Science & Sports (2012) 27, 1622

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular indexes

with specic actions in judo
Relation entre paramtres arobies et neuromusculaires et actions
spciques au judo
D. Detanico a,, J. Dal Pupo a, E. Franchini b, S. Giovana dos Santos a
a
b

Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil

School of Physical Education and Sport, University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil

Received 14 June 2010; accepted 28 January 2011

Available online 9 March 2011

KEYWORDS
Aerobic tness;
Muscle power;
Judo

MOTS CLS
Aptitude arobie ;
Puissance
musculaire ;
Judo

Summary
Objective. The aim of this study was to verify the relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular
indexes with specic situations in judo.
Method. Eighteen male judokas took part in the study. The following assessments were performed: vertical jump (CMJ) on a force platform; Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) to obtain the
number of throws and percentage of the maximal heart rate (%HRmax) one minute after the
test; match simulation to obtain the peak blood lactate (LACmax) and the percentage of the
blood lactate removal (BLR); incremental test to obtain the velocity at the anaerobic threshold
(vAT) and peak velocity (PV) reached in the test.
Results. A signicant correlation was observed between the number of throws in the SJFT, the
vAT (r = 0.60; P < 0.01), PV (r = 0.70; P < 0.01) and CMJ (r = 0.74; P < 0.01). A signicant inverse
correlation was found between the LACmax and vAT (r = 0.59; P = 0.01).
Conclusions. It can be concluded that the performance in the SJFT was determined by the
aerobic capacity and power and the muscle power. Athletes with greater aerobic ability (vAT)
presented lower blood lactate accumulation after the match.
2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Rsum
Objectif. Analyser les relations entre indices arobies et neuromusculaires avec des actions
spciques du judo.
Mthodes. Dix-huit judokas ont particip cette tude. Ont t ralises les valuations
suivantes : saut vertical (CMJ) ; Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) pour lobtention du nombre de
lancements et du pourcentage de la frquence cardiaque maximale (%FCmax) ; simulation de

Corresponding author. Tel.: ++55 48 3721 8530.

E-mail address: danieledetanico@gmail.com (D. Detanico).

0765-1597/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2011.01.010

Relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular indexes with specic actions in judo

17

match pour lobtention du taux maximal de lactate sanguin (LACmax) et du pourcentage de la

diminution de lactate (DLS) ; test incrmental pour lobtention de la vitesse au seuil anarobie
(SA) et du sommet de la vitesse (SV) atteint dans lessai.
Rsultats. Il a t observ une corrlation signicative entre le nombre de lancements dans
le SJFT, la VLAn (r = 0,60 ; p < 0,01), SV (r = 0,70 ; p < 0,01) et le CMJ (r = 0,74 ; p < 0,01). Il a t
trouv une corrlation signicative inverse entre le LACmax et la SA (r = 0,59 ; p = 0,01).
Conclusions. On peut conclure que la performance dans SJFT a t dtermine par la capacit
de la puissance maximale arobie et par la puissance musculaire. Les athltes ayant la plus
grande capacit arobie (SA) ont prsent une moindre accumulation de lactate sanguin aprs
le match.
2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits rservs.

1. Introduction
Judo is a sport whose performance explanation is a complex task, since it can be determined by several physical
abilities, besides technical, tactical and also psychological
aspects [14]. Regarding physical condition and considering that a match of judo can last from a few seconds up to
5 minutes, it is difcult to dene a single physiological model
to measure the effort involved [5,6]. As a result, there is no
consensus in the literature in relation to a single indicator
that can be used as a performance predictor or a control
variable of a training program.
The main action desired by a judoka during a shiai (match
in tournament) or randori (sparring in which both participants practice attacking and defending) is the throwing
of the opponent, seeking scores that lead to winning. This
action can occur once or several times, depending on the
score for the throw, thus affecting the duration of the
match. Therefore, factors that can explain the performance
in these situations may range from energy transfer in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to neuromuscular parameters
[4,7].
The requirement for anaerobic metabolism during
matches can be demonstrated by the higher lactate concentrations observed after the match [4,8]. In these events,
the prolonged maintenance of the rate of energy release is
determined in large part by the use of anaerobic sources.
High blood lactate concentrations after a maximal effort
may indicate a high rate of anaerobic glycolysis, which is
associated with the anaerobic capacity of the individual,
since more energy is released for muscle contraction [13].
Although the participation of the anaerobic system is
determinant in high-intensity exercise, as in the actions performed during judo matches, it has been shown that the
aerobic system responds rapidly to the energetic demand in
these situations, especially when they occur intermittently
[1315], as is the case of judo matches [5,16]. Besides, the
aerobic component is important in cases where the match
continues for 5 minutes or more (golden score) and there are
sequences of matches on a single day of competition [7].
Considering this aspect, previous studies have shown that
the aerobic capacity is related to a lower blood lactate accumulation after randori [10,17], and that lactate removal
after the match is higher in judokas who use active recovery [9]. Further, the aerobic power appears to be one of the
determinant variables in maintaining the intensity in randori
or shiai of maximal duration [7].

In addition, the performance in actions of judo during the

match can be attributed to neuromuscular factors such as
muscle power, which according to Franchini and Del Vecchio
[1] is related to a higher number of attacks and higher efciency in the throws. The optimization of the power in these
throws depends on muscle-elastic mechanisms such as the
stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). This phenomenon is evident
when the judoka executes a concentric preceded by eccentric phase, in which there is a pre-stretching of the muscle
bers and storage of elastic energy (during the eccentric
phase), which is then reused in the concentric contraction
resulting in an increase in the efciency of the movement
[18].
Considering the complexity of analyzing performance
during a match and in the search for an indicator that best
describes this, the present investigation used the number
of throws executed in a specic judo test (Special Judo
Fitness Test [SJFT]) as the main variable in performance,
since the result of this test has been demonstrated as able
to accurately discriminate athletes of different competitive
levels [7,9]. Thus, this study aimed to verify the relationship
of aerobic (peak of velocity, anaerobic threshold velocity,
recovery heart rate and removal of blood lactate), anaerobic (peak blood lactate concentration) and neuromuscular
(muscle power) indices with the performance in the SJFT.

2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
Eighteen trained male judo athletes took part in this study.
Inclusion criteria were the following characteristics: (1) participation in ofcial judo competitions during the same year;
(2) training at least three times per week; (3) being a minimum of purple belt (2 Kyu); (4) aged 18 years or above; (5)
without any kind of injury; and (6) competing in the under
100-kg category. Judokas presented the following characteristics: age of 20.6 1.8 years, experience in the sport
of 9.4 4.7 years, body weight of 77.3 13.4 kg, height of
175.6 8.4 cm and body fat of 13.4 3.3%.

2.2. Procedures
All the participants were volunteers and took part in the
present study after giving their written consent. All procedures received local ethics committee approval (168/2009).

18
The tests were performed in two stages, organized as
follows: (i) vertical jump, Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT)
and randori; (ii) incremental test on a treadmill. The time
interval between the vertical jumps and the SJFT was
30 minutes, between the SJFT and the randori it was 3 hours
and between the randori and the incremental test it was at
least 24 hours.
2.2.1. Muscle power
The judokas muscle power was determined from the performance (height) obtained in the Counter Movement Jump
(CMJ), which presents a reliability index of 0.94 [19]. During CMJ evaluation the participants were instructed to start
the jump from an erect position with hands on hips and execute a vertical jump after a downward counter movement
(knee must be exed to 90 degrees at the end of the counter
movement). The participants were previously trained until
they had obtained the motor skill to perform the movement required for this protocol. A portable piezoelectric
force platform (Kistler , Quattro Jump, 9290AD, Winterthur,
Switzerland) was used to measure the jump height. The
acquired information was transmitted via cable to a computer at a frequency of 500 Hz. The CMJ was performed
three times, with the greatest height obtained being taken
as the indicator of muscle power.
2.2.2. Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT)
Judokas were submitted to the specic test (SJFT) proposed by Sterkowicz [20]. Following a 5-minute warm up
three athletes of similar body weight and height executed
the test according to the following protocol: two judokas
(uke) were positioned at 6 m distance from one another,
while the test executor (tori) was 3 m from the judokas
that would be thrown. The procedure is divided into three
periods: 15 s (A), 30 s (B), and 30 s (C) with 10-s intervals
between them. During each period, the executor throws
partners using the ippon-seoi-nage technique, as many times
as possible. Performance is determined by the total throws
completed during each of the three periods (A + B + C). Heart
rate (HR) was measured immediately after the test and then
1 minute later (Polar Vantage NV, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele,
Finland). Subsequently, the HR values obtained in the SJFT
were normalized by the HRmax obtained in the incremental
treadmill test and the index of the test calculated from the
equation:
Index = HR(bpm) + HR1 min (bpm)/throws (n)
HR: heart rate obtained immediately after the test.
HR1 min : heart rate obtained 1 minute after test.
Throws: number of throws completed during the test.
2.2.3. Randori
The athletes performed a randori of 5 minutes duration (ofcial time according to the International Judo Federation
[IJF]) even if there was an ippon (the highest score in the
competition, and which determines the end of the match).
The athletes executed the randori attacking and defending
only in the tachi-waza (vertical posture). The randori were
organized so that the opponents body weights differed by
less than 15%. After the randori 25 L of blood were taken
from the ear lobe with a heparinized capillary tube to determine the lactate concentration at the following time points:

D. Detanico et al.
1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th and 15th minute. The lactate was
measured on an electrochemical analyzer (YSI 2700 STAT,
Yellow Springs, OH, USA), which was calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer. From the blood samples the
peak post-test blood lactate (LACmax) and the percentage
of the blood lactate removal (BLR) were determined from
the equation proposed by Pelayo et al. [21]:
%BLR = (LACpeak LAC15min /LACpeak ) 100
%BLR: percentage of blood lactate removal.
LACpeak : peak lactate concentration in this interval.
LAC15 min : lactate concentration at 15th minute.
2.2.4. Incremental Test Protocol
The incremental load test was performed on a treadmill
(Imbramed Millenuim Super ATL 10.200, Porto Alegre,
Brazil) with an initial speed of 8 km.h1 (1% gradient) and
with a 1 km.h1 increment every 3 minutes until voluntary exhaustion. At the end of each stage, a 30-s interval
was allowed for the collection of blood samples from the
ear lobe. The anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined by
linear interpolation (lactate intensity) corresponding to
the concentration of 3.5 mmol.L1 of blood lactate [22],
measured on an electrochemical analyzer (YSI 2700 STAT,
Yellow Springs, OH, USA). The velocity corresponding to
the AT was identied as the anaerobic threshold velocity
(vAT). The peak velocity (PV) was considered the highest velocity reached by the athlete on the incremental
test.

2.3. Statistical analysis

Data are reported as mean and standard deviation. The
Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to verify the normality of
the data and Pearsons linear correlation was performed to
determine the relationship of the aerobic, anaerobic and
neuromuscular indexes with the SJFT performance. The signicance level was set at P < 0.05.

3. Results
Table 1 describes the physiological and neuromuscular variables analyzed in this research.
A signicant correlation was found between the number
of throws in the SJFT and vAT (Fig. 1), PV (Fig. 2) and CMJ
(Fig. 3). There was no signicant correlation between the
number of throws and the LACmax (r = 0.36; P = 0.14). A
signicant inverse correlation was found between the vAT
and the LACmax (Fig. 4), but there was no such correlation between the vAT and %HRmax obtained 1 minute after
the SJFT (r = 0.17; P = 0.5) or between vAT and BLR (r = 0.37;
P = 0.13).

4. Discussion
In the present investigation we used the performance in a
specic judo test (SJFT) as the main dependent variable,
since the result of this test has been demonstrated as able
to accurately discriminate athletes of different competitive
levels [7,9]. According to classicatory table proposed by
Franchini et al. [23], the athletes were classied in class

Relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular indexes with specic actions in judo

19

Table 1 Description of the physiological and neuromuscular variables of the judokas.

Variables

Mean

SD

Throws SJFT (n)

HR post-SJFT (bpm)
% HRmax post-SJFT
HR 1 min SJFT (bpm)
% HRmax 1 min SJFT
ndex SJFT
LACmax (mmol.L1 )
BLR (%)
vAT (km.h1 )
PV (km.h1 )
CMJH (cm)

27
179
92.7
155
80
12.5
10.2
37.3
11.7
15.6
44.8

2
10
3.1
15
6
1.3
3.1
10.1
1.3
0.9
4.4

SJFT: Special Judo Fitness Test; HR: heart rate; HRmax: maximal heart rate; LACmax: peak blood lactate after the randori;
BLR: blood lactate removal after the randori; vAT: anaerobic
threshold velocity; PV: peak velocity on treadmill; CMJH : height
in Counter Movement Jump.

Figure 2 Relationship between the number of throws in the

Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the anaerobic threshold
velocity (vAT) obtained in the incremental test.

good for all variables of the SJFT (number of throws,

heart rate and index).
The main ndings of this research were the correlations
between the number of throws in the SJFT and the aerobic capacity (vAT) and aerobic power (PV). Although judo is
considered a sport in which decisive actions are determined
by the anaerobic metabolism, the results of this research
show that aerobic components are also relevant to specic
situations in judo.
Previous investigations with judo athletes showed a
correlation between the aerobic power and intermittent,
high-intensity performance in a non-specic situation [24],
as well as in the performance on the SJFT [7,11,12]. For
example, Sterkowicz et al. [11] reported a signicant correlation between VO2 max and the number of throws in period
C of the SJFT (r = 0.67) in male judo athletes, while Franchini et al. [7] reported a signicant correlation (r = 0.79)

between the number of throws in the SJFT and the aerobic

power (VO2 max) in male judokas from the Brazilian national
team. Similarly, Wolska et al. [12] analyzed female judokas
from the Polish team and observed a correlation of 0.69
between the VO2 max and the total number of throws in the
SJFT.
This relationship between aerobic power and performance in the SJFT may indicate that the former is important
in determining recovery between sets on the SJFT, possibly
increasing the VO2 response after exercise [25]. Furthermore, a positive association was observed between the
resynthesis of phosphocreatine (PCr) and aerobic power in
trained judokas [26], which may indicate that athletes with
greater aerobic power have a greater ability to resynthesize PCr during intervals between sets, contributing to a

Figure 1 Relationship between the number of throws in the

Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the peak velocity in the
incremental test (PV).

Figure 3 Relationship between the number of throws in the

Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the height in the Counter
Movement Jump (CMJ).

20

Figure 4 Relationship between the anaerobic threshold

velocity (vAT) obtained in the treadmill test and peak blood
lactate obtained post-match (LACmax).

higher number of throws in subsequent periods. Additionally,

it has been suggested that elite judokas with greater aerobic
power have an advantage in matches of the maximum duration (5 minutes), because the absolute supramaximal effort
may represent a lower intensity when compared to athletes
with lower aerobic power [5,7].
Similarly, the vAT was also correlated to the number of
throws in the SJFT, demonstrating the importance of aerobic capacity in this event. A similar result was previously
reported by Sterkowicz et al. [11], who observed a correlation (r = 0.67) between the two parameters. Peripheral
factors such as the percentage of slow-contracting bers and
the oxidative capacity of the muscle determine the subjects
aerobic capacity and are associated with the resynthesis
of PCr [27]. These aspects can be important to recovery
between the SJFT series and, consequently, in matches.
The aerobic capacity was also related to the lower blood
lactate peak after the randori, as shown in this work by the
inverse correlation between the vAT and the LACmax. Similar ndings have been reported by Franchini et al. [17],
who analyzed judokas from different ages (cadet, junior
and senior) and observed an inverse correlation between the
vAT and the blood lactate peak after randori performed by
the athletes (r = 0.66 to 0.72). A lower lactate accumulation during the exercise may indicate that the athlete was
able to perform the activity with a lower glycolytic demand,
possibly due to the ability to maintain energy production
predominantly through the aerobic pathway.
The ability to accumulate lower blood lactate concentrations during intense exercise appears to be inuenced by
training effects obtained from both continuous endurance
[28] and high-intensity interval training [29]. This is mainly
due to an increase in the MCT1 isoform of the lactate transporter, which is responsible for the inux of lactate into
the muscle, as well as an increase in the mitochondrial
density and volume, which together decrease the blood lactate concentration [28]. Thus, this highlights the importance
of training focused on the aerobic tness of the judoka,

D. Detanico et al.
considering its contribution to maximal intermittent efforts
and to the ability to accumulate lower levels of blood lactate
during combat situations.
Although the vAT was correlated with the LACmax, indicating a possible interdependence between the aerobic
capacity and the metabolic recovery process during the randori, the same was not true for the percentage of removal
of blood lactate (BLR) after 15 minutes of passive recovery.
A previous study [2] also reported that there was no signicant correlation between the vAT and the decrease in
blood lactate after the randori. In general, this characteristic has not been seen in transverse studies. Furthermore, in
studies that investigated the anaerobic and the endurance
training effect on the rate of lactate removal after intense
exercise, a signicant increase was found [21]. Thus, it is
suggested that the ability to quickly reduce the blood lactate
concentration post-exercise is dependent on adaptations in
the aerobic system.
The vAT, considered in this research as the best index of
aerobic capacity, showed no signicant correlation with the
%HRmax, apparently indicating that the HR is not a good
indicator of aerobic capacity. One factor that may explain
these results is the HR behavior in the fast recovery phase
(1 minute), where its decline appears to be determined by
the aerobic tness, but is in fact controlled mainly by neural
mechanisms related to activity in the motor cortex [30]. On
the other hand, the decrease in HR with recovery beyond
the rst minute (slow phase), does appear to be determined
by the athletes aerobic tness [31]. As a result, one aspect
that must be emphasized is the limitation of the SJFT, considering that the decrease in HR obtained beyond the rst
minute after completion of the test is related to the athletes aerobic capacity.
In an attempt to identify a possible inuence of the
lactic anaerobic component on the SJFT performance,
the relationship between the LACmax and the number
of throws was investigated. In the present work, no signicant correlation was found between these variables,
however, Franchini et al. [3] reported a signicant correlation (r = 0.85) between the blood lactate peak after the
randori and the number of attacks using arm techniques
(Te-waza), which may suggest that this variable is related
to some specic situations in judo.
The nding of high blood lactate values after a maximal
effort indicates a marked participation of anaerobic glycolysis, which may be associated with the individuals anaerobic
capacity. However, the variability in the rate of blood lactate removal, in which the observed concentration peaks at
variable times after exercise, together with the fact that it
does not reect the production of lactate in muscle, limits
the possibility of a relationship between the lactate concentrations and anaerobic capacity [32]. This is one of the
aspects that may explain the lack of correlation between
blood lactate concentrations and the number of throws. Furthermore, the number of attacks, the opponents defense,
and the fact that the subjects performed in a randori rather
than a shiai could also contribute to our results.
The muscle-elastic components are considered a major
factor in the ability to generate optimal levels of muscle
power and use them in an efcient way in many sports. The
correlations found in the present study between the number
of throws in the SJFT and the result of the CMJ conrms that

Relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular indexes with specic actions in judo

performances in specic judo situations are related to such
factors. This can be concluded from the fact that the CMJ is
the index that best expresses the maximum muscle power
production [33], and also estimates the ability to use the
elastic energy accumulated during the stretch-shortening
cycle (SSC).
The use of judo techniques that employ the hip as a
pivot of the lever system to execute the throw, such as the
technique performed in the SJFT (ipon-seoi-nage), may be
examples of the occurrence of the SSC. This is seen when the
athlete executes a concentric phase preceded by an eccentric one, in which there is a pre-stretching of the muscle
bers and storage of elastic energy (eccentric phase) that
is reused in the concentric contraction, increasing the efciency of the movement [18]. However, it is clear that the
SSC does not occur in some judo throw techniques, such
as the sweep of one or both lower limbs. These are also
dependent on muscle power, but are possibly related to neural factors (the recruitment of motor units) rather than the
SSC itself.

5. Conclusions
From our ndings it can be concluded that the performance
in the SJFT was determined by the aerobic capacity and aerobic power, as well as muscle power. vAT, the main aerobic
capacity indicator, was inversely related to the blood lactate peak after the randori, indicating that athletes with
higher aerobic capacity performed the task with lower glycolytic demand. However, the vAT did not correlate with the
other aerobic indices (BLR, %HRmax), suggesting that these
variables are not sensitive predictors of the relative adaptations in the aerobic system in judokas. Thus, our results
indicate that the development of aerobic power and aerobic
capacity, as well as muscle power, may be important to some
intermittent specic tasks in judo, should be considered by
coaches in the evaluation and control of training.

Conict of interest statement

None.

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