http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.

swf

1. Formation/basics of E1

http://www.aigetoachtd.org/p/question-bank.html
Basics of PDH
Basics of SDH
Formation of STM

2. PDH (Plisynchronous Digital Hierarchy )

PDH is almost synchronous.
It is simply Multiplexing of E1`s.
Sampling, Quantizing & Encoding (i.e. PCM) of Analog voice channels produces 64Kbps channel.
32 such channels multiplexed to produce E1 (the basic unit of PDH)
Clock
8000 Hz
Voice
Coded in 8 bits/sample
E1 (TS0 to TS31)
A/D
Primary unit of PDH
i.e. E1
(8000 samples)X(8bit/sample)
=64,000bps
32 Channels each
64 Kbps

3. PDH (Plisynchronous Digital Hierarchy )

Contd
Formation of E2, E3
As basic unit of PDH is E1
E1=32X64Kbps = 2.048Mbps
E2=4E1=8.44Mbps
E3=4E2=16E1=34.368Mbps
E4=4E3=140Mbps
Disadvantages of PDH System:
Not fully synchronous.
Complex hardware
Back to back multiplexing
Less bandwidth
More hardware cost
If we want to get E1 from E4 ,we have to demultiplex it by going back
step by step. i.e.1st E4 is broken into E3, then E3 to E2 & so on, thus form a complex hardware.

4. Basics of E1
TS0: Frame synchronization & Alarms

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf
TS16: Signaling & Alarms
TS1 to TS15 & TS17 to TS31 : For Data

5. Journey from E1 to STM 1

E1
2.048 Mbps
Justification bit
Low path overhead
Pointer
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
X 3=
(TUG2)X( 7) + (Pointer)
C12
2.224Mbps
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
VC12
2.240Mbps
(TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing)
TU12
2.304Mbps
VC 4
150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH + Pointer
STM 1, 155.5Mbps

6. Journey from E1 to STM 1

E1
2.048 Mbps
Justification bit
Low path overhead
Pointer
TU12(Tributary Unit)
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
X 3=
(TUG2)X( 7) + (Pointer)
C12
2.224Mbps
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
VC12

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf
2.240Mbps
(TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing)
TU12
2.304Mbps
VC 4
150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH + Pointer
STM 1, 155.5Mbps

7. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy )

Key features
It is fully synchronous.
It can carry circuit switched or Packet Switched both.
All network element use same clock.
Tributary can mapped or extracted directly from pointers.
Different transmission rates in STM
STM1: 155Mbps
STM4: 622Mbps
STM16: 2.48Gbps
STM64: 10Gbps

8. KLM in SDH & PDH

PDH: All 17 E1
SDH: All 63 E1

1. Advantages of SDH over PDH. High transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s Simplified add
& drop function High availability and capacity matching Reliability Future-proof platform for new
services. Interconnection (SONET,SDH,PDH)

2. What is SDH? The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is synchronous

multiplexing - data from multiple tributary sources is byte interleaved. In SDH the multiplexed
channels are in fixed locations relative to the framing byte. De-multiplexing is achieved by gating
out the required bytes from the digital stream. This allows a single channel to be dropped from
the data stream without de-multiplexing intermediate rates as is required in PDH.7/26/2012

3. Multiplexing Processes Multiplexing is composed of various processes: Mapping

Tributaries adapted into Virtual Containers (VC) by adding stuffing and POH Aligning Pointer is
added to locate the VC inside an AU or TU Multiplexing Interleaving the bytes of multiple paths
Stuffing Adding up the fixed stuff bits to compensate for frequency variances

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf

4. TRANSPORT OF PDH PAYLOADSDH is essentially a transport mechanism for carrying

a large number of PDH payloads. A mechanism is required to map PDH rates into the STM
frame. This function is performed by the container (C). A PDH channel must be synchronized
before it can be mapped into a container. The synchronizer adapts the rate of an incoming PDH
signal to SDH rate.SDH and non synchronous signal At the PDH/SDH boundary Bit stuffing is
performed when the PDH signal is mapped into its container.7/26/2012

5. STM-N frame 270 x N Columns 9xN Columns STM-N VC capacity 9 Rows 125 sec
Section Overhead7/26/2012

6. Concatenated Frames N-1 Columns SDH terminology is using X instead of N (X = N) N

x 260 Columns STM POH 9 bytes 9 Rows STM-Nc Payload Capacity (AU-4-Nc) Fixed Stuff (9N-9
STM-4c = 599.040 Mbit/s bytes) STM-16c = 2396.160 Mbit/s 125 sec N x 261
Columns7/26/2012

7. SDH Rates SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s.The basic
unit of SDH is STM-1:STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/sSTM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/sSTM-16 = 2588.32
Mbit/sSTM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore the
hierarchy is synchronous.7/26/2012

8. Frame Structures for Each Common Hierarchy Level 270 Columns STM-1 9 Rows
155.52 Mbit/s 1,080 Columns STM-4 9 Rows 622.08 Mbit/s 4,320 Columns STM-16 9 Rows
2488.32 Mbit/s STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s7/26/2012

9. Mapping Hierarchy xN x1 C-4 139 Mbit/sSTM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 ATM x3 x1 x3 TUG-3
TU-3 VC-3 x1 44 Mbit/sSTM-0 AUG AU-3 VC-3 C-3 34 Mbit/s x7 x7 x1 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6.3 Mbit/s
TUG-2 x3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s xN Multiplexing x4 TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5 Mbit/s Aligning
Mapping7/26/2012

10. Containers - I. In SDH terminology, the original PDH payload with special framing is
called a container (C-x) Various container sizes with some space for stuffing are defined C-11
for DS1 (25 bytes = 1.600 Mbit/s) C-12 for E1 (34 bytes = 2.176 Mbit/s) C-2 for DS2 (106 bytes
= 6.784 Mbit/s) C-3 for DS3 or E3 (84 columns = 48.384 Mbit/s) C-4 for E4 (260 columns =
149.760 Mbit/s)

11. Virtual Containers - II. Various VC sizes defined: With 1 byte allocated for POH
VC-11 for DS1 (26 bytes = 1.664 Mbit/s) VC-12 for E1 (35 bytes = 2.240 Mbit/s) VC-2 for DS2
(107 bytes = 6.848 Mbit/s) With 1 column allocated for POH VC-3 for DS3 or E3 (85 columns =
48.960 Mbit/s) VC-4 for E4 (261 columns = 150.336 Mbit/s)

12. Tributary Unit Structure TUs are defined to fit into a number of columns This
requirement determines the size of virtual containers and containers TU-3 adds up 3-byte pointer
plus stuffing to VC-3 Lower TUs add up 1 byte for pointer storage Organized into 4 frames (500
s multi-frame) This provides V1, V2, V3, V4 TU pointer bytes Lower TUs also organize POH

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf
along the multi- frame This provides V5, J2, Z6, Z7 POH bytes Lower TUs use V1, V2, V3, V4
bytes in 500 s multi-frame

13. Adoption of 2MBPS Signal over SDH. IF C1C1C1-111 THEN S1 IS A JUSTIFICATION

BIT SKG/RTTC/BBS
14. 7/26/2012

15. General StructureOrder of transmission 1st 270 columns 2nd Section overhead VC
Capacity (SOH) (for AUG) 9 columns 261 columns 7/26/2012

16. STM-1 frame 270 bytes RSOH 1 .. 9 261Byte 3 rows pointer Information 9 Rows
PayloadMSOH 5 rows Transport 125 s overhead Synchronous Payload Envelope7/26/2012

17. Pointer 4 Bytes v1 V1 & v2 points TU12 V5 v2 v5 VC-12 500 sec v37/26/2012

18. STS-1 Frame 810x64kbps=51.84Mbps 810 Octets per frame @ 8000 frames/sec 90
columns A1 A2 J0 J1 B1 E1 F1 B3 1 D1 D2 D3 C2 Order of 2 transmission H1 H2 H3 G1 9 rows
B2 K1 K2 F2Special OH octets: D4 D5 D6 H4 D7 D8 D9 Z3A1, A2 Frame Synch D10 D11 D12
Z4B1 Parity on Previous Frame (BER monitoring) S1 M0/1 E2 N1J0 Section trace (Connection
Alive?) 3 Columns of Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)H1, H2, H3 Pointer Action Transport
OH 1 column of Path OH + 8 data columnsK1, K2 Automatic ProtectionSwitching Section
Overhead Path Overhead SKG/RTC/BBSR S Line Overhead Data

19. STM-0 Overheads HO Path Section Overhead Overhead Framing Framing RS Trace
Path Trace A1 A2 J0 J1 R-Section BIP-8 Orderwire User Channel BIP-8 Overhead B1 E1 F1 B3
Data Com Data Com Data Com Signal Label D1 D2 D3 C2 Pointer Path Status AU pointer Pointer
Pointer G1 H1 H2 H3 BIP-8 APS APS User Channel B2 K1 K2 F2 Multiframe Data Com Data
Com Data Com Indicator M-Section D4 D5 D6 H4 Overhead Data Com Data Com Data Com User
Channel D7 D8 D9 F3 Data Com Data Com Data Com APS D10 D11 D12 K3 Sync (REI)
Orderwire Tandem S1 (M1) E2 N17/26/2012

20. STM-1 Section Overhead A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 - media dependent R-Section B1

E1 F1 Overhead D1 D2 D3 AU pointer H1 H1* H1* H2 H2* H2* H3 H3 H3 H1* =
10010011 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 H2* = 11111111 D4 D5 D6 M-Section Overhead D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D12 national use S1 M1 E27/26/2012

21. MAPPING OF VC-4 IN TO STM1 270 bytes 9 bytes RSOHTransport 3ROWS 20

BLOCKS OF 13 BYTESOverhead VC-4 Path Overhead AU-4 POINTER 9 rows Trace MSOH J1
Path Overhead BIP-8 5 ROWS B3 J1- Path Trace BIP-8 - Parity Label C2 Status G1 C2 Payload Type Indicator User F2 G1 - End Path Status Multiframe F2 - User H4 Synchronous
Growth H4 - Use Depends On Payload Payload Z3 Growth Z3-5 - Future Growth Envelope Z4
TCM Z5 STM-1 Payload Asynchronous mapping of 139.264 MBPS 7/26/2012 Page-66

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf

22. Payload Pointer Payload Pointer marks start of STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 90 (VC-3) or 270
(VC-4) Columns STM-1 Frame #1 H1 H2 H3... 9 Rows STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 STM-1 Frame #2 125
sec 9 Rows STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 POH column 250 sec7/26/2012 Section Overhead

23. 270 bytes 9 bytes RSOHTransport 3ROWS 20 BLOCKS OF 13 BYTESOverhead

H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3 9 rows Trace MSOH J1 1 2 3 . . . . . . . . . 17 18 19 20 BIP-8 5 ROWS
B3 Label C2 Status G1 User F2 Multiframe H4 Synchronous Growth Payload Z3 Growth Envelope
Z4 TCM Z5 Asynchronous mapping of 139.264 MBPS STM-1 Payload Page-66

24. path multiplex section multiplex section regenerator regen. regen. regenerator section
section section section ADM TM REG or REG TM DCS path regen. section multipl. section regen.
section pathtermination termination termination termination termination PTE = path terminating
elementservice (E1, E4..) TM = terminal multiplexermapping service (E1, E4..)demapping REG =
regenerator mapping ADM = add/drop multiplexer demapping DCS = digital cross-connect system
DXC= digital cross connect

25. Regenerator A regenerator simply extends the possible distance and quality of a line
by decomposing it into multiple sections Replaces regenerator section overhead Multiplex
section and path overhead is not altered

26. Add-drop Multiplexer - I. Add/drop multiplexer (ADM) Main element for configuring
paths on top of line topologies (point-to-point or ring) Multiplexed channels may be dropped and
added Special drop and repeat mode for broadcast and survivability An ADM has at least 3
logical ports: 2 core and 1 or more add-dropPorts have different Optical portroles Optical port
ADM(OEO)No switching betweenthe core portsSwitching only Electrical portbetween the adddropand the core ports.

27. Uni- and Bi-directional Routing A A A-C A-C F B F B C-AC-A E C E C D D Unidirectional Ring Bi-directional Ring (1 fiber) (2 fibers) Only working traffic is shown Subnetwork
(path) or multiplex section switching for protection

28. USHR Working traffic is carried around the ring in one direction only. Ring capacity is
sum of demands between nodes. Also called CounterRotatingRing; traffic in prot. rotates
opposite. 1:1 (USHR/L); extended to 1:N, then not entirely selfhealing. 1+1 (USHR/P).

29. USHR-LUSHR/LIncoming andreturning signalroutedunidirectionally onworking ring.On

failure,adjacent nodesperform fold orlooping function.Basic ADMs used(TSI not needed).

30. USHR Concepts USHR/P = Unidirectional Self-Healing Ring / Path Switched 2-fiber
ring topology Head-end bridge, tail-end switch logical topology 1+1 protection with unidirectional routing on each fiber Traffic is sent in both directions on the ring on separate fibers
The better signal is selected by the receiver.

31. BSHR Concepts - I. BSHR/MS = Bi-directional Self-Healing Ring / Multiplex Section

Switched 1:1, or 1:N redundancy options 2 fibers with SHARED protection configuration Half

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf
the bandwidth in each direction in a link is reserved for the shared protection of all traffic in that
reverse direction of the link An even number of STM-1s are required 4 fibers for dedicated
protection configuration Bi-directional routing on 2 fibers (working line) Each direction has a
working and a protect fiber

32. BSHR Concepts - II. Multiple fail-over options for 4-fiber BSHR/MS In normal
operation traffic is sent only in the required direction During fiber interruption, the traffic is routed
around the break in opposite direction (long path) Ring switching Optionally if the other 2 fibers
are still available, then traffic might be routed onto the parallel 2 fibers (short path) Span
switching

33. Multiplex Section Protection Switching R-Section Overhead information controlling

protection Payload switching M-Section Overhead Conditions resulting in a protection switch:
Loss of signal, loss of frame LOS AIS Line AIS (all 1s) down Signal degrade REI upstream
OCN stream Excessive BIP-24 errors in MS overhead

34. Path Protection SwitchingR-Section PayloadOverhead VC Path Overhead STM Info

Path controlling Overhead protectionM-Section switchingOverhead VC Payload Conditions
resulting in a protection switch: Loss of pointer, STM or VC AIS Excessive BIP errors for STM
path, BIP errors for VC path

35. Automatic Protection Switching - I. APS = Automatic Tributary Channels Protection

Switching STM-N Mux Allows network to MSTE K1K2 Read/Sel K1K2 Write react to failed lines,
interfaces, or poor signal quality Performed over the Working STM-N Protect STM-N entire STMN payload Uses K1 and K2 bytes of MS Overhead MSTE K1K2 Write K1K2 Read/Sel STM -N
Mux Tributary Channels

36. Automatic Protection Switching - II. K1 byte: Tributary Channels Type of request
(bits STM-N Mux 1-4) MSTE K1K2 K1K2 Channel requested Read/Sel Write (bits 5-8) K2 byte:
Channel selected (bits 1-4) Working Protect Architecture (bit 5) STM-N STM-N Mode of
operation (bits 6-8) e.g. Alarm Indication Signal MSTE K1K2 Write K1K2 Read/Sel (AIS),
Remote Defect Indicator STM -N Mux (RDI) Tributary Channels

37. Uni- and Bi-directional APS Uni-directional APS Only traffic on the affected fiber is
switched to the protect line Bi-directional APS TX and RX are both switched when channel is
affected

38. Revertive and Non-revertive APS Revertive switching Will restore to the working
channel when WTR timer expires Non-revertive switching Will not move to working channel
after failure unless requested

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf

1. MINI PROJECT PRESENTATION Prepared By: Hasna Heng Kamal Koh 0911796
Hasna Heng

2. DENSE WAVELENGTHDIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM) An Evolution of Optical

Fiber Transmission System Hasna Heng

3. Objectives To have a basic understanding on optical fiber transmission system To

understand the basic principle of the DWDM technology Hasna Heng

4. INTRODUCTION OF OPTICAL FIBER Hasna Heng

5. OPTICAL FIBER Fine threads of glass in layers Diameter human hair Core &
Cladding + protection layers (polymers) 2 types of fiber profiles Hasna Heng

6. STEPPED-INDEX FIBER Multimode Fiber Larger core (50-200m) Simultaneously

transmit numerous mode of light 1st generation system (1975-1980) Single-mode Fiber
Small core (<10m) Carries single mode of light Eliminate intermodal dispersion Hasna
Heng

7. GRADED-INDEX FIBER Multimode Fiber Average velocity of all light rays

approximately same Light bent parabolic light wave Higher bandwidth Better compensation
with dispersion Hasna Heng

8. OPTICAL CARRIER Optical Carrier Line Rate (Mb/s) OC-1 51.84 OC-3 155.52 OC-12
622.08 OC-48 2,488.32 OC-192 9.953.28 OC-768 Standardized set of specification of Tx
bandwidth digital signal carried on SONET/SDH use terms STS-n/STM-n Optical signals: OC-n
39,813.12 Hasna Heng

9. WHY MOVE TO OPTICAL FIBER? Copper Wiring Optical Fiber Expensive material
High power consumption Large and heavy Weak signal due to power degradation Low signal
capacity Stealing cases Low cost on installation Low cost material Lower power
consumption Smaller size & lighter Minimize degradation of signal Large data capacity Expensive
for construction and installation Less flexible easily damaged Hasna Heng

10. RESOLVING THE BANDWIDTH DEMAND INTORDUCING TDM & WDM Hasna Heng

11. Statistical studies: Annual growth of the internet = 40% !! Upsurge of emerging
services: 3G, broadband, integrated multimedia services etc. Network traffic became
sophisticated Increasing bandwidth demands Internet growth 2 solutions: Time-Division
Multiplexing (TDM) Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) 40%/year Hasna Heng

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf

12. TDM Increase the bit rate data Input data Arrange in sequence Output WDM
Increase the wavelength Input wavelength Combine & Split Wavelength Output Hasna Heng
13. TDM Input Signals Output Signals WDM Input Signals Output Signals Hasna Heng
14. WDM Coarse WDM (CWDM) Wide channel spacing (20nm) Up to 16 wavelengths
Low cost Dense WDM (DWDM) Dense channel spacing (0.2nm) Allows numerous
wavelength transmission simultaneously high capacity Hasna Heng
15. DENSE WAVELENGTHDIVISION MULTIPLEXING DWDM Hasna Heng
16. DWDM TECHNOLOGY Multiplex multiple signals on single optical fiber using different
wavelength Channel signals carried by its wavelength Using C-band (1550nm) or L-band
(1625nm) (Early development) Hasna Heng
17. Hasna Heng

18. MAIN COMPONENTS IN DWDM Terminal Multiplexer (MUX) Intermediate Line

Repeater 1. 2. 3. 4. Optical Amplifier Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Optical
Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Terminal De-multiplexer (DEMUX) Hasna Heng

19. 1. TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER (MUX) Transponder O-E-O conversion Each can

convert one wavelength signal Covert input signals into C-band laser MUX Combined
multiple data streams into a single data channel to be transmitted Hasna Heng

20. 2. INTERMEDIATE LINE REPEATER Booster for transmission signals To overcome

the issue of attenuation on a longhaul network Installed every 80-100km Traditional amplifier
need O-E conversion Costly Signal noise Format restriction Hasna Heng

21. TYPICAL OPTICAL AMPLIFIER Dont need electrical regeneration Independence of

data format Speed increment Eg: Raman effect amplifier, semiconductor optical/laser amplifier
(SOA/SLA) Hasna Heng

22. 16 fiber pairs + 128 generators 1 fiber pair + 16 Optical Amplifier Hasna Heng
23. ERBIUMDOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER (EDFA) Significant breakthrough for DWDM
system (1995) Larger power output Minimize noise factor Operates on wide bandwidth
network No data format restriction Hasna Heng
24. ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAM Hasna Heng
25. 3. OPTICAL ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (OADM) aka Intermediate optical terminal
Allows wavelength to be added/dropped from the signal as other wavelength passes through Can
substitute optical amplifier Hasna Heng

http://www.techtionary.com/members/slides/a/antenna.swf

26. ROADM Disadvantages of OADM: Inserting/replacing Wavelength-selective card

manually Costly Optical signal interrupted Hence Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) Switching
wavelength configuration by remote Efficient & cost-effective More advanced OADM: the
enhanced ROADM (eROADM) Hasna Heng

27. 4. DEMUX Inverse function of MUX Multiple-wavelengths signals individual signals

Hasna Heng

28. WHY MOVE TO DWDM? Capacity upgrade w/o adding fibers Transparency can
carry any transmission format Scalability Install additional equipment as needed Wavelength
routing and switching wavelength is used as another dimension to time and space Hasna Heng

29. ISSUES IN DWDM Attenuation Nonlinear inelastic scattering processes Stimulated

Raman Scattering (SRS) Stimulated Brillion Scattering (SBS) Nonlinear variations in the
refractive index due to varying light intensity Self Phase Modulation (SPM) Cross Phase
Modulation (XPM) Four Wave Mixing (FWM) Hasna Heng