Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Finite-dierence time-domain analysis of band structures

in one-dimensional Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystals
I.S. Maksymov, L.F. Marsal *, J. Pallare`s
Departament dEnginyeria Electro`nica, Ele`ctrica i Automa`tica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Avda. Pasos
Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
Received 15 January 2004; received in revised form 11 May 2004; accepted 12 May 2004

Abstract
We present a new approach for analyzing band structures in one-dimensional Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystals. It
combines the nite-dierence time-domain method, based on the numerical simulation of oscillating dipole radiation,
with the Kerr-nonlinear model. The approach is applied to analyze the band structures in Kerr-nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals as a function of the intensity of the oscillating dipole. We nd that these bands are dynamically
red-shifted with regard to the bands in linear one-dimensional photonic crystals. The proposed approach will help to
understand such phenomena as intensity-driven optical limiting and all-optical switching with Kerr-nonlinear photonic
crystals.

2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 42.65.Pc; 42.65; 42.70.Qs
Keywords: One-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal; Finite-dierence time-domain method; Oscillating dipole; Band structure;
Dynamic red-shift

1. Introduction
One-dimensional linear photonic crystals (1-D
LPC) are periodic structures that contain alternating layers of material with high and low dielectric

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34-977559625; fax: +34977559605.

E-mail address: lmarsal@etse.urv.es (L.F. Marsal).

constants. One of the most important properties of

1-D LPC is the appearance of the band gap, i.e.,
light with only certain frequencies and corresponding wave vectors can propagate in the structure.
The list of the possible applications of the 1-D
LPC includes waveguides, resonators, lters, lowthreshold lasers, etc. [1,2].
Lately, one-dimensional nonlinear photonic
crystals (1-D NLPCs) have been of particular interest to researchers because of their promising

0030-4018/$ - see front matter
2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2004.05.022

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I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

applications in integrated optical devices. The 1-D

NLPC, which consists of Kerr-nonlinear materials
(e.g., semiconductors, glasses and polymers) [3],
has recently been applied to such nonlinear optical
devices as low-threshold optical limiting [4], short
pulse compressors [5], nonlinear optical diodes [6]
and all-optical switching [7], etc. In these devices,
the dielectric constant is changed by a high-intensity incident beam to dynamically control the
transmission of light. Under this condition, the optical limiting is achieved by modifying the incident
intensity while the all-optical switching requires an
additional strong pump beam to control the
switching of a weak probe signal tuned to the band
edge region. The other nonlinear devices mentioned are based on related nonlinear phenomena
[3].
The dynamic control mechanism has previously
been analyzed by Scalora et al. [8], Tran [9] and
Scholz et al. [10]. They used nonlinear models
and calculated energy transmission spectra. The
complementary information about spectral properties can be obtained by analyzing the band structure of the 1-D NLPC. For example, Huttunen
and Torma [11] have reported a novel Fourier numerical method which was applied to analyze band
structures in the 1-D NLPC. However, the nitedierence time-domain (FDTD) method can also
be applied for the same purpose. In the last decades, much attention has been paid to model nonlinear media with this method and therefore its
adaptation would result in the powerful tool for
analyzing band structures in the 1-D NLPC. There
is a number of works dedicated to model nonlinear
media with the FDTD method. Merewether and
Radasky [12] were the rst who used it in this
way. Various techniques to model Kerr-nonlinear
media and dispersive nonlinear eects were presented by Zheng and Chen [13], Goorjian et al.
[14] and Joseph et al. [15]. With these techniques,
one can investigate the propagation and scattering
of femtosecond electromagnetic solitons. Alternative approaches such as the combined Maxwell
Bloch FDTD scheme and the Z-transform-based
FDTD scheme were later proposed by Forysiak
et al. [16,17], Ziolkowsky et al. [18] and Sullivan
[19,20] to model more complicated dispersive and
nonlinear materials. Particularly, the dynamic

nonlinear optical skin eect and self-induced transparency eects were studied. Tran [21] was the rst
who calculated band structures in Kerr-nonlinear
photonic crystals. The notable feature of his approach is the calculation of the electric eld from
a cubic equation derived from the constitutive
equation for a Kerr-nonlinear medium. We have
recently applied the Trans approach to calculate
band structures in Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystal
slabs [22].
In this paper, we present a new approach for
analyzing band structures in 1-D NLPC. It combines the FDTD method, based on the numerical
simulation of oscillating dipole radiation, with
the Kerr-nonlinear model. Such FDTD method
was rst proposed by Sakoda [23] and successfully
used to calculate band structures in metallic systems. With this method, the photonic crystals are
excited by an embedded oscillating dipole. The
Kerr-nonlinear model used is borrowed from
[21,24,25].
The paper is organized as follows. First, we discuss the theoretical considerations of the 1-D
NLPC. In the second section, we present the
FDTD method and the Kerr-nonlinear model,
which are used to analyze band structures. The
next section discusses the results. In it, the energy
spectrum plots calculated for the 1-D LPC and
1-D NLPC are identied and the band structures
in the 1-D LPC calculated with the FDTD and
the plane wave expansion methods are compared.
We then go on to discuss the band structures in the
1-D NLPC for dierent amplitudes of the oscillating dipole. We demonstrate the validity of our approach by comparing the results with analogical
results. Finally, we discuss the physical origins of
the red-shift of the band structures.

2. Theory
Here, we consider the FDTD method based on
the numerical simulation of oscillating dipole radiation and the Kerr-nonlinear model. The oscillating dipole is embedded in the 1-D NLPC, whose
general geometry is illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists
of alternating layers of materials with high (e1) and

I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

215

~ ~
where ~
E~
r; t and H
r; t are the electric and mag~ r; t is the electric displacement;
netic elds; D~
~
r; t and ~
P M ~
r; t are the polarization elds of
P E ~
the electric and magnetic dipoles; c is the speed
of light in vacuum and e~
r is the position-dependent dielectric constant. In order to solve Eqs.
(2) and (3), we need so-called constitutive equation
~ r; t to ~
that relates D~
E~
r; t. For the linear
medium, it is simply
~
D~
r; t e~
r  ~
E~
r; t:

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the geometry of the 1-D

NLPC. The oscillating dipole is situated at ~
r0 x0 ; y 0 .

low (e2) dielectric constants. The optical thickness

of the layers with a high dielectric constant is b and
the optical thickness of the layers with a low dielectric constant is a
b, where a is the period.
The layers with a high dielectric constant are
doped with a Kerr-nonlinear material and are also
characterized by the Kerr coecient v(3).
It is apparent that the 1-D NLPC is invariant
when we change y to
y
e; v3 x;
y e; v3 x; y :

Therefore only the region where 0 6 y 6 C is considered for calculation and in the y-direction the
1-D NLPC is truncated by the symmetric boundary condition (BC). The periodic BC truncates
the structure in the x-direction. In the z-direction,
the structure is assumed to be innite. The oscillating dipole is situated at ~
r0 x0 ; y 0 . The parameters nx and ny denote the number of subcells, which
divide the unit cell (the period a). The parameters
Dx and Dy characterize the dimensions of the single subcell. All these parameters will be dened in
the following section.
For a description of the FDTD method, we
start with Maxwells equations (Gaussian units)

1 o
~
r~
E~
r; t

H ~
r; t 4p~
P M ~
r; t ;
2
c ot
~ ~
rH
r; t


1 o
~
D~
r; t 4p~
P E ~
r; t ;
c ot

In the nonlinear case, we will have a dierent constitutive equation. For the Kerr-nonlinear medium
(the layers with a high dielectric constant), the dielectric constant depends on the electric eld ~
E~
r; t
and the Kerr coecient v(3) [21,24,25]

2
e~
r e1 v3 ~
E~
r; t :
5
Now Eq. (5) can be substituted into Eq. (4), which
is resulted in the constitutive equation for the
Kerr-nonlinear medium


2 
~
D~
r; t e1 v3 ~
E~
r; t:
6
E~
r; t ~
The polarization elds of the electric and magnetic dipoles can be expressed in the explicit form
as:
~
P E ~
r
~
r0 e
ixt ;
r; t ~
el d~

~
P E ~
r
~
r0 e
ixt ;
r; t ~
hl d~

where ~
el and ~
hl are the amplitudes of the electric
and magnetic dipoles, ~
r0 indicates the position of
the dipoles within the photonic crystal and x is
the angular frequency of the oscillation; i refers
to the imaginary unit and d~
r
~
r0 denotes the Dirac delta function.
The electromagnetic energy density W emitted
per unit time by the oscillating dipole at ~
r0 can
be calculated by using the following expression
[26]:

2 i
1 h~
~~
~ ~
W
E~
r  D
r H
r :
9
8p
In accordance with the Bloch theorem [23], the periodic BC can be written as

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I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

~
~~
~~
U
r ~
a; t U
r; t  eik~a ;

10

~ is any eld component (~

~ ), ~
where U
E or H
a is the
period and ~
k is the wave vector in the rst Brillouin zone. The symmetric BC can be written as
[27]
~x; 0 U
~x; Dy ;
U

11

~x; C U
~x; C
Dy :
U

12

Restricting ourselves to the H-polarization, Eqs.

(2) and (3) in two dimensions reduce to


1 o

H z 4phlz dx
x0 dy
y 0 e
ixt
c ot
oEy oEx


;

ox
oy

13

 oH z
1 o

Dx 4pelx dx
x0 dy
y 0 e
ixt
;
c ot
oy
14

i oH
1 oh
z
Dy 4pely dx
x0 dy
y 0 e
ixt
:
c ot
ox
15

From Eq. (6), we get wanting electric eld components Ex and Ey

Ex

Ey

Dx
e1 v3 jEx j2
Dy

 2 :
e1 v3 Ey 

3. Numerical method
In order to numerically solve Eqs. (13)(17),
one of the existing nite-dierence schemes [28]
can be used to approximate both derivatives in
space and time. We will use the scheme proposed
by K. Yee, which is the standard for solving Maxwells equations. The nite-dierence expressions
corresponding to Eqs. (13)(17) are


1
1
1
2
;
m

H p
z
2
2


1
1
1
2
;
m

H p

l

z
2
2
" 



p
Ey l 1; m 12
Epy l; m 12

Dt 
Dx



#
Epx l 12 ; m 1
Epx l 12 ; m


Dy
4pixhlz Dt
dll0 dmm0  exp
ixpDt;
18
DxDy


1
p1
Dx
l ;m
2





1
Dt
1
1
p
p12
Dx l ; m
 Hz
l ;m
2
Dy
2
2


4pixe
Dt
1
1
1
l
x
2

H p
dll0 dmm0
l ;m

z
2
2
DxDy

16

17

In the denominator of Eqs. (16) and (17) values of

the electric eld components are assumed to be
known from the previous time step (see the following section).
In accordance with the original algorithm
[23], for H-polarization, for which the magnetic
eld is parallel to z-axis, we use the magnetic dipole to excite the structure. For one-dimensional
photonic crystals in the in-plane case of the Epolarization, for which the electric eld is parallel
to the z-axis, the band structure is the same as in
the case of the H-polarization, but the electric
dipole will be used instead of the magnetic one.

 exp
ixpDt;

19



1
l; m
2





1
Dt
1
1
p
p12
 Hz
Dy l; m
l ;m


2
Dx
2
2


1
1
1
2

H p
l
;m
z
2
2
4pixely Dt
dll0 dmm0  exp
ixpDt;

20
DxDy




Dxp1 l 12 ; m
1
p1
l ;m
21
Ex
 
2 ;
2
e1 v3 Ep l 1 ; m 
Dyp1

Eyp1

1
l; m
2


p1

l; m 12

 
2 ;

e1 v3 Epy l; m 12 
Dy

22

I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

217

where index p refers to a grid point in time and indices l and m denote x and y, respectively. The expressions dll0 and dmm0 denote the position of the
dipole on the spatial grid. We normalize the angular frequency and the wave vector as xa/2pc and
ka/2p, respectively. Because of this normalization,
the values of Dx and Dy are now calculated as 2pa/
nx and 2pa/ny, where nx and ny are the number of
the subcells in the unit cell in the x- and y-directions, respectively. If the symmetric boundary condition is set in the y-direction, Dy is dened as pa/
ny. The temporal step Dt is calculated as 2p/(xNt),
where Nt is the total number of temporal steps.
The Courant
stability condition [28] is satised
q
2

with N t P nx 2  ny =x  a. All components of the electromagnetic eld are set to be zero

for all points of the calculation space before the
calculation process.
The energy density is now calculated from the
elds known from Eqs. (18)(22). The following nite-dierence expression is obtained from Eq. (9)
by spatial discretization.




nx ;ny

1 X
1
1
W
E x l ; m  Dx l ; m
8p l;m0
2
2




1
1
Ey l; m
 Dy l; m
2
2


1
1
H 2z l ; m
:
23
2
2

The ow chart representation of the calculation

process for a component of the wave vector ~
k (socalled k-point) is shown in Fig. 2. In this gure, x
denotes the angular frequency, which varies between x1 and x2 with the step Dx; ic denotes the
number of the current oscillating cycle, which varies between zero and the total number of oscillating
cycles Nc. In the rst step, we set up the k-point. All
further calculations are carried out only for this kpoint. In the second step, we set up the current angular frequency x for which the radiated energy
will be calculated. In the third step, we calculate
Dt and zerorize the counter of the oscillating cycles
ic. The fourth step consists of Nc of dipoles oscillating cycles. In the fth step, we calculate the radiated
energy for the current angular frequency x, which
was set up in the second step. We repeat the steps
IIIV for all angular frequencies. After this process

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the calculation process.

has nished for all k-points (it is enough to take into account about 1015 k-points for a wave vector),
the accumulated electromagnetic energy density
distribution W is a function of the angular frequency
for the specied wave vector. The band structure is
obtained from the resonance peaks of this electromagnetic energy density distribution.
In Fig. 3, we present the ow chart of the sequence of operations inside the main body of the
FDTD algorithm. Here j denotes the number of
the current temporal step and Nt is the total num-

Fig. 3. Flow chart of the FDTD calculation.

218

I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

ber of temporal steps. We only notice that despite

the fact that the magnetic dipole is used to excite
the structure, the electric eld is got from the iteration process and induces the nonlinearity.

4. Results and discussion

In this section, we consider the 1-D NLPC
shown schematically in Fig. 1. The parameters that
we will use for all further calculations are as follows: a = 1, b = 0.2a, e1 = 13.0, e2 = 1, (x1a/
2pc) = 0.01, (x2a/2pc) = 1.0, (Dxa/2pc) = 0.001 and
Nt = 6000 to 60 (depending on the frequency).
The behavior of the band structure at x = 0 is
well-known. Therefore, the angular frequencies
0 6 x < x1 are not taken into account because of
an enormous increase in Nt. In order to calculate
band structures in the 1-D NLPC the Kerr coecient is chosen to be v(3) = 0.01 [11]. For the 1-D
LPC, however, it is zero. The magnetic dipole is
used for excitation. It is situated in the region with
a low dielectric constant. The unit cell is divided
into 40 20 subcells. Information about unit cell
discretization and convergence can be found in
Appendix A.
In our calculations, both the magnetic and the
electric elds are given in arbitrary units (arb.
units). In order to make an estimation of the eld
intensity needed to induce the nonlinearity, we
draw a parallel between the arb. units and the
Gaussian units. From the analysis of the changes
in the dielectric constant [4,6,29], it can be deduced
that after 50 oscillating cycles the magnetic dipole
with an amplitude of hlz 1:0 arb: unit corresponds to an intensity about of (12) 108 erg/s/
cm2. The conversion into the SI units results in intensities about 0.010.02 kW/cm2. The estimated
intensity is in good agreement with that from
[11]. In fact, if the amplitude of the dipole were
about 100500 arb. units the intensity would be
about (110) 1010 erg/s/cm2 or 110 kW/cm2.
4.1. Energy density spectra
Fig. 4 shows the accumulated electromagnetic
energy density distribution for the 1-D LPC (a)

Fig. 4. The accumulated electromagnetic energy density distribution for 1-D LPC (a) and 1-D NLPC (b) vs. the number of
oscillating cycles. ., s, e and h denote the accumulated
electromagnetic energy after 10, 20, 50 and 100 oscillation
cycles, respectively. In both cases the amplitude of the magnetic
dipole is hlz 100 arb: units.

and 1-D NLPC (b) as a function of the number

of oscillating cycles for ka/2p = 0.5. In both cases
the amplitude of the magnetic dipoles is
hlz 100 arb: units. The abscissa represents the
angular frequency and ., s, e, h denote the accumulated electromagnetic energy density after 10,
20, 50 and 100 oscillating cycles, respectively. In
Fig. 4(a), a resonance is clearly observed at xa/
2pc = 0.203 for all numbers of oscillating cycles.
As can be seen from Fig. 4(b), the nonlinear simulation leads to a drift in the resonance peaks that

I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

219

depends on the number of oscillating cycles. For

example, a resonance peak is observed at xa/
2pc = 0.189 for 10 cycles while it is at xa/
2pc = 0.185 for 50 cycles. The last number of the
oscillating cycles is suitable to accurately calculate
band structures.
Fig. 5 shows the normalized accumulated electromagnetic energy density distribution calculated
for the 1-D LPC (a) and 1-D NLPC (b) as a function of the angular frequency for ka/2p = 0.5. The
amplitudes of the magnetic dipoles used for the calculation were hlz 1:0 and hlz 100 arb: units,
respectively. There were 50 oscillating cycles. As
can be seen from Fig. 5(a), in the linear case the
electromagnetic energy density distribution is very
clean. In Fig. 5(b), the electromagnetic energy density distribution is not clean because a noise is produced by the nonlinear calculation. Therefore, each
peak in the energy distribution cannot be taken as
an individual mode. Tran [21] reported the same
problem. He stated that in the nonlinear case the
energy distribution is very similar to that of the linear case, which indicates that the Kerr nonlinearity,
apart from shifting its angular frequency, does not
drastically aect the linear solution. Following this
statement, in Fig. 5(b) only the peaks indicated
by an arrow are meaningful for plotting band
structures.
4.2. One-dimensional linear photonic crystal
In this section, we plot the band structure in the
1-D LPC calculated with the FDTD method and
compare it with an etalon. The etalon we used
was the band structure calculated for the same
1-D LPC but with the plane wave expansion method. In Fig. 6, this band structure is represented by
open circles and the etalon band structure is represented by a solid line. As can be seen, the FDTD
method provides the accurate result for the 1-D
LPC.
4.3. One-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal
Fig. 7 shows the bands of the band structures in
the 1-D LPC (dashed line) and 1-D NLPC (solid
line) calculated with the proposed approach. In
the nonlinear case, the results are presented for

Fig. 5. The normalized accumulated electromagnetic energy

density distribution for the 1-D LPC (a) and the 1-D NLPC (b).
The arrows indicate the peaks, which correspond to the
individual modes. The amplitudes of the magnetic dipole are
hlz 1:0 and hlz 100 arb: units, respectively. The number of
oscillation cycles is 50.

the amplitudes of the magnetic dipole hlz 100

and hlz 450 arb: units. The open circles correspond to the band structure calculated by Huttunen
and Torma [11], who presented band structures in
an analogical 1-D NLPC. Therefore, we use their
results to validate our approach. They calculated
the band structure with the nonlinear Fourier
method and, in contrast to the geometry shown
in Fig. 1, their 1-D NLPC was surrounded by
the metal. Another dierence is that the additional
pump wave was used to control the switching.

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I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

Fig. 6. The comparison between the band structures in the 1-D

LPC calculated with the FDTD method (open circles) and the
plane wave expansion method (solid line).

The amplitudes of the dipoles are not numerically

equivalent to the amplitudes of the control waves in
Huttunens paper. Their magnitudes were tted
from the numerical experiment. In this experiment,
we calculated band structures for the amplitudes of
the magnetic dipole hlz 50 to 500 arb: units with
the step Dhlz 10 arb: units. As can be seen from
Fig. 7, for the selected amplitudes the bands of the
band structures are red-shifted. This red-shift is in
good agreement with [11]. Consequently, we draw
the conclusion that they have the same eect on
the band structure. We note that because the metal
does not surround our 1-D NLPC, we do not observe the at bands, which take place in the presence of the metal.
Here, we discuss the physical origins of the redshift of the bands of the band structures. For the
1-D NLPC, the red-shift can be explained with
Scaloras argumentation [8]. Because the dielectric
constant depends on the eld intensity, the band
structure changes dynamically with the incident
eld. This can be qualied by the following argument. In the frequency domain, the band structure
is determined by the dierence between the dielectric constants of the materials, which form the
photonic crystal. From Eq. (5), we can express this
dierence as
h

2 i
De e1 v3 ~
E~
r; t
e2 :
24

Fig. 7. The band structures in the 1-D LPC (dashed line) and
1-D NLPC (solid line) calculated with the proposed approach
and oscillating dipole amplitudes of hlz 100 arb: units (a) and
hlz 450 arb: units (b). The open circle refers to the bands
calculated in 1-D NLPC by using the Fourier method [11].

The value of De increases as the intensity increases if v(3) > 0 and decreases if v(3) < 0. As the magnetic dipole excites the structure, the value of De
changes and the bands of the band structure dynamically shift. This process is the basis for intensity-driven optical limiting and all-optical
switching. The results show that for the positive
Kerr coecient the value of De increases and
the bands dynamically red-shift. This red-shift increases as the intensity of the oscillating dipole in-

I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

creases. For example, as can be seen from Fig.

7(a), the intensity of the dipole just slightly shifts
the bands of the band structure while the more
than four-time increase in the amplitude of the
dipole in fact signicantly shifts them. The existing dierence between the amplitudes (100 and
450 arb. units) is due to need to signicantly
change the value of De and, consequently, significantly induce the degree of nonlinearity. It is not
yet studied, which rule obeys the red-shift. At
least, it is a nonlinear dependence, i.e., any uniform linear increase in the amplitude with the
step Dhlz does not mean that the bands of the
band structure would be red-shifted on the same
value of xa/2pc with regard to the previous shift.
The study of the degree of the shifts nonlinear
dependence on the dipoles amplitude is one of
the possible directions for future investigations.

5. Conclusions

221

Fig. A.1. The convergence behavior of the FDTD method. The

parameters are the same as in Fig. 7(a). The curves marked by
s, e and . correspond to the rst, second and third bands of
the band structure of the 1-D NLPC.

Appendix A. Unit cell discretization and convergence

We have presented a new approach for analyzing band structures in one-dimensional Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystals. This approach was used
to analyze the band structures in Kerr-nonlinear
one-dimensional photonic crystals as a function
of the intensity of the oscillating dipole. We found
that the bands of these band structures are dynamically red-shifted with regard to the bands of band
structures in linear one-dimensional photonic crystals. We have discussed the physical origins of this
red-shift and showed that the red-shift increases as
the incident intensity of the oscillating dipole increases. The proposed approach was validated
and found to be useful for understanding such
phenomena as intensity-driven optical limiting
and all-optical switching with Kerr-nonlinear photonic crystals.

Fig. A.1 shows the convergence of the FDTD

method used to calculate band structures. The abscissa represents the number of mesh points N in
the unit cell in the x-direction. The ordinate corresponds to the angular frequency. The curves
marked by s, e and . correspond to the rst, second and third bands of the band structure of the 1D NLPC. The values of the angular frequency are
taken for ka/2p = 0.5. The parameters are the same
as in Fig. 7(a).
As can be seen, the method is convergent for
N P 40. Any decrease in this number will give inaccurate results. Due to the symmetry in the
y-direction, the number of parts into which the
unit cell is divided in this direction can be selected
as N/2.

Acknowledgements

References

This work has been supported by the Spanish

Commission of Science and Technology (CiCYT),
project No. TIC2002-04184-C02. The authors
thank Mr. M. Ustyantsev for his help with coding
and useful discussions.

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I.S. Maksymov et al. / Optics Communications 239 (2004) 213222

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