Mohammad H.

Issa

He, The cause and Effect

May, 28,2014

A simple analysis on logical methods and scientific theories that reason gods
existence.

Mohammad H. Issa

Lebanese International University

ENGL 201 Composition and Research Skills

Submitted to Dr. Mohammad AL-Amine

May, 26, 2014.

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Outline
I)
Scientific Methodology
A) Definition and Explanation
B) Steps applied in Scientific Methodology
C) The 4th step, not dying rigidly without important implications
II)
The proof
A) Lets Define a proof
B) Lets prove that understanding a proof is simple
III) How Science Works : The methodologies
A) Deduction
A.1) Some Definitions of Deduction and Examples
B) Induction
B.1) Some definitions of Induction and Examples
B.2) Induction based on the Subjective theory of Al-Sadr
IV) Religious reasoning, Is it really contradictory with scientific
V)

reasoning?
Consciousness and God, implication for perfection
A) Quran and Consciousness
B) Consciousness, and Gods Soul
C) Quantum Theory and God
C.1) The Double Slit Experiment

VI) Arguments that still hold a food for thought even if the dear
opponent was not convinced
A) Cause and Effect
A.1) Cause and Effect, Science and double standards
A.2) Cause and Effect and Infinite Regression principle
VII) Atheism, their views and their inadequacy
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A.1) Atheism, Definition and linguistic analysis

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A.2) Atheism, Their views

A.3) Atheism, inadequacy of their views
A.3.2) Are the traits ascribed to the gods as perfection, omnipresence
and omniscience really contradictory?
A.3.3) How much realistic is the claim that religions are self
contradictory?
A.3.4) To what extent is the claim Gods are similar to human
believers is verified?
A.3.5) Who in reality acts immorally? The claimed gods or deviated
believers?
A.3.6) How accurate is the Claim that life is only materialistic and
searching for any metaphysical philosophical implication is mere
stupidity?
Conclusion

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Abstract

A simple brief introduction on the methodologies of scientific-religious analysis

that starts basically by defining a scientific methodology and its steps, defining
the term proof from a logical point of view, giving brief introductions to the
methodologies of induction and deduction, followed by a brief discussion of true
religious analysis and its direct link to science, then describing god as an entity of
infinite consciousness and the clues that led to this description based on Quantum
theory and consciousness principle, after than describing some arguments that
still weaken atheists claim that god does not exist and refute it, and at last,
atheism, its definition linguistically, its views and their inadequacy logically and
philosophically.

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Throughout history, scientific thought and skepticism, and religion and blind faith
were of
contradictory relationships at which it was well known, during these times
(throughout history)that as much as you are more scientific and skeptic, you are
less religious and vice versa.
The explanation of this fact is simple nevertheless. People always felt inferior to a
super-natural deity because of their disability to do things they believe was supernatural, and gave such traits to an existence they called their god. The issue, as it
seems to be, is purely psychological, and is called subconscious projections,
because as projection means in Freudian psychology, one sees reality as his
subconscious is, as he internally deeply wishes it to be. So, he puts such wishes of
being supremely powerful, into someone he creates from his imagination, to help
him through religious rituals and ceremonies- to achieve what his subconscious
aims to.
So, achieving such a form of claimed spirituality, must in turn be the result of a
tribute from the human himself, which is his logic and objective thought, because
the presence of these two factors mainly destroys all of such beliefs and
convictions, since logic demands proof and proof is absent in the discussed case.
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However, does this mean that there is no god? No supreme being that all the
members in the puzzle of the universe acknowledge its existence to it?
What drags people-and even sometimes highly educated thinkers- in the abyss of
confusion is the fact that they build convictions and beliefs that there is no god
based on scientific reasoning and analysis. Unfortunately this is not a healthy way
of building a conviction or a belief. Although science requires very high level of
skepticism and continuous doubt, Science is mainly deductive and uncertain, and
despite the fact that induction plays a very important role in the development of a
scientific theory, deduction is well present in the heart of induction. As its known
for every logician mainly and scientists and philosophers secondarily, that the
result of a deductive thought process is never bigger than its introduction, always
less than or equal, i.e, the result is present in the introduction. The problem in
building a conviction based on deductive reasoning mainly, despite the fact that
the result of deduction is certain and accepts no doubt, based on the
introductions, is that the used introductions are either assumptions put by man, or
uncertain statements which have a certain probability of being true came from
induction. So, science works this way, assume some statements to be true,
postulate some propositions based on certain number of experimental evidence or
deductions, put a certain explanation using the previous data, and come to a
result finally.
The god that is aimed to be proven and reasoned is the ultimate existence, the
perfection itself, the essence of existence and the soul of everything. Not the
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ancient long-bearded robe-wearing old man who sits on a throne in a kingdom on
the clouds.

So, taking god now, as the cause of existence, not the deity that needs bloods to
rain the weather, or heads to give permission for earth to grow, makes from the
scientific point of view- a lot of difference, in which science no more acts with the
new religion as it acts with the old ones by destroying their illusions and
convictions when stating that any phenomena as a certain cause or causes and
not the result of the greed of a certain created deity. Science therefore, will be the
fundamental basis for building a religion of belief in god, not as old and fancy as
the primitive mind tended to do so.
The Scientific method of proving this claim, is basically defining the scientific
method, building a good understanding of how science works -through a brief
introduction to the methodology of induction and deduction-, then, a concise view
of some of the scientific theories that give consciousness a major role in the realm
of existence basically quantum physics and information theory-, trailed directly
by an analysis and a discussion of these experiments based on the definition of
god as a perfect entity and infinite consciousness then presenting simple yet
logically powerful arguments that if doesnt have the ability to prove the existence
of the proclaimed god, it can give some reason to the supporters of the god
ideology,give possibility for his existence, and weakening the possibility that

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denies completely his ultimate existence, and finally presenting atheism, its
definition, views and logical and philosophical inadequacy of those views.

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I) The Scientific Methodology :

A-Definition and explanation:

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The Scientific method, as Dr. Frank Wolfs of the University of Rochester defines
it, as the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to
construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary)
representation of the world.1
To grasp a full understanding of this definition, it has to be broken into its simpler
phrases, the resulting phrases defined each at a time, then combining the
definitions all at once to come up with the accurate definition Dr. Wolfs seeks to
present.
The term process means, as defined by Merriam Websters Online Dictionary as
the series of actions and/or operations that can be either spontaneous (occurring
naturally) or by an exterior interference that lead to a specific or a particular
result.2
which means that a scientific method implies a series of actions and operations to
reach its aim.
The terms Collectively, over time and endeavor means that the scientific
method is a continuous accumulative non ending process, because as it aims to
collect more data every time and time again to check whether the hypothesis is
constructed is always and under all conditions verified or needs more refinement.
Observing the terms to construct, accurate, consistent, and non-arbitrary
means to formulate a theory that explains a certain phenomenon, that is correct
in all details, its postulated axioms are not contradictory and is not based on
random choice or personal rather than any reason or system3, as Googles
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dictionary translates the term arbitrary.

May, 28,2014

So, combining these definitions together, one simply says that a scientific
methodology is a series of operations that used continuous data gathering to
formulate a non-contradictory objective correct in all its details - to some
acceptable standard error limit explanation of a certain observed phenomenon
or a proof of some theorized principle.

B-Steps applied in Scientific Methodologies

The steps discussed in the above definition, as Dr. Wolfs states in his
explanation are as follows in their respective stated order, an Observation and
description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena, formulation of a hypothesis
to explain the phenomena, Using the formulated hypothesis in the prediction of
the existence of other phenomena, and performing experimental tests of the
predictions of several independent experimenters and properly performed
experiments.3

C-The 4th step, not dying rigidly without important implications

Though in the case of our discussed topic in reasoning the existence of god, the
experimental test still exists, but its implications philosophically are those to be
considered.
As Sir Isaac Newton states, When I wrote my treatise about our Systeme I
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had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for
the beleife of a Deity & nothing can rejoyce me more then to find it
usefull for that purpose.
He continues, ye diurnal rotations of ye Sun & Planets
as they could hardly arise from any cause purely mechanical . . . they
seem to make up that harmony in ye systeme wch . . . was the effect of
choice rather than of chance.4
Which means, that when Sir Newton formulated his mathematical principles for
explaining the dynamics of the planets and of the bodies, those formulations were
consistent with the beliefs of a super natural perfect deity that controls this
universe by its ultimate wisdom. He also refuted and hardly disbelieved the
reasoning that such harmony and interrelation between the planets themselves
and the dependency of their motion on each other was by that ultimate perfect
wisdom, rather not mechanical having furthest deeper explanation than just
elliptical trajectory whose kinematics are the ultimate aim.

After giving a brief introduction to the scientific methodology, the next step is the
brief introductions and definitions to the methodologies of proof.

II) The Proof :

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A- lets Define a proof

May, 28,2014

A proof, as Muhammad Rizha Al-Muzaffar defines it in his book entitled The

Logic says that its a deductive process whose constituent propositions and
introductions are certainly real and true, and whose conclusion is certainly real
and true by logical necessity..5

He continues, and a certain proposition, has either to be one of two, either

axiomatically self-evident as one of the six self-evident propositions as Aristotle
classified them, or compound proposition which if decomposed to its simplest
constituents, become self evidently axiomatic.6

Which means, that a proof is a process which follows the steps of a deductive
reasoning, -whose definition will become evident soon-, which uses as its
materials of introductions certain assured propositions to come up with a certain
assured true result, which is always and forever remains true as long as the
introductions are still valued as true.

B-Lets prove that understanding a proof is simple

To make this definition simpler and more comprehensible, observe the following
two examples clearly.
To prove that the sum of angles in a triangle is 180 degrees,
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We will use as the first material introduction who is certain assured and true, (in
the Euclidean Geometrical Space) the postulate that the sum of the angles on a
straight line is 180 degrees.

Drawing a parallel line to the horizontal base through the facing vertex, and
another parallel to the right hand oblique base through the facing vertex yields
the above figure.
Using the accurate, true and certain (yet will not prove here) theorem that angles
forming a Z letter are equal, yields that the three angles of the triangle now form
a straight line. Now, based on the proposed first postulate of Euclid, which is the
sum of the angles in any straight line is 180 degrees, and the principle that the
sum of three numbers is the same wherever it exists in a General Field, yields that
the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180 degrees by necessity.
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The second example is not mathematical, by which makes it simpler for the
general reader to comprehend.
It is required to prove that George will die.
Consider the following propositions;
1)George is a human( defining a human as the creature who walks on two feet,
has two eyes, a nose , a mouth, and a light-hair body skin and some sort of
consciousness)
2)All human beings die.
Since George is a human being, and All human beings die, means that George
definitely will die.
A Logician however observes a hidden material introduction in this deduction,
which is, if an object x, is an element of a larger Set Y, and Y is set to some
restrictions or has some rules that apply to it, because x is a an element of Y,
means that definitely what applies to Y, applies to all its elements, because what
makes up Y is its elements, and we say Y is subjected to a condition C, when all its
elements Basically are subjected to this condition, because Y is an entity whose
existence is dependant rather than independent, dependant on its constituents,
so by what applies to its constituents, applies to Y, and thus by the membership of
x to it, we restate deductively that the same condition C that applies to Y, applies
simultaneously and by necessity to x.

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After introducing the concept of proof, the following is an introduction to the basic
methodologies of reasoning, also known as, Induction and Deduction, which
ultimate aims to prove some property P to a specific set S.

III) How Science Works: The methodologies

A-Deduction

A.1 Some Definitions of Deduction and examples

Deduction as Al-muzaffar defines it in The Logic is a statement constituted

of propositions and statements which whenever taken as true, derives a
consequence by necessity which is deduction itself.7

Which means that when you apply the methodology of deduction, you deduce a
statement based on the used introductions in accordance to the law of noncontradiction between the nature of an element in a set which shares the same
nature as the element itself, by which the deduced statement is by logical
necessity true relative to the introductions used.

which means, if the introductions used arent true by true here, means its
existence in the outer sense experienced reality-, the conclusion would be true
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based on reality, however, it will be true based on the introductions.

For example, if we say, John is a man, and every man is immortal, then John by
direct consequence is immortal.
Its needless to say that the result opposes reality which deems it as false,
however, from the introductions point of view, the result is well valid and true.

Deduction also, as Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr defines it in his book entitled The
logical fundamentals of Induction as Assuring the greatest boundary to the
smallest boundary using what they share in common8.
This statement means when put to explanation, that if a set of elements E, has a
property P, then this property can be proven true for every element in E by what
they share as the elements belong to the set.
That is, consider the set of Elements E is the world population currently present,
and the population yet to come.
This set has the property of death of all its members.
so, because a member x, belongs to E, means, by his belonging to this Set,
applies the same to him as applies to the set.
which means he will definitely die.

A simple definition of Deduction however, is the motion ( Mental Needless to say)

from the general principle to the specific example.
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For example, Every triangle has its angles sum up to 180 degrees in Euclidean
Geometry.(Thats the General Statement).
The isosceles triangle or equilateral triangles are regardless of their isoscelism or
equilateralism, triangles.
Thus, the sum of angles in an isosceles or equilateral triangle is 180 degrees.(The
specific Example)

B-Induction
B.1 Some Definitions of Induction and examples
sdsaads

Induction however, is defined by Al-muzhafar in the precedent mentioned book

as : a study (set of operations) performed by the mind on a finite set of
elements to derive(conclude) based upon, to a more general announcement or
theory.9
which means, that after performing some experiments on a finite set of elements
as many times as possible to discover the relationships that exist between the
elements of the set, and the hypothesis assumed to be the explanation of the
observed phenomenon.

Take the example which Al-Muzhaffar mentioned in his Logic,He says : As if we

study all the types of animals and we found every type of it uses its lower jaw
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when chewing food, we derive a general law which is : every animal moves its
lower jaw when chewing10
which logically means that after investigating a finite number of animals and a
finite number of their types, like a sample of 1000 sheep, another sample of 1000
cows, another of 1000 horses, another of , another of and we find that all of
these animals use their lower jaw when chewing, we derive the general law of
chewing for animals which is that animals use their lower jaw when chewing.

Al-Muzhaffar continues, and Induction is the basis for all our type-universal
judgements and our general laws, because achieving the general law and the
type-universal judgement occurs only after investigating the particles and set
constituents of which induction is applied to, so if we found it united in the
judgement, we deduce based upon, the law or the type-universal judgement11

Because of the space-limitation ,size restriction on this research and its scope, we
shall not mention the types of deduction, types of induction and the well-built well
based Al-Sadrs theory of induction, however we just mention a brief statement of
the theory leaving the interested generous reader to refer back to his book to read
for details.

B.2 Induction based on the Subjective theory of Al-Sadr

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Baqir Al Sadr says that to derive a general law after an inductive process, one
has to theoretically impose some possibilities of which the explained phenomenon
may be due to, assigning the initial equal probabilities of each possibility, after
that, doing numerous experiments, each time changing one variable at a time and
observing the presence or absence of the phenomenon based on the presence or
absence of the variable cause, which either reduces its probability or increase it.
The more the experiments, the higher the probability can be until it reaches a
critical value after which due to the psychology of the brain and its thought
process, automatically cancels the opposing not-event possibility.12

Al-Sadr defines induction in his book as every reasoning at which the result is
much larger than the introductions, which follows the pattern, from the specific to
the general, as the direct opposite to deduction.13

Now after giving a simple brief introduction to the ideology of a proof, the
methodologies of reasoning, we are to discuss the importance of a scientific
method in religious reasoning.

IV) Religious reasoning, Is it really contradictory with scientific

reasoning?

The scientific method as came in the previous definition the process which
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scientists collectively and over time indicate implicitly in the terms collectively
and over time that a scientist is in a continuous doubt to refine the process and
recheck it all once and a while.

Murtazha Mutahhari, states in his book entitled as The logical and spiritual
knowledge that doubt is divine, by which one always wants to reach the truth,
one always wants to refine his thoughts, one always drives him away from the
iciness of tradition, it plants pain in the human being, the pain for searching for
the truth.13
he continues, and by doubt I mean not the doubt of the lazy people, I mean only
those whom doubt provokes the fire of curiosity at which never settles until they
reach the truth14

and reaching the ultimate truth is if not to say impossible- , is impossibly hard.
so, by deductive reasoning, a religious thought based on whats mentioned uses
continuous doubt and skepticism, and scientific thought shares the same
principles, therefore, a religious thought isnt as traditional and stereotypic
stupidity as recognized by many individuals around the globe.

Now we start the analysis of many scientific experiments that revolutionized the
thought process of human beings, removing their minds from the rigid idea of
materialism and prove-by-sense experimentalism, by which the supporters refuse
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any form of scientific un-experimented analysis and any form of innate
fundamental mental knowledge as many of well-known philosophers state.
V) Consciousness and God, implication for perfection
Robert Lanza, considered as one of the most elite of the scientific society states
in his book entitled as Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness Are the Keys to
Understanding the Nature of the Universe
that life does not end after death nor is death the ultimate end of the life.
from what Robert Lanza believes, that consciousness and life are fundamental to
the universe, and that consciousness creates matter and physical existence, not
the other way around.15

He elaborates what he began with, The theory implies that death of

consciousness simply does not exist. It only exists as a thought because people
identify themselves with their body. They believe that the body is going to perish,
sooner or later, thinking their consciousness will disappear too. If the body
generates consciousness, then consciousness dies when the body dies. But if the
body receives consciousness in the same way that a cable box receives satellite
signals, then of course consciousness does not end at the death of the physical
vehicle. In fact, consciousness exists outside of constraints of time and space. It is
able to be anywhere: in the human body and outside of it. In other words, it is
non-local in the same sense that quantum objects are non-local.16

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which means that the body is nothing but a more temporary holder of the
consciousness man has.
it is non-local meaning its effect is not restricted to the point of its current
presence spatially.

He says that the structure of the universe itself, the laws , the forces and the
constants of the universe are fined tuned for life, implying and intelligence prior to
existence.

The god that we aim to reason here is the same god as Ali Ibn Abi Talib says in his
lecture as the god that senses cannot conceptualize him nor can veil conceal him
He continues, He is the one but not in the sense of counting, the creator, without
implying movement or labour, the hearer without a hearing organ, the seer
without opening eyelids. he is the witness without physical presence, the unseen
without being distant, the manifest without being seen, the hidden without
obscurity17
which means that the god, whom doubt is the best way to know, is the perfect
existence, the ultimate consciousness and intelligence.

A-Quran and Consciousness

If one applies an inductive process to verses in the Quran, many of them end up
in visualizing god as a well-knowing infinite knowledge entity whose knowledge
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and consciousness controls existence.

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as and god was always all-knowing wisdom 18

And he created everything and measured it by his ultimate measuring19
and many numerous verses that talk about god as an ultimate wisdom , ultimate
all knowing intelligence, and perfect consciousness.
Though the steps of the inductive process will not be mentioned here, however,
the same process of induction used by Al-Sadr, is used in the inductive process
used.

What is to be noted by the generous reader, that using such verses is not by any
means trying to prove the existence of god based on the Quran, but merely
stating that the Quran supports the idea of a well-knowing prior to existence
knowledge and wisdom.

What gives reason to the idea of that god is a consciousness that is consistent
with the Quran and Quantum information theory based on consciousness, is that
experiments like the double-slit experiment, the experiment of Schrdingers cat,
the idea that particle pop in and out of existence, the idea that particles exist in
simultaneous states as existing and non-existing, (while in fact, I believe, they
exist in another world, non-existent in reference to our viewed world, existent to

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another unknown parallel realm is that human consciousness controls these
actions on a subatomic scale.
B-Consciousness, and Gods Soul
while Quran states that a human being after having his mortal body, god
blowed his soul in man.
So, logically speaking, what can be gods soul if its not the mortal body in all its
parts? Other than the consciousness and thought of human being?
A soul, is ones essence. Ones core element.
so, by deductive process one sees that:
1) Human consciousness controls (at least in theory and in sub-atomic scale) the
motion of particles.
2)God put his essence in human.
therefore, god must be a pure infinite consciousness of intelligence.

Presenting an analysis by Al-Sadr in his book entitled as Our philosophy of

matter, after he states some famous physical interpretations of matter as what
einsteins says that its energy and definition of matter based on nuclear physics
principles, we will come to the two results he states without stating what he
stated leaving the space to the general reader to investigate in the book.

He says : and its to be deduced from the scientific facts that we have shown
more than one thing :
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A- that the basic fundamental material of the universe is one ultimate truth
common between all its creatures and phenomenons, and this ultimate truth is
what is reflected by numerous different shapes and varies greatly.
B- that the properties of materialistic complexes are all secondary, added on the
fundamental essence. For example, water by what it owns from its fluid nature, is
not something in the essence of what constitutes water, its a secondary acquired
characteristic, and thats shown by the evidence of that water is constituted of
two simple constituents, Hydrogen and Oxygen bonded together as H2O, and its
possible to separate them from each other, -by the process of hydrolysis, so that
each one goes back to its initial gaseous state, and the fluidity disappears
completely. And its Greatly evident, axiomatic and needless to say, that traits that
can be removed from an object, cannot completely be related to the essence of
the object itself.
C- That the properties even of the atoms arent an essence for the matter itself,
needless to say the properties of complexes. And the proof for this claim is what
we passed by scientifically, of the ability of the transformation of atoms one to
another, and molecules from one molecule to another, either spontaneously, or
artificially, like provoked nuclear reactions, Radioactive disintegrations, and
chemical bonds -of ionic and covalent types respectively-, this leads to a
conclusion that the properties of atoms and molecules are also secondary by
addition, not essential by necessity. So, the properties for atoms like Radium,
Lead, Nitrogen and Oxygen are essential by neccesty for the atoms as long as it
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can be altered to one another by any form of chemical reaction or nuclear one.

D- and At last, the property of materialism, (being in a state of matter) itself is a

secondary by addition property. Its merely a form of energy manifestation and a
form of its forms, and this form is not an essence to it, because of what preceded
that it could alter this form to another, transforming matter into energy and vice
versa( Due to the Mass-Energy Equivalnce proposed by Einstein) and an
electrically charged particle into electric energy. 20

An Analysis of what Al-Sadr mentions in his book in the precedent citation reveals
that what we call sensed experimental material and build a philosophy, thoughts,
life-style and economy based upon,
reveals how weak and unjustifiable such a philosophy is.

One needs to build a philosophy or a life-style based on core statements or

unchanging time independent ideas.
Whats seen in the sensed materials is that even their materialistic property is not
essential nor cores for its existence, however, a secondary property by addition,
like fluidity in water, or gaseousness in oxygen.
This, however, does not imply by anyway, that god is that energy whose
manifestation is largely diverse, but by analysis, means that everything is sourced
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back to the fundamental material, the core of matter, which by direct
consequence states that everything is related back to one fundamental entity,
one fundamental existence whose manifestations is infinite, who is one, who is
ultimate, who is stripped of finite boundaries and matter-energy-space-time finite
boundaries.
As with the reflection of light with its infinite wavelengths which some we can
observe and others are unable to on the surfaces of bodies, we can see the
existence of these bodies and sense them,and the same light never changes and
keeps on reflecting the bodies existences to be measured without it being an
entity in the reflected and completely different in nature, the whole existence is
just a reflection of god, and on purpose, I intend to keep this statement vague so
that it can give the generous reader some food for thought and think of its
explanations alone and understand its implication and wonder about its deepness.

C-Quantum Theory and God

C.1 The Double Slit Experiment
The idea of Quantum physics began after the famous double slit experiment.
The experiment is quite simple. It was a trial to determine the nature of light as
basically either the corpuscular nature or the wave-nature of light.
It constituted of a solid particle cannon, a vibrator for creating wave patterns in
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watter, and a Cathode ray tube or a laser beam( a light source), a slit with two
holes in between the sources and the detection device and later in the
experiment, a measurement device.
Particles from the particle cannon were fired into the double slits, as one logically
predicts because of the laws of interaction of particles, he would see two double
columns on the detection device where it symbolizes that particles hit and passed
the double slits, the two columns therefore are now the direct consequence of
firing definite shape definite mass particle property objects.
After that step, a new test is then set up following the same procedures as the
precedent one, however, now putting the double slit inside a ripple tank full of
water and putting on the surface of the water two identical coherent and
synchronous vibrators that create an interference wave pattern on the surface of
water which propagates losing negligible energy to reach the detection device
approximately as it started.
The detection device, as also logically predicted, showed wave patterns of bright
and dark fringes, where the bright fringe is due to the constructive superposition
of in-phase waves, and the dark fringes due to the result of destructive
superposition of out of phase waves.
Therefore, now, an alternating bright-dark fringe pattern symbolizes a wave
pattern coming from a wave source.
The first test, was firing a beam of light on a single slit, it gave a pattern as if light
was acting as a particle, which gave a first hint that light was a stream of
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A second test, under the same conditions, but firing a beam of light in two
slits( the double slit ) gave on the screen an alternating bright dark fringe
pattern.
Till now, thats not so strange. Still physicists are confused by the duality of the
particle-wave duality property.
However, a measuring device put in front of the double slit to trail the path of one
electron ( a constituent of the light beam), gave on the screen of the detection, a
particle detection pattern, two parallel columns.
Physicists now are baffled, a measuring device, not changing anything in the
apparatus of the experiment, can make a difference?
when the only difference between the experiments is that the previous thought
while the measuring device was absent, was light acts like a wave.
in the presence of the measuring device, which assumes that light will act as a
particle, gave light its corpuscular aspect.
After rigorous tedious thinking, weird analysis and higher confusion, some
physicists came up with thoughts about consciousness and its effect on reality.
Now, where is god from all of this?
Since matter and reality are determined by consciousness, means to give
existence in reality to an object, is to measure it. To measure, means to assume a
state for a particle and the particle will therefore act in accordance to what you
assumed.
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The whole universe, basically, is a whole reality, a total entity, implies that a preexistent consciousness existed precedent to the formation (measurement of the
universe).
This consciousness, as the theory implies, must be of highest intelligence, wisdom
and knowledge. And Guess what, thats how a god is defined.

VI) Arguments that still hold a food for thought even if the dear
opponent was not convinced
A-Cause and Effect
A.1 Cause and Effect, Science and double standards
Science, as every scientist knows, searches for the causes of, effects of, and
the relationships of phenomena amongst each other. So, Strictly speaking, one
that uses scientific analysis methodology including but not limited to proof by
induction and/or proof by deduction, assumes implicitly that a phenomenon X,
has a cause Y, and effect Z, never X coming out of the blue and ending in the
abyss.
So, If science basically aims to explore the universe and its relationships amongst
each other, and assumes that every phenomenon occurring has a cause and
effect, however, sticks stubbornly on an idea that the universe came from nothing
and for no reason, is obviously in a logical dilemma.

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How can what you search for and aim to explore the reasons of, be for existent for
no reason?
I believe that if the universe exists without any reason, and ends for no reason,
means that its phenomena are empty of reason or any structure of order, and
studying such reasonless phenomena is obviously reasonless.
So, treating the universe as a whole whose aim of existence is reasonless and its
phenomena is worthy of scientific research, as our dear opponents claim is
basically reasonless and a quite clear double standard treatment.
Because of the universe was reasonless in existence, what is so beautiful or
worthy in understanding something whose existence is for no reason?

A.2 Cause and Effect and Infinite Regression principle

The ultimate aim of scientific methodology, is to explain a certain set of
phenomena, an always consistent, true and logical explanation.
To do this, as we stated in the definition and steps of the scientific methodology,
one has to assume a hypothesis, which may be the reason existence of the
explained phenomenon or the relationship that this phenomenon holds relative to
another one.
So, considering this point deeply, after verifying that X is the reason for Y, a quite
interesting question arises.
What is the reason of X itself?
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lets assume its Z, and we verified by experimental procedure that Z is the reason
of X.
The same question arises again and again and infinitely till no end starting an
infinite regression.
But this in real life is impossible. Even in the most abstract theories of abstract
theoretical Mathematics, one sees that all of these theories are just built from
basic axioms and definitions, means a starting point.
So, returning to the X-Z- paradox, we logically can deduce that there exists
some starting point at which nothing was precedent before. This starting point,
returns us to the ultimate all-knowning, all powerful , all wisdom existence. And
guess who that is.

VII) Atheism, their views and their inadequacy

A.1 Atheism, Definition and linguistic analysis
Atheism, as Cambridge Online Dictionary defines it as The belief that god
does not exist.21 Meaning that god has no physical significance, effect, and
reality.
the term atheism, as obvious, is a derivative of the term theism, which means the
belief of existence of god, adding the prefix A to it, will mean the negation of the
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as when we say symmetry, means from a fixed non-arbitrary reference, the direct
opposites to each other with respect to that reference are reflections of each
other, geometrically speaking, and are equal and identical, generally speaking.
Saying Asymmetry means from any fixed reference, nothing is alike, nothing is a
reflection of anything nor is nothing equal or identical to anything.
So, its the Not meaning of the meaning itself.
So, theism as defined by Oxfords Online Dictionary, is belief of the existence of a
god, or a number of god which the existence of universe is attributed to and given
itself an authority to intervene with the universe as it pleases to do so.22
Atheism, is quite clear now that its the belief of no god or gods, that the
existence of the universe is not attributed to, but attributed to nothing, and has
no authority over anything, simply meaning doesnt exist.

A.2 Atheism, their Views

Atheists according to Austin Cline, an atheist and an admin and a writer on an
atheists website on the internet states that atheists refuse the idea to believe in
god based on the following reasons:

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1) Multiple gods claimed to exist, each weirder than the previous one and
2)
3)
4)
5)

religious traditions based on same fairy tale man made story.

Contradictory traits ascribed to the claimed god
Religions are self-Contradictory
Gods are similar to human believers
The ascribed gods and the stubborn believers act immorally though they

claim their message to be totally moral.

6) Life is material, not supernatural so why bother and claim any needless
supernaturalism for a material sense experienced life?.23

A.3 Atheism, inadequacy of their views

From the first stand, different names of religions imply different distinct orders
for each religion. However, a deeper analysis of religions regardless of what are
they, one will see that religions at their core call for the same thing, brotherhood,
love and morals.
While atheists argue for the distinctiveness and diversity of religions, as for
example when Cline states that None appears to have any greater claim to being
more credible or reliable than any other. Why Christianity and not Judaism? Why
Islam and not Hinduism? Why monotheism and not polytheism?24

Religion, basically , and at its core essence, does not by any means imply or state
that its followers are true and the others are not. Its not about arrogance,
stubbornness, or closed-minded discriminatory systematic discipline.

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Religion is the invitation for all people to respect each other, live independently
respecting each others religions, faiths, beliefs and personal convictions.
and throughout its practices, one sees the calling for social equality and
brotherhood, as when you meditate in the meaning of group prayers, pilgrimage,
tributes, fasting etc..

2)

Are the traits ascribed to the gods as perfection, omnipresence and

omniscience really contradictory?

While atheists claim that theists claim contradictory traits for god, such as
omniscience and omnipresence, and believe that such traits or combinations of
traits are either impossible by themselves or impossible combinations as when
Cline states Numerous characteristics are attributed to their gods, some of which
are impossible and some combinations of which are impossible. As described, it's
unlikely or impossible for these gods to exist.25
One can observe from Clines statements that such traits are impossible to exist,
that he uses first what rejected from the first place, to relate human to god, using
humans scale to measure god, or gods scale to measure humans, by saying
traits and characteristics, because he refuses to believe that perfection or
omniscience or omnipresence can all gather in one entity. While its true that
human beings are unable to have such traits, but what is the logical blockage that
an entity other than a human posses such traits?
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The other thing that Cline falls in, is that he uses the lived materialistic existence
to decide what is possible and what is not, for when he says impossible, he
obviously and implicitly means that in the world we live in, it cannot happen.
While, I aim not to prove to Cline in this argument that such traits do exist,
however, but to give the possibility that even though they cannot exist in our
limited world, and thats true, what guarantees that the world we live in is not a
small part in a world that may be bigger than us? An Infinite world, an Infinite
existence? For not everything we perceive is by necessity existent, and what we
dont perceive due the lack of our senses are non-existent.
3) How much realistic is the claim that religions are self contradictory
Cline, and possibly other atheists believe that religions are self-contradictory and
non-consistent, in terms of their history, ideology, doctrines and ideas. 26
The logical error that Cline fell within this argument resulting in its weakening, is
that he used a sweeping generalization, which from a logical point of view is
considered an error and a credibility reducing factor.
He states that No religion is perfectly consistent when it comes to doctrines,
ideas, and history.27
What evidence does Cline posses to give credibility to such a generalization which
possibly may have a probability of being untrue and a fallacy?

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Objectively, and scientifically speaking, when we want to analyze a religions
doctrines, history and ideas, we look at the founder of the religion, how much he
followed those doctrines literally, and we analyze a specific religion to refute by
one counter-example Clines generalized claim.
Lets take a look at the Islamic religion for example; every doctrine in the Islamic
religion is consistent with the others and the basic principles with which the whole
great Islamic edifice is built upon, and apply a simple inductive reasoning process
on specific Islamic doctrines and derive in accordance to a counter example to
refute Clines Claim.
The main Islamic Doctrine is the belief in a perfect one entity who can never be
attributed to any membership or a group of gods, can never give birth nor given
birth, called Allah and that all the prophets carry the same message and that
Muhammad is his final messenger who came to end what the first prophet
started.
The Quran states that And What The prophet has told you to do, you should do,
and what the prophet told you to reform from, you should reform from Al-Hashr :
7,28
While our dear opponent would probably say that this evidence is the direct proof
that all religions are man-made for their own builders personal sake, as he says
The state of religion in the world today is more consistent with the premise that
they are man-made institutions.29
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However, this shows a consistency between claimed revelations and prophetic
messaging, that is the prophet of the claimed god never creates or contradicts
what his as they say-the god he created says.
In addition, if we come to analyze why would someone create a religion exploiting
peoples stupidity, we would inductively reach most probably that he does so for
his own sake, so that he enjoys the pleasures of life based upon the hardships of
the suffering lower class, and an induction on the life-time of Muhammad, Jesus,
Moses, Buddha, Aristotle, Plato, Noah, Newton etcc shows that those people,
some of which came up with religions and some of which supported religion,
never benefitted nor financed from that religion nor enjoyed any pleasure in life,
nor what does the prophets came with is contradictory in its basis with the
precedent religion. Thats why its a basis,-which shows its logical homogeneityin Islamic religion to believe that Muhammad never came up with something
contradictory as the Islamic law book (Quran) States : and its when we took
from the prophets their promise and true word, from you, Noah, Abraham, Moses
and Jesus son of Mary, and we asked them for a very serious commitment AlAhzab 728
and and allah has taken the word of the prophets after we had bestowed upon
you the holy word and wisdom, and then came to you a prophet who says nothing
but consistency with your teachings, you are to believe in him and support him29
and He gave you from religion what he told Noah and what we had given you as
revelations and what we told Abraham, moses and Jesus, that give rise to religion
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and never get split and diverse.30

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Also, Taking some verses from the Quran does not mean that the dear opponent
should believe in them, its just to refute his idea that religions are self
contradictory.
So, inductively, based on the above introductions, the statements that religions
are self contradictory reduces its probability of being completely true and thus
weakening the claim itself stripping it from any logical reason to be itself a reason.

4) To what extent is the claim Gods are similar to human believers is

verified?
While our dear opponent states a true point that believers sometimes ascribe
human qualities to god like eating, loving, having sexual intercourse, thinking,
anger, having an excessive mood fluctuations, as the ancient Greeks, or body
shapes like how some Islamic groups do claim.
However, taking a stand from what minorities or stupid people say isnt logically
consistent, right?
For example, taking the Islamic religion for example, it refuses to give any
similarity between human traits and god. Ascribing perfection for one true god,
-as it claims- which man is not similar to except in his essence and soul, -the
consciousness-.

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Because people at that time saw that religion is the psychological savor and
condolence source for their poverty, the thing that they had hope to live for, they
preferred religious faith and blind trust rather than logic and analysis, so, some
people, who saw from religion a source of achieving a high wealth, exploited this
need from poor people and ascribed human traits for god and asked for tributes
like women, money, food, lives etc to keep the gods happy, and they , - as god
representatives- would accept that tribute and deliver it to him by their ways,
while in fact, religions basic principles originally would deny such claims.

5) Who, in reality acts immorally? The claimed god or deviated

believers?
While its true that many supporters or say, to be more precise, followers of
religion act immorally using the name of religion, hurt many people in the name of
religion, and use the name of religion for their own beneficial sake. While Cline
states that In reality, though, religions are responsible for widespread immorality
and gods have characteristics or histories which make them worse than the most
vile human serial killer. 31
Its observed that Cline uses a very small sample of religion exploiters to verify his
point besides he admits the point that religions theoretically at least- are the
source of morality and high values when he says In most religions, gods are

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supposed to be the source of all morality. For most believers, their religion
represents an institution for promoting perfect morality.32
While in fact, the cause of immorality is the selfishness, greed and self evil that
people do carry along when the most important thing for them is to satisfy their
pleasures as they please to do so and the gods as believed are the source of
morality and a true believer from religions side of view- is the most moral
person. If we want to see if the religion or philosophy itself is immoral, we have to
look at the ethics of the founder of the philosophy or the religion itself. For its not
fair to judge the ethics of Islam based on the actions of muslims after Muhammad
died because of their greed, we judge the ethics of Muhammad himself. Nor is it
fair to judge the ethics of Communism for example when many supporters act
immorally while Karl Marx is a person who found the philosophy of communism as
a revolution on the elites control over everything and the social inequality.

6) How accurate is the claim that life is only materialistic and searching
for any metaphysical philosophical implication is mere stupidity?
Atheists like cline and others refuse to give evidence or claim any existence to
something they believe experimental sensed procedure cannot reach, thus, as
they say, to something they cannot experiment on, is not worth of believing nor is
to be given any real significance, because they believe that experiments, as the
4th step in a scientific methodology, if not verified, nothing can be built therefore.
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While it may be true that experimental procedures cannot be performed on god,
but this as it as they claim-does not reason god existence, it yet never refutes his
existence either, so the fact that god cannot be experimented, does not imply
that he does not exist, but implies as they claim-, is not worthy of any search.
As we seen in the previous parts of the research essay, in Al-Sadrs book
regarding matter and energy, Al-Sadr gave a rigorous analysis that showed that
even the materialistic property sensed in matter represented as its mass is not
a core essence characteristic.
So, logically speaking, building philosophy of life on something that is not an
essence characteristic is not correct.
Final Refutation:
It has been evident till this moment, that atheists hold no single proof that god
does not exist, but simple weak arguments which logically speaking, are no
correct base for any belief, and thus, a disbelief in god based on the atheists
views is a view logically problematic and in adequate.
Final Thought :
God and the Programming Analogy
If you ask some people who believe in god including me- for their opinion about
this universe they would say that the universe is like an output screen for a
program compiled with a certain programming language, and that god is the
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programmer, his consciousness the code, and that god compiled this code and left
the universe to work on its own as programs after hitting run work alone without
removing his ultimate authority over the universe as the programmer anytime can
stop the program and recompile what he wishes to do and changes everything,
except for one difference is that god is due to his perfect nature, didnt think nor
does he need to redo calculations or experiment what is the most perfect suit for
this universe.
Conclusion : As we saw from this simple analysis that god is not very far
from reason, reasoning his existence can be as scientific as any other
scientific subject and atheists hold no proof to show that he does not
exist, but some simple weak arguments that are repulsive reactions
mainly from false religious followers and a hatred towards god because
of some incident happened to them, or sometimes- stubborn behavior,
where its quite illogical to build a belief on a weak claim or a sweeping
generalization. God based on this analysis is the perfect entity and
existence whose science is not now a tool to disprove him, but to stand
amazed by the great universe that is a reflection for his perfect
consciousness therefore I hope every person to search for the truth of
this universe whose each one can see from his point of view about god,
and all are right because understanding this universe, or at least trying
to is really mind-blowing and amazing.

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"
"

References
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8) Nahjul Balagha
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9) Quran
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http://www.whydontyoutrythis.com/2014/02/scientists-claim-thatquantum-theory-proves-consciousness-moves-to-another-universe-atdeath.html
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Our philosophy , Baqir Al-Sadr Muhammad
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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theism?q=theism
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The Logical and spiritual knowledge, Mutahhari Murtaza

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