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Algorithm for the Parameters of Double Tuned Filter

Xiao Yao
Hubei Electric Power Test & Research Institute
Wuhan, P. R. China
Abstract: On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of the
simplest and the basic type of double tuned filter, an algorithm for
precisely determining its parameters is presented here. Using this
method, the inductances and the capacitances of the filter can be
calculated h m the known data such as the reactive compensation
capacity, the tuned frequencies and the parallel resonant frequency,
etc.
There are various damped types of double tuned filters, they
have three pain of tuned frequencies under the conditions of (i) the
equivalent impedance being minimum; (ii) the total reactance being
zero; (iii) when the damping resistors are out of service. Usually the
tuned frequencies of condition (i) or (ii) are selected to determine
the parameters of the filter in designing process. The diagram for
determining the parameters of damped-types is also developed.

11. THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PARAMETERS


OF THE BASIC DOUBLE TUNED FILTER

The configuration of the basic double tuned filter is shown

Keywords: power system harmonics, power filter, filter


I.

parameters of the simplest filter, the characteristics of the


damped-type filters are discussed. There are three pairs of
tuned frequencies on the damped-type filters under the
conditions of (i) the total impedance being minimum; (ii) the
total reactance being zero; (iii) the damping resistors being
out of service. Usually tuned frequencies of condition (i) or
(ii) are selected to determine the parameters of the filters in
designing process. The diagram for determining the
parameters of them is also developed accordingly.

as Fig. 1, which is the combination of a series resonant circuit


(L,,
C,)and a parallel resonant circuit (L,
Cz).

INTRODUCTION

There are many types of double tuned filters. The simplest


and the basic one is shown as Fig. 1, others are damped types
illustrated in Fig. 2. They are widely used in HVDC projects
[l] [2]. Besides bypassing the appointed harmonic currents
near the tuned frequencies, the filter also provide the
fundamental reactive power needed by the converter.
Compared to the single tuned filters with same performance,
they enjoy a lot of advantages such as only one reactor is
subjected to full line voltage, occupies less site, and only
one switchgear is needed, etc.
The parameters of the double tuned filter estimated from
two banks of single tuned filters has been introduced in [3],
which is subject to that their equivalent impedance near the
resonant frequencies are approximately equal, but this is not a
pragmatical method. How to calculate the parameters of
double tuned filters accurately and directly from the known
data such as the tuned frequencies, the reactive capacity of
the filter, and the rated voltage of the system has not been
introduced in detail so far.
The relationships among the parameters of basic type
double tuned filter (Fig. 1) are analyzed, so an algorithm for
precise calculating the parameters of it according to the
known data is conducted in this paper.
Based on the analyzing of relationships among the

Under the conditions of ignoring the resistance in reactors


and dielectric losses in capacitors, the impedance of the series
circuit is
1
ZJW)

= A d , - -1,

(1)

cut,

where w is the angular frequency in radians, therefore the

Paper accepted for presentation at the 8u International


Conference on Harmonics and Qualio of Power
ICHQP '98,jointly organized by IEEEPES and NTUA,
Athens, Greece, October 1416,1998

Fig. 1 The configurationof the basic double tuned filter

-.

(4

(4

Fig. 2 Various damped types of double tuned filters

0-7803-5105-3/98/$10.00
0 1998 IEEE

154

fkquencies, the total impedance of the filter is zero.


If the parameters L,,C, and L, C, are given, the tuned
frequencies will be derived from the following equation:
z ( 0 )= ZS(@)

+Zp(@

This equation can be rewritten as


o4L1L2C1C2 -tu2(L2C1 +LlCl + L 2 C 2 ) + 1 = 0 . (6)
Two real roots
and y of equation (6) are tuned
frequencies of the double tuned filter. According to Vida's
theory, the relationship between the roots and the coefficients
of the equation (6) is
i.e.

w,w2 =

a4

fnquewJ

"E

(8)

The hannonic currents at tuned frequencies q and y will


be bypassed by the filter. According to the project
requirement, the tuned frequencies are defined at first, and
then the parameters L,, C, and L f , Cf will be derived. The
filter impedance is infinite at the parallel fiequency CO=&, To
prevent some harmonic currents near w from being severely
amplified, engineers should take account of the network
impedance-fkequency characteristics and select a parallel
resonant frequency
properly in the designing process. If
CUI, 0 2 and w is determined, % is certainly defined by
equation (8). Substituting equations (2) and (4) into equation
(6) yields

1
1
-= %@p

a?

(c)

Fig. 3 The characteristicsof the simplestdouble tuned Filter, (a) series


circuit; (b) parallel circuit; (c) total impedance of the filter

Forwlbeing one of the solutions of equation (9),


substituting w by w1, the relationship between the
capacitances C, and C, can be obtained:

series resonant frequency is


w,

=m.

-c, -4+4
-mi

When
w <a,, z s ( w )
is
capacitive; and
w > w, ,z ( w ) is inductive. The impedance of the parallel
circuit is

c2

=JG.

-,

(10)

U S

There are other two relationships between L, and C,, L,


and C2determined by equation (2) and equation (4), which
can be rewritten as:

(3)
and its parallel resonant frequency is
cup
When w < w p , z p ( w ) is inductive; and

(4)
CI)

>up,

zp(w) is capacitive. The curves of the impedance versus

frequency z ( w ) and z,(w) are shown in Fig.3 (a) and (b)


respectively. Fig.3 (c) is the series combination
characteristics of the above two circuits, From which, another
two resonant frequencies (4,
a), that is the tuned
frequencies of the filter can be seen clearly. At the tuned

Besides bypassing the harmonic current, the double tuned


filter has another performance of supplying the reactive
compensation power. If the network findamental rated
voltage is U,and the hdamental reactive power supplied by
the filter is Q, then the impedance of the filter at hndamental
frequency is

155

I5OmH

I5OmH

From equation ( 5 ) , the impedance of the filter at the


fundamental frequency has another form:

38.93mH

(15)

111. A SPECIAL CASE

os= w p = wo =

23uF

Filter A

Filter B

12/24

12/36

Nanqiao (inverter station) located in Shanghai area with its


DC filter being the basic type of double tuned filters at first.
When it was put into operation in 1990, the equivalent
disturbing currents in DC line exceeded 450mA and reached
to the level of 2618.2mA (two levels are specified for the
equivalent disturbing current, level A: 500mA for bipolar,
1500mA for monopolar; level B: 150mA for bipolar, 450mA
for monopolar). One of the reasons is the resonance between
the filter A and the smoothing reactors at 181h harmonic.
Finally, a resistor of 500R was added to filter A in the way
illustrated as Fig. 2(a) to weaken the resonance, which
efficiently reduces 181h harmonic current in DC line and so
reduces the equivalent disturbing current to 947mA in
monopolar operation.
The performance of each damped type of double tuned
filter is slightly differ from the others. The impedance of
Filter 2(a) at w p is on the order of R; the impedance of filter
2(b) takes R as asymptotic line when o is above q ;The
parameters in filter 2(c) should meet the relationship of
R>
its impedance at
is very large, but the
impedance above w is on the order of R; Fig. 2(d) i s i n fact
an third order filter being in series connection with a reactor,
it behaves as a high pass filter above y;Filter 2(e) has
limited impedance both at op and above y, with its
parameters should meet the relationship of that
RI
Finally, the filter of Fig 2(f) with its
impedance both at oIJ
and above are limited to the lower
value of A, and R2.
By scanning the impedance and frequency, it can be found
that there are three pairs of tuned frequencies on the dampedtype filters, they are:
(i) The frequencies el,
a+.., at which the impedance of the
filter are minimum;
(ii) The frequencies el,
wx2, at which the total reactance of
the filter equal zero.
(iii) Another is the solutions CO,,y of equation (6), they are
tuned frequencies of the simplest one. If damping
resistors are out of service, the filter will be tuned
at 01 andwz ;
Take Fig. 2(e) for example, the parameters of it are

6,
the

retationships among the parameters can be simplified as the


following:

c, I c,

= (h2 - h,)2 f (hlh2)

71.0bmH

Fig. 4 Configurationof DC side in Gezhouba-Shanghai HVDC


transmission projects

By equations (1 0) to (1 2) and (I 5 ) , if wI,y,U and Q are


given, and a+, is determined at first, the parameters of the
basic double tuned filter can be obtained immediately.
By scanning the impedance frequency characteristics of
the double tuned filter after getting its parameters, it can be
seen that the tuned frequencies are just expected, and the
fimdamental reactive capacity is the same as the given one.

if

Fu2+-+

where OF is the fundamental frequency in radians. From


above two equations, the following equation is obtained:

Specifically,

DC line

(16)

,/m,

(19)

>$m.

IV. THE FEATURE OF THE DAMPED-TYPE


DOUBLE TUNED FILTERS
The impedance of the simplest double tuned filter is
almost pure inductive or capacitive over the whole
frequencies. If the impedance of the system is approximately
equal and opposite to that of the filter at some harmonic
frequencies, the resonance will be resulted in, which in turn
leads to the harmonic currents being severely amplified with
harmonic overvoltage of the components in the filter and in
system. To prevent such a phenomenon, damping resistors are
added to it in different ways, therefore various damped types
of double tuned filters are configurated in Fig. 2.
The Gezhouba-Nanqiao HVDC project is the first long
distance (=1045.7km) transmission scheme in China. Fig. 4
illustrates one pole of this f 500kV DC bipolar scheme from
Gezhouba (rectifier station) located in Central China to

156

Inductance (mH)

LI

]U

3.16

I 4.39

Capacitance (pF)
CI
c2
6.96
I 8.53

In designing process, the resistance of R (RI and R2) is


given, and so it is with the rated voltage of the system, the
compensation capacity and the tuned frequencies of the filter
prior to the calculation of L I , L, and CI, C,. Parameters of
inductances and capacitances can be firstly calculated out
with the tuned frequencies given, then the resistance R (R,
and R2) is added and the resistances in reactors are also taken
into account to calculate the actual tuned frequencies { ,az,,
wz2 } or { oxI, wx2 } by scanning. if the tuned frequencies
are not what demanded, recalculate LI,L, and CI,C, again by
adjusting 0 1 and 0 2 . Finally the performance of the filter
should be inspected with the consideration of harmonic
impedance of the system and other filters to be installed. If
necessary, resistance R (RI and R2) should be corrected and
repeat the calculating procedures above.
The diagram for designing the damped-type double tuned
filters is as Fig. 5

Resistor ( Q )
RI
R2
476 I 2744

Table 2 Frequencies relating to Fig. 2(e) and Table 1


I fi(Hz) I h(Hz)
797.5
2213.5
Solutionsof Equ. (6)
Minimum impedance I 248.5
1130.
Total rcactancd
250.6
1264.

Select the type of damped double tuned filter and input:


Q,the size of the filter
U, the rated voltage of the system
0 ,
,,the parallel resonant frequency of the filter
q o2,tuned frequenciesofthe filter
R,,Rz,Resistance ofthe filter
E ,Iterative precision

IV. CONCLUSION

Select the sorts of tuned frequencies:


k ( m j = min or x(co)=o

A simpler and accurate way to calculate the parameters of


the basic type of double tuned filter has been introduced in
this paper, and the diagram for determining the parameters of
damped-type double tuned filters is also developed. Other
parameters such as rated voltage, current and capacity of the
components in the filter can be further calculated after the
parameters R, L, C are determined. A software of this
algorithm for parameters of the filters is developed in
Visual Basic. For its advantages compared to the single tuned
filter with same performance, the double tuned filter should
be considered at first in filtering projects.

according to their relationships

V.
[IJ

REFERENCE

ClGRE WG 14.03, 'AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for

HVDC,a general survey', Electra No.63, 1979


[2] CIGRE WG 14-03, AC harmonicjilrersandreactive compensation for

'

HVDC with particular reference lo non-characferistic harmonics:


complemenr to the paper published in Electra No.63(1979), ClGRE
report ,June, 1990
[3] J. hillaga, D. A. Bradley, P. S. Bodgcr, Power Sysrem harmonics.
John Wiley & Sons, 1985
El < E ?

VI. BIOGRAPHY
Xiao Yao, was born on March, 28, 1960 in Hubci Province, China.
He received his B.E. and M.E. degree in Electrical Engineering
from Tsinghua University, China in 1983 and 1986 nspectively. He
jointed Hubei Electric Power Test & Research Institute in china in
1986, and has been working in the field of power system harmonics
and quality ever since. He has some articles published in various
Chinese periodicals.

Calculate the pass band of the filter and

Fig. 5 Diagram for determining the parameters of


damped double tuned filters

listed in Table 1, and the frequencies relating to above


conditions are listed in Table 2.
Usually, { w q , wz2 } or { w,yl , o.B} are selected to
absorb main harmonic currents, while frequencies { wI ,ID? }
are used to determine the parameters of LI,L, and C,, C2 in
designing process.

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