Tutorial: - 2

1) Influx of fluids from the formation into the wellbore is called as KICKS.
2) Offshore reserve that cant economically support installation of fixed drilling and
production platforms is called as Marginal Field.
3) What are the challenges in offshore drilling?
Ans:- a) Complex operation.
4) Influx of fluid from the formations into wellbore is called c) Well Kick.
5) Blow out preventer (BOP) maintains control over potential high-pressure condition that
exists in the formation.
6) What are the important factors in drilling in safety point of view?
Ans: System design is a complete integration of all parts into the whole which
should be considered in the beginning itself.
Consultation are required between :- field development engineers, equipment
manufacturers, services engineers, maintenance engineers, and of course,
different drilling companies and reservoir engineers.
7) List different problems associated with offshore drilling operations. Also comment on
the recent development of alternate techniques to improve safety in operations.
Ans- Different problem is associated with each type of drilling rigs.
In case of submersible drilling rigs, heave motion is worrying issue. The string
attracted forces when the vessel is heaving.
In case of mat supported jack-up rigs, it is only suitable for level rigs and not
suitable for rock formation.
In case of independent leg type jack-up rigs, the penetration of sea bed is as
high as 12 meter.
There is a recently developed technique called trough the leg drilling. This can
be seen as an alternative drilling technique which has more and improved
safety measure compared to other convention rigs. Trough the leg drilling
processes well are installed through the platform legs, legs can be utilize to

protect the surface casing, they also provide resistant to external forces like
sea floor mud slides, and to withstand ice movement. Its educed wetted area
of platform reduces the hydrodynamic profile and saving in platform structural
weight and cost.

8) Three systems are commonly used as a measure of accidents. What are they? Name
them. Also indicate the most important common feature between them.
Ans- There is three system assessments available for accident or loss measurement;
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Method
Fatal Accident Rate (FAR)
Fatality Rate or death per person per year
OSHA is an international expanded as occupational safety and health
administration by United State department of labour. They have their own
method of classifying accident or loss. The other method is fatal accident rate
and the last one is fatality rate or death per person per year.
All these three method have a common thing is that, they report the
number of accident and/or number o fatalities for a fixed number of hours
during specified period of time.
Extension to this theory Frank & Morgan gave method of Logical risk
Analysis. They proposed a systematic method of financing risk towards risk
reduction. This method involves six steps of risk analysis.
9) What are the steps taken to defeat an accident process? List different types of risk, as
indentified in risk analysis studies.
AnsTo minimize and control the accident or hazardous incidents, US, UK and Urope
have jointly developed:
Process Safety Program
Propose batter and stringent program.
One of the outcome is process safety management is process safety
management 29.CFR 1910.119 initiated by OSHA1992.

Following type of risk is identified in risk analysis;

Damage to the working personnel in the plant.
Damage to the general people.
Financial damage to the owner property.
Financial damage to third party properties.
Damage to environment.
Risk is broadly classified as ;
Individual Risk
Societal Risk
Individual Risk
Individual risk is defined as frequency at which individual expected to
sustained a given level of harm from realization of hazard. It is usually account only
the risk of death. It is expressed in terms of Fatality Accident Rate (FAR) and individual
risk per year.
Societal Risk
Define as a relationship between the frequency and the number of people
suffering a given level of harm from realization of hazard. Here the level of harm is pre
defined. It is expressed as F (Frequency) and N (No fatalities rate) curve and annual
fatalities rate (AFR).

10) What are the advantages and disadvantages of through the leg drilling?
Ans:Advantages: This practice of alternate leg drilling ensures early production flow.
Continuous flow is also possible, time and money savings if two rigs are
employed or used.
Use a normal rig for drilling and lighter rig for completion works.
While completion rig completes the work while drilling rig proceeds in another
leg well cluster.
Elapsed time can be reduced between the successive operations.
Cost saving due to the reduced on-site requirement of heavier drilling rigs

Disadvantages: It is limited to the size of the completion equipment used.

The number of wells that can be practically installed in a given leg is also one of

the major limitations of this kind of drilling process.