ANALOG ELECTRONICS

2130902
LAB MANUAL

EXPERIMENT LIST OF ANALOG ELECTRONICS

SUBJECT CODE: 2130902
Experiment
no.

Title

To study Forward Bias and Reverse Bias Characteristics of PN

Junction Semi-conductor diode.

To study Input and Output Characteristics of Common Emitter

Configuration for NPN transistor.

To Study OP-AMP as Non Inverting Amplifier.

To Study OP-AMP as Inverting Amplifier.

5
6

Design and Implement a Non Inverting Adder and Inverting Adder

Using OP-AMP.
Design and Implement a Subtractor Circuit Using OP-AMP.

Design and Implement a Integrator Circuit Using OP-AMP.

Design and Implement a Differentiator Circuit Using OP-AMP.

Design and Implement a Low Pass Filter Using OP-AMP.

10

Design and Implement a High Pass Filter Using OP-AMP.

EXPERIMENT: 1
Aim:- To study Forward Bias and Reverse Bias Characteristics of PN Junction
Semiconductor diode.
Appartus:- Diode (1N4007)
Resistor -1k

DC Power supplies (0-2V,

(0
0-30V)
Connecting wires, bread board
Multisim Software.
Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig. forward biasing of diode

Fig. reverse biasing of diode

Procedure
1) Connectt the diode in forward bias configuration
configuration. i.e. connect the positive terminal of
DC power supply to the positive terminal of diode and negative terminal of DC power
supply to the negative terminal of diode.
2) Increase the voltage of power supply step wise and measure the value of current
flowing Diode (ID) and voltage drop across Diode (VD) by using ammeter and voltmeter
respectively.
3) Connect the diode in reverse bias configuration. i.e. connect the positive terminal of
DC power supply to the negative terminal of diode and negative terminal oof DC power
supply to the positive terminal of diode.
4) Plot the graph of diode voltage (VD) verses diode current (ID) for forward bias and
reverse bias.

Observation Table:
Forward bias:
VD(V)
0.1
0.2
0.3

ID(A)
0A
0.1A
1.4A

0.4

20.8A

0.5

199.5A

0.6

1.5mA

0.65

4.5mA

0.7

13.2mA

0.75

41.6mA

0.8

141.4mA

0.81

196mA

Reverse bias:
VD(V)
1
2
5

ID(A)
0.1
0.2
0.5

10

20

50

60

90

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT: 2
Aim:- To study Input and Output Characteristics of Common Emitter
for NPN transistor.
Appartus:-Transistor BC-547
Resistor -240k, 2.2k
DC Power supplies
Connecting wires, bread board
Ammeter- (0-20 mA , 0-1mA)
Voltmeter- (0-20V , 0-10V)
Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.A Input characteristic of npn transistor

Configuration

Fig.B output characteristic of npn transistor

Procedure
a) Input characteristic
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig A
2. Keep the voltage VCE as constant at 5V by varying VCC.
3. Vary the input voltage VBB in step of 1V up to 10 V.
4. Measure thee voltage VBE from voltmeter and the current IB through
ammeter for different values of input voltage.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for VCE value of 10V.
6. Draw input characteristic for tabulated values.
b) Output characteristic
1. Fix the input base current IB at constant value say at 10A.
2. Vary the output voltage VCC in steps of 1V from 0V to 10V.
3. Measure the voltage VCE from voltmeter and current IC through ammeter
for different values.
4. Repeat the above steps 2 and 3 for various values of IB=0A and 40A.
5. Draw output
utput characteristic for tabulated values.

Observation Table:
a) Input characteristic
VBB(V)

VCE= 5V

VCE=10V

0.1
0.2

IB(A)
0 A
0 A

0.1
0.2

IB(A)
0 A
0 A

0.3

0.05 A

0.3

0.05 A

0.4

0.05 A

0.4

0.05 A

0.5

0.22 A

0.5

0.22 A

0.6

4.66 A

0.6

4.66 A

0.65

0.03 mA

0.65

0.02 mA

0.67

1.53 mA

0.67

0.08 mA

IB= 20A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
2.2
2
2.6

IB= 50A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
4.6
2
5.3

IB= 0A
IC(mA)
VCE(V)
1
0.038
2
0.043

2.97

6.1

0.047

3.3

6.8

0.052

3.68

7.5

0.057

3.99

8.33

0.066

VBE(V)

VBE(V)

b) Output characteristic
VCC(V)

Conclusion

EXPERIMENT: 3
Aim:- To Study OP-AMP
AMP as Non Inverting Amplifier.
Appartus:-

IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. Non inverting Amplifer

Observation table:





Input(Vin)

Output(Vo)

Gain=1+

3

Gain=



Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
3. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
4. Calculate the gain using the equation





5. Calculate the theoretical gain using the equation 1+

Graph:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT: 4
Aim:- To Study OP-AMP
AMP as Inverting Amplifier.
Appartus:-

IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory

Circuit diagram:

Fig. Inverting Amplifer

Observation Table:





Input(Vin)

Output(Vo)

Gain=(- )

2

Gain=



Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
3. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
4. Calculate the gain using the equation





5. Calculate the theoretical gain using the equation (Result:

Conclusions:

).

EXPERIMENT: 5
Aim:- Design and Implement a Non Inverting Adder
Adder and Inverting Adder Using
OPAMP.
Appartus:-

IC- 741,
Resistors 1k,
, 250, 2k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
voltmeter
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.(a) Inverting Adder

Fig.(b) Non Inverting Adder

Observation Table:
(a) Inverting Adder

Va

Vb

Vc

Vo (p)

Vo=-{Va+Vb+Vc}

-2.99

-3

-3.99

-4

-8.99

-9

-11.99

-12

-12.54

-13

(b) Non Inverting Adder

Vo= Va+Vb+Vc
8

Va
1

Vb
0

Vc
7

Vo (p)
8.03

11.03

11

14.03

14

14.03

15

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a) in order to get inverting adder circuit.
2. Set the values of resistors Ra= Rb= Rc = Rf and Rom = (Ra || Rb || Rc || Rf) .
3. Vary the values of Va, Vb and Vc Voltages through the DC power supply.
4. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
negative sum of input voltages.
5. Calculate the theoretical sum using the the equation Vo = -{Va+ Vb + Vc }.
6. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (b) in order to get Non inverting adder
circuit.
7. Set the values of resistors Ra= Rb= Rc and (1+




) = 3.

8. Vary the values of Va, Vb and Vc Voltages through the DC power supply.
9. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
positive sum of input voltages.
10. Calculate the theoretical sum using the equation Vo = Va+ Vb + Vc .

Conclusion

EXPERIMENT: 6
Aim: Design and Implement a Subtractor Circuit Using OPAMP.
Appartus :

IC- 741,
Resistors 5k
, 10k, 10k
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
voltmeter
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig. Subtractor

Observation Table:
Vo= Vb - Va

Va

Vb

Vo (p)

-0.99

-1

4.02

15

10.02

10

16

14.07

16

20

14.07

15

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure in order to get subtractor circuit.
2. Set the values of resistors R1= R2= R3 = Rf .
3. Vary the values of Va and Vb Voltages through the DC power supply.
4. Connect the voltmeter across the Load resistance to measure the output voltage i.e
difference of input voltages.
5. Calculate the theoretical difference using the equation Vo = Vb - Va.

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT: 7
Aim: Design and Implement a Integrator Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 9.09k,
9.09
10k, 100k
Capacitor 16nF
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.- Integrator

Observation Table:
Sr.
No.

Input

Output

Amplitude

Nature

frequency

Amplitude

Nature

frequency

1V

Sine

1 kHz

1V

Cosine

1 kHz

1V

Square

1 kHz

1.5V

Triangular

1 kHz

Calculation:
f = 1 kHz and Vi = 1V sine wave
Let the maximum frequency be equale to fb. Therefore fb = 1 kHz.
So for proper integration to take place fb 10 fa
i.e. fa = 100 Hz
Assume the dc gain of practical integrator is 10.
Rf 1 = 10
Assume R1 = 10 kHz then Rf = 100 kHz
Now, fa =


(   )

so that Cf = 15.9 nF

Rcomp = R1 || Rf = 9.09 k.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the value of R1 and RF according to the provided dc gain.
3. Calculate the value of CF from the value of fa and RF.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
5. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
6. Plot the output and input waveforms.

Graph:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT: 8
Aim: Design and Implement a Differentiator Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 82,
82 10 k, 1.59 k
Capacitor 0.1 nF, 0.005F
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.-Differentiator

Observation Table:
Sr.
No.

Input

Output

Amplitude

Nature

frequency

Amplitude

Nature

frequency

1V

sine

1 kHz

-1V

cosine

1 kHz

1V

Square

1 kHz

-10V

Spike

1 kHz

Calculation:
f = 1 kHz and Vi = 1V sine wave
Let the maximum frequency be equale to fa. Therefore fa= 1 kHz.
Assume C1 < 1 F. Let C1 = 0.1 F.
Now, fa =


(  )

. so that Rf = 1.59 k.

So for proper differentiation to take place fb = 20 fa = 20 kHz.

Now, fb =


(  )

. so that R1 = 79.5

Let us use R1 is equals to 82 .

Now, R1 C1 = Rf Cf so that Cf = 0.0051 F.
Rcomp = Rf = 1.59 k.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Calculate the value of CF , R1 and RF from the value of fa and fb.
3. Apply cosine wave of 1V peak amplitude and 1kHZ frequency from function
generator.
4. Measure the output voltage and input voltage in the CRO.
5. Plot the output and input signal waveforms.
Graph:

Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT: 9
Aim: Design and Implement a Low Pass Filter Circ
Circuit Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 10 k,
k 15.9 k
Capacitor 0.01
01 F

DC power supply (0-30V),

(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.-Low pass filter

Observation Table:
Sr.
No.

Output

Gain

Gain (dB)

VO (VP)

|VO / Vi|

20 Log |VO / Vi|

Input
Vi = 1 VP
Frequency
(Hz)
10

6.02

100

1.99

1.99

5.98

200

1.96

1.96

5.85

700

1.64

1.64

4.29

1k

1.41

1.41

3.01

3k

0.63

0.63

-3.98

7k

0.28

0.28

-10.97

10 k

0.20

0.20

-14.02

30 k

0.07

0.07

-23.53

10

100 k

0.02

0.02

-33.98

Calculation:
Let Vi = 1V sine wave
Choose the cut off frequency fH. Let fH= 1 kHz.
Assume C 1 F. Let C = 0.01 F.
Now, Calculate R using equation, R=


(  )

. so that R = 15.9 k.

Now, Pass band gain is 2, therefore R1 = Rf =10 k.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Choose the cut off frequency and value of capacitor C.
3. Calculate the value of R from the value of fH and C.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude from function generator.
5. Vary the frequency of input sinusoidal signal from function generator and
Measure the amplitude of output voltage from CRO.

6. Calculate the gain in dB and find the 3 dB down gain from the maximum gain
value.
7. The frequency correspond to the 3 dB down gain is called the cut off frequency.
8. Plot the graph of frequency verses gain in dB.
Graph:

lot graph of frequency verses gain in dB (in semi-log graph paper).

Plot
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT: 10
Aim: Design and Implement a High Pass Filter Circuit
Circ Using OP-AMP.
AMP.
Apparatus : IC- 741,
Resistors 10 k,
k 15.9 k
Capacitor 0.01 F
DC power supply (0-30V),
(0
CRO, Function Generator
Connecting wires, bread board.

Theory:

Circuit diagram:

Fig.-High pass filter

Observation Table:
Sr.
No.

Output

Gain

Gain (dB)

VO (VP)

|VO / Vi|

20 Log |VO / Vi|

Input
Vi = 1 VP
Frequency
(Hz)
100

0.20

0.20

-14.02

200

0.39

0.39

-8.13

400

0.74

0.74

-2.58

700

1.15

1.15

1.19

1k

1.41

1.41

3.01

3k

1.90

1.90

5.56

7k

1.98

1.98

5.93

10 k

1.99

1.99

5.98

30 k

6.02

Calculation:
Let Vi = 1V sine wave
Choose the cut off frequency fL. Let fL= 1 kHz.
Assume C 1 F. Let C = 0.01 F.
Now, Calculate R using equation, R=


(  )

. so that R = 15.9 k.

Now, Pass band gain is 2, therefore R1 = Rf =10 k.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Choose the cut off frequency and value of capacitor C.
3. Calculate the value of R from the value of fL and C.
4. Apply sine wave of 1V peak amplitude from function generator.
5. Vary the frequency of input sinusoidal signal from function generator and
Measure the amplitude of output voltage from CRO.
6. Calculate the gain in dB and find the 3 dB down gain from the maximum gain
value.

7. The frequency correspond to the 3 dB down gain is called the cut off frequency.
8. Plot the graph of frequency verses gain in dB.
Graph:

Plot graph of frequency verses gain in dB (in semi-log

semi
graph paper)
Conclusion: