
94.111
-130 to 192
18 to 282
-53.509
-43.335
1836.6
3881.7
7.1409
4.3983
791
0.248
148.116
131 to 285
195.25
-11072
-29.084
600.81
0.26857
74.079
-21 to 141
-23.932
1834.6
1.9124
638.35
0.29616
120.192
-73 to 159
-18.282
1549.7
1.0454
616.2
0.27596
106.165
13 to 140
-7.381
911.7
-0.54152
636
0.3009
104.149
-30 to 145
-22.675
1758
1.6701
540.15
591.75
535.15
0.2912
0.29241
0.2872
72.106
92.138
101.19
-108 to 100
-95 to 111
-23 to 86
-10.321
-226.08
-3.7067
900.92
6805.7
585.78
-0.069128
37.542
-1.0926
639
0.28571
156.308
-25 to 238
52.176
-4951.9
-8.5676
432
0.2716
62.498
-143 to 127
0.26297
276.55
-1.7282
-0.00191
1.8211E-006
18.015
0 to 373
-52.843
3703.6
5.866
on coefficient, , from:
LLC. All rights reserved.
-0.060853
Viscosity Calculations:
c4
-0.15449
1
c5
-95 to 227
1.807E+03
Range, C
-36 to 27
-136 to 17
140140
-152.3
0.695
0
0
Variables for Specific Heat Calculations:
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
103350
159.3
135150
-311.14 0.97007 -0.000152
-60 to 188
58080
445.2
-108 to 77
128860
-323.1
1.015
0.000032
-0.021553
3.387E+022
2.304E+024
-9.9231
-10.09
-89 to 118
-23 to 194
191200
571370
-730.4
-4849
2.2998
19.725
2.88E+09
-4.0267
-126 to 127
158760
-635
1.969
-13.039
-115 to 99
-88 to 180
-126 to 82
426790
319198
471710
-3694.6
-1042.21
-4172.1
13.828
3.52943
14.745
2.666E+031
17 to 118 139640
-23 to 77
36600
-95 to 56
135600
-44 to 82
97582
13 to 102
55300
-173 to 1227 28958
-4.500E-027
10
-0.0135
-0.0144
-320.8 0.8985
511
-177
-122.2
300
9390
0.2837 0.000689
0.34085
3012
7580
6 to 80
129440
-169.5
122 to 177
20 to 222
25 to 126
-112 to 279
-5480
121600
111850
85600
647.12
-9.45
384.52
-122
0.5605
-23 to 116
-752700
8966.1
-30.394
0.034455
-45 to 87
-1307500
15338
-53.974
0.063483
- 40 to 93
-98 to 100
-96 to 152
124850
96910
61723
-166.34
-207.9
494.81
0.43209
0.37456
0.000488
7 to 127
-220600
3118.3
-9.4216
0.010687
-116 to 187
-29 to 187
122530
278620
-403.8
-197.91
1.7344
1.0737
-0.001098
1484
0.64781
0.358
-0.001452 2.01E-006
-3.6367
3.957E+023
2.500E+012
0.5
-10
-5
-98 to 177
270720
-259.83
0.95427
28 to 268
184200
286
73 to 100
44400
1301
18 to 160
27 to 297
-9 to 57
-114 to 117
-83 to 133
-34 to 213
240300
134160
508210
102640
226230
124500
-595
1013
447.67
-1368.7
3.1015
-139.63 -0.030341
-624.8
1.472
370.6
-13 to 220
35540
436.78
-0.18486
11 to 117
184440
-150.2
0.37044
- 33 to 47
-21
11734
-40669
0.047333
-2547.9
-5.5
0.008763
0.00203
1.687E+024
-10
18 to 220
63400
150.6
1.402E+022
-10
-91 to 247
18 to 287
61.26
370350
314410
231.47
1824.6
0.68632
5.688E+021
-7.27E-009
-10
3
-96 to 187
2 to 380
172120
79815
-183.78
50.929
0.88734
0.043379
-95 to 47
15 to 161
-32469
146290
1977.1
-58.59
-7.0145
0.3582
-98 to 127
105800
-362.23
0.9379
-20 to 100
-48 to 101
-109 to 55
61260
255100
134300
270.9
-938.4
94.356
2413
-0.0032
-127 to 47
-87 to 100
-84 to 116
131340
132300
183650
-63.1
200.87
-79.862
0.8125
-0.9597 0.001953
0.60769
-56 to 267
133860
78754
0.52265
-53 to 52
383080
-1139.8
2.7101
-57 to 187
224830
-186.63
0.95891
17 to 239
205260
44.392
0.8956
-25 to 144
10 to 271
36500
346910
1017.5
219.54
-2.63
0.65632
-130 to 117
41 to 152
159080
101720
-270.5
317.61
0.99537
131 to 285
145400
252.4
-21 to 141
213660
-702.7
1.6605
-99 to 159
174380
-101.8
0.79
13 to 327
-35500
1287.2
-2.599
0.002426
-31 to 145
113340
290.2
-0.6051
0.001357
4.634E+022
-1.96E-05
3.055E+024
-10
2
-10
0.008691
0.00098
0.00302
-10
-0.060853
-108 to 66
-95 to 227
-73 to 89
171730
140140
111480
-800.47
-152.3
368.13
2.8934
0.695
570980
-2
-26 to 160
293980
-114.98
0.96936
-73 to 127
-10320
322.8
0 to 260
276370
-2090.1
-5.879E-029
10
8.125
-0.002502
-0.014116 9.37E-006
Parameters for Heptane Specific Heat Calculation:

T in K
333.2
t for heptane
0.38328
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,2-Butadiene
-95 to 202
1.238E-01
Range, C
-37 to 209
-136 to 11
1,2-Propylene glycol
-60 to 727
0.214
-1.834E-04
1,3-Butadiene
-109 to-4
0.22231
-3.664E-04
1-Butanol
1-Octanol
-89 to 119
-15 to 727
0.2136
0.214
-2.034E-04
-1.834E-04
1-Propanol
-73 to 727
0.214
-1.834E-04
2-Butanol
2-Octanol
2-Propanol
-115 to 100
-32 to 727
-86 to 727
0.22787
0.214
0.214
-3.0727E-04
-1.834E-04
-1.834E-04
17 to 118
-73 to 140
-95 to 70
-44 to 76
13 to 211
-203 to 1727
0.214
0.23638
0.2878
0.33192
0.24410
3.1417E-04
-1.834E-04
-2.4263E-04
-4.27E-04
-4.3243E-04
-2.904E-01
0.7786
6 to 140
0.23444
-3.0572E-04
122 to 323
-31 to 219
-73 to 181
-112 to 46
0.2391
0.16983
0.21721
0.2333
-2.325E-04
-1.981E-04
-2.6563E-04
-2.75E-04
Carbon tetrachloride
-23 to 77
0.1589
-1.987E-04
Chlorobenzene
-45 to 132
0.1841
-1.917E-04
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Cumene
- 64 to 127
-98 to 77
-96 to 140
0.1778
0.41067
0.1855
-2.023E-04
-8.478E-04
-2.0895E-04
Cyclohexane
7 to 81
0.19813
-2.505E-04
Cyclopentane
Decane
-94 to 49
-30 to 174
0.2066
0.2063
-2.696E-04
-2.5E-04
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acrylic acid
Air
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Bromobenzene
Butyl acetate
Carbon disulfide
0.20463
-0.00024252
0
0
Variables for Thermal Conductivity Calculations:
c1
c2
c3
c4
0.20731
-2.4997E-04
0.21966
-3.436E-04
-0.7116
2121.7
Dibutyl ether
-98 to 250
0.19418
-2.2246E-04
Diethanol amine
28 to 400
0.0218
1.0315E-03
Diethyl ether
-116 to 160
0.2495
-4.07E-04
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Diphenyl ether
Dodecane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzoate
19 to 191
27 to 258
-10 to 216
-114 to 80
-84 to 77
-35 to 276
0.3142
0.18686
0.2047
0.2468
0.2501
0.20771
-3.0809E-04
-1.4953E-04
-2.326E-04
-2.64E-04
-3.563E-04
-2.1265E-04
Ethylene glycol
-13 to 197
0.088067
9.4712E-04
Ethylenediamine
11 to 117
0.36434
-4.433E-04
Fluorobenzene
- 35 to 80
0.20962
-2.8034E-04
Formamide
3 to 220
0.38470
-1.065E-04
Heptane
Hexadecane
-91 to 99
18 to 287
0.21500
0.20749
-3.03E-04
-2.1917E-04
Hexane
Hydrazine
-95 to 97
2 to 350
0.22492
1.3675
-3.533E-04
-1.5895E-03
Isopropyl amine
Methacrylic acid
-95 to 32
15 to 257
0.237
0.2306
-3.320E-04
-2.5201E-04
Methanol
-98 to 65
0.2837
-2.81E-04
Methyl acetate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
-98 to 113
17 to 90
-109 to 55
0.2777
0.2583
0.2253
-4.17E-04
-3.79E-04
-3.7273E-04 1.173E-007
Methylcyclohexane
Methylethyl ketone
Methylisobutyl ketone
0 to 101
-87 to 80
-84 to 178
0.1791
0.2197
0.2301
-2.291E-04
-2.505E-04
-2.8899E-04
m-Xylene
-48 to 140
0.20044
-2.3544E-04
Nonane
-53 to 151
0.209
-2.64E-04
Octane
-57 to 126
0.2156
-2.9483E-04
Octanoic acid
17 to 240
0.203
-2E-04
o-Xylene
Pentadecane
-25 to 144
10 to 271
0.19989
0.20649
-2.299E-04
-2.1911E-04
Pentane
Phenol
-130 to 172
41 to 182
0.2537
0.18831
-5.76E-04
-1E-04
Phthalic anhydride
131 to 285
0.2295
-2.1345E-04
Propionic acid
-21 to 270
0.1954
-1.64E-04
Propylbenzene
-100 to 310
0.18707
-1.9846E-04
p-Xylene
13 to 140
0.20003
-2.3573E-04
Styrene
-31 to 145
0.20215
-2.201E-04
-1.355E-06
3.440E-007
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
Triethyl amine
-108 to 66
-95 to 202
-115 to 210
0.19428
0.20463
0.1918
-2.49E-04
-2.4252E-04
-2.453E-04
Undecane
-26 to 196
0.20515
-2.3933E-04
Vinyl chloride
-154 to 72
0.2333
-3.92E-04
0 to 360
-0.4320
5.73E-03
Water
-8.08E-006
1.861E-009
Limits of Temperature Range

Density
Viscosity
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
-95
319
-95
111
-95
227
-95
202
-36
-137
329
179
-36
-136
114
11
-36
-136
27
17
-37
-136
209
11
-60
352
-60
228
-60
188
-60
727
-109
152
-23
127
-108
77
-109
-4
-89
-15
290
264
83
7
119
195
-89
-23
118
194
-89
-15
119
727
-126
264
-126
97
-126
127
-73
727
-115
-31
-88
262
357
235
-115
-32
-88
100
180
82
-115
-88
-126
99
180
82
-115
-32
-86
100
727
727
17
-73
-95
-44
13
0
333
235
235
273
342
500
17
-63
-83
-44
13
-193
118
140
56
163
187
1727
17
-23
-95
-44
13
-173
118
77
56
82
102
1227
17
-73
-95
-44
13
-203
118
140
70
76
211
1727
289
272
80
140
122
-31
-73
-112
478
397
302
279
123
-31
-23
-111
327
156
126
169
122
20
25
-112
177
222
126
279
122
-31
-73
-112
323
219
181
46
-23
283
-23
182
-23
116
-23
77
-45
359
-23
267
-45
87
-45
132
-63
-98
-96
263
311
358
-63
-98
-73
80
130
127
-40
-98
-96
93
100
152
-64
-98
-96
127
77
140
281
170
127
81
-136
-29
507
344
-48
-6
52
488
-116
-29
187
187
-94
-30
174
174
-98
311
-98
141
-98
177
-98
250
29
464
20
316
28
268
28
400
-116
194
73
100
73
100
-116
160
19
27
-9
-114
-83
-35
456
494
385
241
250
425
19
20
-11
-73
-53
-23
191
340
253
167
200
214
18
27
-9
-114
-83
-34
160
297
57
117
133
213
19
27
-10
-114
-84
-35
191
258
216
80
77
276
-13
447
-13
303
-13
220
-13
197
12
320
11
210
11
117
11
117
-42
287
-41
180
-33
47
-35
80
498
220
18
220
220
-90
18
267
450
-93
18
159
291
-91
18
247
287
-91
18
99
287
-95
2
235
380
-98
1
133
250
-96
2
187
380
-95
2
97
350
-95
15
199
389
-23
15
180
161
-95
15
47
161
-95
15
32
257
-98
240
-98
65
-98
127
-98
65
-98
-48
-108
234
293
224
-23
-13
-108
152
127
177
-20
-48
-109
100
101
55
-98
-109
-109
113
55
55
-147
-87
-84
299
263
301
-126
-87
-84
185
263
116
-127
-87
-84
47
100
116
0
-87
-84
101
80
178
-48
344
-48
140
-56
267
-48
140
-53
321
-55
320
-53
52
-53
151
-57
296
-62
182
-57
187
-57
126
17
421
17
240
17
239
17
240
-25
10
357
436
-25
10
145
271
-25
10
144
271
-25
10
144
271
-130
41
197
421
-130
18
192
282
-130
41
117
152
-130
41
172
182
131
518
131
285
131
285
131
285
-21
328
-21
141
-21
141
-21
270
-99
365
-73
159
-99
159
-100
310
13
343
13
140
13
327
13
140
-30
363
-30
145
-31
145
-31
145
-108
-95
-115
267
319
262
-108
-95
-23
100
111
86
-108
-95
-73
66
227
89
-108
-95
-115
66
202
210
-25
366
-25
238
-26
160
-26
196
-254
159
-143
127
-73
127
-154
72
80
373
260
360
Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Vertical Plane - (S.I. units)
PRELIM. CALCULATIONS
(Enter Values in yellow cells only)
Enter the indicated input data:

Height of Surface, L =
0.50 m
Preliminary Calculations:
Temperature Diff, T =
Prandtl Number, Pr =
40 oC
5.640
Grashof Number, Gr =
2.627.E+11
Rayleigh Number, Ra =
1.482E+12
NOTE: Go to the Fluid Properties worksheet to change fluid
H.T. COEFF.
temperature, surface temperature, or fluid pressure values
Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

Nusselt Number, Nu =
1557.8
Convective H.T. Coeff., h =
385.83 W/m2-K
Discussion and References

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlation used for Nusselt number are shown
below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 8th Ed. - Sect 5.3.2 Natural Convection

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Horizontal Plane - (S.I. units)

Area of Plate, A =
0.05 m2
Perimeter of Plate, P =
1.20 m
Char. Length, L = A/P =
40 oC
0.042
5.640
1.520.E+08
8.575E+08

R COEFFICIENT
Case I: H.T. from upper surface of hot plate or from

lower surface of cool plate.
A. for 104 < Ra < 107:
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIEN
92.4
274.63 W/m2-K
B. for 107 < Ra < 1011:

142.5
423.53 W/m2-K
Case II: H.T. from upper surface of cool plate or from

lower surface of hot plate.
( for 105 < Ra < 1010):
46.2
1.01 W/m2-K
t Correlations
ane - (S.I. units)

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlations used for Nusselt number are
shown below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
Correlation #1: (for heat transfer from the upper surface of a hot plate to a cooler fluid above it
or from the lower surface of a cool plate to a warmer fluid below it)
Nu = 0.54 Ra1/4 ( 104 < Ra < 107 )

Nu = 0.15 Ra1/3 ( 107 < Ra < 1011 )
Correlation #2: (for heat transfer from the upper surface of a cool plate to a warmer fluid above it
or from the lower surface of a warm plate to a cooler fluid below it)
Nu = 0.27 Ra1/4 ( 105 < Ra < 1010 )
All rights reserved.
ed for Nusselt number are

ons for Nusselt No., see:
te to a cooler fluid above it
ate to a warmer fluid above it

Natural Convection from an Isothermal Horizontal Cylinder - (S.I. units)

Pipe Diameter, D =
0.70 m
40 oC
5.640
7.209.E+11
4.066E+12
H.T. COEFF.

2127.6
376.38 W/m2-K
Churchill Equation
Initial estimate of f
#REF!
Colebrook Equation
1st iteration with Colbrook;
#REF!
2nd iteration with Colbrook;
#REF!
3rd iteration with Colbrook;
4th iteration with Colbrook;

The definitions of the dimensionless numbers and the correlation used for Nusselt number are shown
below. For more discussion of natural convection and correlations for Nusselt No., see:
ts reserved.

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Selection of Fluid and Setting the Fluid Property

Enter Temperatures and Pressure

Fluid Temperature ( C):

Fluid Pressure (kPa):

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Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

Temperature Range ( C):

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Fluid Density Result:

(from menu selection)

Viscosity from above menu selection:

Temperature Range (oC):

Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

of the list in the menu near the top o

fluid properties obtained elsewhere

Fluid Viscosity (Pa-s)

Fluid Viscosity Result:

(from menu selection)

Specific Heat from above menu selection:

Temperature Range ( C):

Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

of the list in the menu near the top o

Fluid Sp. Heat (J/kg-K)

fluid properties obtained elsewhere

Fluid Specific Heat Result:

(from menu selection)

Thermal Conductivity from above menu selection:

Temperature Range (oC):

Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

of the list in the menu near the top o

Fluid Th. Cond. (W/m-K)

fluid properties obtained elsewhere

Fluid Thermal Conductivity R

(from menu selection)

Thermal Exp. Coeff. from above menu selection:

THERM EXP COEFF

Choose "Other Fluid" (at the bottom

fluid properties obtained elsewhere

Thermal Exp Coeff (K-1)

(from menu selection)

Equations and References

= (MW)(17.863 + 58.6060.35 - 95.3962/3 + 213.89 - 141.264/3)

Density of liquids other than water:

= (MW)(C1 + C2T + C32 + C43)

= exp[C1 + C2/T + C3(lnT) + C4(TC5)]

Specific Heat of Air:

Cp = {C1 + (C2[(C3/T)/sinh(C3/T)]2 + C4[(C5/T)/cosh(C5/T)]2}/28.9

Specific Heat of Liquids:

Cp = (C1 - C2T + C3T2 - C4T3 + C5T4)/18.015

Thermal Conductivity of Air

k = C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)

Thermal Conductivity of liquids

k = C1TC2/(1 - C3/T + C4/T2)

Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Liquids

= (1/V)dV/dT = (1/v)dv/dT = d(1/)/dT ~ (1/)/T = [(1/2) - (1/1)]/(T2 - T1)

The thermal expansion coefficient of air is calculated as = 1/T, where T is in K.

Liquid Viscosity: Table 2-313

Air Specific Heat: Table 2-156

Liquid Density: Table 2-32

Air Thermal Cond.: Table 2-314