Vibration Engineering Coursework 3

Question 1
Information Gathered From GSA:
From GSA Analysis Details Output we get the results:
Case Name Description Frequency Frequency
A1 Task 1 : Mode 1 M1 9.96E-13 6.378
A2 Task 1 : Mode 2 M2 4.69E-13 9.39
A3 Task 1 : Mode 3 M3 6.48E-13 14.57
A4 Task 1 : Mode 4 M4 8.88E-14 22.21
A5 Task 1 : Mode 5 M5 7.16E-13 22.85
A6 Task 1 : Mode 6 M6 2.21E-13 25.38
A7 Task 1 : Mode 7 M7 2.18E-11 29.7
A8 Task 1 : Mode 8 M8 6.18E-10 32.63
A9 Task 1 : Mode 9 M9 8.41E-09 36.14
A10 Task 1 : Mode 10 M10 1.54E-06 44.95

When calculating the highest response, only the first two modes will be used since Mode 3 has a
frequency value of 14.57 which is higher than 12 Hz.
6.378 is too high for the first and second harmonics of walking since the maximum pacing rate is 2.2 Hz.
The maximum response can be achieved by the 3rd harmonics. 6.378 / 3 = 2.126 Hz.
The excitation point j is ( x = 4.5m; y = 2m ) and the response point i is ( x = 6.0m; y = 3m ). From GSA
Nodes Output we get the relevant nodes: Node 30 and Node 44 respectively.
From GSA Displacements Output we get:
Node Case Ux Uy Uz
[m] [m] [m]
30 (J) A1 0 0 0.5026
A2 0 0 -0.7092
44 (I) A1 0 0 0.8017
A2 0 0 -0.7996

which gives us the mode shape amplitudes for the first and the second modes.
Øj,1 = 0.5026, Øj,2 = -0.7092, Øi,1 = 0.8017, Øi,2 = -0.7996
From GSA Dynamic Details output we get that modal mass of the structure for the first mode = 19910
kg and for the second mode = 19880 kg.
Mode Frequency Period Modal Mass
[Hz] [s] [kg]
1 6.378 0.1568 19910
2 9.39 0.1065 19880
Calculation of the highest response factor for a single person walking
The magnitudes of the harmonics of a pedestrian loading: ( Assuming weight of the person = 700 N.) (
From table 1G : DLFs for walking and their associated statistical properties to be used in design. )
h = 1 ; f1 = 2.126 Hz ; α1 = 0.4100 × ( f1 – 0.95 ) = 0.4821 ; P1 = 0.4821 × 700 = 337.47 N
h = 2 ; f2 = 4.252 Hz ; α2 = 0.0056 × ( f2 + 12.3 ) = 0.09269 ; P2 = 0.9269 × 700 = 64.88 N
h = 3 ; f3 = 6.378 Hz ; α3 = 0.0064 × ( f3 + 5.2 ) = 0.074 ; P3 = 0.074 × 700 = 51.80 N
h = 4 ; f4 = 8.504 Hz ; α4 = 0.0065 × ( f4 + 2.0 ) = 0.06827 ; P4 = 0.06827 × 700 = 47.79 N

Calculation of responses to 1st harmonic @2.126 Hz

Mode 1 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 1 × 2.126 / 6.378 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 1 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) ]
DMF = 1.1247 – 0.0169i
ai,1( 1 × 2.126 ) = – 0.5026 × 0.8017 × ( 1 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) x 337.47 / 19910 × ( 1.1247 – 0.0169i )
ai,1( 1 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00076 × ( 1.1247 – 0.0169i )

Mode 2 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 1 × 2.126 / 9.39 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 1 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) ]
DMF = 1.0539 – 0.0101i
ai,2( 1 × 2.126 ) = – (– 0.7092 × – 0.7996) × ( 1 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) x 337.47 / 19880 × ( 1.0539 – 0.0101i )
ai,2( 1 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00049 × ( 1.0539 – 0.010i )

Contribution from Mode 1 and Mode 2 at first harmonic:

ai( 1 × 2.126 ) = – 0.001373 + 0.000018i
|ai( 1 × 2.126 )| = 0.001373 m/s2

Calculation of responses to 2nd harmonic @4.2520 Hz

Mode 1 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 2 × 2.126 / 6.378 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 2 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) ]
DMF = 1.7959 – 0.0862i
ai,1( 2 × 2.126 ) = – 0.5026 × 0.8017 × ( 2 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) x 64.88 / 19910 × ( 1.7959 – 0.0862i )
ai,1( 2 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00058 × ( 1.7959 – 0.0862i )

Mode 2 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 2 × 2.126 / 9.39 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 2 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) ]
DMF = 1.2573 – 0.0286i
ai,2( 2 × 2.126 ) = – (– 0.7092 × – 0.7996) × ( 2 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) x 64.88 / 19880 × ( 1.2573 – 0.0286i )
ai,2( 2 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00038 × ( 1.2573 – 0.00286i )

Contribution from Mode 1 and Mode 2 at second harmonic:

ai( 2 × 2.126 ) = – 0.001519 + 0.000061i
|ai( 2 × 2.126 )| = 0.001521 m/s2
Calculation of responses to 3rd harmonic @6.378 Hz
Mode 1 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 3 × 2.126 / 6.378 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 3 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) ]
DMF = -25i
ai,1( 3 × 2.126 ) = – 0.5026 × 0.8017 × ( 3 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) x 51.80 / 19910 × ( – 25i )
ai,1( 3 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00105 × ( – 25i )
Mode 2 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 3 × 2.126 / 9.39 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 3 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) ]
DMF = 1.8518 – 0.0934i
ai,2( 3 × 2.126 ) = – (– 0.7092 × – 0.7996) × ( 3 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) x 51.80 / 19880 × ( 1.8518 – 0.0934i )
ai,2( 3 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00068 × ( 1.8518 – 0.0934i )
Contribution from Mode 1 and Mode 2 at second harmonic:
ai( 3 × 2.126 ) = – 0.001259 + 0.026314i
|ai( 3 × 2.126 )| = 0.026344 m/s2

Calculation of responses to 4th harmonic @8.504 Hz

Mode 1 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 4 × 2.126 / 6.378 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 4 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) ]
DMF = – 1.2797 – 0.0878i
ai,1( 4 × 2.126 ) = – 0.5026 × 0.8017 × ( 4 × 2.126 / 6.378 ) x 47.79 / 19910 × ( – 1.2797 – 0.0878i )
ai,1( 4 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00172 × ( – 1.2797 – 0.0878i )
Mode 2 :
DMF = 1 / [ ( 1 – ( 4 × 2.126 / 9.39 )2 + i ( 2 × 0.02 × ( 4 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) ]
DMF = 5.3445 – 1.0768i
ai,2( 4 × 2.126 ) = – (– 0.7092 × – 0.7996) × ( 4 × 2.126 / 9.39 ) x 47.79 / 19880 × ( 5.3445 – 1.0768i )
ai,2( 4 × 2.126 ) = – 0.00112 × ( 5.3445 – 1.0768i )
Contribution from Mode 1 and Mode 2 at second harmonic:
ai( 4 × 2.126 ) = -0.003785 + 0.001357i
|ai( 4 × 2.126 )| = 0.004021 m/s2

r is assumed to be 1.

Overall response via SRSS=

ai = [0.0013732 + 0.0015212 + 0.0263442 + 0.0040212 ]0.5
ai = 0.026727 m/s2
Question 2
Screenshot from NDOF at 2.126 Hz

As it can be seen from this graph, the third harmonic is exactly at first neutral frequency.

Here are the values contributing from the four harmonics at the pace frequency of 2.126 Hz. The most
contribution to the acceleration is again seen here that is from the third harmonic and the value is 26.4
mm/s2, where as the total acceleration is 26.97 mm/s2.
(The values calculated by hand for the same situations were : 26.344 m/s2 and 26.727 m/s2
respectively.)
The slight differences are because of round-offs and the values of highest response factor for a single
person walking.
Question 3
An envelope of maximum responses for pacing rates from 1.0 to 2.20 Hz.

2 peaks can be seen in this graph. The greater peak at the 2.126 Hz is the one we have calculated. The
peak is caused by the third harmonic of the 2.126, which is equal to the first mode frequency of the
system. (It cannot be seen here exactly since NDOF calculates the values 2.1 and 2.15 but not the exact
frequency that causes the resonance which is in between these frequency values.)
But a peak can also be seen at 1.59Hz. This is because; the forth harmonic of this frequency is equal to
the first mode frequency of the system.
Since the second mode frequency of the system cannot be forced by any of the harmonics from a
maximum of a frequency of 2.2Hz, these are the only peaks we have. If the maximum pacing rate was
2.35 rather than 2.20, we would have a peak at the frequency 2.3475 because the forth harmonic of this
frequency would be equal to the second mode frequency of the system.
ai = 0.026727 m/s2
ai,RMS = 0.026727 × 0.707 = 0.018896 m/s2
R = 0.018896 / 0.005 = 3.7792 < 8 so it is suitable for a workshop.
(Relevant table: Appendix G / Table G3)
Question 4
Calculation of the modal properties of the system by hand
Information gathered from Nodes Output for the slab size and the conditions :
Node x y z Constraint Axis Restr. Gen. Restr.
Maxima
13 18 0 0 Global Pin Pin
105 0 8 0 Global Pin Pin
1 0 0 0 Global Pin Pin

Information gathered User Defined Materials :

Name Description Young’s Modulus Poisson’s Ratio Density
[Pa] [kg/m³]
Prestressed concrete Concrete 3.80E+10 0.2 2400

Information gathered from 2D Element Properties for the thickness of the slab and the mass from GSA :
2D Element Properties
Name Axis Type Material Thickness Additional Mass
[m] [kg/m²]
1 Global Flat Plate Prestressed concrete 0.2 70
Total mass of our structure is therefore : 0.2 × 18 × 8 × 2400 + 70 × 18 × 8 = 79200 kg
Mass per square meter is = 79200 / 18 / 8 = 550 kg / m2 (which necessary for finding the neutral
frequency.)
ωrs,= π2 × ( r2 / a2 + s2 / b2 ) × ( D / M )0.5 , fr,s = 1 / 2 / π × ωr,s , D = E × t3 / 12 / ( 1 – ν2 ) , mrs = 0.25mtotal
Ørs ( x,y ) = sin( r × π × x / a ) × sin( s × π × y / b )
D = 3.80 × 1010 × 0.23 / 12 / ( 1 – 0.22 ) = 2.638889 × 107
Fundamental Mode :
ω1,1,= π2 × ( 12 / 162 + 12 / 82 ) × (2.638889 × 107 / 550 )0.5
ω1,1,= 42.18 rad / sec = 6.7165 Hz ( GSA gave us a result of 6.378 , a difference of 5 % )
modal mass = mtotal × 0.25 = 19800 ( GSA gave us a result of 19910 , a difference of 0.05 % )
Mode Shape amplitudes: Excitation @ j ( 4.5m , 2m ), response @ ( 6m , 3m ), r = 1 , s = 1
Øj,1 ( 4.5, 2 ) = sin( 1 × π × 4.5 / 18 ) × sin( 1 × π × 2 / 8 ) = 0.4996 ( GSA : 0.5026 )
Øi,1 ( 6, 3 ) = sin( 1 × π × 6 / 18 ) × sin( 1 × π × 3 / 8 ) = 0.7996 ( GSA : 0.8017 )
Second Mode :
ω2,1,= π2 × ( 22 / 162 + 12 / 82 ) × (2.638889 × 107 / 550 )0.5
ω1,1,= 67.49 rad / sec = 10.74 Hz ( GSA gave us a result of 9.390, a difference of 13% )
modal mass = mtotal × 0.25 = 19800 ( GSA gave us a result of 19880 , a difference of 0.04 % )
Mode Shape amplitudes: Excitation @ j ( 4.5m , 2m ), response @ ( 6m , 3m ), 2 = 1 , s = 1
Øj,2 ( 4.5, 2 ) = sin( 2 × π × 4.5 / 18 ) × sin( 1 × π × 2 / 8 ) = 0.7068 ( GSA : - 0.7092 )
Øi,2 ( 6, 3 ) = sin( 1 × π × 6 / 18 ) × sin( 1 × π × 3 / 8 ) = 0.8004 ( GSA : - 0.7996 )