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Designed By
Adnan Riaz
(2001-civil-952)
Muhammad Yousaf
(2001-civil-959)
Adnan Ahmed
(2001-civil-962)
Imran Malghani
(2001-civil-948)
PROJECT ADVISOR
Al-Quran
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to
Our beloved parents,
Respected teachers,
And sincere friends.
For their efforts and worthy encouragement.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we developed this project and this report entirely on
the basis of our personal efforts made under the sincere guidance of our project
supervisor.
It is further declared that no portion of the work presented in this report has
been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or qualification
of this or any other University or institute of learning.
We further declare that this project and all associated documents, reports
and records are submitted as partial requirement for the degree of B.S Civil
Engineering.
We understand and transfer copyrights for these materials to University of
Engineering and Technology Lahore.
Adnan Riaz
(2001-civil-952)
Muhammad Yousaf
(2001-civil-959)
Adnan Ahmed
(2001-civil-962)
Imran Malghani
(2001-civil-948)
Project Advisor
Signature
____________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chapter -1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.1 INTRODUCTON
1.3 OBJECTIVES
2.2 BEAMS
12
2.3 SLABS
26
2.4 COLUMNS
31
38
44
55
78
81
89
90
96
118
121
126
130
134
135
CHAPTER- 8 DRAWINGS
CHAPTER- 9 CONCLUSIONS
REFRENCES
139
CHAPTER No. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Architectural Consideration of Mosque
Architectural Design is the first step in any constructional work. For a mosque the
architectural consideration should be kept in mind.
Capacity of mosque should be consistent with the community requirements. It
should also depend on the cost of the land in the community that if land is costly the area
may be less and storey # can be increase.2nd thing is the esthetic that should be look like a
mosque. It should be well lit and scene of wideness should be there. There should be
harmony in all the components of the mosque that arches and sofit of the arches should
be of same shapes. Dome should also be of same shape.
1.1.3 Proportioning
When architectural works are completed
1.1.4 Analysis
From proportioning we get some dimensions of the different components and
from here we can get the dead load. From codes of practice we get live load and we start
analysis in this manner. By using different soft wares or by manual calculations we find
the internal forces due to external loading i.e. the dead and live loading.
1.1.5 Design:
This stage includes determination of most economical and exact sizes,
reinforcements and exact location of reinforcements, According to the requirement of
loads and moments for each component. This is also done by manual calculations or by
using soft wares.
1.1.6 Reanalysis:
Design of structure is a cyclic process so after designing the members we
determine the their nominal capacities and compare it with the requirements of loads and
moments if capacity is less then the applied loading then we change the dimension and
redesign the member. If capacity is more then the applied loads and moments then it is
consider as final design of the member.
1.2.2 Minarets:
Greenhouses, lath houses, Radio towers and other towers of trussed construction
shall be designed and constructed to withstand wind pressures specified.
For the purpose of wind-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of
the occupancy categories.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1. To gain knowledge about practical design:
Up to the bachelor level of Engineering, the knowledge about the design of
domes, minarets and two way joist slab was poor but after this project Structural
Chapter 2:
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES
2.1. Domes
A member made in the form of a thin shell whose shape is a surface of revolution,
the axis of revolution being vertical is called dome. This type of structure may resist
applied loads by a series of pure tension and compression under certain conditions given
below :
1.
2.
the crown dome is carrying a point load F along with its own weight, the surface of dome
is considered to have uniform thickness very less in magnitude compared with other
dimensions.
Let
F
Fig. 2.1
The dome is supported along the circular perimeter EF of a horizontal crosssection of dome. The direction of supporting force is, by first assumption, tangent to the
surface.
6
Take an annular ring DCKG bounded by two horizontal cross-sections, separately
shown in fig.2.2, the length of ring DC equal to r d and is the angle measured from the
pole or crown to point C. The stresses on the ring are.
1.
2.
3.
Self wt
4.
rd
+ d
Fig. 2.2
paper
The horizontal radius of ring at horizontal section through C is CK = r sin
Now at upper perimeter through point C
Total resisting force =
=
N Area
N t 2 r sin
W Area of surface
W (BK) 2r
W 2r r (1-cos)
2r2 (1-cos)W +F
7
2r2 (1-cos) W + F = 2r N t Sin2
N
Wr (1-cos) +
F
2
t sin
2r t sin2
2.1
cos 2
F
(r (1-cos)W +
sin
2
T'=
Wr 1 cos cos 2
F
cos ec 2
+
2
t
2rt
sin
....2.2
8
N
1 Cos Cos 2
Wr
2.3
1 + Cos
1 Cos
Wr
2
Sin
Wr
1 + Cos
T (INTO THE
PAPER)
5148
..2.4
Fig. 2.3
AT CROWN:
T
Wr (Compression)
F
Cos 2
2r
2.5
F
2rCos 2
.....2.6
d2 1
a
8a 2
2r
Fig. 2.5
At springing
2Rr
.d 2
R(r a )
.d
Example :
Analyze a hemispherical dome of 50 ft diameter, having a wall thickness of 5 in.
An external load of 10,000 lbs is applied over the crown spread over a circle of 5 ft
diameter.
Dia of dome =
50ft
Hemispherical Dome
Thickness
5in
So wt =
63 lb /sq ft
Fig. 2.5
We have
N
Wr (1 Cos )
F
+
2
tSin
2rtSin 2
Wr
F
+
t (1 + cos ) 2rt sin 2
Suppose
F
10
So total force
=
10000 4
= 512lb / sqft
(5) 2
63 + 512
575 lb/sq ft
25
25/12 ft
Wi.r
t (1 + Cos )
542
17300 lb/sqft
Wi
Cos =
0.595
F
Wr
+
t (1 + Cos ) 2rtSin 2
/2
63 25 12
10000 12
+
2r 25 5 1
1 5
3780 + 153
3933 lb/sq ft
cos
sin
11
Hoop tension
Wr 1 cos cos 2 F
+
cos ec 2
t
1 + cos
2rt
3933 lb/sqft
3933 5
12
=
For steel having Fy
fs
20,000 Psi
As
1630
20,000
0.1 Sq in
1630 lbs
40,000 Psi
Taking 3/8 bars f C/C both in horizontal & vertical planes and are placed at middle of
the section i.e., centre of slab.
12
2.2. Beams
2.2.1. Strength Design Of Rectangular Beams For Moment
From the basic principles and equations established in the preceding sections we
now develop a procedure for designing a beam with a rectangular cross section. Since
most reinforced concrete beams used in construction are rectangular, this procedure will
be used repeatedly by the designer. All steps-are consistent with the requirements of .the
current ACI Code 318-99.
All beams are designed to ensure that the moment produced by factored loads
does not exceed the available flexural design strength of the cross section at any point
along the length of the beam. If the flexural design strength Mn just equals the required
flexural strength Mu (which ensures the most economical design), the criterion for design
can be stated as
Mu
Mn
(2.21)
where 0.9 and Mn is the nominal moment capacity of the cross section.
This criterion can be developed into a design equation if we express Mn in terms of the
material and the geometric properties of a rectangular cross section (Fig. 2.7d). If we sum
moments about the centroid of the tension steel, Mn can be expressed as
a
Mn = C d
2
(2.22)
where C is the resultant of the compressive stresses and a is the depth of the
rectangular stress block. As indicated in Fig. 2.20 d, C = 0.85fcab. Substituting this value
of C into Eq. (2.12)
13
Mn = 0.85 f ' c ab d
2
(2.23)
To express a in Eq. (2.13) in terms of the dimensions-of the cross section and the
properties of the material, and fy, we set T = C and solve for a, to give
a=
As f y
(2.24)
b(0.85 f ' c
Multiplying both top and bottom of Eq. (2.14) by d and setting AJbd = p leads to
a=
As f y d
b(0.85 f ' c )
f y d
(2.25)
0.85 f ' c
fy
Mn = f y bd 2 1
1.7 f ' c
(2.26)
Finally, Eq. (2.15) is substituted into Eq. (2.11) to give the basic beam design equation
fy
Mn = f y bd 2 1
1.7 f ' c
(2.27)
where must not be greater than b, or less than min associated with As,min. The first
requirement ensures that the beam will be underreinforced and will fail in a ductile
manner; the second requirement prevents a brittle failure, i.e., the rupture of the steel
when the beam cracks initially.
14
Equation (2.17) can be used either to investigate the capacity of a cross section if
the dimen sions and material properties are known or to design a cross section (i.e., to
establish the width b, the depth d, and the area of steel As) if the value of the factored
moment A is specified. Although Eq. (2.17) can be used to establish the flexural design
strength of a cross-section since all terms on the right side of-the equation are known, the
designer may prefer to work directly with the internal forces on the rectangular cross
section to evaluate Mn because of the simplicity, of the calculations. In the latter
procedure, T = Asfy is first evaluated, then the depth of the stress block a is computed by
equating T = C, and finally the internal couple is evaluated by multiplying T by the arm
d - a/2 between T and C.
15
continuous beam (see section 1 of Fig. 2.21b), where the positive moment creates
compression in the flange, the beam behaves as if it were rectangular beam with a width
equal to that of the flange. Even if the beam is shallow, the large compression zone
supplied by the flange provides the potential for a large moment capacity. If the moment
produces tension in the flange and compression in the web (the situation at the supports
where negative bending occurs), the beam, which now behaves like a narrow rectangular
beam with a width equal to that of the web, has a much smaller flexural capacity than the
flanged section at midspan. If compression steel is added to the compression zone (see
section 2 of Fig. 2.21), the flexural strength can be substantially raised without increasing
the width of the web or the depth of the cross section. By using compression steel to raise
the capacity of the compression zone the dead weight can be reduced and the headroom
increased.
To be most effective, compression steel should be placed where the compressive
strains at greatest, i.e., as far as possible from the neutral axis. If compression steel is
positioned near the neutral axis, the compressive strains may be too small to stress the
steel to its full capacity. Under this condition the compression steel has little influence on
the flexural strength or behavior of the member.
16
17
a compression failure and also reduce the rate at which heavily compressed concrete
strained into the inelastic region- breaks down.
When no. 10 (no. 30 metric) or smaller bars are used as compression steel, ACI
Code 7.10.5.1 specifies that ties be at least | in (11.3 mm) in diameter If bundled bars or
no. 11 (no. 35 metric) or larger bars are used as compression steel, ties must be at least in
(16 mm) in diameter. In accordance with ACI Code 7.10.5.2. the maximum spacing of
ties is not to exceed the smallest of the following distances:
1. Sixteen bar diameters of the compression steel
2. Forty-eight tie diameters
3. The least dimension of the cross section
Although inserting compression steel into a cross section permits the use of large
areas of tension steel, the designer must verify (1) that the steel can be fitted into the
tension zone while maintaining the required spacing between bars and the minimum
concrete cover sped-' fled by the ACI Code and (2) that the limit on crack width as
measured by the ACI expression z = 0.6 fy
small number of large-diameter bars increases the spacing between bars, the second
requirement , the control of crack width, is most easily satisfied by specifying a large
number of small-diameter bars.
FIGURE 2.23 Moment capacity of a beam with compression steel; (a) cross section with As =
As1+ As2, where As1 = Asb; (b) Strain distribution at failure based on the cross section
reinforcement with As1 only; (c) concrete couple M1 = T1 (d- a/2); (d) steel couple M2 = T2(d-d)
18
When designing a beam with compression steel, it is convenient to break the total
internal moment into two couples. The first couple M (Fig. 2.23c) represents the nominal
flexural strength of the cross section reinforced with Asb where Asb, applies to the
section without compression steel. The second couple M2 represents the nominal flexural
strength produced by the forces in the compression steel and in the additional tension
steel Asb which is added to balance the force in die compression steel (Fig. 2.23d). The
total moment capacity Mn of the cross section can then be expressed as
Mn
(M1+M2)
where = 0.9 the concrete couple is M1 = T1(d - a/2), and the steel couple is
M2 = T2(d - d')
T2
M2
(d d 2 )
19
M2 =
Where
Mu
M1
Step 4. Compute the areas of the additional tension steel A,2 and the compression steel
AS At bottom:
As2 =
T2
fy
A' S =
Cs
f 's
Where Cs = T2
20
deformed reinforcing bars, is added to the topping to provide continuity and reduce
cracking.
double T-beam,
FIGURE 2.24 Floor System with T-beams
Since the flange of the typical T-beam is wide, the depth of the stress block will
normally be small. As a result, when failure occurs, the position of the neutral axis will
usually be located in the flange near the compression surface. As shown in Fig. 2.26, the
strains in the steel failure will be many times greater than those in the concrete because of
the elevated position of the neutral axis; therefore a ductile mode of failure associated
with large deflections and extensive stretching of the steel is assured.
21
FIGURE 2.27
FIGURE 2.26 State of stress in a T-beam at failure; (a)
cross section,(b) strain, (c) stresses, (d) internal couple
22
CASE 1: FLANGES ON EACH SIDE OF WEB. The effective width (see Fig. 2.29a) is
given by the smallest value of
1. One-fourth of the beam's span length
2. The stem width plus a flange overhang of eight times the slab thickness on each side of
the stem
3. The stem width plus a flange overhang not greater than half the clear distance to the
next beam.
CASE 2: BEAM WITH AN L-SHAPED FLANGE. The width of flange (see Fig. 2.29b)
is to be taken as the-stem width plus a flange overhang equal to the smallest of
1. One-twelfth the beam's span length
2. Six times the thickness of the slab
3. One-half the clear distance to the next beam
23
2.2.3.4.2. Transverse Reinforcement
Load applied directly to the flange of a T-beam will cause the flanges to bend
downward (Fig. 2.30). To prevent a bending failure of the flange, transverse
reinforcement must be added to the top of the flange overhangs. This reinforcement can
be sized by treating the flange over hangs as cantilevers fixed at the face of the stem and
having a span equal to the length of the flange "overhang (fig. 2.30b). ACI Code
8.10.5.2 requires that the spacing of the transverse reinforcement not exceed five times
the slab thickness or 18 in (500 mm). Additional longitudinal steel will be required in the
flange to hold the transverse steel in position when concrete is poured.
Figure 2.30 (a) transverse bending of Tbeam flange, (b) shear and moment curves
for flange overhange.
24
CASE 1: STRESS BLOCK CONFINED TO FLANGE
The design procedure for determining the moment capacity of a particular Tshaped cross section will depend on the position of the bottom of the stress block. If the
stress block lies completely in the flange, the most common case, the beam is designed
exactly like a rectangular beam (Fig. 2.31). On the other hand, if the bottom of the stress
block falls in the web, the stress block must be divided into known areas, the forces on
these areas computed, and the moment capacity of the cross section established by
summing the forces in the compression zone about the centroid of the tension steel (Fig.
2.32). As an alternative, the trial method discussed in Sec. 2.12 can be used to select-the
reinforcement.
CASE 2: STRESS BLOCK EXTENDED INTO STEM.
Break the total internal moment capacity into two couples (Fig. 2.32). One couple
MI
represents the moment capacity of the flange overhangs, and the second
MI
represents
the moment capacity of the rectangular beam portion. The total moment capacity is
Mn
(M1+M2)
hf
M 1 = 0.85 f ' c A f d
2
(2.27)
(2.28)
M 2 = 0.85 f ' c Aw d
2
(2.29)
25
Figure 2.32 (a) cross section with As = Asf + Asw, where Asf is the portion of As
used to balance compression force in flange overhangs and Asw is the portion of As
used to balance compression force in web; (b) stresses, (c) moment: flange
overhangs and Asf; (d) moment: web and Asw
hf
Mn = 0.85 f ' c A f d
2
a
+ 0.85 f ' c Aw d
2
(2.30)
26
2.3. Slabs
slab is a broad flat plate usually horizontal with top and bottom surface parallel or
nearly so, it may be supported by reinforced concrete beams by masonry or reinforced
concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly by columns or continuously by the
ground. It used to provide a flat, useful surface. Slabs may be supported on opposite sides.
Slabs may be of different types such as, one way slabs, two way slabs, flat slab, flat plate
slab, grid slabs or waffle slab.
1m
S
Figure 2.31
27
1.0 m
Main reinforcement
Figure 2.32
Figure 2.33
28
Figure 2.34
Waffle slab is consists of series of small, closely spaced reinforced concrete Tee
beams framing into monolithically cast concrete girder, which are in turn carried by the
building columns. These beams are formed by the Void space in what other wise would
be a solid slab. Usually these voids are formed using special steel pans. For the most parts
the concrete remove is in tension and ineffective. So the lighter weight concrete floor
having same structural characteristics as the corresponding solid floor. Voids are usually
formed by using domes shaped steel pans that are removed for re use after the slabs have
hardened. Near the column the form work are removed so as to get the solid face on the
29
column in the region of negative bending moments and high shear. A waffle like
appearance (these slabs are therefore called waffle slabs) is imparted to the underside of
the slab, which can feature to architectural advantage.
Two way joist slabs are designed following the usual procedure for two way slab
system( i.e. the conventional slab design with the solid region in the column considered
as dropped panel. The design of the waffle slab is same as the design of a tee beam.
Joists(tee beam) in each direction is divided in two strips i.e. column strip joist and
middle strip joist, the former includes all joists that framed into the solid head and later
includes all joists in the middle potion of the slab. Each joists usually includes two bars
for positive moment resistance and one may be discontinuous where it no longer
required. Negative steel is provided by separates bars running in each direction straight
over the columns.
In the design process the self-weight of two way joists floor is considered to be
uniformly distributed, based on the equivalent slab of uniform thickness having the same
volume of concrete as the actual ribbed slab.
Figure 2.35
30
2.4 Columns
Columns are the members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments about one and both axis of the cross section as well as
the compressive forces. That bending may also creates tensile forces on the one face of
the column. Even in such cases columns are generally referred to as compression
member, because the compression forces domain their behavior. In addition to the most
common type if compression member i.e. vertical element in structure, compression
members includes columns, arches, or inclined members of the trusses etc. etc.
Compression members may of any type below.
1. member reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
2. members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.
3. composite compression members reinforced longitudinally bars with structural
steel shapes, pipes, or tubing with or without additional longitudinal bars, and
various types of lateral reinforcements
The main reinforcement in columns are longitudinal one, parallel to the direction of
the load and consists of the bars arrange in a square, rectangular, or circular pattern.
31
and circular spirally reinforced columns. There are also a number of commercially
available computer programs (e.g., PCACOL, Portland Cement Association, Skokie,
Illinois, and HBCOLUMN, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute* Schaumburg, Illinois).
The graphs are seen to consist of strength interaction curves labeled "ACI design
strength," i.e. the ACI safety provisions are incorporated. However, instead of plotting Pu vs.
Mu, corresponding parameters have been used to make the charts more generally applicable,
i.e. load is plotted as Pu / Ag while moment is expressed as Pu / Ag (e/h). Families of curves are
drawn for various values of g = Ast / Ag. They are used in most cases in conjunction, with
the family of radial lines representing different eccentricity ratios e/h.
Charts such as these permit the direct "design of eccentrically loaded columns
throughout the common range of strength and geometric variables. They may be used in
one of two ways as follows, For a given factored load Pu and equivalent eccentricity.
1. (a) Select trial cross section dimensions b and h .
(b) Calculate the ratio based on required cover distances to the bar centroids, and
select the corresponding column design chart.
(c) Calculate Pu / A and Mu / Ag h, where Ag = bh
(d) From the graph, for the values found in (c), read the required steel ratio pH.
(e) Calculate the total steel area AS = pg b h.
2. (a) Select the steel ratio pg.
(b) Choose a trial value of h and calculate e/h and y.
(c) From the corresponding graph, read Pu / Ag and calculate the required Ag:
(d) Calculate b = Ag / h
(e) Revise the trial value of h if necessary to obtain a well-proportioned section.
(f) Calculate the total steel area Ast = g b h
32
maintained.
It supports the superstructure, but it may contain various parts or units of its own.
There are many special types of foundations for which concrete is used. Scope
here is limited to RC footings.
It must not be confused with the word FOOTING, which is generally applied only
to that portion of the structure which delivers the load to the earth.
33
near a property line.
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil
safely while satisfying code limitations.
The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
34
One-way bearing
Dowel requirements
Differential settlement
4
Vc = 2 +
c
f c b0 d
where,
bc =
b0 =
35
Vc = 2 f c b0 d
The ultimate shearing force at section m-m
can be calculated if no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
L c
Vu = q u b d
2 2
2.4.5.4.
Flexural
Strength
and
Footing
reinforcement
Another approach is to calculated Ru = Mu /
2
bd
36
a=
f y As
0.85 f c b
on footing when the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded area.
The modified bearing strength
N 2 (0.85 f c A1 ) A2 / A1
N 2 2 (0.85 f c A1 )
37
fc
0.003 f y d b 8 in.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the ground level and the method of
excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be used in design.
7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.
38
Retaining walls are used to provide lateral support for a mass of earth or other
material the top of which is at a higher elevation than the earth or rock in front of the wall
as shown in Fig 1. Gravity retaining walls such as shown in Fig 2.50 (a) depend mostly
upon their own weight for stability. They are usually low in height and are expensive
because of their inefficient use of materials; sometimes they may be cheapened by using
cyclopean concrete.
In contrast to them, Fig. 2.50 (b) pictures an ordinary cantilever retaining wall.
Part of its stability is obtained from the weight of earth mass on heel, but the wall's
resistance to collapse depends upon the strength of its individual parts as cantilever beams.
(a)
(b)
39
2.5.2. Definition Of Parts
The various portions of a typical reinforced concrete retaining wall are defined
as follows, using Fig.2.51 for reference:
Stem or Wall
Back fill
Front
Toe
Key
Heel
2.5.3. Functions
Retaining walls are structures used to retain earth or other materials, which would
not be able to stand vertically unsupported. These walls are used to hold back masses of
earth or other loose material where conditions make it impossible to let those masses
assume their natural slopes. Such conditions occur when the width of an excavation, cut,
or embankment is restricted by conditions of ownership, use of structure, or economy.
For example, in railway or highway construction the width of the right of way is fixed
and the cut or embankment must be contained within that width. Similarly, the
basement walls of buildings must be located within the property and must retain the soil
surrounding the basement.
40
2.5.4. Types Of Retaining Walls
There may be several types of retaining structures, the main types being:
(a) Gravity wall, where stability is provided by the weight of concrete in the wall;
(b) Cantilever wall, where the wall slab acts as a vertical cantile ver and
stability is provided by the weight of earth on the base and/or the weight of
the wall;
(c) Counter fort and buttress walls, where the slab is supported on its sides by the
counter forts. Stability is provided by the weight of the structure in the case of
the buttress wall and by the weight of earth on the base as well in the counter
fort wall.
A gravity wall is usually of plain concrete and is used for walls updo about 10 ft
high. The cantilever is the most common type of retaining walls and is used in the range
of 10-25 ft in height. The main parts of a cantilever retaining wall are the stem, heel,
toe, wall slab and base slab.
It is every day knowledge that sound rock, evenly bedded, will stand with a sheer
face to considerable heights. This can be seen in artificial form in deep railway cuttings.
Soils on the other hand cannot stand more steeply than their natural angle of repose,
as evidenced again in railway work where engineers have cut back to slopes ranging
from about 1 in 1.5 to 1 in 3, depending on the nature of soil, and other physical
considerations. Where there are practical objections to sloping back in this manner (as
for example at basements to city buildings or where industrial materials like sand and
stone have to be stored in limited areas), a wall has to be built to retain all material
required to lie above the natural angle of repose.
The main problem in designing the retaining walls lies in determining the
pressures on the back of the wall from the material to be retained and the capability of
the ground in front of the wall and under the base to resist the lateral and vertical
41
forced arising from those pressures. Knowledge of the properties and behavior of soils is
therefore fundamental to the design of retaining walls and the problem is closely allied
to foundation engineering. References should be made to the literature related to
foundation design.
2.5.5.1. Variation Of Earth Pressures
In liquid retaining structures, the applied forces (pressures) are directly related to
the density of the liquid retained and the head at which it acts. This is because liquids are
both friction less and cohesion less. Soils behave differently. Sand, for example, when dry,
acts as a fictional material without cohesion and has a well-defined angle of repose. If
the same sand is now moistened, it develops a certain amount of cohesive strength and its
angle of repose increases, somewhat erratically. Further wetting will break down the
internal friction forces until the sand slumps and will hardly stand at any angle at all.
Clay on the other hand when first exposed in situ stands vertically to considerable
depths when reasonably dry, but after time will subside, depending on its moisture
content. And clay, in dry seasons, gives up its moisture to atmosphere with subsequent
shrinkage, so that at depths less than about 4 or 5 feet it may be unreliable as a stop to
react the forward movement of a retaining wall.
Thus the pressures from soils can vary very widely depending on the moisture
content. If a unit volume of soil is considered at a depth h below the free surface, the
lateral pressures can vary from about 30h to 90h in sands, and from Oh to about 90h
in clays. And within these ranges, the pressures behind retaining walls may vary due to
seasonal or other periodic changes. Indeed the construction of the retaining wall itself
may cause major changes in the ground conditions blocking a natural drainage path, or
exposing to shrinkage otherwise stable clay. Similarly the fictional resistance to sliding
under the base of a retaining wall is critical of moisture content. This is particularly true of
clay, which when dry can be rough and hard, but when wet can be smooth and slippery.
When the soil behind the wall is prevented from lateral movement (towards or
away from soil) of wall, the pressure is known as earth pressure at rest. This is the case
when wall has a considerable rigidity. Basement walls generally fall in this category. If a
retaining wall is allowed to move away from the soil accompanied by a lateral soil
42
expansion, the earth pressure decreases with the increasing expansion. A shear failure
of the soil is resulted with any further expansion and a sliding wedge tends to move
forward and downward. The earth pressure associated with this state of failure is the
minimum pressure is known as active earth pressure. Contrary to that if the retaining wall
could be forced to move toward the soil causing the lateral contraction of soil, a state of
failure is reached with the formation of an upward and backward sliding wedge. The
earth pressure associated with this state of failure is the maximum and termed as
passive earth pressure.
2.5.5.1.2. Earth Pressure at Rest
pa = Ca w h
2 .51
2.52
2.53
PRESSURE FORCE
43
2.5.6. Stability And Safety Factor
The stability of a retaining wall is its ability to hold its position and to perform
its function safely. The safety factor is a measure of the magnitude of the forces that are
required to cause failure of the structure compared with the forces that are really acting
upon it. Thus, if safety factor is 1, the wall will be upon the point of failure. If, for any
given design, it is 2, then the overturning moment or horizontal forces may be doubled
before the wall will fail. The magnitude of safety factor to be used in design will depend
upon the engineer's judgment, the specifications, or the building code that is to be
followed. In general, it may vary from 1.5 to 2.
A retaining wall may fail in one of the four ways: by the collapse of its
component parts, by overturning about its toe, by excessive pressure upon its
foundation, or by sliding upon its foundation. In a well-balanced design, the wall should
be equally safe in all respects.
2.5.7. Critical Sections For Bending And Shear
The bending is critical at the junction of base and wall slabs. In normal
circumstance the shear should have been critical at a distance equal to effective depth of
base slab from face of wall. However, the shear is critical at the junction of heel and wall
slabs, because both wall and heel slab are in tension at the junction.
2.5.8. The Critical Loading Conditions
The surcharge loading on the heel slab should not be considered effective
while stability -against sliding or overturning is being investigated. Care must be
exercised in considering the presence of earth in front of wall while stability against
sliding is checked. The pressure under the heel slab and burden over the toe slab can
be neglected while designing these slabs for strength.
44
Every building or structure and every portion thereof shall be determined and
constructed to resist the wing effects determined in accordance with the requirements of
this division. Wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. No reduction
in the wind pressure shall be taken for the shielding effect of the adjacent structures.
Structures sensitive to dynamic effects, such as buildings with the height to width
ratio greater than five, structures sensitive to wind-excited oscillations, such as vortex
shedding and icing, and building over 400 feet in height, shall be, and any structure may
be designed in accordance with approved national standards.
Provision of this section do not apply to building and foundation systems in those
areas to scour and water pressures by wind and wave action. Buildings and foundations
subject to such loads shall be designed in accordance with approved national standards.
2.6.2. Definitions
45
relative to any quadrant of building side. Exposure D extends inland from the shoreline
mile (0.40 Km) or ten times the building height, which ever is greater.
FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED is the wind speed obtained from wind velocity
maps prepared by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and is
the highest sustained average wind speed based on the time required for a mile-long
sample of air to pass a fix point.
OPENINGS OR APERTURES OR HOLES in the exterior walls boundary of the
structures. All windows or doors or other openings shall be considered as openings unless
such openings and their frames are specifically detailed and designed to resist the loads
on elements and components in accordance with the provisions of this section.
PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURES OR STOREY is a structure or storey
that has more than fifteen percent of any windward projected area open and the area of
openings on all other projected areas is less than half of that on the windward projections.
SPECIAL WIND REGION is an area where local records and terrain features
indicate fifty year fastest-mile basic wind speed is higher.
UNENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STOREY is a structure that has eighty five
percent or more openings on all sides.
this
division.
Ce = combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in
table 16-G
Cq = pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure under
consideration as given in table 16-H
Iw = importance factor as set forth in table 16-K
P = design wind pressure
Qs = wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 33 feet (10,000
mm) as set forth in Table 16-F.
46
2.6.4. Basic Wind Speed
The minimum basic wind speed at any site shall not be less than for those areas
designated as special wind regions and other areas where local records or terrain
indicate higher 50-year (mean recurrence interval) fastest- mile wind speeds, these
higher values shall be the minimum basic wind speeds.
2.6.5. E x posure
Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements therein shall
be determined for any height in accordance with the following formula:
P = Ce.Cq.qs.Iw
(2.60)
47
2.6.7.2. Method I (Normal Force Method)
Method 1 shall be used for the design of gabled rigid frames and may be used for
any structure. In the Normal Force Method, the wind pressures shall be assumed to act
simultaneously normal to all exterior surfaces. For structure pressures on roofs and
leeward walls, Ce, shall be evaluated at the mean roof height.
2.6.7.3. Method 2 (Projected area method)
Method 2 may be used for any structure less than 200 feet (60960 mm) in
height except those using gabled rigid frame. This method may be used in stability
determination for any structure less than 200 feet (60960 mm) high. In the projected
area method, horizontal pressures shall be assumed to act upon the full vertical
projected area of the structure, and the vertical pressure shall be assumed to act
simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected area.
2.6.7.4. Elements and Components of Structures
48
2.6.8. Open-Frame Towers
Radio towers and other towers of trussed construction shall be designed and
constructed to withstand wind pressures specified in this section, multiplied by the
shape factors set forth in Table 2.60-H.
For the purpose of wind-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of
the occupancy categories listed in Table 2.60-K. Table 2.60-K lists importance factors,
Iw for each category.
TABLE 2.60-FWIND STAGNATION PRESSURE (qs) AT STANDARD HEIGHT OF
33 FEET (10,058 mm)
Basic wind speed (mph)1
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
12.6
16.4
20.8
25.6
31.0
36.9
43.3
49
TABLE 2.60-GCOMBINED HEIGHT, EXPOSURE AND GUST FACTOR
COEFFICIENT (Ce)
HEIGHT ABOVE
AVERAGE LEVEL OF
ADJOINING GROUND
EXPOSURE D
EXPOSURE C
EXPOSURE B
0-15
1.39
1.06
0.62
20
1.45
1.13
0.67
25
1.50
1.19
.72
30
1.54
1.23
0.76
40
1.62
1.31
0.84
60
1.73
1.43
0.95
80
1.81
1.53
1.04
100
1.88
1.61
1.13
120
1.93
1.67
1.20
160
2.02
1.79
1.31
200
2.10
1.87
1.42
300
2.23
2.05
1.63
400
2.34
2.19
1.80
(feet)
x 304.8 for mm
Values for intermediate heights above 15 feet (4572 mrn) may be interpolated.
50
TABLE 2.60-HPRESSURE COEFFICIENTS {Cq)
STRUCTURE OR PART THEREOF
DESCRIPTION
1.Primary frame and systems
Cq FACTOR
0.8 inward
0.5 inward
0.7 outward
0.7 outward
0.9 outward or 0.3 inward
0.4 inward
0.7 inward
0.7 outward
1.3 outward
1.3outward or inward
1.7 outward
1.6 outward or 0.8 inward
1.7 outward or inward
1.5 outward or 1.2 inward
2.3 upward
2.6 out ward
1.6 outward
51
For one story or the top story of multistory partially enclosed structures, an additional
value of 0.5 shall be added to the outward Cq. The most critical combination shall be used
for design. For definition of partially enclosed structures, see Section 1616.
2
Cq, values listed are for 10-square-foot (0.93 m2) tributary areas. For tributary areas of 100
square feet (9.29 m2), the value of 0.3 may be subtracted from Cq, except for areas at
discontinuities with slopes less than 7 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (58.3% slope)
where the value of 0.8 may be subtracted from Cq. Interpolation may be used for tributary
areas between 10 and 100 square feet (0.93 m2 and 9.29 m2). For tributary areas greater
than 1,000 square feet (92.9 m2). use primary frame values.
3
For slopes greater than 12 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (100% slope), use wall
element values.
4
Local pressures shall apply over a distance from the discontinuity of 10 feet (3048 mm)
Discontinuities at wall corners or roof ridges are defined as discontinuous breaks in the
surface where the included interior angle measures 170 degrees or less.
6
sides.
7
Wind pressures shall be applied to the total normal projected area of all elements on one
face. The forces shall be assumed to act parallel to the wind direction.
8
Factors for cylindrical elements are two thirds of those for flat or angular elements.
52
2A
2B
0.075
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
N (Blows/Ft)
Su ,psf (KPa)
SA
Hard rock
SB
Rock
2500 to 5000
(760 to 1500)
SC
SD
(360 to 760)
600
to
1200 15 to 50
(180 to 360)
SE1
SF
<600 (180)
< 15
Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 10 feet (3048
mm) of soil clay defined as a soil with a plasticity index, PI > 20 and wmc >= 40 %
S u < 500 psf (24 kPa). The Plasticity Index, PI, and the moisture content, w mc ,
shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards.
53
TABLE 2.60-K OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
Occupancy
Category
1
Essential
Facilities2
Hazardous
Facilities
Occupancy
or
function
of Seismic
structure
Group
I,
Division
1
Occupancies having surgery
and emergency treatment
areas.
Fire and police stations.
Garages and shelters for
emergency
vehicles
and
emergency aircrafts.
Structures and shelters in
emergency-preparedness
centers.
Aviation control towers.
Structures an d equipment in
government communication
centers and other facilities
required
for
emergency
response.
Standby
power-generating
equipment for Category 1
facilities.
Tanks or other structures
containing
housing
or
supporting water or other
fire-suppression material or
equipment required for the
protection of Category 1, 2 or
3 structures.
G r o u p H , Divisions 1, 2, 6
and 7 Occupancies and
structures therein housing or
supporting toxic or explosive
chemicals or substances.
Nonbuilding
structures
housing,
supporting
or
containing quantities of toxic
or explosi ve substances that,
if
cont ained
within
a
building, would cause that
building to be classified as a
Group H, Division 1, 2 or 7
Occupancy.
Seismic
Wind
1
importance
importance
importance
factor, I
factor, IP
factor, IW
1.25
1.50
1.15
1.25
1.50
1.15
54
3
1.00
1.00
1.00
All
structures
housing
occupancies
or
having
functions not listed in
Category 1, 2 or 3 and Group
U Occupancy towers.
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Special
Occupancy
Structures3
Standard
Occupancy
Structures3
Th e limitation of IP for panel connections in Section 1633.2.4 shall be 1.0 for the
entire connector.
2
For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the
55
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF SLAB PANELS AND STAIRS
3.1 SLABS
Slab Panel S1 :
m
0.71
Slab thickness =
Slab wt
DEAD LOAD =
Live load
Wu
16x 22-6
perimeter/180
5.13 5.5
5.5/12 150
69 psf
1 .5 + 5
120
12
65 psf
40 + 20
60 psf
257 psf
MOMENTS
Ma+DL =
Ma+LL =
0.057 96 162 12 =
16810 lb-in
Ma+
39561 lb-in
Macout =
22,751 lb-in
63,950
56
MaDis =
39561/3
Mb+DL =
10760 lb-in
Mb+LL =
0.014 96 22.52 12
8165 lb-in
Mb+
18925 lb-in
Mb
29665 lb-in
4.75
SHORT SPAN
R
Mu/db2
Ra+
39561
12 4.75 2
146.12 lb-in/in2
0.0028
As
0.0028 12 4.75
0.16 in2
#3 @ 8 C/C
As
0.17
Ra
63950
12 4.75 2
236.19 lb-in/in2
0.0047
As
0.268 in2
# 3 @ 4 C/C
13,187
57
=
0.29 in2
4.25 in
Rb+
18925
12 4.25 2
87.3 lb-in/in2
0.0018
As
0.0918 in2
As
LONG SPAN
#3 @ 10 C/C
As
0.13 in2
Rb
29665
12 4.25 2
136.86 lb-in/in2
0.0028
As
0.143 in2
# 3 @ 9 C/C
58
SLAB PANEL S2 :
One way slab panel
16-6x 8
Wul 2
24
257 8 2 12
24
M+
8,224 lb-in
16448 l
16448
12 4.75 2
60.75
min
As
0.11 in2
M+
0.0018
# 3 @ 10 C/C
+ve Steel
As
0.13 in2
#3 @ 10 C/C
DISTRIBUTION STEEL
As
0.0018 12 4.25
0.092 in2
# 3 @ 14 C/C
As
0.094 in2
59
Slab Panel S3 :
m
WuDL =
0.85
161 psf
16-6x14
Wu LL =
96 psf
Wu
257 psf
MOMENTS
Ma+DL =
11739 lb-in
Ma+LL =
0.041 96 142 12 =
9258 lb-in
Ma+
20997 lb-in
Ma
Mb+DL =
0.011 1 16.52 12 =
5786 lb-in
Mb+LL =
0.019 96 16.52 12
Mb+
11745 lb-in
STEEL
SHORT SPAN
=
20997
12 4.75 2
77.55 lb-in/in2
0.0018
As
0.10 in2
Ra+
#3 @ 10 C/C
49,566 lb-in
5,959 lb-in
60
Ra
49566
12 4.75 2
0.0036
As
0.205 in2
183 lb-in/in2
SHORT SPAN
# 3 @ 6 C/C
LONG SPAN
# 3 @ 10 C/C
SLAB PANEL S4
0.55
Wu
2.57 psf
12-6x 22-6
WuDL =
161 psf
WuLL =
96 psf
MOMENTS
Ma+DL =
11471 lb-in
Ma+LL =
0.063 96 12.52 12
11340 lb-in
Ma+
22812 lb-in
Ma
42887 lb-in
61
STEEL
SHORT SPAN
Ra
42887
12 4.75 2
0.003
As
0.171 in2
158.4 lb-in/in2
#3 @ 7 C/C
LONG DIRECTION
+ve steel # 3 @ 10 C/C
SLAB PANEL S5 :
m
12-6x 14
0.90
MOMENTS
Ma+DL =
7547 lb-in
Ma+LL =
0.035 96 12.52 12
6300 lb-in
Ma+
13842 lb-in
Ma
Mb+DL =
9088 lb-in
Mb+LL =
0.027 96 142 12 =
6096 lb-in
Ma+
15185 lb-in
Ma
42313 lb-in
62
STEEL
SHORT SPAN
Rb
42313
12 4.75 2
0.0030
As
0.153 in2
156.3 lb-in/in2
#3 @ 8 C/C
S 6:
TWO WAY SLAB:
LOADING:
DEAD LOAD:
S6
12 x 12
Wt of slab
Perimeter
180
12 4
180
3.2
In this zone one slab have dimensions 16.5 16.5 taking that slab critical
h
Wt. of slab
16.5 4
180
4.4
5/12 150
62.5 lb/sq ft
63
4 earth filling =
Total dead load
4/12 120
15 lb/sq ft
625 + 40 + 15
117.5 lb/sq ft
335 lb/sq ft
LIVE LOAD
100 lb sq ft
FACTORED LOAD
Wu
1.4 WD + 1.7 WL
La/Lb
M Ubve =
=
0.071 WL2b
0.07 1 335 122 12
41,101 lb-in
7675 lb-in
POSITIVE MOMENTS
La SPAN
M U+dlve =
=
M a+lLve =
=
0.027 WL2a
0.027 164.5 122 12
0.032 WL2a
0.032 170 122 12
M a+lLve =
9400 lb-in
M a+ ve =
7675 + 9400 =
17,075 lb-in
64
Lb SPAN
M b+ ve dl =
=
M b+ ve lL =
=
M b+ ve =
9381 lb in
10282 lb in
19663 lb-in
REINFORCEMENT
Lb span
POSITIVE MOMENT
h
5-0.75-0.25 ( = # 4 bar)
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
fy
0.85 fc'
2 19663
2
0.85 3000
1 1 0.9 12 4
4000
0.85 3000
0.0029
As
bd
As
0.14 in2
# 4 bars @ 12 C/C
0.0029 12 4
65
S max
So
2h =
15
3 5
S < S max OK
SHEAR CHECK
=
1.15 335 12
5
335
2
12
2172 lbs
Vc= 2 fc bd ,= 2 3000 12 5
6573 lbs
Vc
0.85 6573
So
Vu > Vc
Vu
Vn
5586 lbs
OK
Lb SPAN ve MOMENT
Mu
41,101 lb-in
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.00625
As
bd
As
0.200 in2
SPACING
# 3 bars @ 6 C/C
0.00625 12 4
66
La SPAN
4 of bars
4 0.5
17075 lb-in
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.0033
As
bd
As
0.14 in2
Mu
3.5
0.0033 12 3.5
# 3 bars @ 9 C/C
S7:
Two way slab :
LOADING
=
117.5 lb/sq ft
Wu dL =
164.5 lb/sq ft
WdL
100 lb/sq ft
Wu LL =
170 lb/sq ft
Wu
335 lb/sq ft
WlL
12 x 12
Lb
La
67
MOMENTS
La SPAN
M b+ ve dl =
=
M b+ ve lL =
5117 lb in
7932 lb in
M b+ ve =
7932 + 5117 =
Ma
13049 lb-in
Lb SPAN
M b+ ve dl =
=
M b+ ve lL =
7675 lb in
9400 lb in
M b+ ve =
7675 + 9400 =
Ma
0.076 Wu lb2
REINFORCEMENTS
Lb SPAN ve MOMENT
Mu
41,101 lb-in
17075 lb-in
43995 lb-in
68
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.00625
As
bd
As
0.300 in2
0.00625 12 4
3.5
SPACING
# 4 bars @ 7.5 C/C
La SPAN
4 of bars
4 0.5
17075 lb-in
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.0033
As
bd
As
0.14 in2
Mu
SPACING
# 4 bars @ 12 C/C
0.0033 12 3.5
69
Ve MOMENTS
Lb SPAN
Lb SPAN ve MOMENT
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.00672
As
bd
As
0.322 in2
0.00627 12 4
SPACING
# 4 bars @ 7 C/C
S8:
Two way slab :
Size Of slab = 16.5 X 16.5
LOADING
16.5 x 16.5
2
WdL
117.5 lb/ft
WlL
100 lb/ft2
Wu dL =
164.5 lb/sq ft
Wu LL =
170 lb/sq ft
WU
335 lb/sq ft
Lb
La
70
ve MOMENTS:
La SPAN
M a ve =
0.018 WU La2
M a ve =
54722 lb in
Lb SPAN
M b ve =
54722 lb-in
REINFORCEMENT
+ ve MOMENTS
Lb SPAN
0.00478
As
0.229 in2
# 4 @ 9 C/C
La SPAN
3.5
Mu
31812 lb-in
0.00632
As
0.265 in2
# 4 @ 8 C/C
71
ve MOMENTS
Lb SPAN
Mu
54722 lb-in
0.00848
As
0.407 in2
# 4 @ 5 C/C
As
0.43 in2
La SPAN
3.5
Mu
54722 lb in
0.0113
As
0.476 in2
# 4 @ 5 C/C
As
0.47 in2
S8a:
La
12
Lb
16
12/16
0.75
Slab thickness =
(12 + 16) 2
180
12 x 16.5
La
=
Lb
72
MuLL =
102 psf
Wu DL =
1.2 127.8
Wu
280.5 psf
(60 1.6)
=
178.5 psf
Ma+DL =
13300 lb in
Ma+LL =
9165 lb in lb in
Ma
369.3 lb in
Mb+DL =
7149 lb in
Mb+LL =
5013.5 lb in
Mb
20718 lb in
REINFORCEMENT
SHORT SPAN
+ve STEEL
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.00196
As
bd
As
0.1 in2
# 3 @ 10 C/C
ve STEEL
Ma
369093
0.00328
0.00196 12 5
73
As
0.167 in2
# 3 @ 8 C/C
LONG SPAN
M+b
12163
0.00136
# 3 @ 10 C/C
Ve MOMENTS
Mb
20718
0.00233
As
0.105 in2
# 3 @ 10 C/C
S9:
Span =
12-9 15 9
0.8
Slab thickness =
wt
12.75 x 15.75
5.5
69 psf
1 .5 + 5
120
12
La
65 psf
Wu DL
Wu LL
102 psf
1876 psf
Lb
74
MOMENTS
SHORT SPAN
Ma+DL =
14303 lb in
Ma+LL =
9551 lb in
Ma
40166 lb in
Mb+DL =
8954 lb in
Mb+LL =
12
6072.6 lb in
Mb
12
25035 lb in
LONG SPAN
REINFORCEMENT
SHORT SPAN (+ve STEEL)
0.85 fc'
2Mu / bd 2
1 1
0.85 fc'
fy
0.00196
As
bd
As
0.1 in2
0.00196 12 5
# 3 @ 10 C/C
ve STEEL
Ma
40166 lb in
0.00284
As
0.162 in2
( # 3 @ 8 C/C )
75
LONG SPAN
Mb+
15027 lb in
0.0013
As
0.066
# 3 @ 10 C/C
Mbv
25035 lb-in
0.0022
As
0.11 in2
# 3 @ 10 C/C
S10:
Size
27 14
Depth =
5.5
0.518
WuDL =
188 psf
WuLL =
102psf
Wu
290 psf
27x14
Lb
MOMENT
SHORT SPAN
Ma+DL
17245
La
76
Ma+LL
Ma+
31639 lb in
Ma
Mb+DL
14394
61387 lb-in
1644 lb-in
Mb+LL
3568 lb-in
Mb+
0 lb in
LONG SPAN
STEEL
SHORT SPAN
Ma+
31639 lb-in
0.0022
As
0.126 in2
# 3 @ 10 C/C
ve STEEL
Ma
61387
0.0044
As
0.252 in2
# 3 @ 5 C/C
77
S11 :
Size of panel = 13 27 ft
One way slab
13x 27
Slab thickness = 6 inch
Total dead load on slab = 75 + 6.5/12 120
= 140 lbs / sq. ft
Live load
= 80 PSF
9
WL2 = (9/128) 332 13 2 12 = 47341 lb-in
128
M-=
WL2
= 332 13 2 12 /8 = 84162 lb-in
8
STEEL CALCULATIONS :
MAIN STEEL :
R+ =
47341
= 143.13 ib-in /in3
2
12 5.25
0.0028
As
0.176 in2
# 4 @ 10 C/C
R-=
84162
= 254.46 lb-in /in3
2
12 5.25
0.005
As
0.315 in2
( # 4 @ 7 C/C )
78
TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT :
0.0018
As
0.1134 in2
Size
12 9 16 6
0.77
( # 3 @ 10 C/C )
SB1:
16.5x12.75
SHORT SPAN
+ve steel
# 3 @ 10 C/C
ve steel
# 3 @ 8 C/C
LONG SPAN
+ve steel
# 3 @ 10 C/C
ve steel
# 3 @ 10 C/C
60
78
21.5 in.
self weight
132 psf
0.77
la
79
2
140
12
23.5 psf
187 psf
Live load
100 psf
WDL
WLL
100 1.6
160 psf
Wu
347 psf
Ma+DL+LL
Ma+
884434 lb-in
Ma
Mb+DL+LL
Mb+
532010 lb-in
Mb
MOMENTS
STEEL
SHORT SPAN
=
42313
12 212
159.44 lb-in/in3
0.0030
Asa
0.774 in2
Ra+
884434 lb-in
532010 lb-in
80
Rb+
42313
12 212
0.0019
Asb
0.49 in2
95.9 lb-in/in3
STEEL IN RIBS :
SHORT SPAN :
Total steel for one rib = 3 Asa
2 # 8 + 2 # 6 bars
LONG SPAN :
Total steel for one rib = 3 Asb
2 # 8 bars
Check for shear :
Wu for 3 ft width of panel
347 3
1041 lbs
SHORT SPAN:
Distribution of load in short direction
73 %
Vu
1041 0.73 60 2 =
22,797.9 lbs
Vc
0.75 2 fc bd
0.75 2 3000 12 21
14131 lbs
Vu Vc
8667 lbs
81
Max spacing for shear reinforcement:
1. 24 in.
2. d / 2
3.
AV f y
10.5 in.
50bw
Vu Vc
0.22 40,000
=
50 8
16.5 in.
Av f y d
S
16 in.
Sec. 1-1 :
Number of risers
10
(7.5 each)
Number of treads
(11 each )
Width of landing
Clear span
4 + 9 11 / 12
12.25 + 0.5
LOAD CALCULATIONS:
LANDING :
L.L.
100 lb /ft2
12.25 ft
5 in.
=
12.75 ft
82
Dead loads:
=
62.5 lb/ft2
Floor finish
Wu
247 lb/ft2
Slab weight
5/12 150
10 lb/ft2
STEPS :
62.5 1.216 =
76 lb/ft2
7.5 11
12
150
2 144
11
Wu
Taking Wu
47 lb/ft2
10 lb/ft2
Floor finish
=
R2 + T 2
T
320 lb/ft2
MOMENTS:
Mu+
W uL2
24
2167 lb-ft
Mu-
W uL2
12
4334 lb-ft
136 lb in/in3
Depth of slab =
5 in.
4 in.
12 in.
Ra+
2167 12
12 4 2
83
0.0028
As+
0.134 in2
Ra-
4334 12
12 4 2
0.0056
As+
0.27 in2
( # 3 @ 9 C/C )
=
271 lb in/in3
(# 3@ 9 C/C )
DISTRIBUTION STEEL :
=
0.0018 12 5
0.108 in2
# 3 @ 12 C/C
Sec. 2-2 :
Number of risers
10
(7.5 each)
Number of treads
(11 each )
Width of landing
Clear span
4 + 4 + 9 11 / 12
16.25 + 0.5
5 in.
=
16.75 ft
62.5 lb/ft2
LOAD CALCULATIONS:
LANDING :
L.L.
100 lb /ft2
Dead loads:
Slab weight
5/12 150
16.25 ft
84
10 lb/ft2
Floor finish
Wu
247 lb/ft2
STEPS :
62.5 1.216 =
76 lb/ft2
7.5 11
12
150
2 144
11
Wu
Taking Wu
47 lb/ft2
10 lb/ft2
Floor finish
=
R2 + T 2
T
320 lb/ft2
MOMENTS:
Mu+
W uL2
24
3741 lb-ft
Mu-
W uL2
12
7482 lb-ft
234 in/in3
Depth of slab =
5 in.
4 in.
12 in.
Ra+
3741 12
12 4 2
0.0048
As+
0.23 in2
85
# 4 @ 10 C/C
Ra-
7482 12
12 4 2
0.0096
As+
0.46 in2
467 lb in/in3
# 4@ 5 C/C
DISTRIBUTION STEEL :
=
0.0018 12 5
# 3 @ 12 C/C
0.108 in2
96
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF BEAMS
41.7 k
BEAM B-1:
40.57 k
2.57 k/ft
Span =
51.3 k
50.7 k
60
21
=
at slab
Wu =
51.3 k
58
218.54 k
Wu
50.7 k
60
257 PSF
2.57 k / ft
21
M+
RN
Mu +
bd 2
699 lb-in/in3
.016
As
bd
18.48in2
19#9 bars
(As
218.54 k
19in2 )
97
Vu
0.75 2 3000 21 55
47.5 Kips.
218.54 kips
Vu at distance d
206.76 kips
AV f y
50bw
55/2
24
7.5
27
BEAM B-2:
6.95 k/ft
Span = 30 ft
M
RN
12.9 k
1.17 k/ft
wl 2
8
3.6 30 2
8
405 k-ft
Mu
bd 2
889 lb-in/in3
51.3 k
12.9 k
30
51.3 k
30
15
98
0.0182
M+
3.72 30 2
8
419 k.ft
RN
646.2
0.014
As = 5.04 in2
12 # 6 bars
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vc = 0.75 2 3000 15 27
Vu
37.7 kips
57 kips
Vu at dist d
=
Vu Vc
57 1.125
55.875 kips
=
18.175 Kips
Vu Vc =
AV f y
50bw
27/2
Av f y d
S
24
.22 40,000
50 27
13.5
= 11.73 = 11
99
So 12 # 3 @ 11 C/C + 5 # 3 @ 18 C/C
BEAM B-3 :
4.51 k/ft
Span
22.5
50.74 k
21
15
Dead load
Wt
21
151 16
2576 lb/ft
21"15"
150
11 14
328 lb/ft
328 1.2
15
394 lb/ft
Total DL
Wu lL =
2970 lb/ft
Live load
Wu DL =
9616
Wu
4506 lb/ft
4506 22.5 2 12
8
3421744 lb/ft
3421744
15 192
50.74 k
1536 lb/ft
100
=
631.9 lb in/in2
0.0138
As
3.93 in2
Vc
50692 lb
50692 4506
43558
26537
Vu - Vc
Smax
Avfy
50bw
19
12
43506 26537
17021 lbs
11.25 284
8.38-4
d/2
24
17.6
12.52
9.5
( 11 bars @ 9 C/C )
101
BEAM B-4
Span
22.5
21
Dead load
Live load
3.61 k/ft
40.61 k
15
=
161 12.5
2012.5 lb/ft
96 12.5
1200 lb/ft
3606 lb/ft
3606 22.5 2 12
8
2738306 lb/ft
2738306
15 19 2
505.69 lb in/in2
0.011
As
3.13 in2
Wu
22.5
40.61 k
21
12
102
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu
Vu at d
Vc
40568 lb
40568 5709.5
34859 lbs
26537
Vu - Vc
34859 26587
8322 lbs
25.6
# 3bars @ 9 C/C
Vc
2
26537
2
13268
11.25
13268
405.68
3.68
BEAM B-5:
Span =
12.91 k
14.5
12.91 k
14.5
12
12
103
Self weight =
Wu
RN
As
Wl2/8
1780 14.52/8
Mu +
bd 2
46.8 12000
0.9 9 10.5 2
627 lb-in/in2
max RN/RNmax
0.016
bd
1.22in2
(As
627
779.3
46.8 k-ft
= 0.013
1.32in2 )
135 lb/ft
1780 lb/ft
3#6 bars
257 PSF
1644 + 135 =
M+
8.8 Kips.
104
Vu
1967 14.5/2
14.3 kip
Vu at distance d
14.3-1.97 0.88
Vu
=
=
AV f y
50bw
10.5/2
12.6 kips
24
.22 40,000
50 9
= 19
5.25
= 5
Av f y d
S
7.85cm
16.65 kip
1.98 k/ft
BEAM B-6:
16.34 k
Span =
16.5
15
16.5
16.34 k
15
105
Self weight =
Wu
257 PSF
1644 + 169 =
M+
1813 lb/ft
wl2/8 =
61.69 k-ft
RN
Mu
bd 2
0.0112
As
1.37 in2
1813 16.5 2
8
548 lb-in/in3
4 # 6 bars
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu
11.31 kips
16.3 kips
Vu at dist d
=
14.07 kips
Max spacing =
Vu Vc
Av f y d
S
169 lb/ft
106
Vu
16.83 + 11.31
28.14 kips
16.5
BEAM B-7
15
Span = 16.5
7 2.5 + 78 + 4 4 + 8.5 4
116.5 sq-ft
Width of loading
7.06
Dead load
161 706
1130 lb/ft
Live load
96 7.06
678 lb/ft
Self wt
15 4
150
144
140.6 lb/ft
1306 lb/ft
Area of loading
Total D.L.
Wu
1306 + 678
1984 16.5 2 12
8
1984 lb/ft
107
=
6751812
810216 lb-in
810216
9 13 2
532.68
0.0113
As
0.0113 9 13
1.32 in2
3 # 6 bars
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu
Vc
16.5
12
1984
16368 lbs
16368-1984
13883 lbs
0.75
10894 lbs
Vu Vc
5.48
d/2
6-5
15
12
3000 9 13
2994 lbs
108
BEAM B-8
1.25 k/ft
Wl2
320 k-ft
M+
22.85 k.ft
32 k.ft
20 k.ft
RN
32 12000
12 13.5 2
0.004
As
0.648 in2
16
12.5
12.5
15
12
189.34 lb-in/in3
2# 6 bars
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu
Vc =
115k
0.75 2 3000 12 13.5
Av f y
50bw
.22 40,000
50 12
#3 @ 12 C/C
15
14.66
15K. =
7.5 K
109
1.25 k/ft
BEAM B-9
22.5
Mu
bd 2
1.66 12000
=
15 13.5 2
.017
As
3.44in2
max RNmax
ve
7# 6 bars
+ve
7# 6 bars
+ve
2# 6 bars
RN
14
15
Vc
0.75 2 3000 15 16 =
Vu
SPACING
(i)
24
(ii)
Avfy/50 bw
(iii)
d/2 =
=
9
Av f y d
S
11
22.5
17.5
729 lb-in/in3
Vu Vc
22.31 cm
110
Vu
35.6 Kips
13.31 Kips
BEAM B-10
Span =
12
Span
18.5
15
9
Self weight =
9 15
150
144
Live load
80 lb/ft
15
14012 +141
Wu
18211.2 +80121.6
M+
WL2/14
3721 12 2
12
14
M-interior
M-exterior
140.6 lb/ft
Wl2/9
3721 12 2
12
9
WL2/16
1821 lb/ft
3721 lb/ft
459,278 lb-in
714,432 lb-in
111
3721 12 2
12
16
401,868 lb-in
Steel :
=
Mu +
bd 2
459,278
9 13.5 2
max RN/RNmax
0.016
bd
0.70 in2
2 # 6 bars
(As
0.88 in2 )
RN-interior
Mu
bd 2
RN+
As
280
779.3
280 lb-in/in2
= 0.0057
714,432
9 13.5 2
max RN/RNmax
0.016
bd
1.087 in2
3 # 6 bars
(As
1.32 in2 )
RN-exterior
Mu
bd 2
As
435.6
779.3
435.6 lb-in/in2
= 0.00894
112
As
401,868
9 13.5 2
max RN/RNmax
0.016
bd
0.61 in2
(As
0.88 in2 )
2 # 6 bars
245 lb-in/in2
245
779.3
= 0.00503
Vu
9.98 Kips.
3721 12 / 2
22.33 kips
Vu at distance d
22.33-3.721 13.5/12
AV f y
50bw
24
.22 40,000
50 9
d/2
13.5 / 2
Av f y d
Vu - Vc
10.92 in
= 6.75
= 19
6.5
18.14 kips
113
Vu
16.65 kip
12 # 3 @ 6 C/C + 3 # 3@ 12 C/C
2493 lb/ ft
BEAM B-11
16.5 ft
Span =
16.5
12
12
Self weight =
Wu
257 PSF
2313 + 180 =
M+
12
2493 lb/ft
wl /8 =
84.84 k-ft
RN
Mu
bd 2
0.016
As
2.0 in2
5 # 6 bars
2493 16.5 2
8
770 lb-in/in3
180 lb/ft
12
114
CHECK FOR SHEAR
Vu
10.31 kips
20.57 kips
Vu at dist d
=
18.39 kips
Max spacing =
Vu Vc
Vu
5.25
Av f y d
S
13.86 + 10.31
# 3 @ 5 C/C
BEAM B-12
Span =
16
15
Self weight =
Wu
10.86 k
.78 k/ft
16
11.67 k
11.67 k
15
9
(140 lb/ft) 1.2
257 PSF
170lb/ft
115
585+ 170
M1+ =
Wl2/8
780 lb/ft
780 162/8 =
25 k-ft
M2+ = PL/4
= 10.86 k x 16 / 4 =
4.34 k-ft
M+ = 29.34 k-ft
RN
Mu +
bd 2
29.34 x 12000
174
.9 x 9 x 13.52
174 lb-in/in2
0.0036
As
bd
.43 in2
2#6 bars
(As
.88 in2 )
Vu
9.98 Kips.
11.67 Kips
116
Vu at distance d
11.67-1.125 0.78 =
=
d/2
Vu Vc
50bw
24
.22 40,000
50 9
13.5/2
Av f y d
.82 kips
= 19
( #3 @ 7 C/C )
BEAM B-13
11.67 k
Span =
27
21
12
800 + 320
257 PSF
=
Mu +
bd 2
212.05 x 12000
12 x 19.52
558 lb-in/in2
.0114
320 lb/ft
12
1120 lb/ft
32.2 k
21
M+ = 212.05 k-ft
RN
27
32.2 k
Self weight =
Wu
11.67 k
10.86 k
1.12 k/ft
558
117
As
bd
2.68 in2
7#6 bars
(As
3.08 in2 )
Vu
19.2 Kips.
32.22 Kips
Vu at distance d
11.67-1.625 1.12 =
=
=
AV f y
50bw
19.5/2
Av f y d
S
24
.22 40,000
50 9
30.4 kips
= 14
= 14 .3 kips
#3 @ 9 C/C
118
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND RETAINING WALL
6.1. COLUMNS
Column C-1:
Pu
222 kips
Mu
151 kip-ft
fc
4,000 psi
fy
60,000 psi
Size of column
18 x 18 in.
Pu
222
=
= 0.685
Ag 18 18
Mu
151 12
=
= 0.311
Ag h 18 18 18
=
h 2d 18 5
=
= 0.72
h
18
# 3 @ 12 C/C
0.01
As
3.24 in2
8 # 6 bars
(As =
12 #6
bars
3.52 in2 )
Stirrups Design :
Diameter of stirrups =
3/8 in.
18
119
Spacing Min. of the followings :
1.
12
2.
18
3.
18
# 3 bars @ 12 C/C
Column C-2:
Pu
41 kips
Mu
61 kip-ft
fc
4,000 psi
fy
60,000 psi
Size of column
18 x 18 in.
Pu
41
=
= 0.127
Ag 18 18
Mu
61 12
=
= 0.126
Ag h 18 18 18
=
h 2d 18 5
=
= 0.72
18
h
# 3 @ 12 C/C
0.01
As
3.24 in2
12 #6
bars
120
8 # 6 bars
(As =
3.52 in2 )
18
Stirrups Design :
Diameter of stirrups =
3/8 in.
12
5.
18
6.
18
# 3 bars @ 12 C/C
Column C-3:
Pu
41 kips
Mu
61 kip-ft
fc
4,000 psi
fy
60,000 psi
Size of column
Pu
41
=
= 0.182
Ag 15 15
15 x 15 in.
# 3 @ 12 C/C
Mu
61 12
=
= 0.217
Ag h 15 15 15
=
h 2d 15 4
=
= 0.73
15
h
15
8 #6
bars
121
From the Column Interaction Diagram (A-7)
g
0.01
As
2.25 in2
6 # 6 bars
(As =
3.52 in2 )
STIRRUPS DESIGN
Diameter of stirrups =
3/8 in.
12
8.
18
9.
18
# 3 bars @ 12 C/C
FOOTING F-1:
Pu
222 Kips
Mu
151 Kip-ft
Depth of footing
5 ft
Height of footing
2 ft
Pn
160 Kips
Bearing capacity(qall) =
qnet
(assuming)
3360 120 x 5
3360 lbs/ft2
122
Area of footing
Pn
q net
Size of footing
8 8 ft
qreq
Pn M y
+
A
I
qreq
160 1000
58 sq. ft
2760
9 x 9 ft
qreq
qreq
qreq
<
qall.
O.K.
20.56 psi
20.5 in.
qind.
3.75 ft
d
2.04 ft
18
2.96 Kip / ft
54,000 lbs
Shear capacity
Vc
0.75 2 3000 12 20 9
10
18
A
= 182,000 lbs
Vu > Vc
O.K.
A
9
123
20.5 in.
bo
(18+10+10)x4
152 in.
Vu
qind.x (A-A)
Vu
2.96 x (92-382/144)
Vu
236.3 Kips
Vc
Vc
512 Kips
Vu > Vc
O.K.
qind . 3.75 2
9
2
As
Mu
0.9 f y (0.9d )
2.96 3.75 2
9
2
=
187.3 12000
0.9 60,000 0.9 20.5
2.26 in2
12 # 4 bars Both ways
FOOTING F-2:
Pu
41 Kips
Mu
61 Kip-ft
Depth of footing
5 ft
Height of footing
1.5 ft (assuming)
Pn
30 Kips
Bearing capacity(qall) =
qnet
3360 120 x 5
187.3 Kip-ft.
3360 lbs/ft2
124
Area of footing
Pn
q net
Size of footing
3.5 3.5 ft
qreq
Pn M y
+
A
I
qreq
30 1000
11 sq. ft
2760
5.5 x 5.5 ft
qreq
qreq
qreq
<
qall.
O.K.
Pu 1.5 30 1000
=
=
A
30.25
2.125 ft
d
0.96 ft
15
14 in.
qind.
18
1.488 Kip / ft
7,856 lbs
Shear capacity
Vc
= 75,914 lbs
Vu > Vc
O.K.
15
A
20.5 in.
bo
(15+7+7)x4
A
5.5
5.5
125
116 in.
Vu
qind.x (A-A)
Vu
1.488 x (5.52-292/144)
Vu
36.32 Kips
Vc
Vc
266.85 Kips
Vu > Vc
O.K.
qind . 2.125 2
5.5
2
As
Mu
0.9 f y (0.9d )
0.33 in2
1.488 2.125 2
5.5 =
2
=
18.5 12000
0.9 60,000 0.9 14
1.664 in2
0.0018 5.5 12 14
18.5 Kip-ft.
126
G.L.
10
12
12
WEIGHTS
1
Central Stem =
1350.0 lbs
Base Slab
862.5 lbs
Back Fill
1200.0 lbs
3412.5 lbs
Total Weight
PRESSURE FORCES:
1
=2420.0 lbs
=180.0 lbs
Overturning Moment =
Mo
H(i)xY(i) Lb-ft
2420.0 x 3.667
Wi Xi lb-ft
1350.0 4.375
5906 lb-ft
862.5 2.875
2480 lb-ft
1200.0 x 5.250
6300 lb-ft
8873 lb-ft
127
Total Moment
F.O.S. vs OVERTURNING =
14686 lb-ft
14686 / 8873 =
1.66
Safety vs SLIDING :
(In this case sliding is not critical as there is load coming on the wall from the top)
SO NO NEED OF CHECK FOR SLIDING
Safety vs BEARING :
X
(MR Mo ) / W
3412.5 x (2.875-1.703)
5.75 ft2
5.752 / 6
P/AM/Z
pH
-132 lb/ft2
pT
1319 lb/ft2
1.703 ft
3412.5 lbs
3998 lb-ft
5.51 ft3
pH
PT
5.75 ft
2/3W/X
(2/3) 3412.5 / 1.703
FOS vs BEARING
3360/1336
1336 lb/ft2
2.52
128
MOMENTS AND SHEARS IN WALL ELEMENTS
1.7 x (2000.00 x ( 9.542 / 10.0)2 )
3095 lbs
Stem Moment =
11333 lb-ft
Heel Shear
1.4 x 150
Stem Shear
Heel Moment =
1890 lbs
1890x1.00/2 =
945 lb-ft
TOE STRESSES:
Pressure Under Toe
5.75 ft
1336 lb/ft2
290 lb/ft2
Shear at Junction
1336
4988 lbs
1.7x2671x2.667+1.7x580x1.333-0.9x600x2.0 =
12345 lb-ft
3095 lbs
Exposed Side =
0.5x0.0015x 12x9.0 =
# 3 @ 9 C/C
129
Horizontal Steels for Stem :
=
# 3 @ 9 C/C
DESIGN FOR STEELS IN BASE SLAB :
Shear Capacity of Section
4734 lbs
(Min 3 in Cover)
# 4 @ 9 C/C
Main Steel for Toe (Bottom Face) :
Designed on Minimum Steel Ratio (Beam)
0.34 Sq in/ft;
(Min 3 in Cover)
# 4 @ 6 C/C
0.0018x12x12.0
# 4 @ 9 C/C
9498 lbs
130
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF DOMES AND MINARET
Diameter of Dome =
d2/2
30 ft
=
4/12 150
1413.7 sq. ft
4 in.
=
50 psf
108 psf
30 psf
501.2 +301.6
1
1 cos
N = W r
= Wr
2
sin
1 + Cos
1 cos cos 2
T = W r
sin 2
AT CROWN
T
Wr
0.510815 =
810 lbs
Wr =
10815
=1
620 lbs
N
fy 0.7
AT BASE
T
STEEL AREA
fy
40,000 psi
AsT
131
AsT
1620
=
40,000 0.7
0.058 in2
0.058 in2
AsN
3 4 =
12 in.
0.15 in2
.O.K.
NOTE : As provided is very larger than the area required ( 3 times more ) so
curtailment can be done appropriately, then check for capacity.
TANGENTIAL STEEL
Number of bars at base
At
126 ( #3 @ 9 C/C )
868 lbs
30 :
1 cos 30
N = 108 15
2
sin 30
As
868
=
40,000 0.7
0.031 in2
d1 =
16
Spacing provided
47/16 12
47 ft
36 in.
60
1 cos 60
N = 108 15
2
sin 60
1080 lbs
As = 0.039 in2
REQUIRED SPACING # 3 @ 34 C/C
Total circumference at 60 =
d2 =
81.62 ft
132
32
47/16 12
30 in.
3/8 in.
16 bars
23.56 ft
16 bars
17 ft
32 bars
9.16 ft
63 bars
4 ft
HORIZONTAL STEEL
60 :
1 cos 60 cos 2 60
T = 1620
sin 2 60
As Required =
0.019 in2
Spacing required
# 3 bars @ 65 C/C
Providing # 3 @ 18 C/C
30 :
16
32
63
126
540 lbs
55 25
75
90
133
DOME-2
Diameter of dome
14 ft
Thickness of dome =
4 in.
TANGENTIAL STEEL :
Providing the same steel as in the DOME-1
At the base of dome
# 3 @ 9 C/C
55 :
Total bars
25 :
Total bars
14 12 / 9 =
75 :
Total bars
=
32
16
8
3/8 in.
8 bars
12.56 ft
8 bars
9.1 ft
16 bars
6.3 ft
32 bars
2.5 ft
9
HORIZONTAL STEEL :
60 :
17
90 :
30 :
34
68
55 25
75
90
64
134
9 ft
25.6 psf
Total q
Wu
(Table .)
=
40.5 9
364.5 lb/ft
40.5 PSF
9 ft
364.5 1.3
473.85 lb/ft
WuL / 2
28431 Kip-in.
3402,756 in4
I/y
21
3402,756 / (3.625 12 )
78,224 in3
M/S =
364 psi
Pu
=f A =
W L2 /10
(473.852) 102 12 / 10 =
=
=
364 21 21
160.28
Kips
Mu
28.43 Kip-in.
4,000 psi
fy
60,000 psi
Pu 160.28
=
= 0.83
Ag 21 21
# 3 @ 12 C/C
Mu
28.43
=
= 0.0033
Ag h 21 21 21
h 2d 17
=
= 0.8
h
21
12 #6
bars
0.01
As
4.41 in2
21
135
12 # 6 bars
(As
5.28 in2 )
0.75 As fy
21
Pu
O.K.
STIRRUPS DESIGN
Diameter of stirrups =
3/8 in.
12
18
21
# 3 bars @ 12 C/C
103.5 Kips
211.3 Kips
Kips
Total Weight =
339.6 Kips
15 (8.6252 100 ) =
111.6 Kips
451.2 Kips
28,431 Kip-in.
Bearing capacity
Area of footing
451.2 1000
140 sq. ft
23.33 144
Size of footing
15 15 ft
23.33 Psi
136
24 in.
qs
28,431 Kip-in.
Restoring moments:
Weight above footing
667.2 Kips
6507.512
58500 Kip-in
2.05 )
FP
Pu M
A S
15
3 ft
17/3
2 ft
9 ft
15 ft
16.7 psi
137
B 3 15 3
=
12 3
6
6
972,000 in3
Cp 0.5soilh2L0.33
30.5100172150.33
216,750 lbs =
216.75 Kips
216.75 17 / 3 12 =
Net moment =
M u - Mp
Bearing Stress
14739 Kip-in
28431 14739
13692 Kip-in
972,000
15 2 12 2
12.5714.08
As one value is negative and positive value is greater than B.C. of soil so
Taking greater area of foundation
Size of foundation =
S
1818 ft
B 3 18 3
=
12 3
6
6
Bearing Stress
3359232 in3
3359232
18 2 12 2
11.394.07
F.O.S =
23.3
=
11.93 + 4.07
1.45
1.5
O.K.
4.5ft
d
20 in.
new value of qs
=
=
11.6 psi
1.671 Kip / ft
138
qs
1.671000(4.5-20/12)
4731 lbs
Vc =
0.75 2 3000 12 20
= 19,718 lbs
Vu > Vc
O.K.
W L2
2
1.671 4.5 2
12
2
203.02 Kip-in.
Mu
203.02 1000
12 20 2
0.0018
As R < Rmin
bd
so = min
As = 0.0018 12 20
0.432 in2
139
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS
There were many options in the selection of different members of the
structure.
Three types of slabs are provided in the design according to the conditions
prevailing. These are one-way slab, two-way slab and two-way joist slab.
The two-way joist slab was provided to achieve economy. Other choices
may be waffle slab and flat slab or flat plate in the main hall of basement.
Design of two-way joist slab is similar to the design of T-beam, but the
calculations of bending moments and shear forces are done using the twoway slab bending moment and shear force Coefficients.
Design of stair is similar to the design of one-way slab. The only difference
is the increase in loads due to the inclination of waist slab.
Analysis of beams and columns is done using SAP 2000 and the results are
comparable to the manual calculations.
In most of the cases, reinforcement in domes is negligible so provided
minimum reinforcement.
The thickness of domes varies from base to the crown, 6 inches to 3 inches.
The depth of minaret footing was kept H / 7 below the ground surface to
get the foundation secure against overturning and suppression in bearing
capacity of soil.
Retaining wall is designed carefully, since the moisture present may cause
dampness problem in the basement.