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4, October 1999
1317
Key words:
transformer
I. 1NTROI)UC'I'ION
Enrique Acha,
member IEEE
l l i e University orGlasgow
magnetic encrgy iii the transformer arter the current has been
chopped i s converted into clectroslalic energy by charging tlic
tramforiner capacitance. By equating [lie stored inagnctic
energy with the stored clectrostatic encrgy. and neglecting
tlic damping, tlic voltage which i s built up at the transformer
tcriiiiiials is:
I .
1.1.
-~
~~
This may cause enforced current zeros in tlic other two poles,
wliicli happens if tlie aperiodic reignition current induced by
l l i e pole tlial is already cleared is greater in magnitude Lliaii
the iiisLiiiitaiie~usload current and opposite in polarity. 'I'liis
iiiccliaiiisiii lkiiown as virtiial current clioppiiig caii also cause
rcpetilive rcignilion which leads to vcry high TRV. T h e
resulting TIIV in nnc of Lliese IWO poles will be of tlic Sanie
polarity as tlic first pole, but lhc oppnsite oii the other.
111 [ I ]
sauce sde
.
UIS
Lk
load sde
MOD=
Id, =
(2 n . .f',
'
I,m .p)"
(2)
U,,
= Ekr . v . t
(3)
where:
Exr- withstand electric field between the contacts,
v - speed of contact separation,
t - timestep ofthe simulation.
1319
proposed by Carnerki and prof, Lindinayer (fig. 4). 'l'lie
source U is connected by a sinall resistor (not shown on the
picture) that represents the internal source resistance. The
resistor R , , inductance I./,and capacitance C,, represent tlic
paramctcrs of the bus bars atid cable which are connected to
the load. l'lie rest o f the elements in fig. 4 are load
parameters. T h e model used yields h e saiiie results as the
Lindinayer tiiodel.
b
Lh CO
,
I
R>
CB
Li
- ,
b)L
u=5134 v
1.?=8.4 intl
RK-lO' n
cb=2nnpl:
~~
.~
~~~.
~~
c)
Pig. 5 Simolatioiis in a aiiiglc liliarc CircLiit
a) ciirreiit tlirougli llie brcakcr
b)
load sidc voltsgc
c)
vollagc across the brcahcr
1320
S Y S I E M DATA
Pare,neter
Value
lrensiollllcr tiatil
lraliiformcr rated uowcr
13MVA
13.810.2 kV, Y,,d 5
60 HZ
596
7 111.'
7 "F
4 111.'
I%
il 2
IidLV
L\'
I*
Fig. 6 System coiiligoratian for EM1'1' simuliitions
where:
S,, - Icated transformer power i n MVA,
io -magnetising current in %,
~~~~
~~
r T
it..
R,t2 2
whcre:
1321
iio
~.~
~~
~~
~.
~~
~~-
sulilxcssioon
OCCIIIS,
the use
voltages.
~~~
1322
VI. CONCI.USION
0 I8
30.43
3651
45.64
43 03
10.59
4.5
1323
DISCUSSION
Toshlhisa Funahashi, Senior Member, Meidensha Corporation,
36-2, Nihonbashi-hakozakicho, Chuc-ku, Tokyo, 103-85 15, Japan,
Yoshihiko Matsui, Meidensha Corporation, Shizuoka, Japan,
Akihiro Amctani, Fellow, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan :
1. The authors havc proposed a vacuum circuit breaker model for
a TRV simulation of the breaker. The proposed model is based on
statistical properties of the vacuum breaker.
- chopping current,
- withstand voltage of the vacuum gap,
- lligh frequency quenching capability.
The very powerful simulation capability of ATP-EMTP p r o g m
was demonstrated in the paper. However, the simulation result by
this kmd of models is essentially deterministic even if the
simulation includes the statistical properties of the vacuum
breaker. To ensure the designed surge suppression circuits
effectivencss, numerous simulations are needed. More powerful
method is desirable.
2. As stated in the paper, there is another approach to model the
vacuum breaker, which uscs the arc equation such as Mayrs
equation or Cassics equation. In this approach the arc resistance
is represented as a fimction of breaker currents ruld sourcesidehad-sidc voltages. Alternatively, in reference [AI] an
artificial neural network (ANN) is used to represent the arc
resistance nonlinear characteristic, ANN implementation might
be useful, if it is well timed for a specific breaker. However, it is
not always applicable to anothcr typc of breakers. As a generic
model, the model with a function of voltagcs and cment seems to
be better than an ANN type.
3. We would like to have the authors comments on why eqiiation
(2) was selected for the calculation of the mean chopping level of
the breaker that usc Cu-Cr contacts7 The units for thhc parameters
0 and q are to be stated fur the readers better undcrstanding of
the eqnations physical inclining. The dependency of thc chopping
current on the moment of contact opening the chopping current
was stated in the paper. Could the authors show thc way how to
includc tlus characteristic into the proposed method7 It is
considered when the type of a contact material of the hrcaker is
fixed, the mean value and thc standard deviation of the chopping
cwent could be estimated [ N I
4. Could the authors show the way how to includc the statistical
properties of the withstand voltage in the proposed model? In
equation ( 3 ) , the speed of contact separation is considered to he
constant. This speed might vary \nth t h e . At the t h e to start
moving it might be rclativcly low and then become higher. Also,
the withstand voltage might he considered to be nonlinearly
dependent on the gap distance rather than lincarly. For instancc,
the wiIhstand voltage might saturate or might he the exponential
function of the gap distance, where the exponent equals 1/2 or 314.
5 . The condition of the reopening is.
- the slope of the current at zero has a value lower than (not
then) the critical current slope,
8.
References
[AI] J.Kosmac and P.Zunko, A Neural Network Vacuum Circuit
Breaker Model for Simulalion of Transient Overvoltages,
European W P L!wrs Croup Meetinp; (EEUG95).
IIannover, German, November 13-15, 1995
[A21 P.G.Slade, Vacuum lntempters: The New Technology for
Switching and Protecting Distribution Circuits, IEEE
lrunsuctions on Indirstty Applicarions, Vo1.33, No.6,
November/December 1997, pp.1501-1511
1.431 U.L.Swindler, P.Scwartz, P.S.Hmer and S.R.Lmhert,
Transient Recovery Voltage Considerations in the
Application of Medium-Voltage Circuit Drcakers, B E E
Trunsuctions on Indirstty Applications, Vo1.33, No.2,
MarcWApril 1997, pp.383-388
[A41 A.KeinniQcr, The Effect of Protection Devices against
Surges When Switching on Large AC Motors, Blcctric
Muchines and Power Svstems, 20.103-1 12, 1992,
Heinispherc Publishing Corporation
1324
15,
lo4
..
..
..
..
..
'I
0,001 0002 0003 0 004 0.005 0006 0 007 0 000 0009 0.01
lima Is]
1325
GI.
3. The chopping current calculated according to expression
(2) is in a good agreement with that calculated by expression
used in [I]:
200
-s
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.-..-.-
.2w
2:'"
-21
'
O..r0.1
'
-21
0.1
02
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
06
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.5 0.6
time js)
07
0.6
0.9
0.6
x 10~?
i, = a - bi - c l o g Z,,
where
a,b,c
are constants which depend on the contact
.
-100
x io*
40'
I
L
L
L
_
L
Smeets
Current
R.P.P.:
Eindhoven, 1987.
Smects R.P.P.: Essential Parameters of Vacuum
Interrupters and Circuit Related to Occurrcnce of
Virtual Current Chopping in Motor Circuils,
1326
[C7].
0. Soysal:
Thc discussion by prof. Soysal addresses a few questions
that strongly helps in the further improvement and research
in this field.
2. Simulations with different parametcrs havc been performed
but no research has been donc in order to find the optimum
RC circuit. The best suppression was providcd for thc
parametcrs of the RC branch which give time constants
around 10 ps,
3. Thc generated overvoltages depend on thc chopping level
of the circuit breaker which is not related to the transformer
(and system) BIL in gcneral. Since in this case we had
transformer under no-load, that has a magnetising current