Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Journal of Sound and Vibration

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi

Rapid Communications

Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the

structural damage detection method using correlation functions
of vibration responses
Le Wang n, Zhichun Yang
Institute of Structural Dynamics and Control, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China

a r t i c l e i n f o

abstract

Article history:
Received 19 April 2012
Received in revised form
5 July 2012
Accepted 12 September 2012
Handling Editor: I. Trendalova

In previous paper by the authors, the inner product vector (IPV) was proposed as a
damage detection algorithm which uses cross correlation functions between vibration
responses under band pass white noise excitation. As the characteristics of IPVs
calculated by different vibration responses (i.e. displacement, velocity and acceleration)
under band pass white noise excitation with different frequency range should be
different, the effectiveness of the damage detection method may be affected by the
response type and excitation frequency range. This paper just investigates the effect of
response type and excitation frequency range on the IPV-based structural damage
detection method. Firstly, the theoretical formulae of IPVs and the damage index using
IPV are reviewed shortly. Then, the effect of response type on the IPVs is analyzed based
on the characteristics of the theoretical formulae of IPVs, and the principle for choosing
the response type for calculating IPV under band pass white noise excitation with
different frequency range is proposed as well. Finally, simulative damage detection
examples of a shear frame structure are presented to illustrate the theory and method
proposed in this paper.
& 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Vibration based structural damage detection methods are appealing in recent years as they may observe damage from
sensors placed remote from an unknown damage site [1]. The vibration based structural damage detection methods can be
classied as model based structural damage detection methods or non-model based structural damage detection methods. The
non-model based structural damage detection methods may be easily performed in online damage detection as they utilize
vibration responses directly and the complex model updating procedure can be avoided [2]. Almost all kinds of dynamic
properties in vibration tests were utilized by researchers in the eld of non-model based structural damage detection, such as,
time domain vibration responses [3,4], spectrums [5,6], mode shapes and its derivative parameters [79], frequency response
functions [10,11], transmissibility functions [12,13], coherence functions [14,15], correlation functions [16,17], etc.
The aforementioned non-model based structural damage detection methods were veried by some simulative or
experimental examples, and it was shown that some particular structural damages were detected or/and located successfully
by these methods. However, (1) most of the methods using time domain vibration responses or spectrums can only detect the

Corresponding author. Tel./fax: 86 29 88460461.

E-mail addresses: le.wang@nwpu.edu.cn, wanglnpu@126.com (L. Wang).

0022-460X/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Nomenclature
bandwidth of the band pass white noise
excitation at point k
Ck,c
central frequency of Ck
vel
acc
cdis
constants dependent on the excitation
jk , c jk , cjk
position k, the reference measurement j
DIPV
changes in normalized IPVs between the
intact and damaged structures
D0IPV
the rst-order difference of DIPV
D00IPV
the second-order difference of DIPV
mr
rth modal mass
n
number of modes
p
number of the measurement point
Rxi xj
cross correlation function of response xi and xj

vel
acc
Bdis
weighting factors dependent on the
j,r , Bj,r , Bj,r

Ck

Rdis
IPV

IPV calculated from displacements

Rvel
IPV

IPV calculated from velocities

Racc
IPV
RuIPV
RdIPV

IPV calculated from accelerations

normalized IPV of the intact structure

normalized IPV of the damaged structure

coefcient corresponding to a condence
interval
ak
one-side auto-spectral density of white noise
excitation at point k
vel
acc
bdis
k,rs , bk,rs , bk,rs coefcients dependent on the rth and
sth modal parameters, the one side auto
spectral density ak, bandwidth Ck and central
frequency Ck,c of the band bass white noise
zr
rth modal damping
l1 , l2
integral variable

fir

uur
udr
Dur
D0 ur

odr
onr

reference response measurement point j, the

rth modal parameters and all the band pass
white noise excitations
ith element in the rth mode shape
rth mode shapes of the intact structure
rth mode shapes of the damaged structure
changes in the rth mode shapes of the intact
structure and damaged structure, i.e., Dur
udr uur
the rst-order difference of Dur
rth damped modal frequency
rth modal frequency

Subscript
i
j
k
r
s

response measurement point

reference response measurement point
excitation point
rth mode
sth mode

ac

Superscript
dis
vel
acc

parameter related to IPV calculated from

displacements
parameter related to IPV calculated from
velocities
parameter related to IPV calculated from
accelerations

occurrence of the damage [3,6], only if some other techniques, such as neural network, are utilized simultaneously, the damage
location may be detected [4]; (2) modal identication is inevitable in the methods using mode shapes and its derivative
parameters [79], and the identication errors in modal identication may affect the damage detection results; (3) FFT is
needed in the method using frequency response functions [10,11], transmissibility functions [12,13] and coherence functions
[14,15], and the errors induced by the FFT may also affect the damage detection results. Consequently, non-model based
structural damage detection methods using correlation functions show advantages as they utilize the time domain vibration
responses directly and both the FFT and modal identication procedures are avoided.
Utilizing the cross correlation functions between vibration responses, the correlation function amplitude vector (CorV)
based structural damage detection method were proposed in Refs. [16,17] by the researchers in our group. The CorV is
dened by the maximum absolute values of the cross correlation functions between each response measurement points
and a reference response measurement point, and the cross correlation function evaluation is needed for each element in
the CorV. In order to avoid the cross correlation function evaluation and reduce the computational cost in the CorV-based
method, the authors of this paper also proposed a non-model based structural damage detection method, i.e. structural
damage detection method based on inner product vector (IPV) [18,19], in which the IPV can be calculated by the inner
product of the time domain vibration responses of each measurement points under white noise excitation or band pass
white noise excitation, and the computational cost is highly reduced.
As the formulae of IPVs calculated by different vibration responses (i.e. displacement, velocity and acceleration) are
different, the effectiveness of the damage detection method using different vibration response may be different.
Meanwhile, the frequency range of the white noise excitation may also affect the effectiveness of the IPV based structural
damage detection method. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of response type and excitation frequency range on
the IPV-based structural damage detection method.

2. IPV and IPV-based structural damage detection method

The IPV is dened by the cross correlation functions between each response measurement points and a reference
response measurement point when the time lag equals to zero, and the IPV can be calculated by the inner product of the
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

time domain vibration responses of each measurement points under white noise excitation or band pass white noise
excitation. The displacement IPV, velocity IPV and acceleration IPV, which are calculated by displacement responses,
velocity responses and acceleration response, respectively, are dened as [18,19]
T
Rdis
IPV Rx1 xj 0, Rx2 xj 0,. . .,Rxp xj 0

n
X

ur Bdis
j,r

(1)

ur Bvel
j,r

(2)

ur Bacc
j,r

(3)

r1

T
Rvel
IPV Rx_ 1 x_ j 0, Rx_ 2 x_ j 0,. . .,Rx_ p x_ j 0

n
X
r1

T
Racc
IPV Rx 1 x j 0, Rx 2 x j 0,. . .,Rx p x j 0

n
X
r1

vel
acc
where 9Bdis
j,r 9, 9Bj,r 9 and9Bj,r 9 are weighting factors and their expressions are listed in Appendix A.1, and the modes in the
summation for calculating IPVs are dependent on the frequency range of the band pass white noise excitation.
Then, the damage index can be dened by the difference between the IPVs of the intact and damaged structures, i.e.
DIPV RdIPV RuIPV . Consequently, the local maximum of DIPV or D0IPV or D00IPV might be utilized to locate the damage according
to the types of the local abrupt changes. Finally, a proper condence interval factor ac (usually ac can be set as 1.5 or 1.8)
for the threshold, which is dened by the mean value and standard deviation of the damage index, might be adopted to
distinguish a local maximum caused by local damage and various errors [18]. When the measurement points are
distributed on a 2D or 3D structure, it should be noted that the damage index D0IPV or D00IPV can be calculated by the rstorder or second-order difference of DIPV along a particular axis, and the local maximum of D0IPV or D00IPV indicates the
damage location in the particular axis.

3. Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on IPV

It can be seen from the above formulae of IPVs that the weighting factors of each mode shape in the IPVs calculated by
vel
acc
different responses (i.e. Rdis
IPV , RIPV and R IPV ) are different. Meanwhile, it is known in modal analysis theory that the effects of
local damage on different mode shapes are different. Thus, the shapes of IPVs calculated by different responses are usually
vel
acc
different for the same structural state, and the abrupt changes in Rdis
IPV , R IPV and RIPV caused by local damage are also
vel
acc
different. As a result, the effectiveness of damage detection utilizing Rdis
IPV , R IPV and R IPV should be different. In this section,
vel
acc
the weighting factors of each mode shape in Rdis
IPV , RIPV and RIPV are analyzed qualitatively based on the above formulae
of IPVs.
Supposing that the modal damping ratio z 51, then od E on, and according to the double integration formulae in
Appendix A.2, Eqs. (A2), (A4) and (A6) in Appendix A.1 can be expressed as
dis

9bk,rs 9 r

vel

9bk,rs 9 r

acc

9bk,rs 9 r

ak C k
zr onr zs ons

ak C k
zr onr zs ons

1
ak C k
onr ons zr zs

(4)

zr onr zs ons zr onr ods odr zs ons odr ods 

ak C k
zr zs

(5)

ak C k  2 2 2 2
z o z o 2z2r o2nr zs ons ods z2r o2nr o2ds 2zr onr odr z2s o2ns 4zr onr odr zs ons ods 2zr onr odr o2ds
zr onr zs ons r nr s ns

aC
2
o2dr zs o2ns 2o2dr zs ons ods o2dr o2ds  onr ons k k

zr zs

(6)

vel
acc
Then, noting that 9a 7b9r9a9 9b9, and according to the formulae of 9Bdis
j,r 9, 9Bj,r 9 and 9Bj,r 9 in Appendix A.2, the weighting
dis
vel
acc
factors 9Bj,r 9, 9Bj,r 9 and 9Bj,r 9 in Eqs. (1)(3) should be



n X
m bdis f f f 
n X
m  f f f
n X
m
X
X
9fkr 9 9fjs fks 9ak C k
1
ak C k
1 X
 k,rs kr js ks 
kr js ks 
dis

 2
(7)
9Bj,r 9 r

r




m
o
m
o
m
o
m
o
o
o
z
z
o
o2ns ms zs
r
s
r
s
nr
ns
dr
ds
dr
ds
r
s
nr s 1 k 1 mr zr
s1k1
s1k1




n X
m bvel f f f 
n X
m  f f f
n X
m
X
X
9fkr 9 9fjs fks 9ak C k
1 X
 k,rs kr js ks 
kr js ks  ak C k



r




m
o
m
o
m
o
m
o
z
z
o
mr zr ons ms zs
r
s
r
s
nr
dr
ds
dr
ds
r
s
s1k1
s1k1
s1k1

(8)




n X
m bacc f f f 
n X
m  f f f
n X
m
X
X
X
9fkr 9 9fjs fks 9ak C k
aC
 k,rs kr js ks 
kr js ks 

onr ons k k

r


 mr odr ms ods 
m
o
m
o
z
z
ms zs
mr zr
r
s
dr
ds
r
s
s1k1
s1k1
s1k1

(9)

9Bvel
j,r 9 r

acc
j,r 9 r

9B

Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

For some particular cases, it can be assumed that the excitation is dominated by only one point excitation, and supposing
that the mode shapes are mass normalized, then Eqs. (7)(9) can be further simplied as
9Bdis
j,r 9 r

9Bvel
j,r 9 r

1 9fkr 9

o2nr zr

onr zr

where cdis
jk ak C k

Pn

s1

9fjs fks 9=o2ns zs , cvel

jk ak C k

ak C k

ak C k

s1

ons zs

n 9f f 9
X
js ks
s1

Pn

o2ns zs

n 9f f 9
X
js ks
s1

9fkr 9

zr

n 9f f 9
X
js ks
s1

1 9fkr 9

9Bacc
j,r 9 r

ak C k

zs

1 9fkr 9

o2nr zr
1 9fkr 9

onr zr
9fkr 9

zr

cdis
jk

(10)

cvel
jk

(11)

cacc
jk

9fjs fks 9=ons zs , cacc

jk ak C k

(12)
Pn

s1

9fjs fks 9=zs are constants which

are only depend on the excitation position k, the reference measurement j, and they are unchanged in calculating 9Bdis
j,r 9,
acc
9Bvel
j,r 9 and 9Bj,r 9 for each modes.

It can be seen from Eqs. (10)(12) that the bounds on the weighting factors for the displacement IPV of the rth mode
decrease with the rth natural frequency squared, i.e. the displacement IPV can be expected to be dominated by lower order
modes. Similarly, the bounds on the weighting factors for the velocity IPV of the rth mode decrease with the rth natural
frequency, i.e. velocity IPV can also be expected to be dominated by lower order modes, but the contribution of the lower
modes in the velocity IPV is smaller than that in the displacement IPV. Conversely, the bounds on the weighting factors for
the acceleration IPV of the rth mode, for example, are independent of the rth natural frequency suggesting that the
acceleration IPV might feature many modes of the structure. Eqs. (10)(12) also suggest that lightly damped modes can
contribute most to the IPVs, as do modes with large modal displacement at the excitation position.
As we know, the damage location can be expected to affect some modes more than others. Meanwhile, the modes in the
summation for calculating IPVs are dependent on the frequency range of the band pass white noise excitation. Then, the
principle for choosing the response type for calculating IPV should be to make sure that the modes that best reveal the
potential damage locations are the predominant modes in the IPV. For example, in the situation when the damage
locations are mainly revealed by the fundamental mode, one might use the displacement IPV if the excitation frequency
range covers several lower modes (including the fundamental mode); alternatively, one might use any type of IPV if the
excitation frequency range just covers the fundamental mode.
4. Simulative example
In this section, an 8-storey shear frame model is adopted as simulation example, and the vibration responses are
calculated by direct numerical integration using the Wilson y method [20], and proportional viscous damping is utilized,
i.e. C aMM bKK (where C, M and K are damping matrix, mass matrix and stiffness matrix, respectively). In order to verify
the effect of excitation frequency range on the IPV-based damage detection method, two band pass white noise with
different frequency range are selected as the excitation, namely 05 Hz and 030 Hz. The sampling frequency is 512 Hz
and the length of the time domain response is 32 s. For each excitation with different frequency range, two different time
signals with similar auto spectral density (i.e. power spectral density, PSD) are selected to excite the intact and damaged
structure, respectively. The PSDs and wave forms of the four excitations are shown in Fig. 1. In order to eliminate
the effects of the initial conditions of the response calculation, the IPVs are calculated based on the responses in the period
332 s.
4.1. Model description
An 8-storey shear frame model is shown in Fig. 2. It can be simplied as a lumped parameter system which vibrates in
the x direction, and the lumped mass mi 3 kg, the lumped stiffness coefcient ki 2  104 N/m. The 8 natural frequencies
of the healthy structure are 2.40 Hz, 7.11 Hz, 11.58 Hz, 15.66 Hz, 19.21 Hz, 22.10 Hz, 24.23 Hz and 25.55 Hz, respectively.
The damage is simulated by a reduction in one of the stiffnesses.
In order to verify the principle for choosing the response type under different excitation frequency range, the effects of
local damage on the mode shapes are analyzed rstly. Fig. 3 shows the effects of a damage scenario on each mode shape,
where Dur indicates the changes in the rth mode shapes between the intact structure and damaged structure, i.e.,
Dur udr uur (where uur and udr are the rth mode shapes of the intact structure and damaged structure, respectively), and
D0 ur indicates the rst-order difference of Dur. As only the locations of the abrupt changes are utilized in the analysis, both
Dur and D0 ur are normalized by setting their maximum value as unit in Fig. 3.
As shown in Fig. 3, when the stiffness coefcient k5 is reduced, abrupt changes occur at just the damage location for the
1st, 2nd and 3rd mode shapes (i.e. the local maximum of D0 ur is between measurement positions 2 and 3), and the abrupt
changes in the 1st mode shape are sharper than that in the 2nd and 3rd mode shapes; whilst abrupt changes also occur in
other mode shapes, but the positions of the abrupt changes are not always the damage location. Thus, we can conclude
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Fig. 1. PSDs and wave forms of the band pass white noise excitations: (a) the frequency range is 05 Hz and (b) the frequency range is 030 Hz.

Fig. 2. 8-storey shear frame model.

that the damage location in k5 is clearly revealed by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd mode shapes. Similar analysis for other damage
scenarios suggests that for the 8-storey shear frame structure damage locations are clearly revealed by the 1st, 2nd and
3rd mode shapes, and the abrupt changes caused by the local damage in the 1st mode shape are sharper.
According to the suggestions in the end of Section 3, for the excitation with 05 Hz frequency range, which merely
covers the rst natural frequency of the frame structure, the IPV can be calculated by any responses; for the excitation with
030 Hz frequency range, which covers the rst 8 natural frequencies of the frame structure, the IPV should be calculated
by displacement responses only.
4.2. Damage detection results
In this section, 9 damage scenarios are simulated, as listed in Table 1. In the simulation, the proportional coefcients for
damping matrix are aM 0.5 s  1, bK 1.0  10  4 s, both the excitation position and reference response measurement
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Fig. 3. Changes in the mode shapes due to reduction of stiffness coefcient k5.

Table 1
9 simulated damage scenarios.
Damage scenarios
Damage location
Damage extent (stiffness reduction)

D31
0.1

D32
k3
0.2

D33

D51

0.3

0.1

D52
k5
0.2

D53

D71

0.3

0.1

D72
k7
0.2

D73
0.3

position are selected at level 8, and the condence interval factor ac for the threshold is set as 1.8 [18]. As the structural
damage is detected by the threshold dened by the condence interval factor, the damage detection results for a damaged
structure should fall in to three categories, i.e. successful detection, false negative and false positive, as dened in Table 2.
Then, the two types of excitation (i.e. 05 Hz band pass white noise excitation and 030 Hz band pass white noise
excitation) and three types of responses (displacement, velocity and acceleration) are adopted in the damage detection of
each damage scenario, respectively. Figs. 46 show the damage detection result of a particular damage scenario (i.e. D52)
using 030 Hz band pass white noise excitation and different types of responses. As only the locations of the abrupt
changes are utilized in the damage detection, both DIPV and D0IPV are normalized by setting their maximum value as unit. It
is clearly shown in Figs. 46 that the damage scenario D52 can be detected successfully using the Rdis
IPV and cannot be
acc
detected using Rvel
IPV or RIPV . These phenomena are consistent with the suggestions in the end paragraph of Section 4.1, i.e.,
only the displacement IPV can be adopted to locate the damage when the excitation frequency range covers several lower
modes (including the fundamental mode).
Using the same procedure, the damage detection results of the 9 simulated damage scenarios using different types of
responses and different frequency ranges of excitations are listed in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, all the damage scenarios
can be detected successfully when using 05 Hz band pass white noise excitation and any types of responses; damage
scenarios D33, D53, D73, D32, D52 and D72 can be detected successfully when using 030 Hz band pass white noise
excitation and displacement responses; and all the damage scenarios cannot be detected when using 030 Hz band pass
white noise excitation and velocity or acceleration responses. These phenomena are consistent with the suggestions in the
end paragraph of Section 4.1, i.e., any types of IPV can be adopted to locate the damage when the excitation frequency
range merely covers the fundamental mode, and only the displacement IPV can be adopted to locate the damage when the
excitation frequency range covers several lower modes (including the fundamental mode). However, the displacement IPV
cannot be adopted to locate the damage in damage scenarios D31, D51 and D71 when the excitation frequency range is
030 Hz. This is because that the damage extents in damage scenarios D31, D51 and D71 are relatively slight, and the
abrupt changes in the fundamental mode shape due to damage can be expected to be in the inevitable effect of the
higher modes.
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Table 2
Categories for damage detection results of a damaged structure (supposing the actual damage occurred on location A).
Detected results

Location A is damaged

Location A is undamaged

Other location is damaged

Categories

Successful detection (|)

False negative detection (p)

False positive detection (2)

Fig. 4. Damage detection results of damage scenario D52 using displacement responses under 030 Hz band pass white noise excitation.

Fig. 5. Damage detection results of damage scenario D52 using velocity responses under 030 Hz band pass white noise excitation.

Fig. 6. Damage detection results of damage scenario D52 using acceleration responses under 030 Hz band pass white noise excitation.

5. Conclusions
The effect of response type on the IPVs is analyzed according to the theoretical formulae of IPVs dened by
displacement, velocity and acceleration, respectively. It is theoretically veried that: (1) the displacement IPV and
velocity IPV can be expected to be dominated by lower order modes, but the contribution of the lower modes in
the velocity IPV is smaller than that in the displacement IPV; (2) the acceleration IPV might feature many modes of the
structure; (3) lightly damped modes can contribute most to the IPVs, as do modes with large modal displacement at the
excitation position. Based on the above statements, the principle for choosing the response type for calculating IPV under
band pass white noise excitation with different frequency range is proposed as well, i.e. one should make sure that the
modes that best reveal the potential damage locations are the predominant modes in the IPV. The theory and method
proposed in this paper are veried by the simulative damage detection examples of a shear frame structure.
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Table 3
Damage detection results of the 9 simulated damage scenarios using different types of responses and different frequency ranges of excitations.
Damage scenarios

D33

D53

D73

D32

D52

D72

D31

D51

D71

Rdis
IPV

Rvel
IPV
Racc
IPV

p&2

p&2

05 Hz

030 Hz
Rdis
IPV
Rvel
IPV
Racc
IPV

| indicates successful detection.

p indicates false negative detection.
2 indicates false positive detection.

Acknowledgments
This work was support by the 111 Project of China (Grant no. B07050), the Aeronautical Science Fund of China (Grant
no. 2010ZA53008) and the Fundamental Research Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant no. JC20110202).
Appendix A
A.1. Formulae for IPV [18,19]
n X
m bdis f f f
X
k,rs kr js ks
mr odr ms ods
s1k1

Bdis
j,r

bdis
k,rs

ak C k ezr onr l1 zs ons l2 sinodr l1 sinodr l2

1
0

1
0

1
0

(A3)

sinpC k l1 l2 cos2pC k,c l1 l2

dl1 dl2
pC k l1 l2

Bacc
j,r
Z

(A2)

ak C k ezr onr l1 zs ons l2  zr onr sinodr l1 odr cosodr l1  zs ons sinods l2 ods cosods l2


bacc
k,rs

sinpC k l1 l2 cos2pC k,c l1 l2

dl1 dl2
pC k l1 l2

n X
m bvel f f f
X
k,rs kr js ks
mr odr ms ods
s1k1

Bvel
j,r

bvel
k,rs

(A1)

1
0

(A4)

n X
m bacc f f f
X
k,rs kr js ks
mr odr ms ods
s1k1

ak C k ezr onr l1 zs ons l2  z2r o2nr sinodr l1 2zr onr odr cosodr l1 o2dr sinodr l1

(A5)



 sinpC l l cos2pC l l
2
2
2
k 1
k,c 1
dl1 dl2
 zs o2ns sinods l2 2zs ons ods cosods l2 o2ds sinods l2 
pC k l1 l2

(A6)

A.2. Formulae for double integration

Considering the binary function f(l1,l2) with variables l1, l2 as follows:
f l1 , l2

a0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 sinb1 l1 sinb2 l2 sincl1 l2 cosdl1 l2 

cl1 l2

(A7)

where a0, a1, a2, b1, b2, c, d are positive constants, and l1, l2A[0,N).
Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027

L. Wang, Z. Yang / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

Based on 9sinx=x9 r1, x 2 1, 1, one obtain



a0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 sinb1 l1 sinb2 l2 sincl1 l2 cosdl1 l2 
 ra0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 g l1 , l2
0 r 9f l1 , l2 9 

cl1 l2
Then,

Z




Z
0

 Z

f l1 , l2 dl1 dl2  r

9f l1 , l2 9dl1 dl2 r
0

Similarly, the following inequality is satised,

Z 1 Z



0

g l1 , l2 dl1 dl2



a0
f i l1 , l2 dl1 dl2  r
a1 a2

a0
a1 a2

(A8)

(A9)

(A10)

where fi(l1,l2), (i1,2,3) are binary functions with variables l1,l2, i.e.
f 1 l1 , l2

a0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 sinb1 l1 cosb2 l2 sincl1 l2 cosdl1 l2 

cl1 l2

(A11)

f 2 l1 , l2

a0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 cosb1 l1 sinb2 l2 sincl1 l2 cosdl1 l2 

cl1 l2

(A12)

f 3 l1 , l2

a0 ea1 l1 a2 l2 cosb1 l1 cosb2 l2 sincl1 l2 cosdl1 l2 

cl1 l2

(A13)

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Please cite this article as: L. Wang, & Z. Yang, Effect of response type and excitation frequency range on the structural
damage detection method using correlation functions of vibration responses, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2012), http
://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.027