IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is

a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union
of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from
which an unambiguous structural formula can be created.

as hydroxy for -OH, oxy for =O, oxyalkane for O-R,

etc.).
Dierent side-chains and functional groups will be
grouped together in alphabetical order. (The prexes di-, tri-, etc. are not taken into consideration for grouping alphabetically. For example, ethyl
comes before dihydroxy or dimethyl, as the e in
ethyl precedes the h in dihydroxy and the m
in dimethyl alphabetically. The di is not considered in either case). When both side chains and
secondary functional groups are present, they should
be written mixed together in one group rather than
in two separate groups.

For ordinary communication, to spare a tedious description, the ocial IUPAC naming recommendations are
not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute denition to
a compound, or when the IUPAC name is simpler (e.g.
ethanol instead of ethyl alcohol). Otherwise the common or trivial name may be used, often derived from the
source of the compound (see below). In addition, very
long names may be less concise than structural formulae.

5. Identication of double/triple bonds.

6. Numbering of the chain. This is done by rst numbering the chain in both directions (left to right
and right to left), and then choosing the numbering
which follows these rules, in order of precedence:

Basic principles

In chemistry, a number of prexes, suxes and inxes

are used to describe the type and position of functional
groups in the compound.

(a) Has the lowest-numbered locant (or locants)

for the sux functional group. Locants are
the numbers on the carbons to which the substituent is directly attached.

The steps to naming an organic compound are:

(b) Has the lowest-numbered locants for multiple

bonds (The locant of a multiple bond is the
number of the adjacent carbon with a lower
number).

1. Identication of the parent hydrocarbon chain. This

chain must obey the following rules, in order of
precedence:

(c) Has the lowest-numbered locants for double

bonds.

(a) It should have the maximum number of substituents of the sux functional group. By
sux, it is meant that the parent functional
group should have a sux, unlike halogen substituents. If more than one functional group
is present, the one with highest precedence
should be used.

(d) Has the lowest-numbered locants for prexes.

7. Numbering of the various substituents and bonds
with their locants. If there is more than one of the
same type of substituent/double bond, a prex is
added showing how many there are.

(b) It should have the maximum number of multiple bonds

(c) It should have the maximum number of single table ( di - 2 tri - 3 tetra - 4 then as for the number of
carbons below with 'a' added)
bonds.
The numbers for that type of side chain will be grouped
(d) It should have the maximum length.
in ascending order and written before the name of the
2. Identication of the parent functional group, if any, side-chain. If there are two side-chains with the same
with the highest order of precedence.
alpha carbon, the number will be written twice. Exam3. Identication of the side-chains. Side chains are the ple: 2,2,3-trimethyl- . If there are both double bonds and
carbon chains that are not in the parent chain, but triple bonds, en (double bond) is written before yne
(triple bond). When the main functional group is a termiare branched o from it.
nal functional group (A group which can only exist at the
4. Identication of the remaining functional groups, if end of a chain, like formyl and carboxyl groups), there is
any, and naming them by the their ion names (such no need to number it.
1

BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. Arrangement in this form: Group of side chains

and secondary functional groups with numbers
made in step 3 + prex of parent hydrocarbon chain (eth, meth) + double/triple bonds with
numbers (or ane) + primary functional group
sux with numbers.
Wherever it says with numbers, it is understood that between the word and the numbers,
the prex(di-, tri-) is used.
2. Adding of punctuation:
(a) Commas are put between numbers (2 5 5 becomes 2,5,5)
(b) Hyphens are put between a number and a letter (2 5 5 trimethylheptane becomes 2,5,5trimethylheptane)
(c) Successive words are merged into one word
(trimethyl heptane becomes trimethylheptane)
Note: IUPAC uses one-word names throughout. This is why all parts are connected.
The nalized name should look like this:
#,#-di<side chain>-#-<secondary functional group>#-<side
chain>-#,#,#-tri<secondary
functional
group><parent chain prex><If all bonds are single
bonds, use ane">-#,#-di<double bonds>-#-<triple
bonds>-#-<primary functional group>
Note: # is used for a number. The group secondary
functional groups and side chains may not look the
same as shown here, as the side chains and secondary
functional groups are arranged alphabetically. The diand tri- have been used just to show their usage. (diafter #,#, tri- after #,#,#, etc.)
Example:
Here is a sample molecule with the parent carbons
numbered:

(a) The groups are on carbon atoms 3 and 9. As

there are two, we write 3,9-dione.
(b) The numbering of the molecule is based on the
ketone groups. When numbering from left to
right, the ketone groups are numbered 3 and 9.
When numbering from right to left, the ketone
groups are numbered 15 and 21. 3 is less than
15, therefore the ketones are numbered 3 and
9. The smaller number is always used, not
the sum of the constituents numbers.
3. The side chains are: an ethyl- at carbon 4, an ethylat carbon 8, and a butyl- at carbon 12.
Note:The -O-CH3 at carbon atom 15 is not a side
chain, but it is a methoxy functional group
There are two ethyl- groups. They are combined to create, 4,8-diethyl.
The side chains are grouped like this: 12butyl-4,8-diethyl. (But this is not the nal
grouping, as functional groups may be added
in between.)
4. The secondary functional groups are: a hydroxy- at
carbon 5, a chloro- at carbon 11, a methoxy- at carbon 15, and a bromo- at carbon 18. Grouped with
the side chains, this gives 18-bromo-12-butyl-11chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxy
5. There are two double bonds: one between carbons
6 and 7, and one between carbons 13 and 14. They
would be called 6,13-diene, but the presence of
alkynes switches it to 6,13-dien. There is one triple
bond between carbon atoms 19 and 20. It will be
called 19-yne

For simplicity, here is an image of the same molecule,

where the hydrogens in the parent chain are removed
and the carbons are shown by their numbers:
Now, following the above steps:
1. The parent hydrocarbon chain has 23 carbons. It is
called tricosa-.

6. The arrangement (with punctuation) is: 18-bromo12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15methoxytricosa-6,13-dien-19-yne-3,9-dione

7. Finally, due to Cis-trans isomerism, we have to
specify the relative orientation of functional groups
around each double bonds. For this example, we
have (6E,13E)

The nal name is (6E,13E)18-bromo-12-butyl-112. The functional groups with the highest precedence chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxytricosaare the two ketone groups.
6,13-dien-19-yne-3,9-dione.

Alkanes

Main article: Alkane

Straight-chain alkanes take the sux "-ane" and are prexed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the
chain, following standard rules. The rst few are:

For example, the simplest alkane is CH4 methane, and the

nine-carbon alkane CH3 (CH2 )7 CH3 is named nonane.
The names of the rst four alkanes were derived from
methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively. The rest are named with a Greek numeric prex,
with the exceptions of nonane which has a Latin prex,
and undecane and tridecane which have mixed-language
prexes.

2,2-dimethylpropane
(neopentane)

Cyclic alkanes are simply prexed with cyclo-": for exmas or hyphens: . The longest possible main alkane
ample, C4 H8 is cyclobutane (not to be confused with
chain is used; therefore 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane instead
butene) and C6 H12 is cyclohexane (not to be confused
of 2,3-diethylpentane, even though these describe equivwith hexene).
alent structures. The di-, tri- etc. prexes are ignored
for the purpose of alphabetical ordering of side chains
propane chain
(e.g. 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane, not 2,4-dimethyl-3ethylpentane).
3
1

methyl
group

2-methylpropane
(isobutane)

2-methylbutane

(correct numbering)

3-methylbutane

( incorrect numbering (

Branched alkanes are named as a straight-chain alkane

with attached alkyl groups. They are prexed with
a number indicating the carbon the group is attached
to, counting from the end of the alkane chain. For
example, (CH3 )2 CHCH3 , commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group
bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the system- 3 Alkenes and alkynes
atic name 2-methylpropane. However, although the name
2-methylpropane could be used, it is easier and more logical to call it simply methylpropane - the methyl group Main articles: Alkenes and Alkynes
could not possibly occur on any of the other carbon atoms Alkenes are named for their parent alkane chain with
(that would lengthen the chain and result in butane, not
propane) and therefore the use of the number 2 is un2
2
4
4
necessary.
3
1
1
3
If there is ambiguity in the position of the substituent,
buta-1,3-diene
but-1-ene
depending on which end of the alkane chain is counted as
4
1, then numbering is chosen so that the smaller number
3
1
is used. For example, (CH3 )2 CHCH2 CH3 (isopentane)
1
2
is named 2-methylbutane, not 3-methylbutane.
4
3

If there are multiple side-branches of the same size

trans-but-2-ene
cis-but-2-ene
alkyl group, their positions are separated by commas
(E)-but-2-ene
(Z)-but-2-ene
and the group prexed with di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., depending on the number of branches (e.g. C(CH3 )4
2,2-dimethylpropane). If there are dierent groups,
they are added in alphabetical order, separated by com- the sux "-ene" and an inxed number indicating the

4 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

position of the double-bonded carbon in the chain:

CH2 =CHCH2 CH3 is but-1-ene. Multiple double bonds
take the form -diene, -triene, etc., with the size prex of
the chain taking an extra a": CH2 =CHCH=CH2 is buta1,3-diene. Simple cis and trans isomers may be indicated
with a prexed cis- or trans-: cis-but-2-ene, trans-but-2ene. However, cis- and trans- are relative descriptors. It
is IUPAC convention to describe all alkenes using absolute descriptors of Z- (same side) and E- (opposite) with
the CahnIngoldPrelog priority rules.

OH
3

OH

O
2-hydroxypropanoic acid

ethyne

propyne

(acetylene)

Cl

(methylacetylene)
Cl

Alkynes are named using the same system, with the sufx "-yne" indicating a triple bond: ethyne (acetylene),
propyne (methylacetylene).

F 1

Cl

trichloromethane
(chloroform)

F
2 Cl

Br

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1,-trifluoroethane
(halothane)

iodo-, etc., depending on the halogen. Multiple groups

are dichloro-, trichloro-, etc., and dissimilar groups
4 Functional groups
are ordered alphabetically as before. For example,
CHCl3 (chloroform) is trichloromethane. The anesMain article: Functional group Table of common thetic Halothane (CF3 CHBrCl) is 2-bromo-2-chloro1,1,1-triuoroethane.
functional groups

4.3 Ketones
4.1

Alcohols

Main article: Alcohols

Alcohols (R-OH) take the sux "-ol" with an inx nu-

OH
ethanol

(ethyl alcohol)

OH

1
propan-1-ol

(n-propyl alcohol)

HO

Main article: Ketones

In general ketones (R-CO-R) take the sux "-one"

OH
2

ethane-1,2-diol
(ethylene glycol)

2
3
1
propan-2-one
(acetone)

3
1
4
2
3-oxohexanal

merical bonding position: CH3 CH2 CH2 OH is propan-1ol. The suxes -diol, -triol, -tetraol, etc., are used for (pronounced own, not won) with an inx position nummultiple -OH groups: Ethylene glycol CH2 OHCH2 OH ber: CH3 CH2 CH2 COCH3 is pentan-2-one. If a higher
precedence sux is in use, the prex oxo-" is used:
is ethane-1,2-diol.
CH3 CH2 CH2 COCH2 CHO is 3-oxohexanal.
If higher precedence functional groups are present (see
order of precedence, below), the prex hydroxy is
used with the bonding position: CH3 CHOHCOOH is 2- 4.4 Aldehydes
hydroxypropanoic acid.
Main article: Aldehydes
Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the sux "-al". If other func4.2 Halogens (alkyl halides)
tional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that
the aldehyde carbon is in the 1 position, unless funcMain article: Halogens
Halogen functional groups are prexed with the bond- tional groups of higher precedence are present.
ing position and take the form uoro-, chloro-, bromo-, If a prex form is required, oxo-" is used (as for ketones),

4.6

Ethers

O
H

methanal

(formaldehyde)

OH

2
3-oxopropanoic acid

cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

with the position number indicating the end of a chain:

CHOCH2 COOH is 3-oxopropanoic acid. If the carbon
in the carbonyl group cannot be included in the attached
chain (for instance in the case of cyclic aldehydes), the
prex formyl-" or the sux "-carbaldehyde" is used:
C6 H11 CHO is cyclohexanecarbaldehyde. If an aldehyde
is attached to a benzene and is the main functional group,
the sux becomes benzaldehyde.

such widespread use they are considered retained IUPAC

names, although systematic names such as ethanoic acid
are also acceptable. For carboxylic acids attached to a
benzene ring such as Ph-COOH, these are named as benzoic acid or its derivatives.
If there are multiple carboxyl groups on the same parent chain, the sux "-carboxylic acid can be used (as
-dicarboxylic acid, -tricarboxylic acid, etc.). In these
cases, the carbon in the carboxyl group does not count as
being part of the main alkane chain. The same is true for
the prex form, carboxyl-". Citric acid is one example;
it is named 2-hydroxypropane- 1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid,
rather than 3-carboxy-3-hydroxypentanedioic acid.

4.6 Ethers
Main article: Ethers
Ethers (R-O-R) consist of an oxygen atom between the
O
O

methoxymethane
(dimethyl ether)

methoxyethane

(ethyl methyl ether)

1
2-methoxypropane

(isopropyl methyl ether)

two attached carbon chains. The shorter of the two chains

becomes the rst part of the name with the -ane sux
changed to -oxy, and the longer alkane chain becomes
Main article: Carboxylic acids
the sux of the name of the ether. Thus, CH3 OCH3 is
In general carboxylic acids are named with the sux - methoxymethane, and CH3 OCH2 CH3 is methoxyethane
(not ethoxymethane). If the oxygen is not attached to
the end of the main alkane chain, then the whole shorter
alkyl-plus-ether group is treated as a side-chain and prexed with its bonding position on the main chain. Thus
CH3 OCH(CH3 )2 is 2-methoxypropane.

4.5

Carboxylic acids

OH

4.7 Esters

O
ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)

oic acid (etymologically a back-formation from benzoic

acid). Similar to aldehydes, they take the 1 position on
the parent chain, but do not have their position number indicated. For example, CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH (valeric
acid) is named pentanoic acid. For common carboxylic
acids some traditional names such as acetic acid are in

Main article: Esters

Esters (R-CO-O-R') are named as alkyl derivatives
O

O
O

methyl methanoate
(formate)

O
O

methyl ethanoate
(acetate)

O
ethyl methanoate
(ethyl formate)

of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R') group is named

rst. The R-CO-O part is then named as a separate word based on the carboxylic acid name, with
the ending changed from -oic acid to -oate. For
example, CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOCH3 is methyl pentanoate, and (CH3 )2 CHCH2 CH2 COOCH2 CH3 is ethyl
4-methylpentanoate. For esters such as ethyl acetate
(CH3 COOCH2 CH3 ), ethyl formate (HCOOCH2 CH3 )

or dimethyl phthalate that are based on common acids,

IUPAC recommends use of these established names,
called retained names. The -oate changes to -ate. Some
simple examples, named both ways, are shown in the gure above.

NH2

(acetamide)

O
N,N-dimethylmethanamide

Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they
are ordered alphabetically with the location prex N:
HCON(CH3 )2 is N,N-dimethylmethanamide.

but-2-yl propanoate
If the alkyl group is not attached at the end of the chain,
the bond position to the ester group is inxed before "-yl":
CH3 CH2 CH(CH3 )OOCCH2 CH3 may be called but-2-yl
propanoate or but-2-yl propionate.

4.8

ethanamide

ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF GROUPS

4.9 Cyclic compounds

Amines and amides

Main articles: Amine and Amide

Amines (R-NH2 ) are named for the attached alkane
NH2
NH2

methanamine
(methylamine)

NH2

propan-1-amine
(n-propyl amine)

NH
N-methylethanamine

propan-2-amine
(isopropyl amine)

N
N-ethyl-N-methylpropanamine

Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated

as the main parent chain of the compound, in which
case the position of substituents are numbered around the
ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene
CH3 C6 H4 CH3 , commonly the ortho-, meta-, and paraforms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene,
and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also
be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case
they take the prex cycloalkyl-" (e.g. cyclohexyl-") or
for benzene, phenyl-".

The IUPAC nomenclature scheme becomes rapidly more

elaborate for more complex cyclic structures, with notachain with the sux "-amine (e.g. CH3 NH2 Methyl tion for compounds containing conjoined rings, and many
Amine). If necessary, the bonding position is inxed: common names such as phenol being accepted as base
CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 propan-1-amine, CH3 CHNH2 CH3 names for compounds derived from them.
propan-2-amine. The prex form is amino-".
For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the
longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom
becomes the primary name of the amine; the other
chain is prexed as an alkyl group with location
prex given as an italic N: CH3 NHCH2 CH3 is Nmethylethanamine.
Tertiary amines (R-NR-R) are
treated similarly: CH3 CH2 N(CH3 )CH2 CH2 CH3 is Nethyl-N-methylpropanamine. Again, the substituent
groups are ordered alphabetically.

5 Order of precedence of groups

When compounds contain more than one functional
group, the order of precedence determines which groups
are named with prex or sux forms. The highestprecedence group takes the sux, with all others taking
the prex form. However, double and triple bonds only
take sux form (-en and -yn) and are used with other
suxes.

Amides (R-CO-NH2 ) take the sux "-amide, or "carboxamide if the carbon in the amide group cannot Prexed substituents are ordered alphabetically (excludbe included in the main chain. The prex form is both ing any modiers such as di-, tri-, etc.), e.g. chlorouoromethane, not uorochloromethane. If there are
carbamoyl-" and amido-".

7.1

Hydron

multiple functional groups of the same type, either

prexed or suxed, the position numbers are ordered
numerically (thus ethane-1,2-diol, not ethane-2,1-diol.)
The N position indicator for amines and amides comes
before 1, e.g. CH3 CH(CH3 )CH2 NH(CH3 ) is N,2dimethylpropanamine.
*Note: These suxes, in which the carbon atom is counted as
part of the preceding chain, are the most commonly used. See
individual functional group articles for more details.

7.1 Hydron
Hydron is a generic term for hydrogen cation; protons,
deuterons and tritons are all hydrons. The Hydrons are
not found in heavier isotopes, however.

7.2 Parent hydride cations

(See also Onium compounds.)

Simple cations formed by adding a hydron to a hydride of

a halogen, chalcogen or pnictogen are named by adding
the sux "-onium to the elements root: H4 N+ is ammonium, H3 O+ is oxonium, and H2 F+ is uoronium. Ammonium was adopted instead of nitronium, which comCommon nomenclature is an older system of naming or- monly refers to NO2 + .
ganic compounds. Instead of using the prexes for the
carbon skeleton above, another system is used. The pat- If the cationic center of the hydride is not a halogen,
chalcogen or pnictogen then the sux "-ium is added
tern can be seen below.
to the name of the neutral hydride after dropping any nal 'e'. H5 C+ is methanium, HO-(O+ )-H2 is dioxidanium
(HO-OH is dioxidane), and H2 N-(N+ )-H3 is diazanium
6.1 Ketones
(H2 N-NH2 is diazane).

Common nomenclature - trivial

names

Common names for ketones can be derived by naming

the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group
7.3
as separate words followed by the word ketone.
Acetone
Acetophenone
Benzophenone

Cations and substitution

The above cations except for methanium are not, strictly

speaking, organic, since they do not contain carbon.
However, many organic cations are obtained by substituting another element or some functional group for a hydrogen.

The name of each substitution is prexed to the hydride

cation name. If many substitutions by the same functional group occur, then the number is indicated by pre Diethyl ketone
xing with di-", tri-" as with halogenation. (CH3 )3 O+
is trimethyloxonium. CH3 F3 N+ is triuoromethylammoThe rst three of the names shown above are still consid- nium.
ered to be acceptable IUPAC names.
Ethyl isopropyl ketone

6.2

Aldehydes

The common name for an aldehyde is derived from the

common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid by
dropping the word acid and changing the sux from -ic
or -oic to -aldehyde.
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde

Ions

8 See also
Preferred IUPAC name
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology
CahnIngoldPrelog priority rules
Organic nomenclature in Chinese
Nucleic acid notation

The IUPAC nomenclature also provides rules for naming

ions.

Phanes

10

References

[1] The Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (1971 (3rd edition combined)) [1958 (A: Hydrocarbons, and B: Fundamental Heterocyclic Systems), 1965
(C: Characteristic Groups)]. Nomenclature of Organic
Chemistry (3 ed.). London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-40870144-7. Check date values in: |date= (help)

^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Oxford:

Pergamon Press, 1979; A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations
1993, Oxford: Blackwell Scientic Publications,
1993.

10

External links

IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online version of the "Blue Book")

IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc.
(includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry)
Bibliography of IUPAC Recommendations on Organic Nomenclature (last updated 11 April 2003)
ACD/Name Software for generating systematic
nomenclature
ChemAxon Name <> Structure - ChemAxon IUPAC (& traditional) name to structure and structure to IUPAC name software.
As used at
chemicalize.org
chemicalize.org A free web site/service that extracts
IUPAC names from web pages and annotates a
'chemicalized' version with structure images. Structures from annotated pages can also be searched.
G. A. Eller, Improving the Quality of Published
Chemical Names with Nomenclature Software.
Molecules 2006, 9, 915-928 (online article)
American Chemical Society, Committee on
Nomenclature, Terminology & Symbols

EXTERNAL LINKS

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11.2

Images

File:IUPAC-alcohol-1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/IUPAC-alcohol-1.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alcohol-1.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:07, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alcohol-2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/IUPAC-alcohol-2.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alcohol-2.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:07, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-aldehyde.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/IUPAC-aldehyde.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-aldehyde.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:13, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkane-1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/IUPAC-alkane-1.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkane-1.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:04, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkane-2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/IUPAC-alkane-2.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkane-2.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:05, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkane-3.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/IUPAC-alkane-3.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkane-3.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:05, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkane-4.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/IUPAC-alkane-4.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkane-4.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:06, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkane-5.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/IUPAC-alkane-5.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkane-5.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:06, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkene.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/IUPAC-alkene.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-alkene.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:06, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-alkyne.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/IUPAC-alkyne.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of en:Image:Iupac-alkyne.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:06, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-amide.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/IUPAC-amide.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-amide.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:17, 8 January 2008 (UTC).
Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-amine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/IUPAC-amine.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-amine.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:17, 8 January 2008 (UTC).
Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-carboxylic_acid.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/IUPAC-carboxylic_acid.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-carboxyl.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:14,
8 January 2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-cyclic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/IUPAC-cyclic.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-cyclic.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:19, 8 January 2008 (UTC).
Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).

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11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:IUPAC-ester-1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/IUPAC-ester-1.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0

Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-ester-1.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:16, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-ester-2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/IUPAC-ester-2.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-ester-2.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:17, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-ether.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/IUPAC-ether.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-ether.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:14, 8 January 2008 (UTC).
Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-haloalkane.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/IUPAC-haloalkane.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-halogen.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:09, 8 January
2008 (UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC-ketone.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/IUPAC-ketone.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Iupac-ketone.png by DrBob (talk contribs). Original artist: Fvasconcellos 20:11, 8 January 2008
(UTC). Original image by DrBob (talk contribs).
File:IUPAC_naming_example_with_carbons.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/IUPAC_naming_
example_with_carbons.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Manishearth
File:IUPAC_naming_example_without_carbons.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/IUPAC_
naming_example_without_carbons.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Manishearth

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0