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Munisamy Gopinath1
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University.
Research assistance from Weiyan Chen is acknowledged. Materials from an earlier study, Effects of FDI in
Developing Countries: The Case of Food and Agriculture, by C.H. Bolling and M. Gopinath served as a basis for
some of the following sections.
I.
immiserization can be the only outcome from a tariffinduced inflow of untaxed capital from abroad.
11
.
14
Item
Annual-growth rate
(Billion dollars)
(Percent)
1997
1998
359
380
3086
3145
163
9372
464
475
3437
3423
236
9728a
2026
11246
2286a
12211a
1841a
30941
2035a
31630a
644
649
4088
4117
411
1142
7c
2677c
1462
0c
2338c
3507
4c
29024
6072
57
6523
29360
5917
60
6710
..
..
..
6576c
FDI inflows
FDI outflows
FDI inwards stock
FDI outflows stock
Cross-border M&As
Sales of foreign affiliates
Memorandum
GDP at factor cost
Gross fixed capital formation
Royalties and fees receipts
Exports of goods and non-factor
services
1996
19861990
1996
1997
24.3
27.3
17.9
21.3
21.0b
16.6
1991
1995
19.6
15.9
9.6
10.5
30.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
10.6
10.7
15.5
11.7
29.4
25.1
11.4
8.9
45.2
3.8c
38.7
36.6
19
20.3
73.9
17.5c
16.8
18.5
7.3
13.8
6.7
8.8
12.8c
8.6c
17.1c
19.7c
13.5
5.9
13.1
5.6
-5.8c
4.9
10.5c
2.2c
14.9c
10.9c
12.0
12.1
22.4
15.0
6.4
6.5
14.0
9.3
2.5
2.5
8.6
5.7
1.2
-2.5
3.8
2.9
..
..
..
-2.0c
1998
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1999: Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of Development,
Table 1.2, p.9.
a Majority-held investments only.
b 1987-1990 only.
c Estimates.
Developed countries
1995
63.4
Inflows
1996
1997
58.8
58.9
1998
71.5
1995
85.3
Outflows
1996
1997
84.2
85.6
1998
91.6
Western Europe
European Union
Other Western Europe
United States
Japan
37.0
35.1
1.9
17.9
-
32.1
30.4
1.8
21.3
0.1
29.1
27.2
1.9
23.5
0.7
36.9
35.7
1.2
30.0
0.5
48.9
44.7
4.2
25.7
6.3
53.7
47.9
5.8
19.7
6.2
50.6
46.0
4.6
23.1
5.5
62.6
59.5
3.1
20.5
3.7
8.5
32.3
5.3
37.7
5.6
37.2
4.1
25.8
4.4
14.5
4.6
15.5
6.4
13.7
4.9
8.1
Africa
Latin America and the
Caribbean
Developing Europe
Asia
West Asia
Central Asia
South, East and SE Asia
The Pacific
Central and Eastern Europe
1.3
10 .0
1.6
12.9
1.6
14.7
1.2
11.1
0.1
2.1
1.9
0.3
3.3
0.1
2.4
0.1
20.7
-0.1
0.4
20.4
0.2
4.3
0.3
22.9
0.2
0.6
22.1
0.1
3.5
0.2
20.6
1.0
0.7
18.9
4.0
0.2
13.2
0.7
0.5
12.0
2.7
12.3
-0.2
12.5
0.1
13.6
0.6
13.0
0.3
0.1
10.0
0.4
9.6
0.7
5.6
0.3
5.3
0.3
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
World
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 1999, Foreign Direct Investment and the Challenge of development,
table I.3, p.20.
World Trade in Seafood. Proceedings of the
International Seafood Conference, Alaska Sea Grant
Report No. 83:27-41, 1983.
References
Bhagwati, Jagdish. Immiserizing Growth, Chapter
12, Political Economy and International Economics,
edited by Douglas A. Irwin MIT Press, Cambridge,
MA, 1996