Final Ccna Notes

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Syllabus
1)
Introduction
2)
OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model
3)
Network Devices
4)
Types of Communication
Cards
LAN & WAN Concept
IP Addressing & Concepts
IPv4
IPv6
Subneting
Superneting
Variable Length Subnet Scheme (VLSM)
And Operation
5)
C.D.P
6)
IOS Boot up Sequence
7)
IP Routing
8)
IOS
Upgrading
Dual (Booting)
Static Route
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
IGRP (Internet Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhance Internet Gateway Routing Protocol)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
Switching
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
9)
ACL (Access Control List)
10)
WAN (Wide Area Network) Router as a Switch
11)
Frame Relay
12)
NAT & PAT Private & Public
13)
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
14)
VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
15)
Cabling
1) Introduction
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)
Cisco
Cisco is company name, in course. Company may any, there are many companies i.e.
Cisco, Motorola, Simons, Microsoft, but configurations are same. Cisco has 87% shares
on infrastructure of IP. It is said that if you send any small information on Internet, this is
impossible that this information do not pass through the Cisco Devices.
Our purpose is not reading about any product or any company but only with technology.
Certified
Practically you know what you study.
Associate
This is a level in this line. Associate is the first level.
Network
Our whole lab is around the one word i.e. Network.
Connectivity of two or more than two devices so that you can communicate with
each other, you can exchange the sources or share the information is called
networking. It has two parts:
1. Connectivity
2. Communication
Medium may any (copper, wire and wave) for the connectivity and communication.
Connectivity is due to the Hardware and communication is due to the Software.
Example
There is a telephone line connected to your home telephone set from PTCL exchange. Is
this a network? No, because there is only connectivity but not communication. If an other
person talks with you, it is communication. Here the both parts fulfil the definition. Now,
you can say the Network.
Q: The signals from telephone exchange are analog signals. If you think
that I have digital telephone set in home then why would these signals
analog?
Ans:
In old days when a number is dialed then the exchange had a mechanical
arm. You can listen the sound of that arm as the sound of typewriter on every digits of
your number. But there is no sound now a day, only this process is converted into digital.
But the signals pass through media as analog.
Avoid Wrong Concept

If you use the modem in between the telephone exchange and your computer, then
modem converts the analog signals into digital to analog signals, this concept is wrong.
Modem
The basic purpose of modem is modulation and demodulation.
Modulation & Demodulation

Example
If you take a page and throw away with full capacity then this page (Information) will not
travel more. But if you use a stone covered by paper (Information) then this paper will
covered long distance with high speed. When this paper reached to other side, unwanted
information (Stone) is removed to get information (Paper).
Insertion of carrier (Stone) into information for covering long distance is called
Modulation. And distraction of carrier unwanted information is called Demodulation.
2) OSI (Open System Interconnection)

Reference Model
OSI Reference Model
Reference
The word reference always between two things, there is no reference of only a single
thing. The eyes reference is with eye and the legs reference with leg. This reference
means there is any two devices is involved in this reference not one device. OSI
Reference Model is not for a single machine, this model is for networks.
OSI
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection.
Q: Why is it said as Open System, why not as Close System?

Ans:
As you know, The connectivity of two or more than two devices so

that they can communicate which each other.
there is not mentioned that medium would be copper, fiber, microwaves or radio
waves for the connectivity. Media may be anything for the connectivity.
The other part of the definition The connectivity of two or more than two devices
devices mean it can be a router, switch, computer, modem or any other device.
Example
Using your Internet, when you send an email or chat with other by MSN Messenger,
there is not a condition that those only those people can send emails or chat with each
other that had the same machines both sides. Machines may be of any vendor i.e.
IBM, Compaq or Dell.
You can use any media, any venders computer and any operating system for
connectivity and sharing resources. So it is known as Open i.e. open for every one.
If the OSI System was as Close System then it means, Internet will use the people
that have only Compaq machines.
OSI Model is a Layered Approach (Structured Approach), which is made to
understand the Internet or network.
Layered Approach OR Structured Approach

If you understand the human, then you can say this is a human being, which is
divided into structure. Like head, eyes, nose, hand mouth etc. Each part of body has
its own function.
Q: What is advantage of Layered Approach?

Ans:
Example:
If there is one person is working in a company, that person is marketing manager,
technical manager, receptionist and peon also. This single person is responsible for all
working of company.
After one year, there is a visit of Chief Executive by chance, he asked that person
about the dirtiness of office. He replied that I have been involving in technical matter,
marketing all day so I have not time. The employee accepts the responsibility of
office but he presents logic also. In this situation you cannot blame on the employee.
On the other hand if there is division like: there are separate employees on all
departments i.e. marketing, technical, receptionist and peon.
When Chief Executive came and asked the peon about the dirtiness of office. This is
an error by the peon not marketing or technical manager. Company has no business in
this whole year this error is by the marketing manager not peon or receptionist or any
other person.
By using Layered Approach you can find out the errors on accurate location. If there
is not layered approach then there is very difficult to find out the errors and also
resolving these errors.
Example:
Using Internet, when you dial to connect to the Internet, messages may show like
There is no dial tone, Invalid User Name / Pass Word. If you see the word only as
Error then you cannot find out the exact location of error. After seeing messages
you will check the appropriate location for resolving the error.
e.g. if you see There is no dial tone then you will check the telephone not correct
the password.
Net Workers divide the Internet theory to maximum seven layers. They said there are
seven layers may not be eight layers but may be six, five. You can remember the
seven layers with this line
All People Seems to Need Data Processing.
Q: Why do make OSI Model?

Ans:
OSI Reference Model is made for to the point error detection.
OSI Open System Interconnection Layered Model

Ser
No
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Layers
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
You can say this model as Data Flow Chart. The purpose of this model to
understand the flow of data on the network, understanding the steps during moving
the data in network.
7. Application Layer
Computer applications like MS Word, MS Excel etc. If we want to chat on Internet
then we run MS Messenger (which is Application), without opening of any
application on your computer you cannot make any work.
The first step for doing any work, to run application.
You send HELLO to other computer there is compulsory that same applications are
running on both computers that want to communicate. If there are not running same
applications on both computers then this HELLO not to be seen on computer screen.
6. Presentation Layer
Our language is English and computer learns that language is machine. This layer
converts the data from one form to another form. It converts the data into machine
language.
5. Session Layer
This layer is most critical and most conceptual. This layer creates virtual session.
Virtual Session means to check the availability of other side. Sessions are of two
kinds:
i.
ii.
Physical Session (First we go and the checking)

Virtual Session (First we checking then going)
Remember the word HELLO is not for our machine but it is another machine.
Example (Physical Session)

If you want to go to Lahore from Islamabad, then there are two ways. First is that you
reached at Lahore without informing that person. When you asked about that person,
you find that person is not available. You will come back by spending patrol, time
without any progress.
Example (Virtual Session)
If you call that person before go to Lahore, if that person is available then I will
move, otherwise I will not move. The advantage of this virtual session was, you have
saved their resources.
Virtual Session provides the information about the other party available or not and
also saving the resources.
Example
This layer normally to be said as G.M. This G.M. wants to move another G.M. of
Company for meeting. There are seven gates for going, but only one gate from which
G.M can go out. When two computers connected with each other then this is physical
layer.
Example
Using MSN Messenger, you want to chat another person, if that person is available
then the other window is opened otherwise a message will display as User is not
available
4. Transport Layer
If other machine is available then this layer is responsible to transport the data on
network. For the transport of data fragmentation is made. The conversion of data
into small pieces is called fragmentation or permutation. E.g. HELLO is converted
as:
H
3. Network Layer
Its major function is sorting and distribution. For understanding you consider this
layer as a Post Office and Router as Post Box. On this layer a device is used
called as Router. The pieces of HELLO are sent to a device called Router, which
acts as sorting and distribution. In Post Office there is sorting is done, like all mails of
Islamabad, Lahore etc. is separated for the distribution to their destinations.
In old days when you send a letter to any one, which is called mail. There are two
possibilities, the mail reached at exact location or do not reach.
2. Data Link Layer

Logical Link Control
Network
Data Link
Physical
LLC Sub Layer
MAC Sub Layer

Media Access Control
There are two sub layers.
1)
LLC(Logical Link Control)
LLC layer finish hardware and software dependsies.

Example
If we use Pentium 1 computer and Windows 98 one side and Pentium 4
computer and Windows XP other side then data speed and operating system clash
between two computer but that layer finish that problem
2)
MAC(Media Access Control)
There is MAC address exist, MAC address have used many devices like switches and
LAN card.
As you know that data travel in form of 0 & 1 (these are the voltage level not
mathematical and other number ), every device may contain different voltage, its
means there is the involvement of voltage. If you have 3 or 5 voltage and its parallel
there is line of any high voltage, then it may harm your data.
e.g.
During watching TV, you some time see lining on your TV set, this is why with any
high voltage.
Same like above, if there is any data cable contains 3 volts but its parallel a high 5
volts is passing then it is very possible that any bit of your data changes (i.e. 0 to 1).
Example
During the chatting on messenger a person asked what is your age, he writes answer
25 and sends. During the data traveling its only one bit changes and your information
will be changed as 65.
In reality no any system is so week, so to resolve this problem a layer is introduced
called Data Link Layer. Its main function is the deduction of error.
CRC: (Cyclic Redundancy Code)

This algorithm is very important and famous. There may were mistakes take place, so
an error deduction algorithm is made. It attaches an algorithm for sending data to the
other side as it is.
Example
If we have data 25 (5 5) and generators of link side are 5. That generator will divide
the 5 / 5 and remainder will 0. When you send 25 on Internet then not only 25 is
passing but the footers (tailors) also. Due to some error the word 26 (5 5 1) instead of
25 is changed, on the other machine there will be attached a CRC Algorithm again to
check the both checksum. If there is any different then there is any error in that data
which you sent. If there is an error then your system (Receiver) will not correct that
error but it will say to the sender to correct.
Retransmission is faster as compared to error correction.
There are two sources for errors:
a) Errors within the Machine or System (i.e. Computers, Routers, Modems etc)
b) Errors from outside the Machine (i.e. in media when data is sent)
According to the research there is 99% probability of error when data travels on
Media. The error in system is very rare, if may occur then system recover or restore
from its own cache.
1. Physical Layer:
After all the layers exist on a cable is attached to your computer, this cable works on
which level is called physical layer.
Example
If you make a file and give to a peon for send to another place. The peon will move
physically for the delivery of that file. The work of peon is to carry the data as it is.
Above you sent the word HELLO to other machine, this word travels on all layers by
sequence, but if there is an error between the layers then the chances of data to be
corrupted.
Q: Where that corrupted data is checked?

Ans:
There is another Data Link Layer to the other side of Computer. From
sender, the algorithm is attached with the data and will re verify by other side.
Switch, NIC Card (LAN Card) work on Data Link Layer.
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper-Layer Data
TCP Header
Transport
Upper-Layer Data
IP Header
Data
LLC Header
Data
FCS
MAC Header
Data
FCS
0101110101001000010
PDU
Segment
Network
Packet
Data-Link
Frame
Physical
Bits
There are all opposite works are done to other side of machine.
Concept
1. Protocols
2. Headers
3. Encapsulation
4. Software
1. Protocols
Protocol is a same set of rules and regulations for the communication between
two different machines on the same layer level.
Example
Company A
Company B
1. G.M (Application)
2. Secretary (Session)
3. Peon (Physical)
G.M (Application)
Secretary (Session)
Peon (Physical)
According to rules, is there possible that the G.M of Company A call to the Peon
of Company B everyday?
By above definition of Protocols, the relation of these companies will as under:
G.M
G.M
Secretary
Secretary
Peon
Peon
The main function of Protocols is the communication.

By the definition of Network:
The connectivity is due to the hardware and the communication is because of the
software.
Protocols are software. On the Internet or network no any work is done without
protocols. If there is no protocol then there is no any communication.
2. Header
When you write HELLO and send, then the data will move to down as
Presentation Layer. On this layer the header of presentation layer is attached with the
data. On one step down there is another header of session layer is attached with, and so
on.
Example
If I write a letter (Data) and saved in my draws without any receivers address then this
letter will not reach on any destination. Because this letter contains no any address and
media (LCS or TCS etc).
On the other hand if this letter contains the complete address of receiver and also
specified the courier then letter will reach at desired location. With out header data
cannot move. Header is the method for communication. Header is an overhead.
Example
There are students in class, there said the students to pass outside the class and passing
rate of data is one student per one man. 10 students will pass out in 10 seconds. But if
there are 2 bodyguards (as over heads) with these then total 12 students, now these will
pass in 12 seconds. This time consuming due to the overhead. When you use overhead
on network then it decreases the speed.
3. Encapsulation
Example
If there is a patient and you give a white powder (medicine) to eat, that patient will not
take because he does not know about that medicine so he refused. (There is No
Communication). If he receives that medicine then it is said communication is done.
On the other hand if I put that medicine in a capsule (Encapsulation) and I said eat it,
then he will not eat. I write the name of medicine in French on capsule then he will
not eat because he does not understand French language. If I wrote in English i.e.
Amoxil then he eat immediately because he knows and understand that language.
(There is communication is done).
For the communication same set of rules and regulations is required. If one machine
knows the French then other machine must know that language (Protocol), otherwise
communication will not take place. Due to this Protocol (language) forces the patient to
take medicine.
4. Software
Protocols, headers and encapsulation are software.
As you know about Transport Layer, controls the flow of data.
Flow control because of the:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Connection Awaiting
Connection Less
TCP
Connection Oriented
UDP
Flow Control
Example
The water (Data) is coming from hand pump (Sender) to a glass (Receiver), after a
short time the glass will full and then it will be overflow (Wastage of Data). If you want
to reserve the wastage of data then you will have to apply a phenomenon is called flow
control. There are two possibilities to control the flow of data:
a) You will stop the working of hand pump (to decrease the speed of
sender)
b) Or you will start the usage of the water (to increase the speed of
receiver)
On the Internet the process of Flow Control is automatic. On the back a process is
working called Speed Utilization which means that equalizes the speed of sender and
receiver.
Connection Oriented
Connection Oriented (Reliable)
In this type of communication, an acknowledgment receipt is generated. This is slow
but most reliable.
Example
Slow: the machine will not go ahead whenever he does not understand the data.
Reliable: it is 100% sure that if machine receives the information then go ahead,
otherwise not.
Connection Oriented: (Unreliable)

In this type of communication, only one time connection confirmation then always data
will be sent. This type of communication little bit fast than connection oriented reliable.
Connection Less: (Unreliable)

In this communication, an acknowledgment receipt is not generated. It is fast but
unreliable.
Example
During the construction of building there are some workers are working. The bricks are
coming the worker from floor to other worker on ground. Due to non-acknowledgment,
bricks kill the worker on ground but bricks (Data) are coming from floor. Due to the
absent of ground worker data is lost.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

TCP is the example of Connection Oriented.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

UDP is the example of Connection Less.
3) Network Devices
There is a line of network devices like Hub, Repeater, Generator, Bridges, Switch,
Multinet Switch, Routers Derouter, Fixed Firewall etc. these are all devices included in
your course.
But the devices that are related your course are Hub, Switch and Router.
1) HUB
A central part of any network is known as Hub. There is no any abbreviation used for
Hub. Hub is a broadcast device and same data to all ports. Hub works on Physical Layer.
Q: Hub is a Directed or Flooded Broadcast device?

Ans:
This will depend on the address.
Q: Why is Hub a Broadcast device?

Ans:
Hub is same as an electric extension wire used in homes. As you know

current and water flows where they find the path. As you attach the computers with Hub
the current from Hub flows to that all computers.
2) Switch
Switch works on Data Link Layer and has software ASIC (Application Specific
Integrated Circuit). It is the combination of software and hardware. The software of
Switch is known as Switching Table. There are switches of LAN and also of WAN.
Note: Controller for specific work
Processor for multiple works
Example
If there are three devices like A, B and C. A wants to talk with B then data from A reaches
to the switch. Data will stay in switch for a moment if Hub was present then the data
would not stay. Hub contains IC (Integrated Circuit). initially there is no Switching Table
(Software) in ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . As you know that if there is
no software on device then it is called Hub, so switch acts as Hub initially.
So first time the switch will broadcast the data, if the entry of destination is not available
in Switching Table. Otherwise if the entry of the destination is available in Switching
Table then the switch will do Unicast.
Switch will be doing broadcast till the entry of destination and source is not available
in the Switching Table.
Destination Entry Available then Unicast
Destination Entry Not Available then Boradcast
3) Router
Router is layer three device, There are routing table.Router is a unicast device, nonbroadcast device. Router has two ports written as Serial 0, Serial 1. Ethernet or LAN also
printed. The word Serial means this port is for WAN and Ethernet means for port of
LAN.
So Router is a device, which integrates (merge) WAN and LAN.
Destination entry available then unicast
Destination entry not available then Drops
Cards
NIC Card (Network Interface Card)
WIC Card (Wide Interface Card)
VIC Card (Voice Interface Card)
VWIC Card Or WVIC Card (Voice Wide or Wide Voice

Interface Card)
Types of communication
There are three types of communication
1)
Unicast
2)
Multicast
3)
Broadcast
1) Unicast
Unicast means one to one communication. In this kind of communication only one person
listen and that person give answer. Traffic always sent to fix destination.
2) Multicast
One to many communication.In case of Multicast there is no specific or fix destination.
Destination can be changed. Multicast sent from the source (Spread around the source).
One destination (System) can be one and more than one Multicast member at a time
Example
If we divided a class in two groups one group A and other group B. Teacher talks
group A. Multicast means one to any specific group
3) Broadcast
One to all communication or Broadcast means to all devices
Example
A teacher in class speaks and all the students listen that sound. The bulletin is
broadcasting.
Broadcast is divided into two categories:
1. Directed Broadcast
2. Flooded Broadcast
In a room when a teacher said that Roll no 1 hands up, listen that comment all people but
replay only Roll no 1, this is specific broadcast.
1.
Directed Broadcast
In class if teacher ask a question from one student then all the students are listening but
only that student answers the question to teacher.
2.
Flooded Broadcast
In class of teacher ask a question from all students then all the students answer that
question to the teacher.
Disadvantages of Broadcast:
There is no security in broadcasting because all persons are listening. There is software
Cains use the connection Cable Internet, you can listen the chatting on MSN messenger
of all your neighbors. This software catches the packets of IP and decodes them, and you
can listen the sounds of your neighbors.
LAN (Local Area Network) &

WAN (Wide Area Network)
Online Banking
In old days, when you have to withdraw or deposit the money you have to go to
that specific branch that have your account. In order to maintain the balance of each
account holder, the manual books are maintained.
With the passage of time up gradation is made with the computer system. This increases
the volume of computers in every branch for data maintaining using LAN.
All the branches of all banks are connected each other with antennas. These antennas are
point to point but not broadcast because to avoid the risk of security.
Example
ATM Machine
ATM Machine is the example of online banking, using this machine you can withdraw
money from any ATM of any bank.
During defining the definitions of LAN WAN, there must not be criteria Distance.
LAN
Computers are connected using the LAN Standard Cable / LAN Standard Port.
WAN
Computers are connected using the WAN Standard Cable / WAN Standard Port.
Standard of WAN Cable

It must be a 1/2-inch thick and having 60 pins end of the cable.
Example
In a bank there is an antenna with a black cable (WAN Cable). This cable is directly
attached with router i.e. in serial port of the router.
Q: Provide some examples of LANs switch and WANs switch?

Ans:
The WAN and LAN both have their own switches separately. The
examples of WAN Switches are follows:
Ethernet
Supports to LAN
X.25:
Running on Mobilink
ATM:
Running on PTCL
Frame Relay: Running on remaining Lahore.
(Supports to WAN)
(Supports to WAN)
(Support to WAN)
4) IP Addressing & Concept

IP Addressing
Q:
What is IP Addressing
Ans:
The Internet is a collection of networks whose users communicate with

each other. Each communication carries the address of the source and destination
networks and the particular machine within the network associated with the user or host
computer at each end. This address is called the IP Address (Internet Protocol address).
This 32-bit IP address has two parts: one part identifies the network (with the network
number) and the other part identifies the specific machine or host within the network
(with the host number). An organization can use some of the bits in the machine or host
part of the address to identify a specific subnet. Effectively, the IP address then contains
three parts: the network number, the subnet number, and the machine number.
The 32-bit IP address is often depicted as a dot address (also called dotted decimal
notation) - that is, four groups (or octet) of decimal numbers separated by periods. Here's
an example:
Decimal Digit : 1-9
130.5.5.25
Each of the decimal numbers represents a string of eight binary digits. Thus, the above IP
address really is this string of 0s and 1s:
Binary Digit :0-1
10000010. 00000101. 00000101. 00011001

As you can see, we inserted periods between each eight-digit sequence just as we did for
the decimal version of the IP address. Obviously, the decimal version of the IP address is
easier to read and that's the form most commonly used.
We can purchase an IP Address from IANA (Internet Assigning Number Authority)
MAC Address
Hardware Address
Physical Address
None configurable Address
Layer 2 address
Hardcode Address
48 Bit Address
IP Address
Software Address
Logical Address
Configurable Address
Layer 3 Address
32 Bit Address
Remember that 95% communication on MAC base and 5% IP base, because LAN
communication faster than WAN. LAN mostly devices have MAC Address and WAN
work on IP Address. MAC developed core relation with IP, only one time IP called then
every time MAC called.
Data Link
Physical
MAC Address
Media Access Control
Network
Data Link
Physical
IP Address
Internet Protocol
Q What is IP addressing Scheme?

Ans:
1)
Flat Addressing Scheme
Example
In America use flat addressing scheme. White house # 1 then # 2 and so on . But in
your mind no # 1 address in America ,every no different than other.
2)
Hierarchal Addressing Scheme
Example
In Pakistan use hierarchal scheme. Block Z have many time use, but every time
Block Z hierarchy are different. If we go to Block Z first of all we know about what
is your Province, City, Area and then Block.
IP Address Classes
IP addresses can be one of several classes, each determining how many bits represent the
network number and how many represent the host number. The most common class used
by large organizations (Class A) allows 8 bits for the network number and 24 for the host
number.
Class A
1 127
(Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)

Leading bit pattern 0
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Class B
128 191
10000000 .00000000.00000000.00000000
Class C
192 223
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network .
Network .
Network .
Class D
Class E
224 239
240 255
Host .
Network .
Network .
Host .
Host
Host .
Network .
(Reserved for multicast)

(Reserved for experimental, used for research)
Network portion is globally unique and host portion locally unique.

A Class
00000000=0
01111111=127
B Class
10000000=128
10111111=191
C Class
11000000=192
11011111=223
D Class
11000000=224
11011111=239
E Class
11000000=240
11011111=255
Class
No of Network
Default Route
Loopback Testing
No of Host/Network No of Host/Class
Host
Host
Class A
2 8-1
2 24
27
x
27
Class B
2 24
2 16-2
2 16
2 14
x
2 14
Class C
2 16
2 24-3
2
28
2 21
x
21
28
Private Address Space

Class A
Class B
Class C
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0
192.168.0.0
to
to
to
10.255.255.255
172.31.255.255
192.168.255.255
Default Subnet Masks

Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
This in you mind if recognized that what is your class then we see only first octets (Octal
is 8 word combination) of the IP Address 192.168.1.1 (also called doted decimal
notation)
Formula (Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal)

Conversion in Binary Form
IP Address in decimal form 192
First Octet
. 168 . 30 . 24
128
1
. 64 .
1
32 .
0
16 . 8 .
0
0
4 .
0
2 . 1
0
0
192
Second Octet 128

1
. 64 .
0
32 .
1
16 . 8 .
0
1
4 .
0
2 . 1
0
0
168
Third Octet
128
0
. 64 .
0
32 .
1
16 . 8 .
0
0
4 .
0
2 . 1
0
0
30
Fourth Octet 128

0
. 64 .
0
32 .
0
16 . 8 .
1
1
4 .
0
2 . 1
0
0
24
Conversion in Decimal Form
IP Address in binary form 11001100
. 00011110 . 00111111 . 00011100
First Octet
128
1
. 64 .
1
32 .
0
16 . 8 .
0
1
4 .
1
2 . 1
0
0
204
Second Octet 128

0
. 64 .
0
32 .
0
16 . 8 .
1
1
4 .
1
2 . 1
1
0
30
Third Octet
128
0
. 64 .
0
32 .
1
16 . 8 . 4 .
1
1
1
2 . 1
1
1
63
Fourth Octet 128

0
. 64 .
0
32 .
0
16 . 8 .
1
1
2 . 1
0
0
28
4 .
1
Subneting
Q
What is subnetting?
Subnetting is the process of breaking down an IP network into smaller sub-networks

(Network with in network) called "subnets." Each subnet is a non-physical description
(or ID) for a physical sub-network (usually a switched network of host containing a
single router in a multi-router network).
Subnet Mask Notation

There are two forms of subnet notation, standard notation and CIDR (Classless Internet
Domain Routing) notation. Both versions of notation use a base address (or network
Address) to define the starting point of the network, such as 192.168.1.0. This means that
the network begins at 192.168.1.0 and the first possible host IP address on this subnet
would be 192.168.1.1.
In standard subnet mask notation, a four octet numeric value is used as with the base
address , for example 255.255.255.0. The standard mask can be calculated by creating
four binary values for each octet, and assigning the binary digit of .1. to the network
potion, and assigning the binary digit of .0. to the network potion. In the example above
this value would be 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000. In combination with the
base address you have a subnet definition, in this case the subnet in standard notation
would be 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0.
In CIDR notation, the number of 1.s in the binary version of the mask are counted from
the left, and that number is appended to the end of the base address following a slash (/).
In the example here the subnet would be listed in CIDR notation as 192.168.1.0/24.
When is Subnetting Used?

Subnets are created to limit the scope of broadcast traffic, to apply network security
measures, to separate network segments by function, and/or to assist in resolving network
congestion problems.., A subnet is usually composed of a network router, a switch or hub,
and at least one host
Compromise in the host portion and addition in the network portion is called
subnetting Logically dividing the networks .
Example
A latter posted which address is that IMTIAZ AHMED Corvit 14/C Gulbarg III. A
post man takes latter and gives to IMTIAZ AHMED, letter reach the correct
destination (This is one IP Address and communication with default subnet mask.)
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit 14/C
Gulbarg III
Corvit
IMTIAZ
AHMED
But two same name person IMTIAZ AHMED leave or work in corvit then latter could
not reach correct destination and data will loss.
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit 14/C
Gulbarg III
Corvit
IMTIAZ
AHMED
IMTIAZ
AHMED
There should be some addition here for save data. Then address is that IMTIAZ
AHMED Training Section Corvit 14/C Gulbarg III A post man takes letter and going
to Corvit then Training Section and gives letter IMTIAZ AHMED, letter reaches the
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit Tranning Section 14/C
Gulbarg III
correct destination (This is one IP Address and communication with Customize subnet
mask.)
Corvit
IMTIAZ
AHMED
How much bits subneting?

Judgment of bits table
Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Formula
Total Subnets
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
Customize Subnet Mast table
IMTIAZ
AHMED
Class
1st bit
2nd bit
3rd bit
4th bit
5th bit
6th bit
7th bit
8th bit
A
B
C
Result
/8
/16
/24
0
/9
/17
/25
128
/10
/18
/26
192
/11
/19
/27
224
/12
/20
/28
240
/13
/21
/29
248
/14
/22
/30
252
/15
/23
/31
254
Binary Value Customized

Subnet Mast
00000000
10000000
11000000
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
Each IP pool in exclaimed three things

1)
2)
3)
Net ID
Broadcast ID
Mask
Network ID or Net ID
And Operation
0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
IP Address
192
168
01100100
11111111
10
IP Address
11000000 .
10101000
Subnet Mask
11111111 .
11111111 .
Network ID
11000000 .
10101000
01100100
00000000
Network ID
192
168
100
100
00001010
00000000
Note: It is remember that

IP Address
192.1.1.100/24
Net ID
192.1.1.0
Broadcat ID 192.168.1.255
Mask
255.255.255.0
(Net ID always even)

(Broadcast ID always odd)
1) Example of Subnetting
Chiniot Local
Router
Karachi Remote
Router
Lahore Remote
Router
IP Address Available 192.168.1.0
Q: If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
Ans: Remember that these things.
1)
What is your class Address
Class C
2)
How many networks bits
24
3)
How many remote brunches
4)
Default subnet Mask
255
.255
.255
.0
11111111 .11111111 .11111111 .0 0000000
That Bit
Subnet
(Subnetting)
5)
How many bits barrows
We have two remote sits then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Formula
Total Subnets
2
6)
23
1 Bit subnetting
&
2 Subnets Available
192. 168. 1.
00000000
=0
10000000
=128
16
25
OR
32
26
Farmula called Block Size 256128=128
64
27
128
28
=0
256
=128
7)
Customize Subnet Mask
255
8)
.255 .255 .128
Address and Range
Net ID
192.168.1.0
Valid Range
192.168.1.1
To
192.168.1.126
Broad Cast ID
192.168.1.127
Net ID
192.168.1.128
Valid Range
192.168.1.129
To
192.168.1.254
Broad Cast ID
9)
C
Result
Total Address 126
Total Address 126
192.168.1.255
Subnet Mask Selection

/24
0
/25
128
/26
192
/25
&
Subnets Mask is 128
/27
224
/28
240
/29
248
/30
252
/31
254
10) How many hosts (28-1 =27) Total Hosts(128-2) Usable Hosts(126)
Chiniot Local
Router
Lahore
Vehari
Karachi
Sargodha
Isalamabad
Faisalabad
Jhang
Peshawar
Q: If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
1)
Class A
2)
3)
4)
Default subnet Mask
255
.0
.0
.0
11111111 .000 00000 .00000000 .00000000
5)
These Bits
Subnet
(Subnetting)
We have two remote labs then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
Bits
Formula
Total Subnets
21
22
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6)
3 Bit subnetting
&
8 Subnets Available
8
16
32
64
128
256
Possible combination
10.
0.
0.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =32
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =64
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =96
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =128
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =160
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =224
OR
Farmula called Block Size 256-224=32
=0
=32
=64
=96
=128
=160
=192
=224
7)
255
8)
.224 .0
.0
Address and Range
Net ID
10.0.0.0
Valid Range
10.1.0.0
To
10. 30.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 31.255.255
Total Address 2097150
Net ID
10. 32.0.0
Valid Range
10. 33.0.0
To
10. 62.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 63.255.255
Net ID
10. 64.0.0
Valid Range
10. 65.0.0
To
10. 94.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 95.255.255
Net ID
10. 96.0.0
Valid Range
10. 97.0.0
To
10. 126.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 127.255.255
Net ID
10. 128.0.0
Valid Range
10. 129.0.0
To
10. 158.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 159.0.0
Net ID
10. 160.0.0
Valid Range
10. 161.0.0
To
10. 190.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 191.0.0
Net ID
10. 192.0.0
Valid Range
10. 193.0.0
To
10. 222.0.0
Broad Cast ID
10. 223.0.0
Net ID
10. 224.0.0
Valid Range
10. 225.0.0
To
10. 254.0.0
Broad Cast ID
9)
10. 255.0.0
A
Result
/8
0
/9
128
/10
192
/11
224
/12
240
/13
248
/14
252
/15
254
/11
&
Subnets Mask is 224
10) How many hosts (224-3 =221) Total Hosts(2097152-2) Usable Hosts(2097150)
Total Remote Brunches are 2048
Q: If we have 2048 remote site then judge that how many bits
1)
Class B
2)
16
3)
2048
4)
Default subnet Mask
255
Bits
Formula
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
21
2
.0
.0
11111111 .11111111 .00000000 .000 00000
Total Subnets
2
23
2
.255
5)
We have two remote labs then we see that table for

subnetting and chose bits.
16
25
26
27
28
29
2
10
11
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
11 Bit subnetting
&
2048 Subnets Available
11
These Bits
Subnet
(Subnetting)
6)
Possible combination
172.
10.
0.
.0
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00100000
01000000
01100000
10000000
00000000
00000000
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 160
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 192
00000000
00000001
00000001
00000001
11100000
00000000
00100000
01000000
OR
Farmula called Block Size 256-224=32
=0. 0
=0. 32
=0. 64
=0. 96
=0. 128
=0. 160
=0. 192
=0. 224
=1. 0
=1. 32
=1. 64
7)
255
8)
.225 .255 .224
Address and Range
Net ID
172.10.0.0
Valid Range
172.10.1.0
=0. 0
=0. 32
=0. 64
=0. 96
=0. 128
=0. 224
=1. 0
=1. 32
=1. 64
To
172. 10.30.0
Total Address 30
Broad Cast ID
172. 10.31.255
Net ID
172. 10.32.0
Valid Range
172. 10.33.0
To
172. 10.62.0
Broad Cast ID
9)
Total Address 30
172. 10.63.255
B
Result
/16
0
/17
128
/18
192
/19
224
/20
240
/21
248
/22
252
/23
254
B
Result
/24
0
/25
128
/26
192
/27
224
/28
240
/29
248
/30
252
/31
254
/27
&
Subnets Mask is
255.224
10) How many hosts (216-11 =25) Total Hosts(32) Usable Hosts(30)
VLSM(Verable Length Subnet Mask)

Q:
What Is VLSM and Why Is It Used?
A Waste of Space
Q:
When to Use VLSM?
A variable length subnet mask is a means of allocating IP addressing resources to subnets

according to their individual need rather than some general network-wide rule. So
therefore the network/host division can occur at any bit boundary in the address. Because
the normal class distinctions are ignored, the new system was called classless routing.
This led to the original system being called, by back-formation, classful routing.
Classless routing came into use in the mid 1990s due to the inefficiences of the classful
system.
Networking Scheme
Mumbai 192.168.10.64/27
28
WAN 192.168.10.129 and 130
192.168.10.128/30
WAN 192.198.10.133 and 134
192.168.10.132/30
WAN 192.198.10.137 and 138
192.168.10.136/30
62
12
Bangalore 192.168.10.0/26 Sydney 192.168.10.96/28
Example of VLSM
Address 192.168.1.0.
28
Singapore 192.168.10.112/28
Subnets
Hosts
60
32
15
64
62
192.168.1.0/26
TO
192.168.1.63/26
64
62
192.168.1.0/26
TO
192.168.1.63/26
7) IP Routing
Encapsulation Topic
64
64
We can encapsulate interface not router.

There are five statuses.
Hardware Part Indicate
Software Part Indicate
Serial 0/0 is up,
line protocol is up
(Communication will accord)
Int in up,
line protocol is down
(No Communication accord)
Int in down
line protocol is up
Int in down
line protocol is down
Int in administratively down line protocol is down
Protocol
A uniform set of rules that enable two devices to connect and transmit data to one
another. Protocols determine how data are transmitted between computing devices and
over networks. They define issues such as error control and data compression methods.
The protocol determines the following: type of error checking to be used, data
compression method (if any), how the sending device will indicate that it has finished a
message and how the receiving device will indicate that it has received the message. Also
called protocol is a language.
Encapsulation Protocol
By default encapsulation protocol is HDLC(High level Data Link). We can change
protocol but that is in your mind if we want to communication between two routers then
both protocols is same.
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial 0/0
A(config-if)#Encapsulation PPP
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Enterface Serial 0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is down
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1
(5 Packets Send ICL Protocol)
!!!!!
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56 ms

There is no communication accord; if we want communication begun between router then
we follow these commands.
A>Enable
A(config-if)#No Encapsulation
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial 0/0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is up
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

There is communication started.
If we want to administratively down the interface link (Some times administrator

himself down the interface that is called administratively shutdown).For that
particular work we need these commands.
A>Enable
A(config-if)#Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial 0
Then we will see
Serial 0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
OR
A#ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

There is no communication accord, if we want communication begun between router then
we go to
A>Enable
A(config-if)#No Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial 0/0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is up
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

There is communication started.
If we can not understand the problem completely or new on the job. Then we type the 4
commands. These commands will magically work and all problems will solve if physical
Layer error not exist. Because that error is router internal error.
1)
A(config-if)# No Shutdown
2)
A(config-if)# No Encapsulation
3)
A(config-if)# Keepalive
4)
A(config-if)# Clock Rate 64000
One important point keep in your mind clock rate always configure in DCE end. Because
when we connect to two routers then which cable work is one side DTE and second
side DCE. If we configure Clock rate 64000 command then IOS(Internetworking
Operating System) message that This is DET end and not configure that command and
Some IOS (Internetworking Operating System) accept that Clock rate 64000 command
on DTE end but no work at all.
IP Routing Topic
Purpose
Completion of routing table (every intelligent device have table, Router Routing table
Switch Switching table).Routing table complete called convergence
A # Show IP Route
That command show ip routing table.
C
C
1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial 0

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C word mentions that system directly connected to network. A pin point is that there is
only show network IDs not display IP address.
There is two ways to complete routing table.
1)
2)
1)
Static Routing Protocol

Dynamic Routing Protocol
Static Method (Static Routing Protocol)
We will define one static route define. Entry will be mentioned character S in routing
table
10.0.0.1
20.0.0.1
Serial 0/0
Serial 0/0
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0
Fasteathernet 0/0
Method:
Missing Ether net
A(config)# ip route
20.0.0.1
Missing Ether net
A(config)# ip route 192.168.1.1
Missing Subnet Mask
255.0.0.0
Missing Router
10.0.0.0
Missing Subnet Mask
Missing Router
255.255.255.0
20.0.0.0
A# show ip route
C
S
S
C

10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.1
This is Static route, but only method not practical in these days. If 100 network then we
add separate 100 entries that is not possible now a days and in routing table entry show
with S character.
1)
Dynamic Method
That is method of latest technology. There are if we complete the routing table then we
will define the routing protocol. These are given below
1)
2)
3)
4)
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
(Routing Information protocol)

(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
(Open Shortest Path First)
Properties
Protocol
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
Protocol Category
AD
Distance
Vector
120
Distance
Vector
100
Hybrid
90/170
Link
State
110
(Administrative Distance)
Meaning: This is preference criteria (if we two protocol configure then which protocol
shows in the routing table)
Presentation
In
R
I
D
O
Routing table
Meaning: Display in Routing Table
Composite
Composite
1) Band Width
1) Band Width
Cost
Matric
Hop Count
2) Delay
2) Delay
1
3) Reliability
3) Reliability
Band width
4) Loading
4) Loading
5) MTN
5) MTN
Meaning: Decision Criteria
Configuration
1)
RIP (Routing Information protocol) Configuration
In this protocol we directly connected network advertised

10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0
Serial 0/0
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0
Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router RIP
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C
C
R

192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56

Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router RIP
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B#Show IP Route
C
R
C

192.168.0.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/0
B# ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

R character is representing RIP protocol entry. We can check IP protocol
B# Show IP Protocols
Routing Protocol is rip
3)
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Configuration

10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0
Serial 0/0
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0
Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A(config)# Router IGRP 1
( Autnums System Number)

Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies

A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C
I
C
10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial 0/0

192.168.0.0 [100/10476] via 10.0.0.2, Serial 10/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!

Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router IGRP 1


B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C
R
C

192.168.0.0 [100/10476] via 10.0.0.1, Serial 10/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
I character is representing IGRP protocol entry
3)
EIGRP(Enhance Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)Configuration

10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0
Serial 0/0
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0
Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A(config)# Router EIGRP 1


A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C
C
D

192.168.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!

Second Router
B> Enable
B(config)# Router EIGRP 1


Bconfig-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C
D
C

192.168.0.0/24 [90/2172416] via 10.0.0.1, 00:01:42, Serial0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

D character is representing IGRP protocol entry
4)
OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)Configuration
What was the requirement of OSPF?
When we configure RIP IGRP EIGRP or other protocols then these protocol run
all interfaces of the router but OSPF is that protocol run only one interface if we run.
OSPF is very secure protocol. If we use RIP protocol then main disadvantage is that
after 30 second put routing table and send for updates(Live environment that is very big
disadvantage of that protocol because there normally data size consist on 1000 MB and
particular work waste 2 and 3 second every updates.). In world 85 % use OSPF 13 %
BGP and 2% other.
OSPF can be configuring single interface, single link, single network and single subnets.
OSPF have powered by dint of WILDCARD MASK
What is WILDCARD MASK?
Which of the following network commands , following the 'router ospf 1' command,
tells the router to start using OSPF on interfaces whose ip addresses are 10.1.1.1,
10.1.100.1, and 10.1.120.1?
A) network 10.1.1.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
B) network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.0 area 0
C) network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
D) network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
WILDCARD MASK Concept.

Normally we listen about WILDCARD MASK that reverse of SUBNET MASK. But this
is wrong concept.
255.255.255.0
0 .0 .0 .255
As a rule wrong because this is valid WILDCARD MASK
Definition of Subnet Mask

Subnet Mask is continue stream of 0s or 1s. But Wildcard Mask is not same type.
Calculation of Multiple IP Wildcard Mask

In Decimal Form
192 . 168. 1. 1
192 . 168. 2. 1
192 . 168. 3. 1
192 . 168. 4. 1
________________
0
.
0. 7. 0
________________
In Binary Form
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000001
11000000.10101000.00000011.00000001
11000000.10101000.00000100.00000001
___________________________________
00000000.00000000.00000111.00000000
___________________________________
Rule
0 Must Match
1 Dont Care
192 .168 . 1 . 1
Wildcard Mask
0.0.7.0
Single IP Wildcard Mask

192 .168 . 1 . 1
Wildcard Mask
0.0.0.0
1) OSPF Single Area Configuration
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0
Serial 0/0
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0
Fasteathernet 0
A> Enable
A(config)# Router OSPF 1
(Range 1 to 65335)
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C
C
O

192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:14, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!

Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration Terminal
B(config)#Router OSPF 1
(Range 1 to 65335)
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C
O
C

192.168.0.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:25, Serial0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

O Character is representing OSPF protocol entry
2) OSPF Multiple Area configuration
10.0.0.1
Serial 0/0
FastEathernet0/0
192.168.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0
B
Serial 0/1
20.0.0.1
FastEathernet 0/0
192.168.1.1
172.16.0.1
FastEathernet 0/0
C
Serial 0/1
20.0.0.2
A> Enable
A(config)# Router OSPF 1
(Range 1 to 65335)
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C
C
O
C
O

172.16.0.0/16 [110/65] via 20.0.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:02:03, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!

A# Ping 20.0.0.2
!!!!!
Second Router
B> Enable
B(config)# Router OSPF 1
(Range 1 to 65335)
B (config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B # Show IP Route
C
O
O

IA 20.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0
IA 172.16.0.0/16 [110/129] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0
O
C
192.168.0.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0

B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

B# Ping 20.0.0.1
!!!!!
Third Router
C> Enable
C # Configuration Terminal
C(config)# Router OSPF 1
(Range 1 to 65335)
C (config-router)# Network 20.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Network 172.16.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Exit
C(config)# Exit
C # Show IP Route
O
C
C
O
O
IA 10.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1

IA 192.168.0.0/24 [110/65] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1
IA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/129] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1
C# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!

C# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!

O A1 character is representing multiple area configuration OSPF protocol entry
What is the difference between Broad cast & flooded cast?

Flooded cast can be also multicast.
WAN
192.1
Banga
Mumb
Sing
Sydn
60
12
28
2
192.198
192.168
68.10.
lore
ai
apor
ey
.10.137
.10.133
.10.129
132/3
136/3
128/3
192.1
and
138
134
e 130
192.
N
et
0
68.10.
192.
168.
If we finish all the ip routing the we will type that command

C(config)#No IP Routing
C(config)#No OSPF 1
Difference between Distance Vector & Link State

Distance Vector
RIP(Routing Information Protocol) ver 1
IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
1) Neighbor to Neighbor (Slow)

2) Complete Routing table exchange
No Hallow Packet Sent
Slow Convergence
Small Network
3) Calssfull(Sent only Net IDs)
No Support of Subnatting
4) Routing Loops is exist
Link State
OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)ISIS(Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
1) Information in Flooded (Fast)

2) Only Incremental & Decremental
Updates
Hallow Packets Sent
Band Width Fast Convergence
Big Network
3) Classless(Sent Net IDs & Subnet Mask)
Support of Subnatting
4) Routing Loops is not exist

Final Ccna Notes

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Final Ccna Notes

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CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) Syllabus

OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model

IP Addressing & Concepts

IOS Boot up Sequence

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

ACL (Access Control List)

WAN (Wide Area Network) Router as a Switch

NAT & PAT Private & Public

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

Avoid Wrong Concept

Modulation & Demodulation

2) OSI (Open System Interconnection)

Q: Why is it said as Open System, why not as Close System?

As you know, The connectivity of two or more than two devices so

Layered Approach OR Structured Approach

Q: What is advantage of Layered Approach?

Q: Why do make OSI Model?

OSI Reference Model is made for to the point error detection.

OSI Open System Interconnection Layered Model

Physical Session (First we go and the checking)

Example (Physical Session)

2. Data Link Layer

LLC Sub Layer

MAC Sub Layer

There are two sub layers.

LLC(Logical Link Control)

LLC layer finish hardware and software dependsies.

MAC(Media Access Control)

CRC: (Cyclic Redundancy Code)

Q: Where that corrupted data is checked?

The main function of Protocols is the communication.

Connection Oriented: (Unreliable)

Connection Less: (Unreliable)

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

Q: Hub is a Directed or Flooded Broadcast device?

This will depend on the address.

Q: Why is Hub a Broadcast device?

Hub is same as an electric extension wire used in homes. As you know

WIC Card (Wide Interface Card)

VIC Card (Voice Interface Card)

VWIC Card Or WVIC Card (Voice Wide or Wide Voice

LAN (Local Area Network) &

Standard of WAN Cable

Q: Provide some examples of LANs switch and WANs switch?

4) IP Addressing & Concept

The Internet is a collection of networks whose users communicate with

10000010. 00000101. 00000101. 00011001

Q What is IP addressing Scheme?

Flat Addressing Scheme

Hierarchal Addressing Scheme

(Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)

Leading bit pattern 10

Leading bit pattern 110

(Reserved for multicast)

Network portion is globally unique and host portion locally unique.

Private Address Space

Default Subnet Masks

Formula (Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal)

Second Octet 128

Fourth Octet 128