CH 07

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 193 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM
Chapter 7
Coordinate Geometry
This chapter deals with operations on the number plane.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
determine the midpoint of an interval from a diagram
use Pythagoras rule to find the length of a line interval drawn between two points
find the gradient of an interval using a diagram
determine whether a line has positive or negative slope
find the gradient of a line using a right-angled triangle
draw graphs of horizontal and vertical lines
graph a variety of linear relationships
graph simple non-linear relationships.
Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

WM: S5.1.1S5.1.5
194
Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2
Diagnostic Test
1
The midpoint of the join of (4, 3) and

(10, 3) is:
A (14, 6)
B (6, 3)
C (7, 3)
D (6, 6)
The gradient of the join of X(5, 1) and

Y(3, 5) is:
3
3
4
4
A + --B --C + --D --4
4
3
3
The gradient of this line is:

(3, 11) is:
A (6, 6)
B (3, 6)
C (6, 3)
D (3, 3)
6
A --7
7
B --6
6
C --7
7
D --6

(8, 0) is:
A (9, 4)
C
(4 1--2-
B (7, 4)
D (3 1--2- , 2)
, 2)
10
The gradient of the join of A(5, 9) and

B(7, 5) is:
1
1
A + --B --C +3
D 3
3
3
11
Find the gradient of this line.

(7, 5) is:
A (1, 2)
B (2, 4)
C (6, 6)
D (6, 3)
4 y
The distance between the points (7, 1)

and (2, 9) is:
A
89
181
39
13
The distance between the points (5, 7)

and (4, 5) is:
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
63
225
21
5
6
The slope of MN is:
7
8
B 3
4
C --7
7
D --4
x
4 5
A +3
2 3
A +2
M
B 2
1
C + --2
1
D --2
12
The equation of this line is:
B
y
4 y
3
5
4
1
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
13
2 3
A y=3
B x=3
C y = 3x
D x = 3y
x
4 5
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
x
4
By using this table, the graph of

y = 2x 1 is:
x
2 3
4
5
6
y
C
A
6
5
7
6
5
4
3
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
2
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
2 3
x
4
2 3
x
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
D
y
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
3
2 3
x
4
195
196
14
By completing this table of values for

each equation, the equation of this graph
is:
x
15
The line containing the point (2, 2) is:

A y = 3x 8
B y = 3x 3
C y = 4x + 14
D y = 4x 11
3
16
The equation of this graph is:
y
9 y
8
7
y
9
8
6
5
7
6
5
3
2
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
2 3
x
4
1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1
1
x
2 3 4
A y = 3x
B y = 2x
C y = x2
D y = x2 + 1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A y = 3x 1
B y = 3x + 1
C y = 4x 1
D y = 4x 1
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
14
5, 6
7, 8
911
12
1315
16
A. MIDPOINT
The midpoint of an interval is the point halfway
between the end points of the interval.
L
Midpoint
M
B
A
Example 1
Plot each pair of points, join them with a straight line and find the coordinates of
the midpoint.
a (3, 2) and (9, 2)
a
b (5, 1) and (5, 7)

The length of this horizontal line interval is
6 units. The midpoint then is 3 units from
either end.
Midpoint
(3, 2)
(9, 2)
Both points and the midpoint

have y-ordinate of 2. The coordinates of
the midpoint are (6, 2).
(5, 9)
b
Midpoint
(5, 1)
The length of this vertical line interval is

8 units. The midpoint then is 4 units from
either end.
Both points and the midpoint
have x-ordinate of 5. The coordinates of
the midpoint are (5, 5).
Exercise 7A
1
Plot the following pairs of points, join them with a horizontal line and find the coordinates of
the midpoint.
a (1, 4) and (9, 4)
b (2, 3) and (12, 3)
c (3, 6) and (7, 6)
Plot the following pairs of points, join them with a vertical line and find the coordinates of the
midpoint.
a (2, 1) and (2, 11)
b (5, 3) and (5, 7)
c (3, 4) and (3, 8)
197
198
Example 2
Plot each pair of points, join them and find the midpoint.
a (5, 2) and (8, 2)
a
5
b (1, 5) and (1, 7)

The length of the interval is
5 + 8 = 13 units.
The midpoint is 13 2 = 6 1--2units from either end.
4
3
5 + 6 1--2- = 1 1--2-
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
(5, 2)
3
x
2 3
5 6
7 8
or 8 6 1--2- = 1 1--2 the midpoint is (1 1--2- , 2)
(8, 2)
4
5
y
7
(1, 7)
The length of the interval is

5 + 7 =12 units.
The midpoint is 12 2 = 6
units from either end.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1
2
x
4
5 + 6 = 1
or 7 6 = 1
the midpoint is (1, 1)
3
4
5
(1, 5)
Plot the following pairs of points and find the coordinates of the midpoint of these horizontal
and vertical line intervals.
a (1, 2) and (1, 4)
b (2, 1) and (2, 5)
c (3, 1) and (3, 3)
d (5, 1) and (3, 1)
e (5, 2) and (3, 2)
f (4, 3) and (4, 5)
g (0, 0) and (0, 9)
h (0, 0) and (3, 0)
i (7, 14) and (3, 14)
Example 3
Plot the following pairs of points and find the coordinates
of these oblique lines.
b (2, 5) and (3, 1)
a (1, 4) and (5, 9)

a i
An oblique line
is neither
vertical nor
horizontal.
Plot the points and join with a straight line.
y
9
(5, 9)
8
7
6
5
4
3
(1, 4)
(5, 4)
2
1
1
2 3
4 5 6
ii Draw vertical and horizontal lines

to make a right-angled triangle.
iii Write the coordinates of the third vertex.
iv Find the midpoint of each interval.
y
9
(5, 9)
8
7
(5, 6 12 )
6
5
4
3 (1, 4) (3, 4) (5, 4)

2
1
x
1
2 3
6 7
v The midpoint is (3, 6 1--2- ).

b Use the same steps as in part a.
length is 5 units
5 2 = 2 1--2 x ordinate is --122 + 2 --12- = --121
midpoint of interval is ( --2- , 5)
height is 1 5 = 4 units
42=2
y ordinate is 3
1 2 = 3
midpoint of the line interval is ( --12- , 3)
y1
2 1
1
2 3 4
(3, 1)
(3, 3)
3
4
(2, 5)
5
6
( 1 , 5) (3, 5)
2
199
200
Plot the following pairs of points and find the coordinates of the midpoint of these oblique
lines.
a (5, 2) and (1, 4)
b (2, 0) and (0, 8)
c (3, 1) and (1, 5)
d (2, 5) and (2, 5)
e (2, 1) and (1, 3)
f (5, 7) and (3, 1)
g (2, 3) and (5, 1)
h (4, 4) and (1, 1)
i (2, 3) and (2, 3)
Example 4
Find the midpoint of the line segment joining A(5, 2) and B(7, 3).
Since the midpoint M is halfway
between A and B, then the
x-coordinate of M will be halfway
between the x-coordinates of A and B:
y
4
3
A(5, 2)
Similarly, the y-coordinate of M will be

halfway between the y-coordinates
of A and B:
2 + ( 3 )
i.e. y-coordinate of M = --------------------- = 1--22
Midpoint
5+7
i.e. x-coordinate of M = ----------------- = 1
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
x
2
2
3
4
B(7, 3)
the coordinates of the midpoint M are (1, 1--2- )

5
Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the following pairs of points.
a (5, 8) and (3, 3)
b (2, 2) and (6, 3)
c (0, 6) and (6, 0)
d (15, 27) and (17, 3)
e (51, 12) and (36, 11)
f (0, 0) and (7, 11)
B. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Pythagoras rule can be used to find the length of the line interval joining two points.
Example 1
Plot the points (1, 4) and (8, 6) on the number plane. Find the distance between
the two points.
First draw in a right-angled triangle.
Find the length of each side:
the vertical side = 6 4 = 2 units
the horizontal side = 8 1 = 7 units
Use Pythagoras rule:
c2 = a2 + b2
= 22 + 72
c 2 = 53
c = 53
= 7.28 units (to 2 d.p.)
8 y
7
6
5
4
3
(8, 6)
(1, 4)
2
1
0
x
0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7 8
201
Exercise 7B
1
Plot the following pairs of points and find the distance between them.
a (2, 3) and (5, 7)
b (5, 3) and (8, 6)
c (8, 7) and (3, 3)
d (1, 9) and (7, 2)
e (2, 8) and (7, 5)
f (0, 0) and (5, 7)
Example 2
Find the distance between the points (5, 8) and (4, 2).
i
Plot the points and draw in the

right-angled triangle.
ii Find the length of each side.
iii Use Pythagoras rule:
c2 = a2 + b2
c 2 = 102 + 92
10
2
c = 181
(2 + 8 = 10)
c = 181
c = 13.45 (to 2 d.p.)
(8, 6)
8 y
7
6
5
4
3 (1, 4)
2
1
0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
1
2
9
3
(5 + 4 = 9)
Find the distance between each pair of points.

a (5, 3) and (6, 2)
b (2, 5) and (3, 7)
d (7, 0) and (5, 4)
e (8, 3) and (0, 0)
x
2 3
4 5
c (4, 5) and (5, 1)

f (4, 0) and (0, 3)
C. SLOPE (GRADIENT)
We use the words slope or gradient when talking about the degree of steepness of a line or a line segment.
Horizontal lines have no slope.
This line is very steep. It must therefore have a large slope.
To compare the slope of different lines we

use the ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run.
vertical rise
vertical rise
slope = -----------------------------horizontal run
horizontal run
202
Here are some varying slopes.

House roof
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Escalator
2m
8m
56 m
4m
10 m
slope =
=
4m
4
slope = ------
2
--8
1
--4
------slope = 56
4
10
2
--5
= 14
For a horizontal line the vertical rise is 0, therefore the slope is 0.

When line segments are drawn on graph paper, we can easily determine the slope of the line segments by
drawing horizontal and vertical lines to complete a right-angled triangle.
Example 1
Find the slope of AB.
Draw in a right-angled triangle, the same as when calculating distance.

Slope of AB
vertical rise
= -----------------------------------horizontal run
=
2
--5
2
5
Exercise 7C
1
Find the slope of the following.

a
b
c
10 m
150
4m
3m
4m
1000 m
an uphill road
6m
a barn roof
a slippery-dip
In each of the diagrams, draw a right-angled triangle and find the gradient using
vertical rise
gradient = ------------------------------------ .
horizontal run
a
b
B
A
A
Example 2
Find the gradient of the line passing through C(4, 2) and D(3, 2).
Plot the points and draw the right-angled
triangle showing side lengths.
rise
gradient = --------run
=
4
--7
Find the gradient of the line passing through each pair of points.
a C(5, 2) and D(4, 5)
b A(3, 1) and B(5, 2)
c C(5, 3) and P(7, 7)
d M(1, 5) and N(2, 6)
203
204
Investigation 1
WM: Communicating, Reflecting
Varying the slope

Copy and complete the table.
1
N
Line
segment
x-run
y-rise
Slope
AB
CD
H
F
M
I
K
GH
IJ
E
C
A
EF
KL
MN
Copy and complete:

a The slope of a horizontal line is ____.
b The slope of a vertical line is ____.
c As the line segments become steeper, their slopes ____.
D. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE GRADIENTS

Negative slopes
In the figure opposite Line 1 and Line 2 are
parallel, and each of them has the same slope
of 2.
Line 3 is not parallel to Lines 1 and 2, yet
it has the same degree of steepness.
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
We say that Lines 1 and 2 are forward sloping

whereas Line 3 is backward sloping.
As we go from left to right on Line 1 we
are going uphill, whereas on Line 3 we are
going downhill.
Example 1
Determine the slope of AB
and CD in the following.
B
C
6
A
4
The slope of AB is positive (uphill)

rise
slope AB = + --------run
+6
= -----4
= +1 1--2-
2 D
The slope of CD is negative (downhill)

rise
slope CD = --------run
5
= --2
= 2 1--2-
Determine
positive or
negative slope
first.
205
206
Exercise 7D
1
Find the gradient of each line. Determine positive or negative slope first.
a
T
C
X
Y
D
f
V
M
2
Determine the slope of:

a OA
b OB
c OC
d OD
e OE
f OF
g OG
F
E
C
B
O
Determine the slope of:

a AP
b AQ
c AR
d AS
e AT
f AU
P
R
U
S
Q
R
Imagine you are walking across the countryside from O to W (i.e. from left to right).
a When are you going uphill?
b When are you going downhill?
c Where is the steepest positive slope? d Where is the steepest negative slope?
e Where is the slope 0?
f When is the slope not zero but least?
Example 2
a Plot the points A(3, 5) and B(7, 2).
b Find the gradient of the lines though A and B.
a
Plot the points and draw the line.

(3, 5)
A
B
(7, 2)
10
Find the side lengths of the triangle. The slope is negative as it is downhill.
rise
Gradient = --------run
3
= -----10
207
208
Plot the following pairs of points and determine the gradient of the line passing through the
two points.
a A(4, 6) and B(7, 2)
b C(4, 1) and D(5, 3)
c P(1, 3) and Q(4, 1)
d R(0, 0) and S(5, 3)
e M(5, 3) and N(5, 2)
f S(3, 2) and T(4, 6)
Example 3
y
4
3
2
1
x
2 1
2 3
2
3
First choose any two points on the line and draw in a right-angled triangle.
The slope is positive uphill.
rise
6
= + --5
By choosing two points on each line, find the gradient of these straight lines.
a
b
Example 4
Find the gradient of the given line.
Draw a right-angled triangle, labelling

the rise and run.
rise
3
= --6
1
= --2
Find the gradient of the following lines.

a
b
3
209
210
Find the slope of each of these graphs. Be careful as the scales are not the same.
a
Investigation 2
WM: Reasoning, Communicating
The slope of a line

1
Copy and complete the table
Line segment
x-run
y-rise
y-rise
----------------x-run
BC
1
--2
DE
AC
BE
AE
AF
2
State, in sentence form, any conclusions drawn from the graph and table.
Investigation 3
WM: Reflecting, Communicating
Relating gradient and the tangent ratio

1
Plot the points A (1, 2) and B (5, 9).
Form a right-angled triangle and write the lengths of the horizontal and vertical lines.
Find the gradient of AB.
Label the angle at A as .
With respect to , label the sides as opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse.
Write an expression for tan .
Compare tan and the gradient.
Explain the result from question 7.
Calculate the angle equal to the slope of the line with the x-axis.
10
Calculate the angle for the gradient of the join of the points in Exercise 12D Question 5.
11
Copy and complete:

The gradient of a line is equal to ___ , where is the angle made by the line and the ___ axis.
211
212
E. LINES PARALLEL TO THE AXES

In section A of this chapter, we found the midpoint of horizontal and vertical lines.
In the first example, the points (3, 2) and (9, 2) were joined to give a midpoint of (6, 2).
By noticing that all points have a y-ordinate of 2, the equation of that horizontal line must be y = 2.
The points (5, 1) and (5, 9) were joined by a vertical line, and the midpoint was found to be (5, 5). All three points
have a x-ordinate of 5. This shows that the equation of the vertical line is x = 5.
Horizontal lines are of the form y = a where a is a positive or negative number. Vertical lines are of the form
x = b where b is a positive or negative number.
Example 1
Graph these lines:
a x=3
a x=3
b y = 2
This should be a vertical line. Use this table of values to check.
All x values are 3.
Plotting the points gives:
b y = 2
This should be a horizontal line. Use this table of values to check.
All y values are 2.
Plotting the points gives:
Exercise 7E
Graph these horizontal and vertical lines.
a y=3
b x=1
e x=5
f y=8
c x = 2
g y = 3
d y = 4
h x=7
a List the equations from question 1 that represent horizontal lines.

b Write the coordinates of the point where each of these lines cuts the y-axis.
a List the equations from question 1 that represent vertical lines.

b Write the coordinates of the point where each of these lines cuts the x-axis.
a Graph these horizontal lines on the sane number plane:

y = 2, y = 1, y = 1, y = 2
b The x-axis is a horizontal line. The equation of the x-axis is y = ___.
c Explain your answer in part b.
a Graph these vertical lines on the same number plane:

x = 2, x = 1, x = 1, x = 2
b Write the equation of the y-axis.
c Explain your answer to part b.
F. GRAPHING LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS

Consider all points (x, y) in which y = 2x. We can write down any number of ordered pairs that satisfy this rule.
For example, (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (2, 4), (0.7, 1.4).
To visualise all the points that satisfy the equation y = 2x, we draw a graph of all points near the origin, O. Often
we find that a table of values is useful.
For y = 2x, a table of values is:
x
Graphing these seven points only, we get the graph in Figure 1.

However, not just the integers satisfy this rule. Figure 2 on the next page is the plot of all points with x-values
0.25 units apart.
213
214
In fact, if we imagine ordered pairs where the x-values are the complete set of real numbers, we would obtain
the complete line as in Figure 3.
Example 1
Draw the graph of the lines with these equations.
a y=x+2
b y = 2x
c y= x1
When you choose values for the table you can choose any x value you like.
a y=x+2
x
b y = 2x
x
c y=
1
--2
x1
2 1--2-
1 1--2-
1--2-
1
--2
Note: When graphing the lines shown above, the line is extended past the plotted points with an arrow on each
end to show that it continues in both directions. Write the equation on the line.
Exercise 7F
In each of the following, copy and complete the table of ordered pairs.
a y=x
x
b y=x2
1
y
d y=5x
c y = x
x
e y = 2x + 1
x
f
1
y = 1--2- x
x
g y = 8 2x
x
h y = 1 3x
1
Copy and complete the following tables using the rule provided.
ii Plot each set of ordered pairs on separate axes and draw the straight line
through the points.
215
216
a y=x+1
x
y=x+3
c y = x 1
x
y=4x
d
2
y
e y = 2x 2
x
y = 3 2x
f
1
For the straight lines in questions 1 and 2:

a Write a list of the equations with a positive gradient.
b Write a list of the equations with a negative gradient.
c What is the difference between these groups of equations?
d Without drawing, state whether each of these equations has positive or negative slope.
i y = 2x 1
ii y = 3x + 4
iii y = 5 7x
iv y = 3 + 2x
v y = 7x 1
vi y = 5x + 2
Example 2
By using this table of values draw graphs of:
x
x+y=7
When x = 3
3 + y = 7
y =7+3
y = 10
x+y=7
xy=3
10
When x = 0
0+y=7
y =7
When x = 3
3+y=7
y =73
=4
b xy=3
When x = 3
3 y = 3
y = 3 + 3
y = 6
y = 6
When x = 0
xy =3
0y =3
y = 3
When x = 3
xy =3
3y=3
y = 0
y =0
By using a table of values, draw on separate

number planes the graphs of:
y
a y=x4
b y=x+4
e y = 1--2- x
f
j
xy=8
m 3y 2x = 12
c y = 2x
d y=1x
2x + 3
y = ---------------4
g x + y = 3
h x+y=1
xy=6
k y = 4 + x
3x
n y = ------ 2
2
o 2x 3y = 6
p 5x + 3y = 30
x+y=8
Example 3
Does the point (2, 2) lie on the line y = 2x 1?
Draw a table of values for y = 2x 1.
x
Plot these points and draw the line y = 2x 1.

Plot the point (2, 2).
The point (2, 2) does not lie on the line.
Using the graphs you drew in question 4, answer the following questions.
a Does the point (1, 3) lie on the line y = x 4?
b Does the point (1, 2) lie on the line y = x + 4?
c Does the point (0, 2) lie on the line y = 2x?
217
218
d Does the point (3, 2) lie on the line y = 1 x?

e Does the point (4, 1) lie on the line y = 1--2- x?
2x + 3
Does the point (0, 2) lie on the line y = ---------------- ?
4
g Does the point (2, 1) lie on the line x + y = 3?
h Does the point (6, 2) lie on the line x y = 8?
i Does the point (2, 4) lie on the line x y = 6?
f
When making up a table of values from rules, I unfortunately mix them up. Can you sort out
which graph belongs to which table of values?
a
A y = 2x
x
4
2
0
2
4
y
b
x
B y = x
c
C y=
1
--2
d
D y=x+2
e
E y=2x
Example 4
You can check if a point lies on a line without drawing it. By substituting the
x value of the point (13, 25) and finding the corresponding y value, decide if
the point in brackets lies on the line y = 2x 1.
The x value is 13.
As y = 2x - 1
y = 2 (13) - 1
y = 25
Since the y values are equal the point lies on the line.
219
By substituting the x-value of the point given in brackets and finding the corresponding
y-value, decide if the point in brackets lies on the given line.
a y=4x
(2, 2)
b y=x+4
(1, 5)
c y = 2x
(3, 8)
d y=1x
(5, 4)
e y = 1--2- x
(3, 6)
f y = 2x + 3
(2, 1)
g y = 2x 3
(4, 11)
h y = 3 2x
(5, 4)
i y = 3x 2
(10, 28)
Find five points that lie on these lines.

a y=x+3
b 2x + y = 5
c 3x 2y = 6
Investigation 4
WM: Applying Strategies, Communicating
Graphics calculator
1
These instructions are for a CASIO CFX9850GB PLUS.

a Select GRAPH from the MAIN MENU.
b Enter the equation y = 2x + 3 by pressing
x,,T + 3 then EXE
2
c Press F6 to DRAW.
d The graph should appear on the screen. If the scale of the axes needs adjustment
VWindow
press
F3
and adjust as needed. Press EXIT to return.
e Press F2 F1 to delete any graphs after choosing the equations.

f To have more than one graph at a time on the screen omit instruction e.
2
a Draw these graphs on the same screen. (Use different colours if you can.)
y = 2x +1, y = 2x 1 and y = 2x + 3
b What observation can you make?
a Graph: y = 3x 1, y = 3x and y = 3x + 2.
b Comment on these graphs.
a Graph: y = x + 2, y = x and y = x 5.
a Graph: y = 3x 1, y = 2x 1 and y = 4x 1.
b What comment can be made?
a Draw the graphs of y = x 2, y = x 2 + 1 and y = x 2 2 on the same axes.

220
a Graph y = 2 x, y = 3 x and y = 5 x on the same set of axes.

b Comment on the similarities in these graphs.
Draw the graphs from the exercises in sections F and G.
Make up some of your own.
G. NON-LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS
Straight lines are one type of relationship that can be graphed. There are many relationships that, when graphed,
are not straight lines. This section examines some of these.
Note that graphics calculators are an excellent tool in this section.
The parabola is the name given to the graph relating y to x 2. The simplest parabola is y = x 2.
The exponential graph has x as a power. An example is y = 2x.
Exercise 7G
1
a Complete this table of values for y = x2.

x
--12-
1
--2
b Plot these points and draw a smooth curve through them.

2
By using a table with the same values as question 1, or a graphics calculator, graph on the
same number plane:
a y = x2, y = 2x2, y =
1 2
--- x
2
b y = x2, y = 3x2, y = 4x2, y =
1 2
--- x
4
c y = x2, y = x2 + 1, y = x2 + 2, y = x2 1
3
Write some observations about each of the four groups of parabolas in question 2.
Example 1
Complete this table and sketch y = 3x.
x
y
Use the Xy button on the calculator to find the values.

x
0.04
0.1
0.3
27
Extend the graph past the end points.
a By using the table, or a graphics calculator, graph on the same number plane:
y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 4x.
x
y
b What do you notice about all three graphs?
Language in Mathematics
Pierre de Fermat
(16011665)
Pierre de Fermat was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne in

France, near the border with Spain. He studied Latin and
Greek literature, ancient science, mathematics and modern
languages at the University of Toulouse, but his main purpose
was to study law.
In 1629 Fermat studied the work of Appollonius, a geometer
of ancient Greece, and discovered for himself that loci or sets
of points could be studied using coordinates and algebra. His
work Introduction to Loci was not published for another fifty
years, and together with La Geometrie by Descartes, formed
the basis of Cartesian geometry.
221
222
In 1631 Fermat received his degree in law, was later awarded the status of a minor nobleman, and
in 1648 became Kings Councillor,
Fermat was a man of great integrity who worked hard. He remained aloof from matters outside his
own jurisdiction, and pursued his great interest in mathematics. He worked with Pascal on the
theory of probability and the principles of permutations and combinations. He worked on a variety
of equations and curves and the Archimedean spiral. In 1657 he wrote Concerning the Comparison
of Curved and Straight Lines which was published during his lifetime.
Fermat died in 1665. He was acknowledged master of mathematics in France at the time, but his
fame would have been greater if he had published more of his work while he was alive. He became
known as the founder of the modem theory of numbers.
In mid-1993, one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics, Fermats Last Theorem
was solved by Andrew Wiles of Princeton University (USA). Wiles made the final breakthrough after
350 years of searching by many famous mathematicians (both amateur and professional). Wiles is
a former student and collaborator of Australian Mathematician John Coates.
Fermats Last Theorem is a simple assertion which he wrote in the margin of a mathematics book,
but which he never proved, although he claimed he could. The theorem is:
The equation xn + yn = zn, when the exponent n is greater than 2, has no solutions in
positive integers.
Wiles work establishes a whole new mathematical theory, proposed and developed over the last
60 years by the finest mathematical minds of the 20th century.
1
Read the article about Pierre de Fermat and answer the questions.
a How many years was Fermat alive?
b List four of Fermats achievements
c How many publications did Fermat have in his lifetime?
d Why was Fermat not as famous as he could have been?
e What was the only article published by Fermat in his lifetime?
Complete these glossary words by inserting the vowels.

a v__rt__c__l
b h__r__z__nt__l
gr__d__ __nt
d d__st__nc__
__bl__q__ __
l__n__ __r
sl__p__
Rearrange these sentences, the first word has a capital letter.

a The equation y-axis x = 0 has the
b has The x-axis y = 0 equation the
c positive uphill gradient slope An is a
d in is a midpoint middle The the of line
e a the If gradient is goes downhill negative line
f interval Pythagoras found The is using an length of theorem
Use every third letter to reveal the message.
AWIERNGHCUJOIKOOPRLKDNGISENRTAASTXCEVFGBGENHOMJM
NHEWETRTRGFYDCAESNEDIFGNJKTOPELKRJHVNBAGFLCDJESO
WAISDNFGSHJTKMWNBOVCPASODFIGHNBGTVFSCDADENDSDSEH
WSAQASASLASEADNFGGHJTKLHIFADFMGBIHJDKMPDEOSCIFJN
MTYAAXINKEDSJSMWLZFOGHPJKE
Glossary
coordinates
horizontal
negative
positive
triangle
decimal place
interval
non-linear
Pythagoras
vertex
endpoint
length
number plane
relationships
vertical
gradient
linear
oblique
right-angled triangle
halfway
midpoint
operations
slope
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

1
223
The midpoint of the join of (3, 5) and (9, 5) is:

A (12, 5)
B (6, 5)
C (6, 10)
D (6, 0)

A (2, 3)
B (2, 6)
C (0, 6)
D (4, 6)

A (8, 2)
B (5, 2)
C (8, 4)
D (4, 2)

A (1, 4)
B ( 1--2- , 2)
C ( 1--2- , 2)
D (5 1--2- , 5)
The distance between the points (5, 3) and (0, 10) is:
A
12
B 144
C
24
74
The distance between the points (5, 8) and (6, 5) is:

A
290
B 48
C
170
The slope of AB is:

7
A
--5
7
B -----5
5
C --7
5
D -----7
224
The gradient of the join of A(7, 1) and B(3, 6) is:

10
A -----7
10
B --------7
7
C -----10
The gradient of this line interval is:

A 7
B 7
C 1
D 1
10
11
The gradient of the join of A(5, 7) and B(3, 5) is:

1
1
A --B -----4
4
A +1
B 1
C +8
D 8
12
7
D -----10
The equation of this line is:

A y=2
B x=2
C y = 2x
D x = 2y
C 4
D 4
13
225
By using this table the graph of y = 2x +1 is:

x
y
A
14
A y = 3x 1
B y = 3x + 1
C y = 4x 1
D y = 4x 1
15
By completing this table of values for each equation, the equation of this graph is:
The line containing the point (4, 9) is:

A y = 3x 8
B y = 3x 3
C y = 4x + 14
D y = 4x 11
226
16
The equation of this graph is:

A y = 3x
B y = 2x
C y = x2
D y = x2 + 1
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
14
5, 6
7, 8
911
12
1315
16
Section
REVIEW SET 7A
1
By drawing a diagram and plotting the points, find the midpoint of the join of:
a (4, 3) and (10, 3)
b (2, 5) and (2, 9)
c (4, 1) and (8, 6)
d (4, 3) and (10, 1)
Using Pythagoras theorem, find the distance between these pairs of points:
a (4, 3) and (10, 7)
b (2, 5) and (2, 3)
In this diagram draw a right-angled triangle and find the gradient of the line.
Find the gradient of the line passing through these pairs of points.
a (5, 2) and (6, 3)
b (3, 6) and (7, 1)
Draw a sketch of each of these lines.

a y=3
b y = 4
e x+y=5
c y=x+3
d y = 4 3x
xy=2
Does the point (4, 3) lie on the line y = 2x 11? Explain your answer.
Draw a neat sketch of the relation y = x2.
REVIEW SET 7B
1
Use these diagrams to find the midpoint of each line interval.

a
b
a Find the distance between the two points in question 1 part b.

b Find the distance between the points (1, 8) and (5, 1).
a Find the gradient of the line in question 1 part b.

b Find the gradient of the line passing through the points (4, 2) and (2, 3).
227
228
Complete this table for each relation and draw a sketch of each of the lines.
a y=x+4
b y = 2 3x
x
3
0
3
c x + y = 8
d xy=0
y
Does the point (1, 3) lie on the line x y = 4? Explain your answer.
a Complete this table for the relation y = 2x.

b Draw a neat sketch of the relation y = 2x.
REVIEW SET 7C
1
By drawing a diagram and plotting the points, find the midpoint of the join of:
a (5, 3) and (11, 3)
b (2, 1) and (2, 9)
c (3, 1) and (8, 4)
d (5, 3) and (10, 4)
Using Pythagoras theorem, find the distance between these pairs of points:
a (4, 3) and (9, 8)
b (2, 7) and (3, 3)
In this diagram draw a right-angled

triangle and find the gradient of the
line.
Find the gradient of the line passing through these pairs of points:
a (7, 2) and (6, 3)
b (3, 6) and (8, 3)
Draw a sketch of each of these lines:

a y = 5
c y=x2
e y = 2x + 1
g xy=6
b x=2
d y = 5 4x
f x + y = 1
Does the point (2, 5) lie on the line y = 3x 1? Explain your answer.
Draw neat sketches of these relations.

a y = x2 + 2
b y = 3x
REVIEW SET 7D
1
Use these diagrams to find the midpoint of each line interval.

a
a Find the distance between the two points in question 1 part b.

b Find the distance between the points (3, 8) and (5, 4).
229
230
a Find the gradient of the line in question 1 part b.

b Find the gradient of the line passing through the points (7, 2) and (2, 1).
Complete this table for each relation and draw a sketch of each of the lines.
x
y
a y=3x
c x + y = 1
b y = 2x 3
d xy=6
Does the point (1, 5) lie on the line x + y = 4? Explain your answer.
a Complete this table for the relation y = 3x.

b Draw a neat sketch of the relation y = 3x.
x
y

CH 07

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Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

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Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

The midpoint of the join of (4, 3) and

The gradient of the join of X(5, 1) and

The gradient of this line is:

The midpoint of the join of (3, 5) and

The midpoint of the join of (1, 4) and

The gradient of the join of A(5, 9) and

Find the gradient of this line.

The midpoint of the join of (5, 1) and

The distance between the points (7, 1)

The distance between the points (5, 7)

The slope of MN is:

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 195 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

The equation of this line is:

By using this table, the graph of

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 196 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

By completing this table of values for

The line containing the point (2, 2) is:

The equation of this graph is:

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 197 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

b (5, 1) and (5, 7)

Both points and the midpoint

The length of this vertical line interval is

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 198 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

b (1, 5) and (1, 7)

or 8 6 1--2- = 1 1--2 the midpoint is (1 1--2- , 2)

The length of the interval is

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 199 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

a (1, 4) and (5, 9)

Plot the points and join with a straight line.

ii Draw vertical and horizontal lines

3 (1, 4) (3, 4) (5, 4)

v The midpoint is (3, 6 1--2- ).

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Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

Similarly, the y-coordinate of M will be

the coordinates of the midpoint M are (1, 1--2- )

B. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 201 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

Plot the points and draw in the

Find the distance between each pair of points.

c (4, 5) and (5, 1)

To compare the slope of different lines we

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 202 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM

Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

Here are some varying slopes.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

For a horizontal line the vertical rise is 0, therefore the slope is 0.

Draw in a right-angled triangle, the same as when calculating distance.

Find the slope of the following.

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Coordinate Geometry (Chapter 7) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.2

LEY_bk953_7_3rdpps Page 204 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:43 AM