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Time loss
Theoretical cycles burning is assumed to be
instantaneous
Actual cycle- completed in a finite interval of time
The effect of finite time of combustion is that the
max pressure will not be produced when the vol
is minimum.
Time taken for burning - velocity of flame front &
distance from the point of ignition to the
opposite side of the combustion space.
Pumping loss
Pumping loss pumping gas from low inlet
pressure to higher exhaust pressure
The pumping loss increases at part throttle
because throttling reduces the suction
pressure
Pumping loss also increasing with speed