Load Flows

ELE-B7 Power Systems Engineering
Load Flow (Gauss-Seidel Method )

Dr. Ramadan El-Shatshat
Classification of buses:
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Different buses at the network can be classified as:

1.
2.
3.
PQ bus
The Load Buses (PQ bus)

The Generator Bus (PV bus)
The Slack or Swing Bus
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PQ bus
Slack
Bus
PV bus
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PV bus
PV bus
PV bus
1.
PV bus
PQ bus
The Load Buses (PQ bus)

A non-generator bus. The active and reactive powers are specified at this
bus. The voltage magnitude and phase angle are unknown.
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Pig and Qig
Bus i
Pid and Qid
Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and i are unknown

Generators Power:
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Delivered Power:
Pig = 0 and Qig = 0

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Pid and Qid are known
In practice, the load real power is known from measurement, load forecasting
or historical record and the reactive power is assumed based on 0.85 pf.
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Pi ,sch = Pig Pid = Pid
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and
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Qi ,sch = Qig Qid = Dr.UAE
QA.M.id
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2.
The Generator Bus (PV bus)

The bus is also known as Voltage controlled bus because
the voltage magnitude can be kept constant. At this bus the
net active power and the voltage magnitude are specified.
The reactive power and the voltage phase angle are
unknown.
Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and i are unknown
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G1
Bus i
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Pi,sch
| Vi |
NOTE: There are certain buses without generators may have voltage controlled
capability. At these buses the real power generation is zero.
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3.
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The Slack or Swing Bus

Because the system losses are not known precisely before completing the
power flow solution, it is not possible to specify the real power injected at
every bus. Hence, The real power of one of the generator buses is allowed to
swing. The swing bus supplies the slack between the scheduled real power
generation and the sum of all loads and system losses. The voltage angle of the
slack bus serves as a reference, i = 0
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| Vi | and i are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

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NOTE:
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Real Power losses = Total generation Total load

N
PL =
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P P = P
gi
i =1
di
i =1
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i =1
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In the load flow problem, we select the slack bus at which the
power Pg is not scheduled.
After solving the load flow problem, the difference (Slack) between
the total specified power (P) going into the system at all other buses
and the total output (P) plus the losses (I2R) are assigned to the
slack bus.
For this reason a generator bus must be selected as a slack bus.
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Voltage of the swing bus is selected as a reference. Generally, the

bus of the largest generator is selected as swing bus and numbered
as bus 1.
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Solution of Non-Linear Equations

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The two load flow equations are:
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PDr.i A.M.
=|Gaouda
Vi |
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Qi =| Vi |
| Yip || V p | cos ( i p ip )
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p =1
n
| Yip || V p | sin ( i p ip )
p =1
These equations provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive
power entering bus i. The equations are non-linear and only a numerical
solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve
these equations. Among those is the Gauss-Seidel method.
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Gauss-Seidel Method
Consider a system of non-linear equations having n unknowns x1 , x 2 , .........., x n
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f 1 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
.. ..
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.. ..Dr. A.M...Gaouda..
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f n ( x1 , x 2 ,ELEC572,
..........
n )
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Rearranging, then
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x i = f i ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
1 i n
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Eq. 1
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Assuming initial values,
x1o , x 2o , .........., x no
Substituting the initial values in Eq. 1, then
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first iteration
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first variable
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x = f ( x , x , .........., x )
1
1
1
1
o
1
o
2
o
n
x 21 = f 21 ( x11 , x 2o , .........., x no )
x = f ( x , x , x .........., x no )
1
3
1
3
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1
1
1
2
o
3
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Or in general
All values are initial values

o
o
xDr.1o A.M.
, xGaouda
2 , .........., x n
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x 1 = x 11 from previous step

and all other values are
initial values
x 2o , .........., x no
x 1 = x 11 & x 2 = x 21
and
o
x 3 , .........., x no
x i1 = f i 1 ( x11 , x 21 , ....., x io ,....., x no )

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Where
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1
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is the first approximation
using
the
initial
assumed
values.
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i
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The kth approximation of

K
th
iteration
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xi
is:
x = f i ( x , x , .....x
i th variable
k
i
k
1
k
2
k
i 1
The changes in the magnitude of each variable

the previous iteration is:
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,x
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k 1
i
,x
k 1
i+1
....., x
k 1
n
k
k 1
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from
its
value
at
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i
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x i = x ik x ik 1
If x i < then the solution has converged.
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Where,
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is a small value ( for exmple : = 0.001 )

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EXAMPLE:
For the following equation, find an accurate value for x up to 5 decimal places.
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2 x log( x ) = 7
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel
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x = 0.5 ( 7 + log x )
x =1
x 1 = 0.5( 7 + log 1 ) = 3.5
x = 3.5
x 2 = 0.5 ( 7 + log 3.5 ) = 3.772034
x 2 = 3.772034
x 3 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.772034 ) = 3.788287
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x 3 = 3.788287
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1 st iteration
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2 nd iteration
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x 4 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.788287 ) = 3.789221

x 5 = 3.789274
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x = 3.789278
6
= 0.000004
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EXAMPLE:
For the following equations, find an x and y after 4 iterations.
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x = 0.7 sin x + 0.2 cos y
&
y = 0.7 cos x 0.2 sin y
SOLUTION:
Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values
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x o = y o = 0.5 ( rad )
x 1 = 0.7 sin x o + 0.2 cos y o

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x 1 = 0.7 sin 0.5 + 0.2 cos 0.5
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x 1 = 0.51111
y 1 = 0.7 cos 0.51111 0.2 sin 0.5

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y = 0.51465
1
x 2 = 0.516497
x 3 = 0.520211
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x = 0.522520
4
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y 2 = 0.510241
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y 3 = 0.509722
y 4 = 0.509007
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Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Analysis

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Advantages
1.
2.
3.
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Simplicity
Small computer memory requirement
Less computational time per iteration
Disadvantages
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1.
2.
3.
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Slow rate of convergence, and therefore large number of iterations.

Increase in the number of iterations as the number of system buses
increases.
The speed of convergence is affected by the selected slack bus.
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I - G-S Method when PV buses are absent

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Assuming a power system in which the voltage controlled buses are absent. If the
system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a slack bus and the other n-1
buses are load buses (PQ-buses).
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For the Slack or Swing Bus:
| Vi | and i = 0 are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

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The swing bus voltage is taken as a reference. It is voltage magnitude is known and
its phase shift angle is set equal to zero.
For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):
Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and i are unknown

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Using Gauss-Seidel Method, we assume the initial values for the magnitude and
phase shift angle of (n-1) buses. These values are updated at each iteration.
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For an n bus system
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I bus = Ybus Vbus
.. Eq. 1
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For the ith bus of an n bus system, the current

entering this bus is:
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I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn

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.. Eq. 2
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I i = Yii Vi + Yip V p
.. Eq. 3
p=1
p i
1
Vi =
I i Yip V p
Yii
p=1
p
i
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.. Eq. 4
In power systems, power is known rather than currents. The complex power
injected into the ith bus is:
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Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
.. Eq. 5
S i* = Vi* I i
.. Eq. 6
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OR
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Ii =
Substituting in Eq. 4
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Pi jQi
.. Eq. 7
Vi*
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1 Pi jQi
Vi =
Yip V p
*
Yii Vi
p=1
p i
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.. Eq. 8
Rearranging in GS
method
Vi is moved to
the left hand side
of the equation.
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Since bus 1 is the slack bus reference, then Vi represents n-1 set of
equations for i= 2, 3, ., n. These equations will be solved using G-S
method for the unknowns V2, V3, ..Vn.
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NOTES:
1.
Eq. 8 can be written as:
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NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values for PQ Bus.
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n Y
1 Pi jQi
ip
Vi = *
Vp
Vi
Yii
p = 1 Yii
.. Eq. 9
n
Ki
Vi = * Lip V p
Vi p = 1
.. Eq. 10
p i
P jQi
Ki = i
Yii
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p i
Lip =
and
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Yip
Yii
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The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
2.
The voltages at all the buses in a power system are close to 1.0 pu.
Therefore, we can start the G-S iteration process assuming initial values for the
voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.
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V2o = V3o = ...... Vno = 10

3.
At each step in the iteration process use the most updated values for the
voltages to compute the new values for the bus voltages.
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Ki
Vi = * Lip V p
Vi
p=1
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.. Eq. 11
p i
Ki
Vi = *
Vi
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Therefore, for the
Vi k + 1
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(kth+1)
i 1
L
p=1
ip
Vp
n Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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p= i + 1
ip
Vp
iteration,
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
i 1
( k +1 )
L
V
ip p
p=1
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.. Eq. 12
The most updated voltage
values are from the
previous iteration
k
L
V
ip p
p= i + 1
.. Eq. 13
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values are from the same
iteration
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
The iteration process is continuous till the convergence occurs, i.e.;

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| Vi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | | Vi k |
.. Eq. 14
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
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4. The current and complex power at
ith
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bus are:
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1
2
3
I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn

And
Or
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Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
Linear
Network
Ii
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Vi
n
Reference
S i* = Pi Qi = Vi* I i
Pi jQi = Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )

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Pi = Re{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

Qi = Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}
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ELEC572, 04/05
The two equations are known as the rectangular form of the load flow equations.
They provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive power
entering bus i.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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EXAMPLE:
For the three bus system. Write the expression
for the bus voltages using GS method.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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SOLUTION:
The system contains 3 buses, (n=3).
i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus reference.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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ELEC572, 04/05
P2 , Q 2
| V1 | = 1 and 1 = 0
ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load buses.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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| V1 | = 1
1 = 0
3
P3 , Q3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known
V2 ,V3 , 2 and 3 are unknown

3
K2
V2 = * L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
p 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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3 Y
1 P2 jQ2
2p
V2 = *
Vp
V2
Y22
p = 1 Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
p 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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NOTE
----------The load flow problem
is solve when the
mismatch is equal to
zero.
Calculated values
=
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Scheduled values
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Y23
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V3
V2 = *
V1 +
Y22
V2
Y22
Y22
.. Eq. 15
Y32
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V2
V3 = *
Y33
V3
Y33
Y33
.. Eq. 16
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
NOTE
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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V = V = 10
o
2
o
3
Start the first iteration

value is the initial value
Y23 o
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V =
V3
V1 +
o *
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
Y22
1
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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.. Eq. 17
value is from this iteration
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Y32 1
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V =
V2
o *
( V3 )
Y33
Y33
Y33
1
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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.. Eq. 18
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Start the second iteration
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Y23 1
1 P2 jQ2 Y21
V3
V =
V1 +
1 *
Y22
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
2
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Y32 2
1 P3 jQ3 Y31
V1 +
V2
V =
1 *
Y33
( V3 )
Y33
Y33
2
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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| V22 | = | V22 | | V21 |
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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| V32 | = | V32 | | V31 |

If Eqs. 21, 22 are not satisfied then start a new iteration.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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value is from this iteration
.. Eq. 20
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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.. Eq. 19
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Compare the results for convergence
| Vi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | | Vi k |

value is from previous
iteration
.. Eq. 21
.. Eq. 22
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

EXAMPLE
1:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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ELEC572, 04/05
For the system shown in the figure, the line impedances are as indicated in per
unit on 100MVA base.

A. Using Gauss-Seidel method find the bus voltages after 7 iterations.
B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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0.01 + j 0.03 pu
110.2
MVAR
V1 = 1.05 0 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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3
138.6
MW
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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256.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
y12 =
1
= 10 j 20 = y 21
0.02 + j 0.04 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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1
y13 =
= 10 j 30 = y 31
0.01 + j 0.03
y 23 =
Ybus
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
138.6
Y11 Y12 Y13

y12 + y13
= Y21 Y22 Y23 = y 21
Y31 Y32 Y33

y 31
Ybus =
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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MW
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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MW
MVAR
1
= 16 j 32 = y 32
0.0125 + j 0.025
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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256.6
45.2
MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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y12
y 21 + y 23
y 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
10 + j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 j 62
y13
y 23
y 31 + y 32
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Bus 1: Slack Bus
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
V1 = 1.050 pu
o
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
138.6
MW
V2 ,V3 , 2 and 3 are unknown

P2 ,d = 256.6 MW
P3 ,d = 138.6 MW
110.2
MVAR
P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Buses 2 and 3: Load Buses (PQ bus)
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Q2 ,d = 110.2 MVAR
Q3 ,d = 45.2 MVAR
45.2
MVAR
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Pig and Qig

G
Pi ,sch = Pgi Pdi
&
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Qi ,sch = Q gi Qdi
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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S i ,sch = Pi ,sch + jQi ,sch

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
Bus i
Pid and Qid
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
A.M. Gaouda
( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2Dr.UAE
,d )University
=
pu
ELEC572, 04/05
Base MVA
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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S 2 ,sch
S 2 ,sch
( 0 256.6 ) + j ( 0 110.2 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
=
pu
UAE University
100
MVA
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
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Reminder
The bus admittance matrix
is
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda 10 + j 20
UAE University
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
ELEC572, 04/05
S 2 ,sch = 2.566 j 1.102 pu

S 3 ,sch = 1.386 j 0.452 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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V2o = V3o = 10
Y23 o
1 P2 ,sch jQ2 ,sch Y21
1
V2 =
V3
V1 +
o *
( V2 )
Y22
Y22
Y22
jQ
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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S *i ,sch = Pi ,sch
1
Dr. A.M. GaoudaV 2
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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i ,sch
2.566 + j 1.102 10 + j 20
16 + j 32
=
1.05 +
1.0
*
26 j 52
26 j 52
( 1.0 )
26 j 52
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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OR, to simplify the calculations, we have:

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Reminder
is
Yip
1 Pi jQi
Vp
Vi = *
Vi
Yii
p = 1 Yii
n
p i
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n
K2
V2 = * L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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p 2
K2
o
V =
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V2o )*
1
2
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
+
10 j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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iteration.
Y21
L21 =
Y22
P jQ2
K2 = 2
Y22
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L21 = -0.3846
K2 = -0.0367 - j0.031
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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V = 0.9825 j 0.310
1
2
and
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Y23
L23 =
Y22
L23 = -0.6154
V3o = 10
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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K3
1
L
V
L
V
V31 =
+
31 1
32 2
( V3o )*
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
and
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V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
and
Y32
Y33
V21 = 0.9825 j 0.310

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K 2 , K 3 , L21 , L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.
K2
1
V =
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V21 )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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L32 =
L32 = -0.5310 - 0.0354i
UAE
University j 0.0353
V31 = ELEC572,
1.0011
04/05
V32 =
and
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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2
2
Y31
Y33
L31 = - 0.4690 + 0.0354i
K3 = -0.0142 - j0.0164
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L31 =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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K3
2
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V31 )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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VDr.22A.M.=Gaouda
0.9816 j 0.0520
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V32 = 1.0008 j0.0459

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Start the third iteration

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V23 =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.UAE
LA.M.
,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.ELEC572,
21
04/05
University
ELEC572, 04/05
K2
2
L
V
L
V
+
21 1
23 3
( V22 )*
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K3
3
V =
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V32 )*
3
3
Start the fourth iteration

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UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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= 1.0004 - j0.0488
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.LA.M.
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be
the same.
21 ,Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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V24 =
K2
3
L
V
+
L
V
21 1
23 3
( V23 )*
V34 =
K3
4
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V33 )*
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= 0.9808 - j0.0578
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= 0.9803 - j0.0594
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= 1.0002 - j0.0497
After 7 iterations,
V27 = 0.9800 j0.0600
= 0.98183 3.5035 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
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V = 1.0000 j 0.0500 = 0.00125 2.8624 pu

7
3
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

B. Using the bus voltages find
the Slack bus real and reactive power.
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2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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0.01 + j 0.03 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
MVAR
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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3
138.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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V1 = 1.05 + j 0.0 o pu
V2 = 0.9800 j0.0600 = 0.98183 3.5035 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
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o
Dr. A.M.=
Gaouda
V3 = 1.0000 j 0.0500
0
.
00125
2
.
8624
pu
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Using the rectangular form of the load flow equations,

then the net active and reactive powers at 1th bus are:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Pi = Re{ V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )}
Reminder
is
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
26 j 52 16 + j 32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda 10 + j 20
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10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 - j 62
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Qi = Im{ V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )}

P1 jQ1 = V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )
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Pi jQi =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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4.0938 - j1.8894
1
P1 = 4.0938 pu
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0.01 + j 004/05
.03 pu
ELEC572,
P1 = 409.38 MVA
256.6
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Base MVA=100
Q1 = 188.94 MVA
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Q1 = 1.8894 pu
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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MVAR
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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138.6
MW
45.2
MVAR
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Problem 1:
The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base. Using GaussSeidel method:
1. Classify each bus
2. find bus admittance matrix
2. find bus 2 voltage after the first iteration.
3. find bus 1 real and reactive power.
NOTE: select the initial value for bus 2 voltage as:
V2o = 1 22.0169 o
SG 2 =
0.25 + j 0.6459 pu
G1
1
S D1
G2
V1 = 1.00 o pu
V2
Z L = j 0.5 pu
2
S D2 =
1.0 + j 0.5 pu
Ybus =
-j2.0
j2.0
j2.0
-j2.0
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = - 0.7500 + j0.1459 pu
V1 = 1.00 o pu
V2o = 1 22.0169 o
V21
P2 ,sch jQ2 ,sch
( V2o )*
Y22
Y21
V1
Y22
V21 = 1 22.0238 o = 0.9271 - j0.3749

Power at bus 1
P1 jQ1 = V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 )

P1 + jQ1 = 0.7500 +j0.1459
II. Modifying G-S Method when PV buses are present

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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Assuming a power system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a
slack bus and the other buses are load buses (PQ-buses) and voltage controlled
buses (PV-buses). Let the system buses be numbered as:
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i=1
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Salck bus
i = 2 , 3 , ..... , m
PV buses
i = m + 1 , m + 2 , ...... , n
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PQ buses
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For the voltage controlled buses,

Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and i are unknown
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| Vi | = | Vi | Specified
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
.. Eq. 23
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.. Eq. 24
The second requirement for the voltage controlled bus may be violated if the
bus voltage becomes too high or too small. It is to be noted that we can control
the bus voltage by controlling the bus reactive power.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Therefore, during any iteration, if the PV-bus reactive power

violates its limits then set it according to the following rule.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi Qi ,max
set Qi = Qi ,max
Qi Qi ,min
set Qi = Qi ,min
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
NOTE
For PQ bus
And treat this bus as PQ-bus.
Pi and Qi are known

& | Vi | and i are unknown
Load flow solution when PV buses are present

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
a. Calculate Qi
In the polar form,
Qi =| Vi |
For the
(kth+1)
iteration,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
( k +1 )
i
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
= | Vi |speci
+ | Vi |speci
| Yip || V p | sin ( i p ip )
p =1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
i 1
( k +1 )
(k )
( k +1 )
|
Y
|
|
V
|
sin
(
ip )
ip p
i
p
p=1
n
(k )
(k )
(k )
|
Y
|
|
V
|
sin
(
ip )
ip p
i
i
p= i
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
For p = 1 to ( i 1 ), use | V | & p of ( k + 1 ) iteration

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
p
ELEC572, 04/05
th
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
For p = i to n , use | V p | & p of ( k th ) iteration

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Set | Vi | = | Vi | speci
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
In the rectangular form,

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi = Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

b. Check Qik+1 to see if it is within the limits
Qi ,min Qi Qi ,max
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Case 1: If the reactive power limits are not violated,

calculate Vi k + 1
Vi
k +1
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
i 1
Lip V
p=1
( k +1 )
p
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Use the most

updated value of Qi
to calculate Ki .
k
L
V
ip p = |Vik + 1 | i
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
p= i + 1
k +1
New Voltage
A.M. Gaouda
magnitudeDr.
and
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
angle are obtained
Use
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| Vi | speci and ik + 1 For the PV-bus voltage.
Reset the magnitude
|Vi
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
k +1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| = |Vi |Speci
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Voltage magnitude is known for PV

bus, therefore the new calculated
magnitude will not be used.
ik + 1
Vi k + 1 = |Vi |Speci
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Only the calculated angle

will be updated and used.
Case 2: If the reactive power limits are violated,
Qik + 1 Qi ,max
Or
set Qik + 1 = Qi ,max

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qik + 1 Qi ,min
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
set Qik + 1 = Qi ,min
Consider this bus as a PQ-Bus, calculate bus voltage Vi k + 1

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Vi k + 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ki
=
k *
( Vi )
Vi
i 1
( k +1 )
L
V
ip p
k +1
p=1
= |Vi
k
L
V
ip p
p= i + 1
k +A.M.
1 Gaouda
k + 1 Dr.
iUAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The PV-bus becomes PQ-bus

and both Voltage magnitude
and angle are calculated
and
Dr. A.M.
Gaouda
UAE University
used
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Each line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Line Data for the 5 buses Network
From
Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 2
04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
To
Dr. A.M.
Gaouda
Bus
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

0.0500
0.1500
UAE University
0.0500
ELEC572, 04/05
0.1500
The shunt admittance is neglected

Bus Data for the the 5 buses Network Before load flow solution
Load
MW
Bus
No.
Bus
code
VoltDr. A.M. GaoudaVolt

UAE University
Mag.ELEC572,
Angle
04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
PQ
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

4
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
5
Load
MVAR
Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda
UAE University
MW ELEC572,
MVAR
04/05
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60
0
0
50
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
20
ELEC572, 04/05
50
20
Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572,
04/05
0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
For the 5 bus system
Construct the bus admittance matrix Ybus
Find Q2 , 2 ,V3 ,V4 and V5

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
G2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
SOLUTION:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
A.M. Gaouda
4 Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
y =
1
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 j 6
=
UAE University
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y11 = y12 + y15 = 4 j 12
G2
G1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 j 18
Y = y + y 34 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
33ELEC572, 04/05
32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y15 = y15 = 2 + j 6
Y13 = Y14 = 0
Y55 = y51 + y52 + y54 = 6 j 18
4.0 - J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y12 = y12 = 2 + j 6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0
ELEC572, 04/05
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The net scheduled power injected at each bus is:

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus
No.
Load
MW
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
2
ELEC572, 04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
PV
1.0200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
PQ
50
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
G1
G2
Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ?
UAE University 200
0
ELEC572, 04/05
20
60
20
20
S 1 ,sch = ( P1 , g P1 ,d ) + j ( Q1 , g Q1 ,d )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 1 ,sch = ( P1 , g 1.0 ) + j ( Q1 , g 0.5 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = ( 2.0 0 ) + j ( Q2 , g 0 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3 ,sch
= ( 0 0.5 ) + j ( 0 0.2 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 3 ,sch = 0.5 j 0.2
S 4 ,sch = 0.5 j0.2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 5 ,sch = 0.5 j 0.2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The
known values are:
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0
ELEC572, 04/05
V1 = 1.020 o
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
|V2 |spec = 1.02
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The bus admittance matrix is

-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 ,min = 0.2
Q2 ,max = 0.6
and
V3o =V4o = V5o = 10o
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
2o = 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
Check Q2 is within the limits

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Q21 = Im{ V2* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V2o + Y23 V3o + Y24 V4o + Y25 V5o )}
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q = 0.2448
1
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
i .e .;
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.20 0.2448 0.6
The reactive power limits are not violated,

Calculate:
K2
1
o
o
o
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
V2 =
21 1
23 3
24 4
25 5
( V2o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
iteration.
Y
L21 = 21
Y22
P2 jQ2
K2 =
Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L23 = 23
Y22
Y
L24 = 24
Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 2 ,sch = 2.0 + j 0.2448

L21 = -0.3333
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959
L23 = -0.3333
V = 1.05555.1113
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Reset the magnitude

Therefore,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
1
2
|V | = |V2 |Speci = 1.02

1
2
21 = 5.1113o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V21 = 1.025.1113o
L24 = 0.0
L25 =
Y25
Y22
L25 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Voltage magnitude is
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
new calculated
magnitude willDr.not
be
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
used. ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31 =
P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
K3
1
o
o
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
34 4
35 5
( V3o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L31 =
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y31
Y33
L31 = 0.0
L32 =
Y32
Y33
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L34 =
L32 = -0.5000
L35 =
L34 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 4 is PQ Bus
K4 =
P4 jQ4
Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L41 = 41
Y44
L41 = 0.0
Y42
L42 =
Y44
V = 0.9631 - 1.5489
1
4
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L43 =
Y43
Y44
L43 = -0.5000
L42 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y35
Y33
L35 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K4
1
1
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
41
1
42
2
43
3
45
5
( V4o )*
1
4
Y34
Y33
V31 = 0.98060.7559o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
]
L45 =
Y45
Y44
L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K5
1
3
1
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
51 1
52 2
53 3
54 4
( V5o )*
1
5
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i
L53 = 0.0
L52 = -0.3333
L51 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V51 = 0.9812 - 0.0031o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L54 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.2 Q2 0.6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q22 = Im{ V21* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V21 + Y23 V31 + Y24 V41 + Y25 V51 )}
Q22 = 0.0290
The reactive power limits are violated
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 Qi ,min
And treat this bus as PQ-bus

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
set Q2 = Qi ,min = 0.2
S 2 ,sch = 2.0 + j 0.2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Use the most

updated value of
Q2 to calculate the
constant K2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
All Buses 2, 3, 4 and 5 are PQ Buses. Find the bus voltages using GS method
ELEC572, 04/05
Problem 2:
A. The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base.
The line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidel method find
the power flow solution of the system. Ignoring the limits of Q3.
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
400
MW
0.0125 + j0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
250
MVAR
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
1
y12 =
= 10 j 20 = y 21
0.02 + j 0.04
1
y13 =
= 10 j 30 = y 31
0.01 + j 0.03
y 23 =
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
250
V1 = 1.05 0 o pu
MVAR
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
Ybus
Y11 Y12 Y13

y12 + y13
= Y21 Y22 Y23 = y 21
Y31 Y32 Y33

y 31
Ybus =
MW
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
1
= 16 j 32 = y 32
0.0125 + j 0.025
400
y12
y 21 + y 23
y 32
20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
10 + j 20 26 j 52 16 + j 32
10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 j 62
y13
y 23
y 31 + y 32
2
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Bus 1: Slack Bus
250
V1 = 1.05 0 pu
MVAR
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus)
| V3 | = 1.04
200
MW
V2 and 2 are unknown
P2 and Q2 are known

S 2 ,sch =
( P2 , g P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch =
Base MVA
pu
( 0 400 ) + j ( 0 250 )
pu
100
S 2 ,sch = 4 j 2.5 pu
Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)

|V3 | and Pg ,3 are known
0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
o
V1 = 1.050 o pu
Q3 ,sch and 3 are unknown
P3 ,sch = 2.0 pu
400
MW
V1 = 1.050 o pu
V2o = 10
| V3 | = 1.04
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
n
K2
V2 = * L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
p 2
K2
o
L
V
L
V
V =
+
21 1
23 3
( V2o )*
1
2
K2 = - 0.0692 - j0.0423
L21 = - 0.3846
L23 = -0.6154
V21 = 0.9746 - j0.0423
3o = 0 o
Bus 3 is PV Bus
Calculate and Check Q3 is within the limits
Q3 ,min Q3 Q3 ,max
Q31 = Im{ V3* ( Y31 V1 + Y32 V21 + Y33 V3o )}

Q31 = j1.1600
K3
1
1
V3 =
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V3o )*
K3 = 0.0274 + j0.0208
L31 = -0.4690 + j0.0354
]
L32 = -0.5310 - j0.0354
V31 = 1.0378 - j0.0052 = 1.0378 - 0.2854o

Reset the magnitude
|V31 | = |Vi |Speci = 1.04
V31 = 1.04 - 0.2854o

V31 = 1.0400 - j0.0052
fixed for a PV bus,
therefore the new
calculated magnitude
will not be used.
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
K 2 , L21 , L23 are constants and will be the same.
K2
1
L
V
L
V
V =
+
21 1
23 3
( V21 )*
V22 = 0.9711 - j0.0434
2
2
Bus 3 is PV Bus
Calculate and check Q3 is within the limits
Q3 ,min Q3 Q3 ,max
Q32 = Im{ V3* ( Y31 V1 + Y32 V22 + Y33 V31 )}

Q32 = j1.3881
K3
2
V =
L
V
+
L
V
31 1
32 2
( V31 )*
2
3
L31 and L32 are constants and will be the same.

K 3 is changed as Q3 change
P3 jQ32
K3 = 0.0305 + j0.0194
K3 =
Y33
V32 = 1.0391 - j0.0073 = 1.0391 - 0.4028o
Reset the magnitude
V32 = 1.04 - 0.4028o = 1.0400 - j0.0073
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
From
Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
G1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 2
04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
To
Dr. A.M.
Gaouda
Bus
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

0.0500
0.1500
UAE University
0.0500
ELEC572, 04/05
0.1500

Load
MW
Bus
No.
Bus
code
VoltDr. A.M. GaoudaVolt

UAE University
Mag.ELEC572,
Angle
04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
PQ
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

4
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
5
Load
MVAR
Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda
UAE University
MW ELEC572,
MVAR
04/05
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60
0
0
50
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
20
ELEC572, 04/05
50
20
Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572,
04/05
0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
SOLUTION:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
A.M. Gaouda
4 Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
y =
1
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 j 6
=
UAE University
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y11 = y12 + y15 = 4 j 12
G2
G1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 j 18
Y = y + y 34 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
33ELEC572, 04/05
32
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 j 12
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y15 = y15 = 2 + j 6
Y13 = Y14 = 0
Y55 = y51 + y52 + y54 = 6 j 18
4.0 - J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Y12 = y12 = 2 + j 6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0
ELEC572, 04/05
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The net scheduled power injected at each bus is:

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus
No.
Load
MW
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
2
ELEC572, 04/05
Slack
1.0200
100
PV
1.0200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
PQ
50
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
G1
G2
20
20
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ?
UAE University 200
0
ELEC572, 04/05
20
60
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The
known values are:
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
The bus admittance matrix is

-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
4.0 -J12.0
-2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
-2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0
0
-2.0 + J6.0
6.0 -J18.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 2 is PV Bus
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Q21 = Im{ V2* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V2o + Y23 V3o + Y24 V4o + Y25 V5o )}
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q =
1
2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 ,min Q2 Q2 ,max
i .e .;
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
0.20 0.448 0.6
The reactive power limits are not violated,

Calculate:
K2
1
o
o
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V2 =
+
+
+
21 1
23 3
24 4
25 5
( V2o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
iteration.
P2 jQ2
K2 =
Y22
Y21
L21 =
Y22
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959
L21 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L23 =
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L23 = -0.3333
V21 = 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Reset the magnitude
Therefore,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L24 = 24
Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L24 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
|V21 | =
21 = 5
V21 = 1
Y23
Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y25
L25 =
Y22
L25 = -0.3333
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
new calculated
magnitude will not be
A.M. Gaouda
used. Dr.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31 =
P3 jQ3
K3 =
Y33
K3
1
o
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
+
+
+
31 1
32 2
34 4
35 5
( V3o )*
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L31 =
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y31
Y33
L31 = 0.0
L32 =
Y32
Y33
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L34 =
L32 = -0.5000
L35 =
L34 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 4 is PQ Bus
K4 =
P4 jQ4
Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y
L41 = 41
Y44
L41 = 0.0
Y42
L42 =
Y44
V = 0.9631 - 1.5489
1
4
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L43 =
Y43
Y44
L43 = -0.5000
L42 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Y35
Y33
L35 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K4
1
1
o
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
41
1
42
2
43
3
45
5
( V4o )*
1
4
Y34
Y33
V31 = 0.98060.7559o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
]
L45 =
Y45
Y44
L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K5
1
3
1
L
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
V =
+
+
+
51 1
52 2
53 3
54 4
( V5o )*
1
5
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i
L51 = -0.3333
L52 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V51 = 0.9812 - 0.0031o
L53 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L54 = -0.3333
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:

3
G1
G2
Bus
nl
Bus
nr
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Load
MW
Bus
No.
Bus
code
Volt
Mag.
Volt
Angle
Load
MVAR
Gen.
MW
Gen.
MVAR
Q
Min.
Slack
1.0200
100
50
PV
1.0200
200
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
20
PQ
50
20
Q
Max.
Inject
MVAR
20
60

Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
SOLUTION:
Solution
Ybus Construction
3
G1
G2
Bus
nl
Bus
nr
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
0.0500
0.1500
Solution
G1
G2

Load Flows

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ELE-B7 Power Systems Engineering

Load Flow (Gauss-Seidel Method )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Different buses at the network can be classified as:

The Load Buses (PQ bus)

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The Load Buses (PQ bus)

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Pig and Qig

Pid and Qid

Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and i are unknown

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Pig = 0 and Qig = 0

Pid and Qid are known

Pi ,sch = Pig Pid = Pid

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The Generator Bus (PV bus)

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The Slack or Swing Bus

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

| Vi | and i are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Real Power losses = Total generation Total load

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Voltage of the swing bus is selected as a reference. Generally, the

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Solution of Non-Linear Equations

The two load flow equations are:

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Assuming initial values,

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

All values are initial values

x 1 = x 11 from previous step

x i1 = f i 1 ( x11 , x 21 , ....., x io ,....., x no )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda