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As the shear flow (force per unit length) is constant over the height
of the wall,
Critical Torsion
Torsion can be neglected if the factored torque Tu is less
than Tcr/4, where Tcr is the cracking torque. The cracking torque
corresponds to a principal tensile stress of 4 fc^0.5. Prior to
cracking, thickness of the tube wall t and the area enclosed by
the wall centerline Ao are related to the uncracked section
geometry based on the following assumptions:
Critical Torsion
Eqs. (7) and (8) apply to the uncracked section. For spandrel
beams and other members cast monolithically with a slab, parts of
the slab overhangs contribute to torsional resistance. Size of
effective portion of slab to be considered with the beam is
illustrated in Fig. R13.2.4. Substituting for t from Eq. (7), Ao from
Eq. (8), and taking t = 4 fc^0.5 in Eq. (1), the cracking torque for
nonprestressed members can be derived:
1
Tcr
3
Acp2
f 'c
P
cp
2
3
2
3
75 f 'c bw s 1 bw s
Av 2 At
1200 f yv 3 f yv
12
but At/s (due to torsion only) must not be taken less than bw/6fyv.
A
f
cp
Tu and
3 Pcp
'
c
A
3 f pc
f
cp
1
Tu and
for presetressed
'
3 Pcp
fc
'
c
Example Torsion
Design of web reinforcement for combine Torsion and Shear
in a T-Beam Section. T-Beam Section has geometrical dimensions
shown in Figure below.
tf = 101.6 mm
3hf = 304.8 mm
bw = 355.6 mm
h = 635 mm
Example Torsion
A factored external shear force acts at he critical section,
having a value Vu = 180 kN. It is subjected to the following torques :
(a). Equilibrium factored external torsional moment Tu = 51.4 kNm.
Example Torsion
Bending reinforcement :
As = 2190 mm2
fc = 27.6 Mpa, normal weight concrete
fy = 414 Mpa
Design the web reinforcement needed for this section.
(a). Equilibrium Torsion :
Step 1 Factored torsional moment.
Assume that the flanges are not confined with ties. Given
equilirium torsional moment = 51.5 kN-m. The total torsional
moment mus be provided in the design.
Example Torsion
Calculate required Tn,Acp and Pnp :
Tu
51.5
Tn
68.67kNm
0.75
Acp bw h 355.6 635 225806mm2
Acp 287741.4mm2
Example Torsion
Torsional moment for which torsion can be neglected is :
2
f 'c Acp
27.6 2258062
Tcr
0.75
8.45kNm
12 Pcp
12 1981.2
Hence design for full torsion.
Step 2. Sectional Properties
Ao = 0.85 Aoh, where Aoh is the area enclosed by the center line of
the outermost closed stirrups. Assuming 38.1 mm clear cover and
12.7 mm stirrups.
Example Torsion
Continued :
Aoh 266.7 546.1 145644.87mm2
Example Torsion
Step 3 Check adequacy of section
For the section to be adequate. It should satisfy :
2
Vu Tu Ph
Vc
f 'c
2
bw d 1.7 Aoh
bw d 3
1
1
Vc
f 'c b w d
27.6 355.6 577.85 179.920kN
6
6
Vu Tu Ph
51.4 10 1,625.6
180,000
2
2
355.6577.85 1.7145,644.87
bw d 1.7 Aoh
2
Vu Tu Ph
2.48MPa
2
bw d 1.7 Aoh
Example Torsion
Step 3 Check adequacy of section
Vc
2
bw d 3
Vc
2
bw d 3
2
197714
2
f 'c 0.75
27.6
355.6 635 3
f 'c 3.28MPa
Vu Tu Ph
Vc
2
2
bw d 1.7 Aoh
bw d 3
2.48MPa 3.28MPa
Hence the section is adequate.
f 'c
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
At
Tn
68666667
0.669mm 2 / mm / oneleg
s
2 Ao f yt cot 21237984141
Shear reinforcement
Vc 2 f 'c bw d 179.92kN
180
Vn
240kN
0.75
For minimum shear reinforcement. Hence, provided shear stirrups.
Vs Vn Vc 240 179.92 60.079kN
Av
Vs
60079
0.252mm 2 / mm / twoleg
s
f yt d 414577.85
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Avt 2 At Av
157.08
s
98.79mm
1.59
Maximum allowable spacing smax = smaller of 1/8 ph or 300 mm,
where ph = 2(x1+y1) = 1625.6 mm. From before 1/8 ph = 203 mm >
98.79 mm.
1
16
1
f 'c
27.6 0.328 0.35
16
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Hence, controlling minimum Avt.
0.35bw s 0.35355.690
Avt
27.056mm 2
f yt
414
Avt less than 157.08 mm2. Hence use -10 mm closed stirrups at
90 mm spacing.
Longitudinal Reinforcement.
f yt
At
414
2
1.0 1087mm2
Al
Ph
cot 0.6691625.6
s
fy
414
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement.
Al
5 f 'c Acp
12 f y
f yt 5 27.6 225806
At
414
Ph
0.6691625.6
12414
s
fy
414
Al 106.402mm 2
Where
At 0.175bw 0.175355.6
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Assume al hoes to top corners and al goes to the bottom of the
stirrups to be added to the flexural bars. The balance, Al, would
thus be distributed equally on the vertical faces of the beam web
cross section at a spacing not to exceed 300 mm c-c.
Al
1087
2
A
As
2190
2462
mm
s 4
4 bars, As = 2454mm2 at the bottom, 2-D16
Use 5-D25 longitudinal
at the top corners of the stirrups, As = 402 mm2, and 2-D16 at
vertical face of the web.
Example Torsion
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
2-D16
2-D16
10-90mm
2-D16
5-D25