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The RMxprt Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RMxprt Title Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with the RMxprt Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Edit AC Windings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Edit Winding Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
View Winding Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with Variables in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding a Project Variable in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding a Design Variable in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding Datasets in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modifying Datasets in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Defining Mathematical Functions in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Defining an Expression in RMxprt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Valid Operators for Expressions in RMxprt . . . . . .
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Contents-18
1
Getting Started with RMxprt
Rotational Machine Expert (RMxprt) is an interactive software package used for designing and
analyzing electrical machines.
Using RMxprt, you can simulate and analyze the following types of machines:
When you start a new model in RMxprt, you first select one of the above motor or generator types.
You then enter the parameters associated with that machine type in each RMxprt Properties window. The properties windows are accessed by clicking each of the machine elements (for example,
stator, rotor, shaft) under Machine in the project tree. General options are available directly at the
Machine level of the project tree. Solution and output options (such as the rated output power) are
set when you add a solution setup (by right-clicking Analysis in the project tree).
Related Topics:
The RMxprt Desktop
RMxprt Commands
Setting Up A Machine Model
Creating a New RMxprt Project
Getting Started with RMxprt 1-1
Click File>New.
A new project is listed in the project tree. It is named Projectn by default, where n is the order
in which the project was added to the current session.
Project definitions, such as material assignments, are stored under the project name in the
project tree.
2.
Click Project>Insert RMxprt Design or click the RMxprt icon on the toolbar.
The Select Machine Type window appears.
3.
You specify the name of the project when you save it using the File>Save or File>Save As commands.
If you are already in the existing project, click File>Save As. The Save As window appears.
(Otherwise, open the existing project you want to copy first.)
2.
Enter a new name for the new project, and click Save.
The new project is now saved, with the same information as the existing project.
Click File>Open.
The Open dialog box appears.
2.
Use the file browser to find the RMxprt version 6 project file.
By default, files that can be opened or translated by RMxprt are displayed.
3.
4.
Click OK.
The project information appears in the project tree.
Click the name of the project file at the bottom of the File menu.
2.
3.
Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
Type the name of the file in the File name box.
By default, all files will have the .mxwl extension.
4.
Click Save.
RMxprt saves the project to the location you specified.
Related Topics
Saving the Active Project
Saving a Copy of a Project
Be sure to save machine models periodically. Saving frequently helps prevent the
loss of your work if a problem occurs. Although RMxprt has an "auto-save" feature,
it may not automatically save frequently enough for your needs.
Related Topics
Saving a New Project
Saving a Copy of a Project
2.
Use the file browser to find the directory where you want to save the file.
3.
4.
Click Save.
RMxprt saves the project with the new name or file extension to the location you specified.
Related Topics
Saving a New Project
Saving the Active Project
design, including actions associated with project management, model creation, and solution analysis.
With auto-save activated, after a problem occurs, you can choose to re-open the original
project file (Projectn.rmpt) in an effort to recover the solution data or to open the auto-save file.
To modify the auto-save settings:
1.
2.
3.
In the Autosave interval box, enter the number of edits that you want to occur between
automatic saves. By default, this option is set at 10.
Note
4.
Auto-save always increments forward; therefore, even when you undo a command,
RMxprt counts it as an edit.
Warning
When you close or rename a project, RMxprt deletes the auto-save file. RMxprt
assumes that you have saved any desired changes at this point.
Related Topics
Recovering Project Data in an Auto-Save File
When you recover a project's auto-save file you cannot recover any solutions data;
recovering an auto-save file means you will lose any solutions data that existed in
the original project file.
2.
Click File>Open,.
3.
Select the original Projectn.rmpt project file for which you want to recover its Projectn.rmpt.auto auto-save file.
The Crash Recovery window appears, giving you the option to open the original project file
Select Open project using autosave file to recover project data in the auto-save file, and then
click OK. RMxprt replaces the original project file with the data in the auto-save file.
RMxprt immediately overwrites the original project file data with the auto-save file data,
removing the results directory (solutions data) from the original project file as it overwrites to
the auto-save file.
Warning
If you choose to recover the auto-save file, you cannot recover the original project
file that has been overwritten; recovering data in an auto-save file is not reversible.
Related Topics
Saving Project Data Automatically
RMxprt Files
When you create any project in the Maxwell desktop, including an RMxprt project, it is given a
.mxwl file extension and stored in the directory you specify. Any files related to that project are
also stored in that directory.
Some common file and folder types are listed below:
.mxwl
project_name.mxwlresults
design_name.results
design_name.asol
2.
3.
2.
Click OK to save any changes, or click Cancel to exit without saving edits.
Getting Started with RMxprt 1-7
To move back and forth between windows, select the Windows menu, and select the window you
want to view.
Use the File menu commands to manage RMxprt project files and printing
options.
Edit menu
Use the Edit menu commands to modify properties in the active design,
manage designs in one or more projects, delete projects, and undo and redo
actions.
View menu
Use the View menu commands to display or hide desktop components, and
change the machine editor window view.
Project menu
Machine
Use the Machine menu to work with the machine data, such as edit winding
layout, edit wire size, and set dimension unit for the active editor window.
RMxprt
Use the RMxprt menu commands to validate design input data, analyze
designs, set up parameters, add analysis setups, set up Optimetrics, post
process solutions, export equivalent circuits, create Maxwell 3D designs, and
other design tasks.
Tools menu
Use the Tools menu to modify the active project's material library, arrange the
material libraries, run and record scripts, update project definitions from
libraries, display options, customize the desktop's toolbars, and modify many
of the software's default settings.
Window menu
Use the Window menu commands to rearrange the application windows and
toolbar icons.
Help menu
Use the Help menu commands to access the online help system and view the
current software version information.
Related Topics
Getting Help
Use the shortcut menu in the toolbars area of the desktop to show or
hide windows or toolbars, and customize the toolbars.
In Machine Editor
window
Use the shortcut menus in the Project Manager window (or the
project tree) to manage project files and design properties; these
commands duplicate menu commands at the top of the screen.
In Properties window
Use the shortcut menus in the Properties window to edit (cut, copy,
paste or delete) property values.
In Message Manager
window
Note
Most of the commands on the shortcut menus are also available on the menu bar.
A check box appears next to a command if the item is visible. For example, if a check box appears
next to the Project Manager command, then the Project Manager window is currently visible on
the desktop.
Click Customize to open the Customize dialog box, which enables you to modify the toolbar settings on the desktop.
To execute a command, click a toolbar button or click a selection on the shortcut pull-down
list.
To display a brief description of the toolbar button, move the pointer over the button.
To relocate a toolbar, click on the left edge of a toolbar and drag it to new location..
Hint
To modify the toolbars on the desktop, click Tools>Customize. To display all toolbar
buttons, click the Reset All button in the Customize window.
To undo the last action you performed on the active project, such as inserting a design,
click the project icon.
To undo the last action you performed on the active design, click the design icon.
Note
2.
You cannot undo an analysis that you have performed on a model, that is, the
RMxprt>Analyze command.
Click Edit>Undo.
Your last action is now undone.
Note
When you save a project, RMxprt always clears the entire undo/redo history for the
project and its designs.
Related Topics
Redoing Commands
2.
To redo the last action you canceled on the active project, such as inserting a design or
adding project variables, click the project icon.
To redo the last action you canceled on the active design, such as drawing an object or
deleting a field overlay plot, click the design icon.
Click Edit>Redo.
When you save a project, RMxprt always clears the entire undo/redo history for the
project and its designs.
Related Topics
Undoing Commands
A check box appears next to this command if the status bar is visible.
Printing in RMxprt
Printing in RMxprt
The printing commands enable you to print the display in the active window.
To print the project:
1.
Click File>Print.
The Print dialog box appears.
2.
You can change the print quality (a higher dpi produces a higher quality print but takes more
time and printer memory), or you can send the output to a .prn file.
3.
Right-click in the toolbars area on the desktop, and then click Project Manager on the shortcut menu.
A check box appears next to this command if the Project Manager window is visible.
Related Topics
Working with the RMxprt Project Tree
Shortcut Menus in the Project Manager Window
2.
3.
4.
Click OK.
Parameters
Analysis
Optimetrics
Results
Note
In the project tree, double-click the design setup icon that you want to edit.
A dialog box appears with that setup's parameters, which you can then edit.
Right-click in the toolbars area at the top of the desktop, and then click Properties on the
shortcut menu.
A check box appears next to this command if the Properties window is visible.
Right-click in the toolbars area at the top of the desktop, and then click Progress on the shortcut menu.
A check box appears next to this command if the Progress window is visible.
A check box appears next to this command if the Message Manager is visible.
Related Topics
Clearing Messages for the RMxprt Project
Clearing Messages for the RMxprt Model
Copying Messages in RMxprt
2.
2.
To copy messages:
1.
2.
Create a Maxwell 2D
Project for electromagnetic
field analyses
2.
Click Project>Insert RMxprt Design or click the RMxprt icon in the tool bar.
This displays the Select Machine Type window.
2.
From the list of machine types, for this example, select Brushless Permanent Magnet DC
Motor and click OK.
Getting Started with RMxprt 20-19
This closes the window and inserts the Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Motor design in the
project.
Continue to Part 3 of the example to Input Design Data.
Click the + symbol by the RMxprt:Designn icon in the project tree to view the design hierarchy.
This displays the Machine Icon.
2.
Wind Loss
Reference Speed
Control Type
Circuit Type
4.
Click the + symbol by the Machine icon to view the design hierarchy of the motor.
5.
6.
7.
Lead Angle of
Trigger
Set this to 0 to obtain the maximum average emf for the following phase in
the trig_on period.
Trigger Pulse
Width
Transistor Drop
Diode Drop
Set this to 90
Set this to 2
Set this to 2
Number of Slots
Slot Type
Skew Width
8.
9.
Click the + symbol by the Stator icon to view the hierarchy under the stator.
10. Double-click the slot icon to view the Slot Properties window.
Set the values as shown below. Some of the properties will not appear until you disable the
Auto Design property in the first row.
Auto Design
Uncheck the box to disable auto design. Close the properties window and
open it again. Then set the given values for the slot shapes.
Parallel Tooth Uncheck this box. The Tooth Width property becomes invisible.
Tooth Width
Hs0
Set to 0.5
Hs1
Set to 1.0
Hs2
Set to 8.2
Bs0
Set to 2.5
Bs1
Set to 5.6
Bs2
Set to 7.6
Winding Layers
Winding Type
Set this to 2, "Whole Coiled."
Parallel Branches Select 1 for the number of parallel-connected branches, i.e. the
coils in all the slots per phase are in series-connected.
Conductors per
Set this to 60 for the number of conductors per slot, i.e. the
Slot
number of turns per coil is equal to 30 for double-layer
winding.
Coil Pitch
Set this to 5. For this example, full pitch = 24 slots /
4 poles = 6. This example uses short coil pitch, 5, i.e. a coil
spans from slot 1 to slot 6.
Number of Strands Select 1 for the number of strands (or number of wires per
conductor).
Wire Wrap
Select 0. This is the total thickness of double side wire
insulation. The input value 0 means that RMxprt will
automatically check into the wire gauge library for the wrap
thickness relevant to the wire gauge. Different manufacturers
produce different Wire Wrap Thickness for electromagnetic
wire. Typically, Wire Wrap Thickness for electromagnetic
wire is 7~10% of Wire Diameter.
Wire Size
Click on the Properties field to display the Wire Size window
and select AUTO for automatic design of wire gauge. Wire
Size will be set to 0 in the Wire Size window. This example
relies on RMxprt to automatically select the optimum
diameter and the gauge code for electromagnetic wire.
End/Insulation Input Half-turn
Uncheck this box.
tab
Length
Half Turn Length This item is not shown if Input Half Turn Length is unchecked.
End Adjustment
Set this to 0 for the linear overhang of the end part of the coil
out of the iron core as shown below. In this example, the coil
turns immediately at the slot opening, therefore input 0.
Steel Type
Stacking Factor
Pole Type
Select M19-24 for the brand of the silicon-steel sheet for the rotor. In this
example, the laminations are punched together on the same sheet; therefore,
the brands of the silicon-steel sheet and the stacking factors are the same for
the stator and the rotor.
Input 0.95.
Select 1. Click on the button on the Pole Type field to display the Select
Pole Type window.
Embrace
Input 0.7. Embrace of the rotor represents the ratio of the rotor central angle
corresponding to the arc length along the rotor surface of an arched
permanent-magnetic piece to the rotor central angle corresponding to a rotor
pole. In a four pole machine with Embrace, 1, each arched permanentmagnetic piece covers 90 mechanical degrees along the rotor surface.
Similarly, Embrace 0.667 means 60 mechanical degrees of the coverage of
the magnet as shown in the figure.
Offset
Magnet Type
2.
3.
4.
Load Type
Const Power
Rated Output
Power
0.55 kW
Rated Voltage
220
Rated Speed
1500
Operating
Temperature
75c
5.
Click RMxprt>Validation Check to ensure that all values have been set.
If any items do not pass validation, use the diagnostic information in the Message Window to
resolve any issues.
6.
Solution Data - the Data field in the Solutions window is a drop down menu from which
you can select the following:
2.
Parameter
Design Sheet
Curves - Selecting the Curves tab lets you view pre-defined graphs.
With the Solution tab selected, select Stator Winding as the Data selected.
Except for a few data corresponding to the wire gauge, this part of data should be the same as
the data input in the Stator Winding Properties window. Since automatic design function for
Getting Started with RMxprt 20-29
the wire gauge is selected in the input, RMxprt calculates the following data:
Wire Diameter
(mm):
Wire Wrap
0 for the insulation thickness of the electromagnetic wire. Because input
Thickness (mm): wire wrap is 0, RMxprt picks it up from the selected wire library
(American wire), but it still 0 based on the wire wrap data in the library.
Stator Slot Fill
Factor (%):
61.4557.
The electromagnetic wire with Wire Diameter of 0.8118 is equivalent to AWG 20. Stator
Slot Fill Factor represents the percentage of occupation of the slot area, i.e. the ratio of the
total square sectional area of wires (including Wire Wrap Thickness) in a slot to the total slot
area less the slot insulation.
a.
Now that Wire Diameter of the electromagnetic wire is calculated by RMxprt, you can
open the Winding Properties window and specify the value.
b.
For Wire Size, open the Wire Size selection window, select 0.8118 for the electromagnetic wire diameter, which corresponds to 20 for the wire gauge.
c.
In the slot Wire Wrap field, input 0.08 for the insulation thickness of the electromagnetic
wire.
d.
e.
After the second analysis is completed, click RMxprt>Results>Solution Data to view the
effect of Wire Wrap Thickness of the electromagnetic wire on Stator Slot Fill Factor.
Wire Diameter
(mm):
0.8118.
Wire Wrap
0.08.
Thickness (mm):
Stator Slot Fill
Factor (%):
3.
74.165.
4.
This part displays the characteristic data of the permanent magnets as well as the Demagnetization Flux density, the Recoil Residual Flux density and Recoil Coercive Force of the recoil line
based on the demagnetization flux density, which are used for finite element analysis when a
linear PM characteristics must be specified.
5.
In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Steady State Parameters.
This part displays the stator winding factor, direct- and the quadratic-axis inductances, the
leakage inductance, the resistance of the phase winding, the direct- and the quadratic-axis time
constants, the ideal torque constant KT and the ideal back emf constant KE.
6.
7.
In the Solutions window, change the Data selection to Full Load Operation.
At Rated Output Power (kW): 0.550, the following characteristic parameters of the machine
are calculated as:
Parameters
Calculated Values
Units
2.93
2.45
70.88
A2/mm3
)
14.97
A/mm
4.73
A/mm2
11.46
20.24
53.87
9.32
0.69
95.6
550
645.6
85.2
1562
rpm
3.36
Nm
32.3
Nm
47.6
In the Solutions window, select the Design Sheet tab, and scroll down to Winding Arrangement.
This is the layout and the arrangement of the whole two-phase winding of phases A and B, and
the short coil pitch factor 5 is taken into account.
In the Solutions window with the Design Sheet table selected, scroll down to Transient FEA
Angle per slot (elec. degrees):
30
105
360
Terminal Resistance
4.5
Ohm
1.7
mH
65
0.95
0.95
mm
Tesla
kA/m
690
Difference
The angular displacement from the rotor to the stator in electric degrees.
Band Arc
Teeth to Teeth
If you select this box, the central lines of the rotor teeth or the rotor
magnet poles coincide with the periodic dividing lines, otherwise, the
central lines of the rotor slots or the interpole lines of the rotor magnet
poles coincide with the periodic dividing line. Nevertheless, the central
lines of the stator teeth always coincide with the periodic dividing lines.
Design Sheet
2.
3.
Specify a ProjectName.
4.
Click OK.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Click OK.
2
Setting Up RMxprt Projects
An RMxprt project is a folder that includes one or more models, or designs. Each design ultimately
includes a geometric model, material assignments, and field solution and post-processing information.
A new project called Projectn is automatically created when the software is launched, where n is a
number. You can also open a new project by clicking File>New. In general, use the File menu
commands to manage projects. If you move or change the names of files without using these commands, the software may not be able to find information necessary to solve the model.
Insert an RMxprt design. (Click Project>Insert RMxprt Design., and specify the machine
type from the Select Machine Type window.)
2.
Use the Tools menu commands to specify general options (such as post-processing and autosave settings), solver options (such as the default process priority), and specific RMxprt
options. Also specify the Machine options (such as the units and the wire setting such as the
wire shape and gauge).
3.
Double-click the Machine items in the project tree, to specify the settings for the various parts
of the selected machine parameters.
4.
Under Definitions in the project tree, assign any Materials to the machine parts, setting values
such as:
Permanent magnet definition, including the coercivity, energy density, and relative recovery permeability.
BH-curve parameters.
5.
Use the Setup commands (either on the RMxprt menu or on the Analysis or Optimetrics submenus via the project tree) to specify variable, parametric, and optimization settings.
6.
7.
Use the Analyze commands to generate a solution, run a parametric analysis, or run an optimization.
8.
Use the Results post-processing commands to display the lamination and plot the solutions.
9.
Use the Analysis Setup>Export command to export the model as an .sm2 or .sm3 file that can
be read into Maxwell 2D or Maxwell 3D for more complex analyses. Once the exported file is
created, you can then create a new Maxwell project from the exported file.
Related Topics:
Specifying RMxprt Winding Data
Quick Start for RMxprt
2.
3.
Note
RMxprt will treat materials with conductivity greater than 10,000 as conductors, and
materials with Permeability greater than 100 as steels.
4.
If you want these values to be the default, change the values by clicking the
Tools>Options>RMxprt Options menu and setting the material thresholds in the RMxprt
Options dialog.
5.
Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting RMxprt Options
Choose which options to use when exporting a design from RMxprt to Maxwell3D:
Periodic
Difference
The angular displacement from the rotor to the stator in electric degrees.
Band Arc
The air-gap is divided uniformly along the circumference. Band Arc is the
central angle corresponding to each division. The effective range of its value
is between 1o to 5o, the default value is 3o. In 2D electromagnetic field
analysis to the torque with 2D Maxwell, The value of Band Arc is sensitive.
Less the value, finer the air-gap meshes, more accurate the torque calculation,
but longer the computation time in order.
Teeth to Teeth
If select this box, the central lines of the rotor teeth or the rotor magnet poles
coincide with the periodic dividing lines, otherwise, the central lines of the
rotor slots or the interpole lines of the rotor magnet poles coincide with the
periodic dividing line. Nevertheless, the central lines of the stator teeth always
coincide with the periodic dividing lines.
Segmented Arc
Note
These options may also be set on the Export Options tab of the RMxprt Options dialog
box. Using the Tools>Options>RMxprt Options command changes the default for the
current design and all future designs.
You may also set the default Design Sheet for use with RMxprt by entering the path and filename
or by browsing to the Excel file using the ellipsis button.
Related Topics
Generating a Custom Design Sheet for RMxprt
Some special requests from a user which are not necessary to be added to RMxprt UI;
Some common requests from users which have been implemented in RMxprt solver, but have
not been added in RMxprt UI.
When a user's requests have been implemented in an RMxprt solver but have not been added in
RMxprt UI, the updated solver and the required file format for user defined data will be sent to the
user. To use the feature of user defined data, the user must first edit the data file using a text editor
2-4 Setting Up RMxprt Projects
according to the format provided. Then, select RMxprt>Design Settings to display the Design Settings dialog.
1.
2.
Click the Enable checkbox to enable the use of User Defined Data.
3.
User Defined Data may be entered directly into the text box. Click in the box and enter the data
entries desired.
4.
Alternatively, click Import File to import user defined data from an external file.
5.
6.
Select the user defined data file which will be displayed in File name box.
7.
8.
The file contents will be imported into the text box. Click OK to complete the setup.
User Defined Data is save in the design file. Changes to User Defined Data will cause existing
solutions to become invalid.
2.
View the results of the validation check in the Validation Check window.
The following icons can appear next to an item:
Indicates the step is complete.
Indicates the step is incomplete.
Indicates the step may require your attention.
3.
4.
If the validation check indicates that a step in your project is incomplete or incorrect, carefully
review the setup details for that particular step and revise them as necessary.
5.
Click RMxprt>Validation Check to run a validation check after you have revised any setup
details for an incomplete or incorrect project step.
6.
Click Close.
Project Options
Miscellaneous Options
Default Units
Analysis Options
WebUpdate Options
2.
3.
Click OK.
Related Topics:
Setting RMxprt Options
General Options
Solver
Export Options
2.
3.
Click OK.
To change the default machine type when you initially insert a project, select one of the following from the Default machine type pull-down list:
2.
In the Material Threshold Options section, enter the Default conductivity and Default permeability values in siemens/m.
Note
3.
Setting the material thresholds under Tools>Options impacts the default setting for the
current and all future projects/designs. To change the material threshold for the current
design only, use the RMxprt>Design Settings command and change the material
thresholds on the Set Material Thresholds tab.
Note
Related Topics:
Setting the Material Threshold
Select one of the following from the Default Process Priority pull-down list:
Choose which options to use when exporting a design from RMxprt to Maxwell3D:
Periodic
Difference
Band Arc
Teeth-Teeth
Segmented Arc
Material threshold
Model units
Wire setting
Export options
Some of these and other options are available via the Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK.
Click Machine>Units.
The Set Model Units dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK.
3.
Click OK.
The corresponding data for wire gauge appear automatically in the pop-up window for
Machine>Wire.
Related Topic
Editing Wire Data
Click Machine>Wire
The Edit Wire Data dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click the Round or Rectangle tab for the wire shape you want to edit.
For Round:
Specify the desired values for Gauge No., Diameter, and/or Wrap.
Gauge No.
Diameter
Wrap
For Rectangle:
a.
Wire Shape Limit (B/A) max the maximum ratio between the wide and the narrow sides.
Wire Shape Limit (B/A) min
b.
the minimum ratio between the wide and the narrow sides.
gauge with the ratio B/A between the wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition
(B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear in the table Rectangular Wire Data.
Skip One for Consideration of Priority Factors
Select the radio button Skip One on the right to Type of Wire-Data Table and then click
the command button Calculate in the window Wire Data, all the sectional areas of wire
gauge with the ratio B/A between the wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition
(B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear in three different modes in the table Rectangular
Wire Data.
At the cross of the odd columns and the odd rows, the sectional areas appear in black
numbers (recommended to use).
At the cross of the odd columns and the even rows or the even columns and the odd
rows, the sectional areas appear in blue numbers (rarely used).
At the cross of the even columns and the even rows, the sectional areas do not show
(generally not used).
This is convenient for users to use recommended wire gauge according to R20 Priority
Number Series.
4.
Optionally, to add new rows or columns for the wire, click Add Row or Add Column.
5.
6.
7.
When you are finished, click Save to save the data, and click Close to close the window.
Related Topic
Specifying the Machine Option for Wire Setting
Periodic
Difference
The angular displacement from the rotor to the stator in electric degrees.
Band Arc
The air-gap is divided uniformly along the circumference. Band Arc is the
central angle corresponding to each division. The effective range of its value
is between 1o to 5o, the default value is 3o. In 2D electromagnetic field
analysis to the torque with 2D Maxwell, The value of Band Arc is sensitive.
Less the value, finer the air-gap meshes, more accurate the torque calculation,
but longer the computation time in order.
Teeth to Teeth
If select this box, the central lines of the rotor teeth or the rotor magnet poles
coincide with the periodic dividing lines, otherwise, the central lines of the
rotor slots or the interpole lines of the rotor magnet poles coincide with the
periodic dividing line. Nevertheless, the central lines of the stator teeth always
coincide with the periodic dividing lines.
For Geometry
Creation
3.
For the selected field, enter values in any enabled text boxes.
4.
For the Design Sheet, type a file name in the Excel Template text box.
5.
You can also click the ... button to find and select a file.
Click OK.
Edit AC Windings
RMxprt can automatically arrange almost all commonly used single- or double-layer poly-phase ac
windings provided all coils have the same number of turns. Users do not need to define coils one by
one. For a double-layer winding, RMxprt can also handle the coils with half turns which are
arranged in the order of even, odd, even, odd, , as long as it is physically possible.
RMxprt also provides a very flexible tool Winding Editor in order for the users to design a variety
of special winding types according to their own needs, such as compound single- and double-layer
winding, big- and small-phase-spread variable-pole multiple-speed winding, sine-wave three-phase
winding, and so forth. The Winding Editor is available to the following types of electric machines:
1.Three-phase induction motors
2.Single-phase induction motors
3.Three-phase synchronous motors and generators
4.Line-start permanent-magnet synchronous motors
5.Claw-pole alternators
6.Adjustable-speed permanent-magnet synchronous motors and generators
7.Brushless permanent-magnet DC motors
When you edit the AC winding of a new design for the first time, RMxprt creates a default winding
arrangement based on the basic winding specifications: Number of Phases, Number of Poles,
Number of Slots, Winding Layers, Conductors per Slot, and Coil Pitch. Then you can edit the
winding configuration based on the default arrangement.
Select Winding in the Project Tree. In the Properties window, set the Winding Type Value to
Editor. To do this, click on the button Winding Type Value to display the Winding Type
2.
3.
Editor displays a shortcut menu where you may also select Edit Layout.
Turns
In Slots
is for the slot number with the coil side current flowing in ('flow-in-side'
for short). If 2 Layers are specified in the Winding Properties window,
the slot number ends with a "T" to show the top layer.
Out Slots
is for the slot number with the coil side current flowing out ("flow-outside" for short). If 2 Layers are specified in the Winding Properties
window, the slot number ends with a "B" to show the bottom layer.
By changing the properties in the columns of the table, it is possible to arrange the distribution of
coils of single and double layer winding of any type required.
The Winding Editor also includes three check boxes:
Periodic
Multiplier
indicates the possibility to select the number of unit machines for editing
the winding arrangement. It has a pull-down list box to show the possible
numbers for the periodic multiplier. When checked, the pull-down list
box to the right displays the numbers of unit machines for selection.
Selecting 1 means the whole slots are considered as one unit machine, and
all the coils is listed in the table of the edit window. Selecting 2 lists half
of the total coils in the table, and the whole slots are divided into two unit
machines, etc. When the check box Periodic Multiplier: is unchecked, the
pull-down list box to the right is grayed (disabled); all the coils are listed
in the table.
Constant Turns
Checking the check box (multiple choices) Constant Turns indicates that
the number of turns keeps constant and the column Turns in the table is
grayed (disabled). If the check box Constant Turns is unchecked, the
column Turns in the table is brightened allowing for editing and
modifying the number of turns.
Constant Pitch
Checking this box grays the column Out Slots to the values cannot be
edited. It means that the coil pitch is constant. For the two-layer windings,
all the flow-in-side slots are defined as top layer, and all the flow-out-side
slots as bottom layer. The flow-out-side slot number is automatically
computed based on the input in the edit box Coil Pitch in the tab sheet
Winding in the project tree in the RMxprt Machine Editor window, and
the column Out Slot is disabled. When the check box Constant Pitch is
unchecked, the column Out Slot is enabled to allow arbitrarily changing
the slot pitch for each coil.
all the data in the table resumes to the situation of data from the automatic
arrangement by RMxprt.
Reset
all the data in the table resumes to the situation of data when the dialog
box Winding Editor was first opened, or resumes to the data that you have
saved.
OK
to accept the current values and close the dialog box Winding Editor.
as shown:
2.
To remove the connections in the graphical display in the Machine Editor window, select
Machine>Winding>Disconnect All Coils.
3.
Winding connections may also be viewed by shortcut menu. Right-click on the winding layout section of the Machine Editor window, a shortcut menu pops up. Select Connect All Coils
or Disconnect All Coils to toggle the coils display on or off.
If you right click on a slot layer, commands related to that slot layer will be enabled, and you
will be able to view or hide only one coil or one phase connection related to the slot layer. You
may copy the connection drawing to clipboard from the shortcut menu as well.
Alternatively, right-click the project name in the project tree, and then click Project Variables on the shortcut menu.
3.
4.
In the Value box, type the quantity that the variable represents. Optionally, include the units of
measurement.
Warning
If you include the variable's units in its definition (in the Value box), do not include
the variable's units when you enter the variable name for a parameter value.
Click OK.
You return to the Properties dialog box. The new variable and its value are listed in the table.
6.
7.
Optionally, select Read-Only. The variable's name, value, unit, and description cannot be
modified when Read-only is selected.
8.
Optionally, select Hidden. If you clear the Show Hidden option, the hidden variable will not
appear in the Properties dialog box.
9.
Click OK.
The new variable can now be assigned to a parameter value in the project in which it was created.
Alternatively, right-click the design name in the project tree, and then click Design Properties on the shortcut menu.
3.
4.
In the Value box, type the quantity that the variable represents. Optionally, include the units of
measurement.
Note
If you include the variable's units in its definition (in the Value box), do not include the
variable's units when you enter the variable name for a parameter value.
Click OK.
You return to the Properties dialog box. The new variable and its value are listed in the table.
6.
7.
Click OK.
The new variable can now be assigned to a parameter value in the design in which it was created.
Click Project>Datasets.
The Datasets dialog box appears.
2.
Click Add.
The Add Dataset dialog box appears.
3.
Optionally, type a name other than the default for the dataset in the Name box.
4.
Type the X and Y-coordinates for the first data point in the row labeled 1.
5.
Type the X and Y-coordinates for the remaining data points in the dataset using the same
method.
After you type a point's coordinates and move to the next row, the point is added to the plot,
and the view is adjusted with each newly entered point.
6.
When you are finished entering the data point coordinates, click OK.
7.
The dataset plot is extrapolated into an expression that can be used in parametric analyses or
assigned to a material property value.
Click Project>Datasets.
The Datasets dialog box appears.
2.
Click the dataset name you want to modify, and then click Edit.
The Edit Dataset dialog box appears.
3.
Optionally, type a name other than the default for the dataset in the Name box.
4.
5.
When you are finished entering the data point coordinates, click OK.
6.
Click Done.
Intrinsic
functions
Trigonometric
expressions
The predefined variables X, Y, Z, Phi, Theta, and R must be entered as such. X, Y, and Z are the
rectangular coordinates. Phi, Theta, and R are the spherical coordinates.
All trigonometric expressions expect their arguments to be in radians, and the inverse trigonometric
functions' return values are in radians (although the user interface often converts them to degrees
automatically). These function names are reserved and may not be used as variable names.
parenthesis
not
unary minus
multiplication
division
addition
subtraction
==
equals
!=
not equals
>
greater than
<
less than
>=
<=
&&
logic and
||
logic or
Description
Syntax
abs
abs(x)
sin
Sine
sin(x)
cos
Cosine
cos(x)
tan
Tangent
tan(x)
asin
Arcsine
asin(x)
acos
Arccosine
acos(x)
atan
atan2
asinh
Hyperbolic Arcsine
atanh
sinh
Hyperbolic Sine
sinh(x)
cosh
Hyperbolic Cosine
cosh(x)
tanh
Hyperbolic Tangent
tanh(x)
asinh(x)
even
Returns 1 if integer
part of the number is
even; returns 0
otherwise.
even(x)
odd
Returns 1 if integer
part of the number is
odd; returns 0
otherwise.
odd(x)
sgn
Sign extraction
sgn(x)
exp
Exponential (e )
exp(x)
pow
pow(x,y)
if
If
if(cond_exp,true_exp, false_exp)
pwl
pwlx
Piecewise Linear x
with linear
extrapolation on x
pwlx(dataset_exp, variable)
Square Root
sqrt(x)
ln
Natural Logarithm
ln(x)
Logarithm base 10
log10(x)
int
Truncated integer
function
int(x)
nint
Nearest integer
nint(x)
max
min
mod
Modulus
mod(x,y)
rem
Fractional part
(remainder)
rem(x.y)
Note
If you do not specify units, all trigonometric functions interpret their arguments as
radians. Likewise, inverse trigonometric functions' return values are in given in radians.
When the argument to a trigonometric expression is a variable, the units are assumed to
be radians. If you want values interpreted in degrees, supply the argument with the unit
name deg.
Type the variable name or mathematical expression in place of a parameter value in a Value
box.
If you typed a variable name that has not been defined, the Add Variable dialog box appears,
enabling you to define the design variable.
If you typed a variable name that included the $ prefix, but that has not been defined, the Add
Variable dialog box appears, enabling you to define the project variable.
You can assign a variable to nearly any design parameter assigned a numeric value in RMxprt.
Setting up RMxprt Projects 21-27
2.
Click the tab that lists the variable you want to optimize.
3.
Note
4.
5.
6.
Optionally, override the default minimum and maximum values that Optimetrics will use for
the variable in every optimization analysis. During optimization, the optimizer does not consider variable values that lie outside of this range.
7.
Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting up an Optimization Analysis
2.
Click the tab that lists the variable you want to include in the sensitivity analysis.
3.
Click the row containing the variable you want to include in the sensitivity analysis.
Note
4.
5.
For the variable you want to include in the sensitivity analysis, select Include.
The selected variable is now available for sensitivity analysis in a sensitivity setup defined in
the current design or project.
6.
Optionally, override the default minimum and maximum values that Optimetrics will use for
the variable in every sensitivity analysis. During sensitivity analysis, Optimetrics will not con-
Optionally, override the default initial displacement value that Optimetrics will use for the
variable in every sensitivity analysis. During sensitivity analysis, Optimetrics will not consider
a variable value for the first design variation that is greater than this step size away from the
starting variable value.
8.
Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting up a Sensitivity Analysis
2.
Click the tab that lists the variable you want to tune.
3.
Note
4.
5.
6.
Click OK.
The selected variable is now available for tuning in the Tune dialog box.
Related Topics
Tuning a Variable
2.
Click the tab that lists the variable you want to include in the statistical analysis.
3.
Click the row containing the variable you want to include in the statistical analysis.
Note
4.
5.
For the variable you want to include in the statistical analysis, select Include.
The selected variable is now available for statistical analysis in a statistical setup defined in the
current design or project.
6.
Optionally, override the distribution criteria that Optimetrics will use for the variable in every
statistical analysis.
7.
Click OK.
Related Topics
Setting up a Statistical Analysis
3
Wire Specification Libraries
RMxprt contains a library of standard wire sizes for use in machine designs. These wire gauge
specifications are based on widely used standards currently available in industry.
American.wir
ANSI_SingleFilm.wir
ANSI_HeavyFilm.wir
ANSI_TripleFilm.wir
ANSI_QuadFilm.wir
AWG_Int_SingleFilm.wir
AWG_Int_HeavyFilm.wir
AWG_Int_TripleFilm.wir
AWG_Int_QuadFilm.wir
Chinese.wir
IEC_R20Grade1.wir
IEC_R20Grade2.wir
IEC_R20Grade3.wir
IEC_R40Grade1.wir
IEC_R40Grade2.wir
IEC_R40Grade3.wir
These files are stored in the file folder <Library Directory>/syslib, where <Library Directory>
is set via Tools>Options>General Options>Project Options.
2.
3.
Select one specification library from the pull-down list in Wire Setting area.
4.
Note
The new wire setting does not affect all existing designs, but affects all designs inserted
later. Wire specification library is saved with each design.
Hint
To modify the wire specification library saved in an existing design, double click the
design to active its Machine Editor window, click Machine>Wire, modify wire data or
Import a wire specification library file, and Save wire data to the design.
Click Machine>Wire.
The dialog box Edit Wire Data appears, as shown.
2.
Note
There are two tabs Round and Rectangle in the dialog box Edit Wire Data for editing two wire
shapes.
Wire Specification Libraries 3-5
You can edit the wire data in the spreadsheet by doing the following:
1.
2.
3.
Wire Shape Limit (B/A) max: the maximum ratio between the wide and the narrow
sides.
Wire Shape Limit (B/A) min: the minimum ratio between the wide and the narrow sides.
All Size:
For No Consideration of Priority Factors. Click the command button Calculate in the dialog box Edit Wire Data, all the sectional areas of wire gauge with the ratio B/A between
the wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition (B/A)max > B / A > (B/A) min
appear in the spread sheet table.
Skip One:
Wire Specification Libraries 3-7
For Consideration of Priority Factors. Click the command button Calculate in the dialog
box Edit Wire Data, all the sectional areas of wire gauge with the ratio B/A between the
wide and the narrow sides satisfying the condition (B/A) max > B / A > (B/A) min appear
in three different modes in the spread sheet.
1.
At the cross of the odd columns and the odd rows, the sectional areas appear in black
numbers (recommended to use).
2.
At the cross of the odd columns and the even rows or the even columns and the odd
rows, the sectional areas appear in blue numbers (rarely used).
3.
At the cross of the even columns and the even rows, the sectional areas do not show
(generally not used).
This is convenient for users to use recommended wire gauge according to R20 Priority Number
Series.
Wire Sides
You can edit the wire data in the spread sheet:
1.
2.
Add new rows or columns for the wire, click Add Row or Add Column.
3.
Delete rows or columns for the wire, click Delete Row or Delete Column.
2.
Provide the file name to export in the File name: edit box and use the default file type
Wire Size File (*.wir).
3.
Before editing, you can import the wire data from a file:
1.
2.
Provide the file name to import in the File name: edit box (or by browsing) and use the
default file type Wire Size File (*.wir).
3.
During editing, you can save the wire data you entered by clicking Save.
2.
When you finish editing, click Close to close the Edit Wire Data dialog box.
Note
Save wire data only updates the wire data in the active design.
4
Working with Materials in RMxprt
RMxprt shares many common functions related to materials and material handling with
Maxwell3D and Maxwell2D. For general topics such as, Assigning Materials, Searching for Materials, Adding New Materials, and Viewing and Modifying Material Attributes, see the topics in
Maxwell help under Assigning Materials.
RMxprt includes a material library containing common materials used in motor design. However,
this library needs to be configured so that it is automatically loaded for any new RMxprt design.
Once the library is configured, you can add, remove, and edit RMxprt materials in two main ways:
Editing definitions from the project window does not modify the configured libraries for any particular design. To consider the current design, use the Tools>Edit Configured Libraries option.
Doing so ensures that new libraries are added to the configured list for the current design. If you
edit materials from this command for the current and then export them, they will also be available
to assign to objects in other designs.
Related Topics:
Configuring Design Libraries
Material Library Management for RMxprt
Soft-Magnetic Materials
The stator and the rotor iron cores in the electric machine are generally laminated with punched
sheets of nonlinear soft-magnetic silicon steel. Some special types of electric machines, such as
moment motor, turbo-generator etc., use integrated solid rotor iron core of soft-magnetic material.
For magnetic field analysis and core loss analysis of the electric machine, the magnetization characteristics (B-H Curve) and the loss characteristics (B-P Curve) of the iron-core material must be
defined. The dialogue boxes to do so are accessed from the View/Edit Material window, which, in
turn is accessed from the Edit Libraries window. Access to the window for editing the B-H curve
is enabled when you set the Magnetic Permeability value to nonlinear (rather than simple or Anisotropic). When you set the value to nonlinear, the value field changes to a B-H Curve button. Click
the B-H curve button to open the window.
For the loss characteristics (B-P Curve), you first set the Core Loss Type of the material to Electrical Steel (rather than None or Power Ferrite) as a material property in the View/Edit Material
window. When you do so, this enables the Calculate Properties selection for drop down at the bottom of the window. Select Core Loss Coefficient from the drop down menu to open the B-P Curve
window.
Related Topics:
Adding New Materials to an RMxprt Project
Setting the Material Threshold for RMxprt
Assigning Materials
Removing Materials
Validating Materials
Sorting Materials
Viewing and Modifying Material Attributes
Copying Materials
Exporting Materials to a Library
Calculating Properties for Core Loss in RMxprt (BP Curve)
In the project tree, you can also right-click Materials, and select Edit All Libraries.
Type a name for the new material in the Material Name text box.
4.
In the View/Edit Material for section, select whether this material should be available for the
Active Design only, for This Product only or for All Products. The selection makes a difference in the properties displayed.
Note
5.
When you select certain Type or Value options, additional parameters appear beneath
some properties in the same way that Magnitude appears beneath Magnetic Coercivity.
As necessary, specify values for any additional parameters that appear.
In the Properties of the Material table, specify the Type and the Value for the following
material properties, displayed when Active Design is selected:
Relative Permeability.
Mass Density
Bulk Conductivity
Magnetic Coercivity (including the Magnitude of the vector)
Core Loss Type - type selections for this property may enable access to coefficient calculation windows, and enable additional properties.
Relative Permittivity
Dielectric Loss Tangent
Magnetic Loss Tangent
Composition
6.
7.
Click Validate Material to verify the settings you have specified are valid for the existing
properties.
If the material setup is valid, a green check mark appears below the Validate Material button.
Click OK to save the new material.
The Edit Libraries dialog box reappears, with the new material added to the list of materials.
Click OK to close the Edit Libraries dialog box.
8.
9.
Value
Simple
Anisotropic
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Note
This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Value
Simple
Anisotropic
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
You can also selection a Simple or Nonlinear type for each of these
parameters.
Nonlinear
Note
Click BH Curve, and specify the coordinates for the BH-curve in the
B-H Window.
Open the View / Edit Materials dialog from the Edit Materials window either by:
Select an existing material that you need to edit, and click View / Edit Material.
Click Add Material.
3.
Set the Units for H and the Units for B by selecting from the drop down menus.
4.
Note
Delete Rows
Optionally, click Import from file to import B-H curve from a file, and if they are in the
wrong columns, click Swap X-Y Data to switch the B values and H values in the graphics display.
5.
Value
Simple
Anisotropic
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Note
Value
Simple
Anisotropic
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Note
This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Value
Simple
Anisotropic
T(1,1)
T(2,2)
Note
This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Value
Appears by default. You also need to type a Value for the
Magnitude.
Value
None
Electrical Steel
Kh: Hysteresis
Kc: Classical Eddy
Ke: Excess
Cm
X
Y
Or in the project tree, you can also right-click Materials, and select Edit All Libraries.
3.
In the Core Loss Type row, select Electrical Steel from the Value pull-down list.
This enables the Calculate Properties for pull-down menu at the bottom of the dialogue box
with the following two choices:
Select Core Loss at One Frequency from the Calculate Properties for: pull-down menu.
The BP Curve window appears.
2.
Note
3.
4.
The accuracy in inputting the data for B-P Curve for the electrical steel material has
significant effect on the correctness of the analyses to the electromagnetic characteristics
of the electric machine. You should input the data for B-P Curve according to the
accurate data provided by the manufacturers of materials.
Select the units in which the B-P curve is measured from the Core Loss Unit pull-down list.
Type values and select units for the following:
Mass Density
Frequency
Thickness
Conductivity
The following parameters are dynamically updated with both the specified unit and the standard unit (w/m^3) as the input data changes.
5.
Kh -Hysteresis
Kc - Classical Eddy
Ke - Excess
Click OK.
The View/Edit Material dialog box reappears. The property values fro Kh, Kc, and Ke are
updated as new default values.
pv = ph + pc + pe
2
1.5
= K1 Bm + K2 Bm
p c = k c ( fB m )
2
p h = k n fB m
and the excessive loss is
p e = k e ( fB m )
1.5
Therefore
K1 = kh f + Kc f
K2 = ke f
1.5
2
2 d
k c = -----
where is the conductivity and d is the thickness of one lamination sheets.
Minimize the quadratic form to obtain K1 and K2.
2
1.5
err ( K 1, K 2 ) = p vi K 1 B mi + K 2 B mi
where Pvi , Bmi the i-th point of the data on the loss characteristics curve.
The other two loss coefficients are obtained as
= min
2
K1 kc f 0
k h = --------------------------f
0
K2
k e = -----------1.5
f 0
where f0 is the testing frequency for B-H Curve.
Related Topics:
Calculating Properties for Core Loss (BP Curve) for Maxwell
Core Loss Coefficients for Electrical Steel
Core Loss Coefficient Extraction
Core Loss Type for a Maxwell Material
Select Core Loss versus Frequency from the Calculate Properties for: pull-down menu.
The Core Loss versus Frequency window appears as shown:
2.
Using the Edit area, Add frequency points at which a dataset is available for the Core Loss.
3.
For each Dataset added, click the Edit Dataset button to launch the Edit Dataset dialog.
4.
Add Dataset information for the frequency by manually entering the data or importing the data
from a table. Click OK to accept the dataset and return to the Core Loss versus Frequency
dialog. Continue adding dataset information until all frequencies have datasets defined.
5.
Click OK when all frequencies have valid data to complete the core loss calculation and return
to the View/Edit Material dialog.
pv = ph + pc + pe
2
2
1.5
= k h fB m + k c ( fB m ) + k e ( fB m )
Minimize the quadratic form to obtain kh , kc and ke directly.
err ( k h, k c, k e ) =
ni
i = 1j = 1
2
2
2 2
1.5 1.5
p vij k h f i B mij + k c f i B mij + k e f i B mij
= min
where m - the number of loss curves, ni - the number of points of the i-th loss curve, and
Pvij = f(fi , Bmij) - two dimensional lookup table for multi-frequency loss curves.
Select Core Loss versus Frequency from the Calculate Properties for: pull-down menu.
The Core Loss versus Frequency window appears as shown:
2.
Using the Edit area, Add frequency points at which a dataset is available for the Core Loss.
3.
For each Dataset added, click the Edit Dataset button to launch the Edit Dataset dialog.
4.
Add Dataset information for the frequency by manually entering the data or importing the data
from a table. Click OK to accept the dataset and return to the Core Loss versus Frequency
Working with Materials in RMxprt 4-13
dialog. Continue adding dataset information until all frequencies have datasets defined.
5.
Click OK when all frequencies have valid data to complete the core loss calculation and return
to the View/Edit Material dialog.
x y
p v = Cm f B m
or
c = log ( C m )
Minimize the quadratic form to obtain c, x and y.
err ( c, x, y ) =
ni
i = 1j = 1
where m - the number of loss curves, ni - the number of points of the i-th loss curve, and
Pvij = f(fi , Bmij) - two dimensional lookup table for multi-frequency loss curves. Then Cm is calculated from the equation above.
Note
This property is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to Maxwell
3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
Br
Hc
In many applications, however, the permanent magnet's behavior can be approximated using a linear relationship between B and H. In these cases, there is no need to create a nonlinear material.
Simply enter the appropriate values of Br or Hc for the material when defining its properties.
Click the View/Edit Materials button in the Edit Libraries dialog box.
The View/Edit Material dialog box appears.
2.
The nonlinear demagnetization curve is defined by setting the Relative Permeability property
to Nonlinear.
3.
Input the demagnetization curve via B-H Curve button in the property Value column.
The operations to input the nonlinear demagnetization curve are the same as entering a BH
curve for Steel material. When a BH curve goes through the second quadrant, the curve is
treated as a demagnetization curve.
In addition, a non-linear demagnetization curve can be modeled by the following four parameters:
Maxwell provides a tool to create a nonlinear demagnetization curve directly from these four
parameters.
1.
Selecting Nonlinear for Relative Permeability enables the pull-down list Calculate Properties for: Nonlinear Permanent Magnet at the bottom of the dialog box.
2.
Selecting Nonlinear Permanent Magnet opens the dialog box Properties for Nonlinear
Permanent Magnet as shown:
3.
Related Topics:
Four-Parameter Curve Fitting
2.
fields.
Mu (enabled by default)
Provide a value.
Hc (enabled by default)
Br/Mp (disabled by default) Checking this enables the radio buttons that let you specify
either Br or Mp.
Br
Mp
3.
If enabled, provide a value and select units form the drop down
menu.
Click OK to close the dialogue and return to the View/Edit Materials window.
The values for Relative Permeability and Magnitude under Magnetic Coercivity are updated as
new default values.
Note
Hysteresis Loop
The permanent-magnetic material belongs to hard-magnetic material. It is characterized with "fat"
hysteresis loop, which encloses large area as shown in the figure. When magnetized, it keeps high
magnetic property with the external magnetic field removed, therefore is used in the permanentmagnet electric machine to produce magnetic field. The characteristics of the permanent-magnetic
material are represented with its main parameters: residual flux density Br, coercive field force Hc
and maximum magnetic energy product (BH)max.
Demagnetization Curve
The part of the maximum hysteresis loop of the permanent-magnetic material in the second quadrant is called the demagnetization curve as shown in the next figure. It is the basic characteristics
curve of the permanent-magnetic material. On the demagnetization curve, the magnetic flux density has positive values, but the magnetic field intensity has negative values. It means that the permanent-magnetic material is applied with demagnetization magnetic field intensity. Since Hm and
Bm are in opposite directions, when the magnetic flux goes through the permanent-magnetic material, the magnetic potential difference along the direction of the magnetic flux does not drop, but
rises. Therefore, the permanent-magnetic material is a magnetic source, similar to the electric
source in the electric circuit.
The two extreme positions on the demagnetization curve are the two significant parameters to represent the magnetic characteristics of the permanent-magnetic material. On the demagnetization
curve, the value of the magnetic flux density corresponding to zero magnetic field intensity H is
termed residual flux density Br, on the other hand, the value of the magnetic field intensity corresponding to zero magnetic flux density B is termed coercive field force Hc. The produce of the
magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity at any point on the demagnetization curve is
termed magnetic energy product (BH), which is proportional to the magnetic energy density possessed by the permanent magnet at the given operating situation. At the two extreme positions
(B = Br, H = 0) and (B = 0, H = Hc), the magnetic energy product is equal to zero. Somewhere at an
intermediate position, the magnetic energy reaches its maximum value and is termed maximum
magnetic energy product (BH)max, which is another significant parameter to represent the magnetic
characteristics of the permanent-magnetic material. To some permanent-magnetic materials with
linear demagnetization curve, it is obvious that at (B = Br / 2, H = Hc / 2), the magnetic energy
product reaches its maximum value, i.e. (BH)max = Br Hc / 4.
Recoil Lines
The relationship between the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity represented by
the demagnetization curve only exists when the magnetic field intensity varies in the same direction. In fact, when the permanent magnet electric machine is working, the demagnetization field
intensity varies repeatedly in both directions. When demagnetization field is applied to the magne-
tized permanent magnet, the magnetic flux density decreases along the curly segment BrP on the
demagnetization curve as shown in the figure
. If the external demagnetization field intensity Hp is removed when the magnetic flux density
reaches the point P, the magnetic flux density will increase not along the original demagnetization
curve, but along another curve PVR. If the external demagnetization field intensity is reapplied, the
magnetic flux density will decrease along the new curve RUP. By repeatedly applying the demagnetization field intensity, a localized loop is formed and is termed local hysteresis loop. On the local
hysteresis loop, the rising segment and the dropping segment are quite close to each other, therefore
can be approximated by the straight line PR, which is termed recoil line with P as the starting point.
If demagnetization field with intensity Hq not exceeding the original value Hp is applied thereafter,
the magnetic flux density will vary reversibly along the recoil line PR. If Hq > Hp, the magnetic
flux density drops to a new starting point Q. It will vary along the new recoil line QS, but not the
previous one PR. This sort of irreversible variation in magnetic flux density causes instability in the
characteristics of electric machines and complicates the design computation of permanent magnet
electric machines, therefore should be avoided as possible.
r =
1 B
0 H
If the demagnetization curve is curly, the value of r depends on the location of the starting point
and is a variable, but typically varies within a small range. Therefore, it is approximated as a constant and is taken as the slop of the tangent to the point (Br, 0) on the demagnetization curve. In
other words, the recoil lines at different starting points are approximated as a family of parallel
lines, which are all parallel to the tangent to the point (Br, 0) on the demagnetization curve.
Inflection Point
Some permanent-magnetic materials, such as some ferrite permanent-magnetic materials, show
straight upper segment on the demagnetization curve. When the demagnetization field intensity
drops to a given value, the demagnetization curve turns to decrease rapidly. The turning point is
termed inflection point. If the demagnetization field intensity does not exceed the inflection point k,
the recoil line coincides with the straight segment on the demagnetization curve. If the demagnetization field intensity exceeds the inflection point k, the new recoil line RP no longer coincides with
the straight segment on the demagnetization curve.
Hc
H a = ------a
and
Br
B a = -----a
where a<1.
Any magnetic flux density B in the interval
0 B Br
corresponds to the magnetic field intensity H:
Ha Hc
Hc ( 1 a )
Br B
H = H c + -------------------- B = H c + ------------------------ B = H c ------------------Ba B
B r aB
B r aB
B 2
1 a ----
1
dB
dH
r Br
dB
------dH
B = Bm
Br
= ------Hc
Solving yields:
Br
B m = ------------------------1+ 1a
and
Hc
H m = ------------------------1+ 1a
Let the magnetic energy product at the point equal to (BH)max be:
Br Hc
B m H m = --------------------------------- = ( BH ) max
2
(1 + 1 a)
Solving yields:
a = 2
Br Hc
Br Hc
----------------------------------------------( BH ) max
( BH ) max
Br
1 dB
r = ------ ------= ( 1 a ) ------------- 0 dH
0 Hc
B = Br
Four Parameter Curve Fitting
The three-parameter curve fitting technique fits the demagnetization curve well. For the nonlinear
permanent-magnetic material, the real operating point lies often not on the demagnetization curve,
but on the recoil line. The relative recoil magnetic permeability calculated with the three-parameter
curve fitting technique will cause deviation, therefore RMxprt employs a more accurate fitting
technique: four-parameter curve fitting technique, as introduced below.
Given the four characteristic parameters Br, Hc, (BH)max and r, the principles of the four-parameter curve fitting algorithm are summarized as follows:
1.
Draw a line through the point (0, Br) with the slope equal to -ro as shown in the Figure. The
segment of this line in the second quadrant is termed the ideal recoil line.
2.
3.
With Br0, Hc, and (BH)max, draw the demagnetization curve with the three-parameter curve fitting technique. The curve should touch the ideal recoil line at the tangent point (Ht, Bt).
4.
0 B Br
4-24 Working with Materials in RMxprt
B r0 B
------------------------ Hc B a B
r0
o
H =
B Bt
-------------H
+
r o
B Bt
B Bt
Start from the initial guess for the lower and the upper bounds for the virtual magnetic flux
density Br0:
( BH ) max
B 0 = max r o H c, ------------------------
Hc
B1 = Br
2.
Let:
B0 + B1
B r0 = -------------------2
3.
With Br0, Hc, and (BH)max, draw the demagnetization curve with the three-parameter curve fitting technique.
a0 = 2
B r0 H c
B r0 H c
------------------------ -----------------------( BH ) max
( BH ) max
4.
The curve should touch a line parallel to the ideal recoil line at the tangent point (Ht, Bt).
B r0
a0 = 0
B t = B r0 r 0 H c ( 1 a 0 )B r0
a0 > 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------a0
and
B r0 B t
H t = H c --------------------------B r0 a 0 B t
5.
0 B Br
the corresponding magnetic field intensity H will be calculated by:
B r0 B
------------------------ Hc B a B
r0
o
H =
B Bt
H t + --------------r o
6.
B Bt
B Bt
Br Bt
H r = H t + ----------------r 0
7.
If Hr>0, the assumed virtual Br0 is too small, the lower bound of the interval needs to be
increased, so let B0=Br0. If, however, Hr<0, the assumed Br0 is too big, the upper bound of the
interval needs to be decreased, so let B1=Br0.
8.
Repeat steps (2) through (7) until Hr converges to 0 within satisfactory precision.
Conductor Data
When a material is assigned to a machine part, RMxprt checks that the material is appropriate for
the machine part based upon whether it is a conductor or other material type. RMxprt distinguishes
conductors based on material threshold settings. RMxprts treatment of conductors may be set by
the used by adjusting the Material Threshold.
2.
3.
Note
RMxprt will treat materials with conductivity greater than 10,000 as conductors, and
materials with Permeability greater than 100 as steels.
4.
If you want these values to be the default, change the values by clicking the
Tools>Options>RMxprt Options menu and setting the material thresholds in the RMxprt
Options dialog.
5.
Click OK.
Bulk Conductivity has two property types from the pull-down list Type.
Note
2.
Simple: For this type, you must type a simple value for the property value.
Anisotropic: For this type, you must specify material properties for three principal directions:
a.
T(1,1)
b.
T(2,2)
c.
T(3,3)
The Anisotropic type is not used in RMxprt design analysis, but it will be transferred to
Maxwell 3D Design automatically when the design is created by RMxprt.
5
Specifying RMxprt Solution Settings
Specify how RMxprt computes a solution by adding a solution setup to the design. You can define
more than one solution setup per design.
To add a solution setup to a design:
1.
2.
Alternatively, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and then click Add Solution Setup
on the shortcut menu.
The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the following tabs:
General
4.
If available for the machine you are using, select an Operation Type from the pull-down list.
This may be Motor or Generator. When you OK the selection, this makes a difference in the
Load Type available.
5.
Select a Load Type from the pull-down list. For Motor operation, this comes from the following:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
If the model has an Operation Type, and you select Generator, the Load Type options are the
Specifying RMxprt Solution Settings 5-1
7.
8.
9.
10. Click the <machine type> tab (if any for this machine).
The options vary depending on the machine. For example, the 3 Phase Induction Motor
includes options for:
The Brushless DC Motor does not use the <machine type> tab.
11. Specify the desired settings, based on the machine type you have selected.
12. Click OK.
Note
To edit a setup after it has been created, right-click the specific setup (for example,
Setup1), under Analysis in the project tree, and then click Properties on the shortcut
menu.
2.
In the Design Sheet section, specify an Excel Template by clicking the ... button, selecting the
template you want to use, and clicking Save.
3.
Click OK.
To create a design sheet based on a previously-customized template after the design has been analyzed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Path field, enter the location to export the files to, or use the ellipsis (...) button to
browse to the desired location.
5.
Click OK.
RMxprt will connect to Microsoft Excel according to the set path and automatically import the
relevant data from Design Output into a copy of the customized Design Sheet Template. Specific
data not available in Design Output is shown as N/A, for instance, RS in Slot Sizes is N/A (mm)
when stop type is 1. The post-processing of data is automatically performed, for instance, Winding
Weight is 0.947 (kg).
Note
Several Design Sheet examples are shipped with RMxprt in the examples subdirectory
of your installation.
Related Topics:
Exporting a Maxwell or Simplorer Model
In the Design Output, "Rated Output Power", "Rated Voltage", "Number of Poles", "Frequency",
"Frictional Loss", etc. are all key words of output data. To resort to those key words into Microsoft
Excel worksheet, the corresponding data in the Design Output should be import into the worksheet.
In the template, the yellow-colored areas are reserved for importing data.
Note
6
Running an RMxprt Simulation
After you specify how RMxprt will compute the solution, begin the solution process.
1.
2.
Click RMxprt>Analyze.
To run more than one analysis at a time, follow the same procedure while a simulation is running.
The next solution setup will be solved when the previous solution is complete.
To solve every solution setup in a design:
1.
2.
In the project tree, under the design you want to solve, select Analysis.
Click RMxprt>Analyze All.
Each solution setup is solved in the order it appears in the project tree.
Right-click in the Progress window, and select Abort from the shortcut menu.
The analysis stops immediately.
If you aborted the solution in the middle of an adaptive pass, the data for that pass or current frequency point is deleted. Any solutions that were completed prior to the one that was aborted are
still available.
2.
Click RMxprt>Analyze.
7
Post Processing and Generating
Reports in RMxprt
When RMxprt has completed a solution, you can display and analyze the results in the following
ways:
Solution Data - this contains a Data field with a drop-down menu that allows you to view
many different data tables, which vary with the machine type.
Parameters - if you have defined parameters for the project, this tab displays them, and shows
their calculated values.
Design Sheet - this displays the contexts of the .res file for the current setup. The file contains
tables with information for such things as (depending on the machine type):
General Data
Stator Data
Rotor Data
Permanent Magnet Data
Material Consumption
Steady State Parameters
No Load Magnetic Data
Full Load Data
Winding Arrangement
Transient FEA Input Data
2.
Curves - this displays the plots that were automatically generated by the solver. You can select
these from a drop down menu (the menu contents vary with the machine type):
2.
3.
To open the Solution Data dialog box directly on the Curves tab, click the Curves toolbar button.
2.
Click the Properties button to view the Solution Browser properties dialog.
This contains radio buttons for you to select the tree view. It can be organized as:
From the Solution dialog, you can select and delete solutions.
Output Variables section, where you can specify the name and expression for a new output
variable.
Calculation section, where you can insert quantities together with the associated function into
the Expression area of the Output Variables section.
Function section, where you can insert a function into the Expression area of the Output
Variables section.
Click RMxprt>Results>Output Variables or, in the Project tree, right-click on Results and
select Output Variables from the short-cut menu.
The Output Variables window appears. Variables defined using the RMxprt>Results>Output Variables command appear in the list at the top of the window.
2.
In the Output Variables section, enter a name for the new variable in the Name box.
3.
4.
b.
Insert part or all of the expression using the options in the Calculation and Function sections.
5.
6.
7.
When you are finished adding output variables, click Done to close the Output Variables
window.
Click RMxprt>Results>Output Variables or, in the Project Tree, right-click on Results and
select Output Variables from the short-cut menu.
2.
In the Output Variables section, enter a name for the new variable in the Name box.
3.
4.
To insert a quantity:
a.
From the Design pull-down list, select the design from which you want to select the quantity.
b.
From the Report Type pull-down list, select the type of report from which you want to
select the quantity.
c.
From the Solution pull-down list, select the solution from which you want to select the
quantity.
d.
From the Category list, select the type of quantity you want to enter.
e.
f.
From the Function list, select a ready-made function (this option is the same as inserting
the function from the Function section).
g.
h.
5.
To insert a function:
a.
b.
In the Function section, select a ready-made function from the pull-down list.
Click Insert Function.
The function appears in the Expression area of the Output Variables section.
6.
When you are finished defining the variable in the Expression area, click Add to add the new
variable to the list.
7.
8.
When you are finished adding output variables, click Done to close the Output Variables
window.
Note
2.
3.
Click RMxprt>Results>Output Variables or, in the Project Tree, right-click on Results and
select Output Variables from the short-cut menu to open the Output Variables dialog.
4.
5.
2.
3.
Select the setup you want to export from the Solution Setup pull-down list.
4.
Optionally, click the Variation ellipsis (... ) button to specify a Design Variation to use during
project export.
5.
Specify the Path to store the project files in by clicking the Path ellipsis (...) button and browsing to the desired directory.
6.
Click OK.
You can now open the model in the product to which you exported it, and perform other kinds of
analyses.
Related Topics:
2.
Maxwell 2D Design
Maxwell 3D Design
3.
Select the setup you want to export from the Solution Setup pull-down list.
4.
5.
6.
Select the Auto Setup radio button to have the complete design including boundaries and
excitations automatically created in the current project.
Unselect the Auto Setup radio button to create only the model in the Maxwell Design.
Click OK.
You can now work with the model in the Maxwell2D or Maxwell3D design, add boundaries and
excitations, and perform analyses, and analyze results.
2.
In the Target Design pull-down list, click the design containing the solution data you want to
plot.
3.
4.
In the Display Type pull-down list, select the type of report you want to create.
5.
Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears.
6.
In the Solution pull-down list, click the solution containing the data you want to plot.
7.
b.
Add the expression you want to plot, and then click Done.
8.
9.
Click Done.
The report appears in the view window and is listed in the project tree. Once you have created
a report, addition options become available on the Results submenu.
2.
3.
4.
2.
In the Target Design list, click the design containing the solution data you want to plot.
3.
In the Report Type list, click the data type you want to plot.
4.
5.
Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears. The Y tab is selected by default.
6.
7.
Under the Y tab, specify the information to plot along the y-axis:
a.
b.
c.
In the Function list, click the mathematical function of the quantity to plot.
Under the X tab, specify the quantity to plot along the x-axis in one of the following ways:
The first (primary) sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab will be plotted along the xaxis.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Function of the quantity to plot on the x-axis. The quantity will be plotted against the primary
sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
8.
Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the sweep variables that will be plotted.
9.
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
2.
In the Target Design list, click the design containing the solution data you want to plot.
3.
In the Report Type list, click the data type you want to plot.
4.
5.
Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears. The Z tab is selected by default.
6.
7.
Under the Z tab, specify the information to plot along the z-axis:
a.
b.
c.
In the Function list, click the mathematical function of the quantity to plot.
Under the Y tab, specify the information to plot along the y-axis in one of the following ways:
Clear the Use Secondary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and
Function of the quantity to plot on the y-axis. The quantity you select will be plotted
against the secondary sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
Post Processing and Generating Reports in RMxprt 25-11
8.
Under the X tab, specify the information to plot along the x-axis in one of the following ways:
9.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Function of the quantity to plot on the x-axis. The quantity you select will be plotted against the
primary sweep variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the swept variables that will be plotted.
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
2.
In the Target Design list, click the design containing the solution data you want to plot.
3.
In the Report Type list, click the data type you want to plot.
4.
5.
Click OK.
The Traces dialog box appears. The Y tab is selected by default.
6.
7.
Under the Y tab, select the quantity you are interested in and its associated function:
a.
b.
c.
In the Function list, click the mathematical function to use for the quantity.
Under the X tab, select the values you want to plot the quantity against in one of the following
ways:
The quantity you selected in step 5 will be displayed against the first (primary) sweep
variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
Clear the Use Primary Sweep option, and then select the Category, Quantity, and Function of the quantity to plot against the quantity you selected in step 5. This quantity will be
plotted against the primary swept variable listed under the Sweeps tab.
8.
Under the Sweeps tab, confirm or modify the swept variables that will be plotted.
9.
Sweeping a Variable
Working with Traces
In the Traces dialog box, specify the information you want to plot along the appropriate axes.
2.
Note
The Traces dialog box can be accessed via the Create Report dialog box.
Select the trace you want to remove from the traces list, and then click Remove Trace.
Related Topics
Select the trace you want to remove from the traces list.
2.
In the Traces dialog box, specify the information you want to plot along the appropriate axes.
3.
4.
Click Done.
Related Topics
You can now type the quantities to plot in the appropriate axes boxes.
Related Topics
Click the Name box for the primary sweep variable, and then click the variable name you want
to be the primary sweep variable.
To modify the secondary sweep variable or any additional sweep variable, follow the same procedure.
To modify the values that will be plotted for a variable:
1.
2.
Alternatively, clear All Values and select the specific values to plot against the selected
quantity.
You can select from the following functions in the Function list:
abs
Absolute value
acos
Arc cosine
acosh
ang_deg
ang_rad
Angle in radians
asin
Arc sine
asinh
atan
Arc tangent
atanh
avg
avgabs
cang_deg
cang_rad
conjg
cos
Cosine
cosh
Hyperbolic cosine
crestfactor
dB(x)
20*log10(|x|)
dBm(x)
10*log10(|x|) +30
dBW(x)
10*log10(|x|)
deriv
even
exp
formfactor
Returns root mean square RMS/Mean Absolute Value for the selected
simulation quantity.
iae
Returns the integral of the absolute deviation of the selected quantity from
a target value that is entered via the additional argument. To use this
function, you need to open the Add Trace Characteristics dialog and select the
Error category.
im
int
integ
integabs
ise
Returns the integral of the squared deviation of the selected quantity from
a target value that is entered via an additional argument. To use this
function, you need to open the Add Trace Characteristics dialog and select the
Error category.
itae
itse
j0
j1
ln
Natural logarithm
log10
Logarithm base 10
lsidelobex
The x value for the left side lobe: the next highest value to the left of the
max value.
The y value for the left side lobe: the next highest value to the left of the
max value.
lsidelobey
mag
max
Maximum of magnitudes.
max_swp
min
Minimum magnititude.
min_swp
nint
Nearest integer
normalize
Divides each value within a trace by the maximum value of the trace. ex.
normalize(mag(x))
odd
overshoot
per
Calculates period.
pk2pk
Peak to peak. Difference between max and min of the first parameter over
the second parameter. Returns the peak-to-peak value for the selected
simulation quantity.
pkavg
Returns the ratio of the peak to peak-to-average for the selected quantity.
pmax
Period max.
pmin
Period minimum
prms
pulsefall9010
Pulse fall time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 90%10% estimate.
pulsefront9010 Pulse front time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 10%90% estimate.
Post Processing and Generating Reports in RMxprt 25-17
pulsefront3090 Pulse front time of the selected simulation quantity according to the 30%90% estimate.
pulsemax
Pulse maximum from the front and tail estimates for the selected
simulation quantity.
pulsemaxtime
pulsemin
Pulse minimum from the front and tail estimates for the selected
simulation quantity.
pulsemintime
pulsetail50
Pulse tail time of the selected simulation quantity from the virtual peak to
50%.
pulsewidth5050 Pulse width of the selected simulation quantity as measured from the 50%
points on the pulse front and pulse tail.
PulseWidth
Functions
pw_plus
pw_plus_max
pw_plus_min
pw_plus_avg
pw_plus_rms
re
rect
rem
Fractional part
ripple
Returns the ripple factor (AC RMS/Mean) for the selected quantity.
rms
rmsAC
rsidelobex
The x value for the right side lobe: the next highest value to the right of
the max value.
rsidelobey
The y value for the right side lobe: the next highest value to the right of
the max value.
sgn
Sign extraction
sin
Sine
sinh
Hyperbolic sine
sqrt
Square root
tan
Tangent
tanh
Hyperbolic tangent
Undershoot
XAtYMax
XAtYMin
XAtYVal
xdb10beamdwi Width between left and right occurrences of values x db10 from max. Takes 'x'
dth
as argument (3.0 default). To use this function, you need to open the Add Trace
Characteristics dialog and select the Radiation category.
xdb20beamwidt Width between left and right occurrences of values x db20 from max. Takes 'x'
as argument (3.0 default) To use this function, you need to open the Add Trace
h
Characteristics dialog and select the Radiation category.
y0
y1
YAtXMax
YAtXMin
YatXVal
Select a quantity to plot from the Quantity list. The available quantities depend on the selected
category and the setup of the design.
2.
3.
Select the one or more categories for the report from the list and click OK.
A rectangular plot for each selected category displays. The new plot or plots appear in the
Project tree under the Results icon.
Related Topics
Creating Reports
Modifying Reports
RMxprt Quick Report Categories
Category
Description
Coil Voltage
Current
Flux Density
Induced
Voltage
Misc.
Percentage
Power
Torque
Voltage
Angle
8
Specifying RMxprt Winding Data
In the project tree, under Machine, open the folder that requires a winding, and double-click
Winding.
You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without opening a separate window.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Claw-pole alternators
6.
7.
When you edit the AC winding of a new design for the first time, RMxprt creates a default winding
arrangement based on the basic winding specifications: Number of Phases, Number of Poles,
Number of Slots, Winding Layers, Conductors per Slot, and Coil Pitch. Then you can edit the
winding configuration based on the default arrangement.
To display the Winding Type dialog double-click on the Winding property button.
Passing the cursor over the buttons for the Winding types changes the graphic to show the
available windings for the motor in the design. Choices differ depending on the motor. A
Winding Editor selection does not have a graphic.
Selections for the Three Phase Induction Motor (stator winding) and (rotor winding), ThreePhase Synchronous Machine (stator winding) and (rotor winding), Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Motor (stator winding), Adjust Speed Synchronous Machine (stator winding), Line
Start PM Synchronous Motor (stator winding), and Claw Pole alternator (stator winding)
include:
Selections for the DC Permanent Magnet Motor (rotor winding) and Universal Motor include
(stator winding) and (rotor winding):
Lap
Wave
Lap
Wave
Frogleg
Open the Winding Properties window and set the Winding Type value to Editor. To do this,
double-click on the button Winding Type value to display the Winding Type selection window.
2.
Select Editor as the Winding Type and click OK. This closes the Winding Type selection window and sets the Winding Type Value to Editor. It also enables the command Machine>Winding>Edit Layout on the menu bar. Now the Machine Editor window displays the default
winding arrangement.
3.
Click Machine>Winding>Edit Layout. This displays the dialog box Winding Editor as
shown. The dialog box Winding Editor includes functions that do not appear in the tab sheet
Winding Editor in the RMxprt Machine Editor window.
4.
Turns
In Slots
is for the slot number with the coil side current flowing in ('flow-inside' for short). If 2 Layers are specified in the Winding Properties
window, the slot number ends with a "T" to show the top layer.
Out Slots
is for the slot number with the coil side current flowing out ("flow-outside" for short). If 2 Layers are specified in the Winding Properties
window, the slot number ends with a "B" to show the bottom layer.
Open the Winding Properties window by double-clicking on the Winding icon in the properties window.
Use the drop-down menu in the Winding Layers field to set the number as 1 or 2.
This sets the winding layers used in the winding.
The number of layers selected makes a difference in the display of data in the Winding Editor.
Related Topics
You input data for Number of Poles in the Machine Properties window and data for the Number
of Slots and Slot Type in the Stator Properties window. You set the Number of Slots in the
Winding Properties window. RMxprt automatically arranges the winding layout and display the
relevant information that has been specified in the Winding Editor tab of the RMxprt main window. As long as the edited winding data have been saved, the Winding Editor tab will display the
last saved winding data whenever Winding Editor dialog is launched. The left top part of the
Winding Editor tab shows the winding data, as does the Winding Editor dialog. In this area, the
total number of rows equals half the number of slots.
Enabling the Winding Editor Dialog
Setting the Winding Type property to Editor enables the Machine>Edit Layout command on the
menu bar. To display the Winding Editor dialog:
1.
Open the Winding Properties window and set the Winding property to Editor.
To do this, double-click on the Winding property button to display the Winding Type selection window.
2.
3.
Right-click on the data table section of the Winding Editor tab of the main window.
b.
c.
Click the Edit Layout button to display the Winding Editor dialog.
b.
Each row of the winding data is identified with coil index in the Coil column. This information is
displayed in the Winding Editor tab in the RMxprt Main window, and it editable in the Winding
Editor dialog.
Column Out Slots is for the slot number with the coil side current flowing out ('flow-out-side'
for short). If 2 Layers are specified in the Winding Properties window, the slot number ends
with a "B" to show the bottom layer.
By changing the belonging phase in column Phase, the number of turns in column Turns, the flowin-side slot number in column In Slot, the flow-out-side slot number in column Out Slot for each
coil, it is possible to arrange the distribution of coils of single and double layer winding of any type
required.
The Winding Editor dialog also includes three check boxes:
Periodic Multiplier: indicates the possibility to select the number of unit machines for editing
winding arrangement. It has a drop-down menu to show the possible numbers for the periodic
multiplier.
When checked, the pull-down list box to the right displays the numbers of unit machines for
selection. Selecting 1 means whole slots are considered as one unit machine, and all coils is
listed in the table of the edit window. Selecting 2 lists half of the total coils in the table, and
whole slots are divided into two unit machines, etc. When the check box Periodic Multiplier:
is unchecked, the pull-down list box to the right is grayed (enabled); all the coils are listed in
the table.
Constant Turns.
Checking the check box (multiple choices) Constant Turns indicates that the number of turns
keeps constant and the column Turns in the table is grayed (disabled). If the check box Constant Turns is unchecked, the column Turns in the table is brightened allowing for editing
and modifying the number of turns.
Constant Pitch
Checking this box grays the Out Slots column to the values cannot be edited. It means that the
coil pitch is constant. For two-layer windings, all flow-in-side slots are defined as top layer,
and all flow-out-side slots as bottom layer. The flow-out-side slot number is automatically
computed based on the input in the edit box Coil Pitch in Stator2 page in RMxprt window, and
Out Slot column is disabled.
Specifying RMxprt Winding Data 8-7
When the check box Constant Pitch is unchecked, the column Out Slot is enabled to allow
arbitrarily changing slot pitch for each coil.
The Winding Editor dialog includes three command buttons.
Click the command button Default in the window Winding Editor, all the data in the table
resumes to the situation of data from automatic arrangement by RMxprt.
Click the command button Reset in the window Winding Editor, all the data in the table
resumes to the situation of data when the window Winding Editor was first opened, or
resumes to the data that you have saved.
Click OK to accept the current values and close the Winding Editor dialog.
coil pitch > pole pitch, usually used in variable-pole multiple-speed machines
Pole pitch:
totalnumberofslots
polepitch = --------------------------------------------------numberofpoles
Coil Set
The coils belonging to the same phase under one pole are connected in series as a coil set.
8-8 Specifying RMxprt Winding Data
Winding
The coils or coil sets of a phase are connected according to certain rules to form a phase winding. A
phase may consist of several branches connected in parallel. Every branch must produce exactly
the same back emf and must have the same resistance. As a result, the phase winding current is uniformly distributed among all branches.
In summary, a winding may be connected with several branches in parallel; each branch consists
of one or more coil sets connected in series; a coil set may have several series coils; a coil is wound
with a number of turns; a turn is formed by two conductors; a conductor may be stranded by one
or more same- or different-size wires.
Single Layer
Compound layer
Whole-coiled Windings
When the coils of an AC winding are connected so that there are as many coil sets per phase as
there are poles, the winding is called "whole-coiled."
Whole Coiled Single Layer
Half-coiled Windings
When the coils are connected so that there is only one coil set per phase per pair of poles, the winding is called "half-coiled."
Half Coiled Single Layer
Single-Layer Windings
All the conductors in one slot are connected in series with all the conductors in another slot to form
a single-layer coil. You set the number of winding layers in the Winding properties window, Winding tab. Comparing to double-layer type, this type is characterized by
According to different layouts of the end winding, single-layer windings are classified as chain-,
lap-, concentric- and crossed-types.
Chain-type Windings
The name single-layer chain-type is from the linked chain-like developed winding diagram. For a
chain-type winding, every coil set has only one coil.
Half-coiled Chain-type Winding
An example of three-phase 6-pole 18-slot single-layer half-coiled chain-type winding is shown in
the following figure.
Lap-type Windings
The name single-layer lap-type is from the lapped layout of end connection. In a lap-type winding,
at least one coil set has 2 or more coils which are overlapped each other. If some coil sets have only
one coil, this winding type is also called "crossed lap-type".
Concentric-type Windings
In a concentric-type winding, at least one coil set has 2 or more coils and non coils are overlapped
each other. If some coil sets have only one coil, this winding type is also called "crossed concentrictype".
The single-layer concentric-type is formed of coils with different coil pitch, but with the same central line and of concentric-circle-like, therefore is named concentric-type. Its end connection can be
arranged in layers, and therefore is convenient to imbed into slots. Nevertheless, the end magnetic
leakage is a bit bigger.
Half-coiled Concentric-type Winding
An example of three-phase 4-pole 24-slot single-layer half-coiled concentric-type winding is
shown on the left, and an example of three-phase 8-pole 36-slot single-layer half-coiled crossed
concentric-type winding is shown on the right.
Double-Layer Windings
In this type, the conductors in a slot are arranged in upper and lower layers. One side of each coil is
imbedded in the upper layer in one slot and the other side is imbedded in the lower layer in another
slot. You set the number of winding layers in the Winding properties window, Winding tab. Comparing to single-layer-type, this type is characterized by:
Adjustable coil pitch, therefore possible weakening of harmonic emfs with proper short pitch
factor to improve electromagnetic properties of electric machines;
Need for insulation between layers, therefore lower slot filling factor, and danger in electric
breakdown between phases;
For the single speed electric machine, the double-layer winding typically adopts whole-coiled type.
For the double speed electric machine with doubling number of poles, the double-layer winding is
whole-coiled in high speed, half-coiled in low speed.
According to different coil shapes, double-layer windings are classified as lap-, concentric- and
wave-types.
Compared to lap-type:
The winding of each phase connects the coils under different poles in series in one round, and
returns to the left to the first coil, then winds the next round, and so on so forth until all the
coils belonging to this phase are connected.
This type is usually used in single-turn preformed hard coil for low voltage high current electric machines.
Fractional-Pitch Winding
First, introduce a number q, called number of slots per pole per phase, which is defined as
q=
q = b
c
d
q=2
=7
1
2 ) is shown here.
Auto-arrangement of AC Windings
RMxprt can arrange these windings automatically if all coils have the same number of turns. This
section describes the process to automatically arrange the coil distribution.For winding layout display in RMxprt, the lap-type is default if windings are automatically arranged. If a concentric-type
layout display is desired, the winding can be defined by winding editor, as described in the next
section.
The wave-type winding is effective to a lap-type winding, and is also displayed as a lap-type winding.
Star Vector Diagram
The conductors (or coils) in slots produce emf (or mmf), which can be expressed with unit vector.
When the electric machine has number of pole p, and number of slots Z, the angular phase difference in electric degrees between two contiguous slots is
p 180
Z
Drawing the vectors of emfs (or mmfs) in all the slots according to their phase angles forms the star
vector diagram of the winding. The figure below shows an example of the star vector diagram of 4pole 24-slot winding.
If there exists the greatest common factor t between the number of slots Z and the number of pole
pairs pp (= p/2), the star vector diagram repeats t times, i.e. the winding has t periods. Let
Z
Z0 =
t ,
and
p0 =
p
t ,
then Z0 and p0 construct a complete star vector diagram and form a unit electric machine. For the
whole-pitch winding electric machine (q, as shown later, is an integer), t = p/2. For the fractionalpitch winding electric machine,
Z
c
q=
=b+
mp
d
where m is the number of phases. If t > 1, the angular phase difference between two contiguous
vectors is
360
=
Z0
and the difference between the ordinal numbers of the slots of two contiguous vectors is
m(bd + c )G 1
y0 =
d
where G is a minimum integer to make y0 equal to an integer (y0 should take into account the possible reverse connection of coils under the contiguous pole).
Phase Spread
In the star vector diagram of a unit electric machine, the range occupied by the vectors of each
phase under one pole is termed phase spread, expressed in electric degrees or number of slots. For a
single-layer winding, the phase spread is 180/m (m the number of phases). The phase spread of a
double-layer half-coiled winding is 360/m, and the phase spread of a double-layer full-coiled
winding is 180/m.
The phase spread of a 2-phase winding is always 90 (= 180/m). Therefore, a 2-phase winding
cannot take the double-layer half-coiled winding type. The windings for single-phase induction
motor are also considered as 2-phase windings.
When the number of phases is an even number of greater than or equal to 4, the phase spread is
always 360/m. Therefore, a winding with even number of phases (4, 6, ) can take only the double-layer half-coiled winding type.
When the number of phases is an odd number of greater than or equal to 3, the phase spread can be
either 360/m or 180/m. Therefore, a winding with odd number of phases (3, 5, ) can take any
winding types.
Coil Arrangement
Coil arrangement is completed by the following processes. First, draw the star vector diagram
based on number of slots and number of poles. Then divide the whole region (360 electric degrees)
to several phase spreads, which is derived from the number of phases and the winding type. Finally,
assign all phase spreads to each phase in such a way that the axis of each succeeded phase lags by
360/m electric degrees (90 electric degrees for 2 phases).
Double-layer Windings
Take a three-phase winding as an example. The width of phase spread of half-coiled winding is
360o / 3 = 120o, the sequence of the phase spread is A, B, C. For whole-coiled winding, the width
of phase spread is 180o / 3 = 60o, the sequence of phase spread is A, C, B, A, C, B, where the
phase spread with negative sign is termed negative phase spread.
The winding types can be set in the Winding Type panel for a machine that includes these options
(in this case, a brushless permanent magnetic DC motor), for double-layer whole-coiled windings
as shown in on the left and double-layer half-coiled windings as shown on the right.
The star vector diagram of a three-phase whole-coiled (60o-phase-spread) winding is shown below
on the left, and that of a half-coiled (120o phase spread) winding is shown below on the right.
Single-layer Windings
The winding layers can be set in the properties window for the winding, for single-layer wholecoiled windings as shown on the left and single-layer half-coiled windings as shown on the right.
The phase spread of a three-phase single-layer whole-coiled or half-coiled winding is 60o, and the
star vector diagram is the same as the double-layer whole-coiled winding.
Fractional-pitch Windings
The number of slots per pole per phase of fractional-pitch winding is a mixed number.
c
d
In the unit electric machine, the numbers of slots occupied by phase spread are not all the same, but
repeat with the radix d. In each d poles, there are c poles with the slot number of phase spread equal
to b + 1 (big phase spread), d c poles with the slot number of phase spread equal to b (small phase
spread).
q=b
Take as an example a three-phase 10-pole 36-slot fractional-pitch winding with phase spread of
60. The number of slots per pole per phase of fractional-pitch winding is
q=
36
1
=1
3 10
5
the greatest common factor between the number of slots 36 and the number of pole pairs 5 is t = 1,
the angular phase difference between two contiguous vectors in the star vector diagram is
360 o
= 10 o
36
the difference between the ordinal numbers of the slots of two contiguous vectors is (G = 2)
3(1 5 + 1) 2 1
=7
5
the repetition radix d = 5. In each 5 pole region, each phase has big phase spread of 1 + 1 = 2 slots
under 1 pole, and small phase spread of 1 slot under 4 poles. The repeating format is 2 1 1 1 1 for
phase A. The repetition of phase spread distribution for all phases is shown in the following table.
y0 =
Slot number
Phase spread
Slot number
Phase spread
1~2
A
19~20
A
3
C
21
C
4
B
22
B
5
A
23
A
6
C
24
C
7~8
B
25
B
9
A
27
A
10
C
28
C
11
B
29
B
12
A
30
A
13~14
C
31
C
15
B
33
B
16
A
34
A
17
C
35
C
18
B
36
B
Asymmetric Windings
0.954119
Phase B
0.954119
Phase C
0.949042
119.082
Phase B & C
120.459
Phase C & A
120.459
If a sinusoidal rotating field links the winding, the fundamental induced-voltage components will
be:
Positive-sequence component
100%
Negative-sequence component
0.286577%
Zero-sequence component
0.639823%
Coil Connections
Connection of Double-layer Lap Windings
Every vector represents the top-layer effective side of a coil. The bottom effective side of the coil is
determined based on the coil pitch, and is not displayed in the diagrams. Therefore, every vector in
the diagrams can also stand for a coil. Connect all coils in phase spread of A in positive direction,
and all coils in phase spread of A in negative direction to form the phase A winding. In this way,
phase B and C windings can also be connected. The winding connection layouts for the vector diagrams are shown below.
Every vector in A, B and C phase spread represents "go" effective side of a coil, the "return" effective side of the coil is located in A, B and C phase spread. For the lap type connection, all coils
are with full coil pitch. The connection layouts of the lap type and the concentric type, with respect
to the same vector drawing are shown below.
In the previous example, for the concentric type (lower right in the diagram), if coil 1 is not connected from slot 1 to slot 8 (long coil pitch: coil pitch = 7 > pole pitch = 6), but connected from slot
1 to slot 20, and slot 8 to slot 13, all coils of phase A winding have coil pitch of 5. In this way, the
winding becomes single-layer whole-coiled type with the same star vector diagram and phase
spread, and has much shorter average coil pitch. Therefore, single-layer whole-coiled windings
consume less electromagnetic wire than single-layer half-coiled windings. RMxprt can optimize
connections to minimize the average coil pitch to form a single-layer whole-coiled winding.
An example of three-phase 4-pole 36-slot single-layer whole-coiled crossed concentric-type winding (q = 3, 60o phase-spread) is shown below.
A star vector diagram with fractional coil pitch can also be connected with single-layer wholecoiled type. When the number of slots per pole per phase q <2, as shown in the following vector
diagram, the number of coil sets per phase may not equal to the number of poles (6 coils vs 10
poles), but the algorithm to connect coils is the same (minimize the average coil pitch), and therefore, it is still referred as whole coiled windings.
The winding connection layout for the previous vector diagram is shown below.
Another example is an asymmetric three-phase winding. The connection layout is shown below.
Slot number
Two poles
Four poles
1
A
A
2
A
A
3
A
A
4
A
A
5
C
C
6
C
C
7
C
C
8
C
C
9
B
B
10
B
B
11
B
B
12
B
B
Slot number
Two poles
Four poles
13
A
A
14
A
A
15
A
A
16
A
A
17
C
C
18
C
C
19
C
C
20
C
C
21
B
B
22
B
B
23
B
B
24
B
B
The connection for variation of number of poles is shown in the next figure. On the top-left is the 2pole 2Y-connection at high speed, on the top-right is the 4-pole -connection at low speed.
DC Windings
Lap Winding
Z
m = integer
p
Commutator pitch
yk = m
Number of branches in
parallel
a = mp
where
Z
number of slots
number of poles
number of multiplex
Wave Winding
The winding layout of a wave-type winding for dc machines is as shown below.
Z
m = integer
p
yK =
K mm
= integer
p/2
Commutator pitch
Number of
a=m
branches in parallel
Frog-leg Winding
A frog-leg winding consists of a lap winding and a wave winding. Assume the lap winding has m
multiplex number. In order to connect the wave winding in parallel with the lap winding, the wave
winding should have the same branch bake emf as the lap winding. Therefore, the number of
branches in parallel of the wave winding has to be the same as that of the lap winding, or the multi-
plex number of the wave winding must be mp/2. The winding layout of a frog-leg-type winding
with m=1 for dc machines is as shown below.
y1a + y1b =
Commutator
pitch
2K
= integer
p
y Ka + y Kb =
2K
= integer
p
yKa = m
y Kb =
2K
mm
p
Number of
a = pm
branch in parallel
where
m
Virtual Slots
Windings of the dc machine are usually double-layer type. In many cases, often a number of coil
sides are imbedded into one slot for simplification of structure. Therefore, the number of slots Z is
less than the number of coils S. There exists the relationship
S
Z=
where is the number of coil sides in each layer in one slot and is termed virtual slot factor. Therefore, the number of conductors per slots is equal to multiple of 2.
Equipotential Connectors
The points ideally possessing the same electric potential in armature winding are often wholly or
partly connected by short copper wire, which is termed equipotential connector.
Equipotential Connector Class A of Simplex-lap Winding
Asymmetry in magnetic circuit, such as eccentric air-gap, causes circulating current in lap winding,
increases losses and affects commutation in order. The equipotential connector Class A on the commutator of simplex-lap winding can solve this problem. The connection pitch of equipotential connector Class A of simplex-lap winding yp is equal to the number of commutator segments per pole
pair.
K K
yp =
=
= integer
p
a
Winding with yp = integer is termed symmetric winding. Only symmetric winding can have equipotential connector Class A.
No need for Equipotential Connector for Simplex-wave Winding
Simplex-wave winding does not possess electrically equipotential points, therefore, can not have
equipotential connector. On the other hand, simplex-wave winding does not need equipotential
connector.
Equipotential Connector Class B of Multiplex-wave Winding
There are electric equipotential points among different sets of simplex-wave windings of multiplex-wave winding. They can be connected to eliminate the nonuniform distribution of electric
potential on commutator segments due to inequality of brush resistances. This is termed equipotential connector Class B. The connection pitch of equipotential connector Class B of multiplex-wave
winding yp is equal to the number of commutator segments per branch pair in parallel.
yp =
K
= integer
a
For multiplex-lap winding, equipotential connector Class A is needed for each set of simplex-lap
windings, equipotential connector Class B is needed among different sets of simplex-lap windings.
There exist no electrically equipotential points among different sets of simplex-lap windings on the
commutator side of armature, however, there exist electrically equipotential points among different
sets of simplex-lap windings on different sides of armature as points A and B in the figure below.
For frog-leg winding, each pair of electrically equipotential points on commutator is connected by a
lap coil and a wave coil in series. The connection acts as equipotential connector Class A for lap
winding and as equipotential connector Class B for wave winding. Therefore there is no need for
extra equipotential connectors.
Pole Windings
The following two types of electric machines possess similar pole winding structure:
RMxprt adopts the same arrangement procedure for pole windings of the two types of electric
machines. There are three types of structure as shown in the figure below:
Round Wire
Cylinder Coil
Edgewise Coil
Winding Clearance
Overall Height
Overall Width
Overall Height, Overall Width and Winding Clearance can be input from RMxprt panel. If
either Overall Height or Overall Width is set to 0, RMxprt perform automatic space optimization
to obtain the maximum space for pole winding arrangement in the condition to guarantee the clearance between pole windings.
If the space from input or determined by space optimization is not sufficient to arrange for the input
number of turns per pole, a message of "The rotor/shunt/series/commutating winding control
dimension is not big enough." is displayed in Design Output window.
With auto-arrangement of pole windings, RMxprt calculates maximum number of layers, minimum number of layers, maximum number of turns per layer, minimum number of turns per layer,
and the maximum number of turns per pole that is available from the limited space, and so forth.
Cylinder Coil
The arrangement of magnetic-pole winding with rectangular wire wound in standing way by RMxprt is shown below.
The cylinder coil is wound with half-turn over lapped layer by layer. Layers with the same number
of turns constitute a section. The output window Design Output displays the number of layers and
the number of turns per layer of each section, and the maximum number of turns per pole that is
available from the limited space.
Edgewise Coil
The arrangement of magnetic-pole winding with rectangular wire wound in flatting way by RMxprt is shown below.
To guarantee the clearance between two adjacent pole windings, the wire width of the lower parts is
decreased, while the wire thickness is increased to keep the sectional area of wire invariant as possible. The turns with the same wire gauge constitute a section (maximum three sections are
allowed). The output window Design Output displays the number of turns of each section and the
sizes of wire gauge, and the maximum number of turns per pole that is available from the limited
space.
with equal conductor number at both pole sides. Therefore, the two terminal leads of one pole coil
are at the same axial side (or at different pole sides), as shown below.
When the number of turns per pole includes a half turn, the number of conductors per pole is an odd
number. In this case, one pole side has one more conductor than the other pole side, and the two terminal leads of one pole coil are at different axial sides (or at the same pole side), as shown below.
Click Save to export the winding data to a file and dismiss the dialog.
Note
The winding must be editable for the Export Layout command to be available. If you are
using a standard winding, you can switch to the Winding Editor by:
1.
2.
3.
9
RMxprt Machine Types
Using RMxprt, you can simulate and analyze the following eleven machine types:
By option, you can add vents to and remove an existing vent from the stator and rotor.
They vary with the rotor slip s. All rotor parameters have been referred to the stator side.
Figure 1
Figure 2
In the exciting branch, Xm is the magnetizing reactance, and RFe is the resistance corresponding to
iron-core losses. Xm is a linearized nonlinear parameter that varies with the saturation of the main
field.
After a phase voltage U1 is applied to the phase terminals, stator phase current I1 and rotor current
I2, which has been referred to the stator, can be easily computed by the circuit analysis. The electromagnetic power Pm, or air-gap power, is computed by the following:
Pm = 3 * I2^2 * R2/s
where Pfw, Pcu2, PFe, Pcu1, and Ps are frictional and wind loss, rotor copper loss, iron-core loss,
stator copper loss, and stray loss, respectively.
The power factor is derived from:
PF = P1/(m * U1 * I1)
Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data, such as the number of poles and machine losses.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
5.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
6.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
7.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimensions.
8.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conductor, ventage hole dimensions, and skew.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
9.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used
to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Please refer to the Three-Phase Induction Motor Problem application note, on the technical support
page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a three-phase induction motor problem.
produced in the iron by distortion of the magnetic flux by the load current. The IEEE Standard
provides different assumed stray load loss values for AC motors rated less than 2500 hp, as follows:
4.
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
6.
7.
3.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
6.
a.
b.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7.
8.
b.
Note
c.
9.
When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
10. Enter the thickness of the magnetic end pressboard in the Pressboard Thickness field. Enter 0
for a non-magnetic end pressboard.
11. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
4.
Bs2
Rs
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
Select a Winding Type:
a.
b.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected winding appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type
Description
One A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
layer for each slot.
winding
Editor
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
Two A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select for winding layers the you
Layer can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot in the Winding Editor.
Winding
Editor
A two-layer whole coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
c.
For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
5.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
6.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
7.
8.
9.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Coil Pitch
Number of
Strands
Wire Wrap
End/
Insulation
tab
In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
3.
If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
4.
Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
5.
4.
5.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
6.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
2.
The vent icon appears in the project tree under the stator.
To remove a vent to stator in a three-phase induction motor.
1. Select the stator icon in the project tree.
2. Right-click to display the pop-up menu and select Remove Vent.
The vent icon disappears in the project tree under the stator.
The Vent data for the stator includes the following fields.
Vent Ducts
Duct Width
Magnetic Spacer Width Width of magnetic spacer which holds vent ducts. 0 for non magnetic
spacer
Duct Pitch
b.
Note
c.
5.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
7.
8.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
9.
Enter the Skew Width, measured in rotor slot pitch. This value defines by how much the rotor
bars are skewed.
10. Optionally, select Cast Rotor to allow the conductor to fill all the space available in the slot.
Otherwise, RMxprt assumes the slot wedge that fixes the bars is filled with insulator material
in a 2D/3D geometry model.
11. Optionally, select Half Slot to draw only half of the rotor slots.
12. Optionally, select Double Cage to specify the winding as a double-squirrel-cage winding.
If you select Double Cage, another line appears in the properties to let you specify the Bottom
Slot type.
a. Click on the Custom button on the Double Cage row. This displays the Select Slot Type
window.
The Select Slot Type window appears.
b. Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 4).
Note
When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
To open the Rotor Data Slot Properties window, double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the length of the gap between the end ring and the iron core in the End Length field.
This field specifies the value for only one end of the gap, not both.
Enter the end ring dimension in the axial direction in the End-Ring Width field. The end ring
connects the bars of the rotor to one another.
Enter the end ring dimension in the radius direction in the End-Ring Height field. The end
rings height covers at least the cross section of the rotor conductor.
Select an End Ring Conductor Type for the rotor winding end ring:
a.
b.
c.
7.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
The type of bar conductor used in the winding. Click the button to open the
Select Definition window.
The length of the single-side end of the extended bar.
The width of one side of the end rings in the axial direction. The end ring
connects the bars of the rotor to one another.
End Ring Height The height of the end rings in the radian direction. The end ring connects
the bars of the rotor to one another.
End Ring
The type of end ring conductor used in the winding. Click the button to
Conductor Type open the Select Definition window.
Bar Conductor
Type
End Length
End Ring Width
Duct Width
Magnetic Spacer Width Width of magnetic spacer which holds vent ducts. 0 for non magnetic
spacer
Duct Pitch
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
1.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2.
3.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5.
6.
7.
Enter the electrical line frequency in the Frequency field, and select the units.
Select the Winding Connection from the following options:
8.
Wye (Y)
Delta
Related Topics:
On the General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for
this machine type.
On the General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const
Torque, Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select
the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select
the units.
On the Three-Phase Induction Motor tab. Type a value for the frequency,
and select the units.
On the Three-Phase Induction Motor tab. Select from Wye or Delta.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the voltage, speed, and materials used in the motor.
Stator data, such as the slot types, diameter, and wire dimensions.
Rotor data, such as the slot dimensions, skew width, and ventage holes.
Solution data, such as rated output voltage and frequency.
By option, you can add a vent or remove a vent from the rotor.
Figure 3
In the figures, R1m, X1m, R1a, X1a, R2, X2, and Xm are main-phase stator resistance, main-phase
stator leakage reactance, auxiliary-phase stator resistance, auxiliary-phase stator leakage reactance,
rotor resistance, rotor leakage reactance, and magnetizing reactance, respectively. XC is the reactance of the capacitor connected in series with the auxiliary winding, and the coefficient k is the
ratio of effective turns of the auxiliary winding to that of the main winding. R2, X2, and Xm have
been referred to the main winding. The equivalent impedance of the four circuits is Zm1, Za1, Zm2,
and Za2, as shown in the figures.
According to the symmetric component method, the positive and negative components of auxiliaryphase currents can be expressed in the form of a phasor as the following:
Ia1 = (j / k)Im1
Ia2 = ((j / k)Im2
Because the main winding and the auxiliary winding have the same applied terminal voltage U1,
the voltage equations for both windings become the following:
U1 = Um1 + Um2 = Im1Zm1 + Im2Zm2
U1 = Ua1 + Ua2 = Ia1Za1 + Ia2Za2
= (j / k)(Im1Za1 - Im2Za2)
The positive and negative components of main-phase current are calculated by the following:
Im1 = U1(Za2 - jkZm2) / (Zm1Za2 + Zm2Za1)
Im2 = U1(Za1 + jkZm1) / (Zm1Za2 + Zm2Za1)
The total input current is:
I1 = Im + Ia = (Im1 + Im2) + (Ia1 + Ia2)
9-24 RMxprt Machine Types
Based on these two components of main-phase current, all current components shown in Figure 3
can be obtained by simple computation.
Then the total input current is:
I1 = Im + Ia = (Im1 + Im2) + (Ia1 + Ia2)
The positive- and negative-sequence air-gap power can be computed in the following way:
Pm1 = 2 * Irm1^2 * R2 / s
Pm2 = 2 * Irm2^2 * R2 / (2 - s)
Tm, T2, P2, P1, and eff are computed in the same way as for three-phase induction motors.
The power factor is derived from:
PF = P1 / (U1 * I1)
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
5.
6.
7.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimensions.
8.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conductor, ventage hole dimensions, and skew.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
9.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be imported into the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or can be
used to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
RMxprt Machine Types 9-25
Please refer to the A Capacitor-Run Single-Phase Induction Motor Problem application note, on the
technical support page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a single-phase induction
motor problem.
To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2.
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3.
4.
5.
Inner Rotor
Outer Rotor
6.
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
7.
C-Run Capacitance-run mode. The capacitor is in series with the auxiliary winding. In the
Capacitor run mode, the capacitor will be designed (if the auto-design mode is
selected) to minimize the backward magnetomotive force.
C-Start Capacitance-start mode. The auxiliary winding is in series with the capacitor and is
disconnected when the rotor reaches the switching speed.
C-R&S Capacitance-run and start mode. Two capacitors are in series with the auxiliary
winding; one for starting, one for running.
R-Start Resistor-start mode. The auxiliary winding is disconnected when the rotor reaches
the switching speed.
c.
8.
Click OK to close the Select Operation Mode window and return to the Properties window.
Enter values in the following capacitance, resistance, and switching speed fields:
Run Capacitance Available for C-Run, C-R&S
Run Resistance Available for C-Run, C-R&S
9.
If the start winding needs to be optimized, select the Objective Type from the following three
options:
(Tst/Ist)max. Accept the defaults. This is the ratio of the maximum starting torque to the
starting current ratio.
(Tst)max. Enter the given start current ratio. This is the maximum starting torque
Note
(Ist)min (minimum starting current). Enter the given start torque ratio.
The start-winding optimization goal is disabled for the C-Run operation mode.
In capacitor-run mode, the capacitor is designed to minimize the backward
magnetomotive force. For other modes, if the auto-design function is active, the
capacitor and the resistance are designed according to the start goal, selected from the
following:
The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Single Phase Induction Motor).
The number of poles the machine contains.
Select whether the rotor is an Inner Rotor or Outer Rotor.
The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
The given speed of reference.
Click the button to select from the following four modes: C-Run, C-Start,
C-R&S, and R-Start.
The capacitance of the run capacitor. Available for C-Run and C-R&S
operation modes.
The resistance of the run capacitor. Available for C-Run and C-R&S
operation modes. See Note below.
Start Capacitance The resistance of the start capacitor. Available for C-Start and C-R&S
operation modes.
Start Resistance The resistance of the start capacitor. Available for C-Start and C-R&S
operation modes.
Switching Speed The switching speed of the capacitor or resistor. Available for C-Start, CR&S, and R-Start operation modes.
Objective Type If the start winding needs to be optimized, select from the following three
objective types: (Tst/Ist)max, (Tst)max, or (Ist)min.
For (Tst/Ist) max, accept the defaults. This is the ratio of the
maximum starting torque to the starting current ratio.
For (Tst) max, enter the Given Start Current Ratio. This is
the maximum starting torque.
Note
If the value of the Run Resistance is zero in RMxprt, the value of the Run
Resistance will be autocomputed in Maxwell to a value of 1% of the capacitor
reactance.
To neglect the Run Resistance in Maxwell, set the value to a small non-zero
number in RMxprt.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
6.
b.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7.
8.
b.
Note
c.
9.
When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
4.
Bs2
Rs
5.
Always available.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Enter the thickness of the slot liner in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
4.
Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
5.
Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
6.
7.
Select or clear the Include Series Winding check box. This option sets whether or not to
include the series winding in the speed adjustment. When this option is selected, a third tab,
Series (C), appears in the Properties window.
Enter the number of layers in the Winding Layers field.
8.
9.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected winding appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type
Description
A
user-defined
one-layer
winding
arrangement.
You need to set up the winding
One-Layer
arrangement
for
each
slot.
Winding
Editor
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 2 Winding layers, the
Winding Winding Editor is enabled, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for
Editor each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
Slot 123
A first-class sinusoidal coil. The Conductors per Layer field defines the maximum
number of conductors in the slot. The software will determine the winding distribution in
the slots to get the sinusoidal current distribution:
A second-class sinusoidal coil. The Conductors per Layer field defines the maximum
number of conductors in the slot. The software will determine the winding distribution in
the slots to get the sinusoidal current distribution.
A first-class concentric coil:
Slot 123
Slot 123
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
12. Enter the number of conductors per layer of main winding in the Conductors per Layer field.
13. Enter the number of parallel branches in the main stator winding in the Parallel Branches
field.
14. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design the value.
15. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
a.
b.
c.
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
28. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
The Stator Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabSlot Liner
The thickness of the slot liner.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation
Limited Fill
The limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Factor
Include Series
Select or clear to specify whether or not to include the series
winding in the speed adjustment. When this option is selected, a
Winding
third tab, Series (C), appears in the Properties window.
Winding Layers The number of winding layers.
Coil Pitch
The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Winding Type
The type of stator winding for the main phase. Click the button to
open the Winding Type window and choose from Whole Coiled,
Half Coiled, and Editor.
Main (A) End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the stator coils.
Aux (B)
Series (C)
Conductors per The number of conductors per layer in the main winding.
Layer
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the main stator winding.
Number of
The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap
The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 for auto-pickup
from the wire library).
Wire Size
The wire diameter (0 for auto-design).
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the auxiliary winding.
Conductors per The number of conductors per layer in the auxiliary winding.
Layer
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the auxiliary stator winding.
Number of
The number of wires per conductor in the auxiliary winding (0 for
auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap
The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 for auto-pickup
from the wire library).
Wire Size
The wire diameter (0 for auto-design).
This tab appears when Include Series Winding is selected on the Winding tab.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the series winding.
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the series winding.
Number of
Strands
Wire Wrap
Wire Size
2.
In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
3.
4.
5.
In the Wire Size window, select MIXED from the Gauge pull-down menu.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Note
c.
5.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6.
7.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
Enter the length of the rotor core in the Length field.
8.
9.
Enter the Skew Width, measured in rotor slot pitch. This value defines by how much the rotor
bars are skewed.
RMxprt Machine Types 9-41
10. Optionally, select Cast Rotor to allow the conductor to fill all the space available in the slot.
Otherwise, RMxprt assumes the slot wedge that fixes the bars is filled with insulator material
in a 3D/3D geometry model.
11. Click OK to close the Properties window.
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the length of the gap between the end ring and the iron core in the End Length field.
This field specifies the value for only one end of the gap, not both.
Enter the end ring dimension in the axial direction in the End-Ring Width field. The end ring
connects the bars of the rotor to one another.
Enter the end ring dimension in the radius direction in the End-Ring Height field. The end
rings height covers at least the cross section of the rotor conductor.
Select an End Ring Conductor Type for the rotor winding end ring:
a.
b.
c.
7.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Bar Conductor
Type
End Length
End Ring Width
End Ring Height
End Ring
Conductor Type
The type of bar conductor used in the winding. Click the button to open the
Select Definition window.
The length of the single-side end of the extended bar.
The width of one side of the end rings in the axial direction.
The height of the end rings in the radian direction.
The type of end ring conductor used in the winding. Click the button to
open the Select Definition window.
The vent icon appears in the project tree under the rotor.
To remove a vent from a rotor in a three-phase induction motor.
1. Select the rotor icon in the project tree.
2. Right-click to display the pop-up menu and select Remove Vent.
The vent icon disappears in the project tree under the rotor.
The Vent data for the stator includes the following fields.
Holes per row
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
To open the Solution Setup window, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add
Solution Setup.
2.
Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
type.
3.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
1.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2.
3.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5.
6.
Enter the electrical line frequency in the Frequency field, and select the units.
Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
7.
Related Topics:
On the General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for
this machine type.
On the General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const
Torque, Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select
the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
On the General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select
the units.
On the Single-Phase Induction Motor tab. Type a value for the frequency,
and select the units.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the voltage, speed, and circuit type of the model.
Circuit data, such as lead trigger angle, transistor drop, and control circuit information.
Stator data, such as the diameter, slot dimensions, and skew width of the stator.
Stator Winding
Rotor pole data, such as the associated permanent-magnet dimensions, air gap, and stacking
factor.
jI Xaq
E0
jI X1
jI d Xad
IR1
jI q Xaq
Iq
Id
jI X1
jI Xaq
U
jI d Xad
IR1
jI q Xaq
E0
Iq
Id
O
Figure 6.2 The phasor diagram for motors
In the figures, R1 and X1 are the resistance and the leakage reactance of the armature winding, Xad
and Xaq are the d-axis armature reactance and the q-axis armature reactance, respectively. In the
phasor diagram, Xad is a linearized nonlinear parameter, and Xaq is a linear parameter. The d-axis
synchronous reactance Xd and q-axis synchronous reactance Xaq are calculated directly from
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
Let ? denote the power angle for a generator (the angle that U lags E0), or the torque angle for a
motor (the angle that E0 lags U), then we have
I d X d + I q R 1 = ( U cos E 0 )
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
Solving for Id and Iq yields
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = --------------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) X d U sin
I q = --------------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
Let the angle that I lags E0 be , we have
1 Id
---- = tan
Iq
=
where the plus sign + is for the motor and the minus sign - is for the generator.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-49
P 1 = 3UI cos
The output mechanical power is
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, and PFe denote the frictional and wind, the armature copper and the iron-core
losses, respectively.
The output mechanical torque is
P2
T 2 = -----
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
P 2 = 3UI cos
The input mechanical power is
P 1 = P 2 + P fw + P Cua + P Fe
where Pfw, PCua, and PFe denote the frictional and wind, the armature copper and the iron-core
losses, respectively.
The input mechanical torque is
P1
T 1 = -----
where denotes the synchronous speed in mechanical rad/s.
The efficiency of the generator is
P2
----- =
100
P1
R1 + Ld Lq e
0
id
vq eq = Ld e R1 + Lq
0
iq
v0
e0
0
0
R1 + L0
i0
vd
ed
where R1 is the armature winding resistance, Ld, Lq and L0 are the d-, the q- and the 0-axis inductances respectively, e is the revolution speed in electric radians per second, the differential operator is
d
dt
The coordinate transformation equations for the terminal voltage, the induced emf and the armature
winding current are
vd
vq = C
v0
va
ed
vb
eq = C
M
e0
ea
eb
M
ia
id
ib = C iq
M
i0
The transformation matrices for the two-, the three- and the four-phase systems are C2, C3 and C4,
respectively, as follows
C2 =
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
1
------2
2
1
--- cos ( ) sin ( ) -----3
2
1
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) ------2
cos
C3 =
cos
C 4 = sin
cos
sin
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
where
2
= ---
3
The input electric power is obtained from the voltage and the current as:
T
1
p 1 = --- ( v d i d + v q i q + v 0 i 0 ) dt
T
0
The output mechanical power is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pt and PFe denote the frictional and wind, the armature copper, the switching and
the iron-core losses, respectively.
The output mechanical torque is
P2
T 2 = -----
where denotes the revolution speed in mechanical radians per second.
The efficiency of the electric machine is
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Double-click the Machine>Circuit entry in the project tree to define the control circuit.
4.
Double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Pole entry in the project tree to define the pole, embrace,
offset, and air gap data for the rotor pole.
Double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3.
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
4.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5.
6.
Select one of the following from the Control Type pull-down list:
7.
AC: An AC excitation.
PWM: Pulse width modulation. When you select this source type, you must enter the following values in the Circuit Data Properties window: Modulation Index (the ratio of
the sine wave amplitude to the triangular amplitude) and Carrier Frequency Times (the
ratio of the triangular frequency to the sine wave frequency).
Note
8.
When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Adjust-Speed Synchronous Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains.
Rotor Position
Select whether the rotor is an Inner Rotor or Outer Rotor.
Frictional Loss
The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss
The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Control Type
The way the circuit is controlled. Select from DC, PWM (pulse-width
modulation), or AC.
Circuit Type
The drive circuit type. Click the button to open the Circuit Type window
and select from the following six types:
Machine Type
position. An angle of 0 means that the induced voltage in the triggered phase is at a maximum:
Note
A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3.
Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field.
4.
Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2.
5.
Enter the voltage drop of one diode in the discharge loop in the Diode Drop field. If you
selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge voltage in
this field.
If you selected PWM as the Control Type, then enter values in the following two fields:
6.
7.
Modulation Index: The ratio of the sine-wave amplitude to the triangular amplitude. For
PWM circuits.
Carrier Frequency Times: The ratio of the triangular frequency to the sine-wave frequency. For PWM circuits.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
6.
7.
8.
b.
Note
c.
9.
Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3.
Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
Enter the available slot dimensions.
4.
Hs0
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Stacking Factor
Steel Type
Number of Slots
Slot Type
Skew Width
Synchronous Machine
To open the Stator Slot Winding Properties window, double-click the Machine-StatorWinding entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties
2.
3.
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
4.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected winding appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type
Description
One A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding
Layer arrangement for each slot.
Winding
Editor
A one-layer whole-coiled winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
c.
5.
For a two-layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
Note
When you place the mouse cursor over the winding type, a schematic of the selected
winding appears.
Winding types 10 and 20 are user-defined. If you select either of these, a window appears, asking you to define the name of the winding arrangement. The window closes when the user-
Slot 123
12
Slot 123
20
21
A user-defined winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the winding
arrangement, and choose OK.
A two-layer wave winding:
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22
A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
6.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
8. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
b.
c.
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-67
In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
3.
If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
4.
Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
5.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Slot Liner
The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Layer Insulation The thickness of the insulation layer.
Limited Fill
The limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Factor
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
4.
5.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
6.
Enter the stacking factor for the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field.
7.
a.
b.
Note
c.
8.
Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
For all pole types except type 4, enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the max-
imum possible arc distance in the Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
For pole type 4, enter the shaft diameter of the rotor in the Shaft Diameter field.
4.
For pole types 1, 2, and 3, enter the distance from the center of the rotor to the polar arc center
in the Offset field. Enter 0 for a uniform air gap.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
5.
For pole type 5, enter the thickness of the bridge across the two poles in the Bridge field.
6.
For pole type 5, enter the width of the rib supporting the bridge in the Rib field.
7.
Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole from the Magnet Type pull-down menu.
8.
For pole types 4 and 5, enter the width of the magnet in the Magnet Width field.
9.
Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet in the Magnet Thickness field.
Shaft Diameter
Offset
The pole-arc center offset from the rotor center (0 for a uniform air gap).
For pole types 1, 2, and 3.
Bridge
The thickness of the bridge across two adjacent poles. For pole type 5.
Rib
The width of the rib at the center of two adjacent poles that support the
bridge. For pole type 5.
Magnet Type
The type of magnet. Click the button to open the Select Definition
window. For all pole types.
Magnet Width
Magnet
Thickness
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made
of magnetic material.
Solution Setup.
2.
3.
Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
type.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
Linear Torque
The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
Fan Load
The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given
rated speed.
1.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2.
3.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5.
Related Topics:
The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Load Type
Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Rated Output
Power
Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Rated Voltage
Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Rated Speed
Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Operating
Temperature
Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Related Topics:
27-74 RMxprt Machine Types
Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
After you have selected Permanent-Magnet DC Motors as your model type, you need to define
the following:
General data, such as the voltage, speed, and circuit type of the model.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, slot data, and windings.
Stator data, such as the diameter, slot dimensions, and skew width of the stator.
Stator pole data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and pole magnet specifications.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator dimensions and brush length.
Shaft data
Solution data, such as rated output voltage and frequency.
U = Ub + R1 * I + E
where Ub is the voltage drop of one-pair brushes, R1 is the armature resistance, E = Ke * is the
back emf with Ke the back-emf constant in Vs/rad, and is the speed in rad/s. For a given speed
, armature current can be computed based on the applied voltage U, as shown below:
I = (U - Ub - Ke * )/R1
The shaft torque T2 is computed by:
T2 = Kt * I - Tfw
where Kt is the torque constant in Nm/A, which is numerically the same as Ke, and Tfw is the frictional torque.
The output power (mechanical power) is:
P2 = T2 *
The input power (electrical power) is:
27-76 RMxprt Machine Types
3.
Double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree to define the stator pole
dimensions.
5.
Double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
6.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine>Commutator entry in the project tree to define the commutator
and brush data.
Double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
7.
8.
9.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D project.
Refer to the Permanent-Magnet DC Motor Problem application note, on the technical support page
of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a permanent-magnet DC motor problem.
2.
3.
Note
To use the Brush Press and Frictional Coefficient fields when you define the
commutator and brush later in the Commutator/Brush Data window, enter 0 here for
the Friction Loss.
4.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
5.
6.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field. This value is a ratio of
the effective magnetic length of the core, and ranges from 0 to 1. It is defined as the total
length minus the total insulation from the laminations, divided by the total length. A value of 1
indicates that the stator is not laminated.
6.
2.
For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
Enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the maximum possible arc distance in the
3.
4.
5.
Enter the distance from the center of the stator to the magnet arc center in the Offset field.
Enter 0 for a uniform air gap.
To select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole:
a. Click the Magnet Type button.
The Select Definition window appears.
b. Select or define a material for the magnet type.
c. Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
6.
Enter the length of the magnet in the axial direction in the Magnet Length field.
Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet at the center of the pole in the Magnet
Thickness field. To control the flux, the magnets thickness may vary.
7.
Enter the stacking factor for the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field.
3.
4.
Note
5.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
6.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
7.
8.
9.
Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
Bs2
Rs
4.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
The Rotor Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Hs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Hs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Bs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
4.
Lap
Wave
Frog Leg
Enter the number of windings in the Multiplex Number field (1 for a single winding, 2 for
double windings, 3 for triple windings). For a lap winding, the multiplex number is the number
of commutators between the start and end of one winding, and the number of parallel branches
is equal to the number of poles multiplied by the multiplex number. For a wave winding, the
5.
Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conductors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note
6.
7.
8.
9.
For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-85
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
27-86 RMxprt Machine Types
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type
End/
Insulation
tab
The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer
The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection
Full.
3.
Note
4.
5.
6.
When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
b.
b.
Enter the thickness of the insulation between two consecutive commutator segments in the
Commutator Insulation field.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-89
7.
8.
9.
10. Enter the number of brush pairs when using a wave armature winding in the Brush Pairs field.
11. Enter the angle of displacement from the neutral axis, in mechanical degrees, in the Brush Displacement field.
Note
The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note
If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
Commutator
Length
Outer Diameter
Inner Diameter
Commutator
Insulation
27-90 RMxprt Machine Types
Brush tab
Brush Width
Brush Length
Brush Pairs
Brush
Displacement
Brush Drop
Brush Press
Frictional
Coefficient
2.
3.
To open the Shaft Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
Select or clear the Magnetic Shaft check box to specify whether or not the shaft is to be made
of magnetic material.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
4.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5.
6.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8.
Related Topics:
The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Related Topics:
Stator data, such as the slot types and dimensions, stator diameter, skew width, and laminations.
Winding data, such as the parallel branches, conductors, and wire dimensions.
Rotor pole data, such as its associated pole-body dimensions and air gaps.
Optional Rotor damper data, such as the damper dimensions, rings, and material properties.
Rotor winding data and the winding control parameters.
Shaft Data
Solution data, such as specifying motor or generator application, and rated output voltage and
frequency.
Also see the Analysis Approach for Three-Phase Synchronous Machines.
adopted to analyze the characteristics. The phasor diagram for a generator is shown on the left and
and that for a motor is shown on the right.
jI X1
jI Xaq
U
jI d Xad
IR1
jI q Xaq
E0
Iq
Id
O
Generator
Motor
In the figure, R1, X1, Xad, and Xaq are armature resistance, armature leakage reactance, d-axis
armature reactance, and q-axis armature reactance, respectively. Xad is nonlinear, while a linearized value is used in the phasor diagram. Taking the input voltage U as the reference phasor, for a
given current:
I = I
where is the power factor angle, a phasor represented by OM can be derived by:
U + I(R1 + jX1 + jXaq)
The direction of E0 can, therefore, be obtained. Taking the power angle, the angle that U legs E0,
as , then the angle that I legs E0 is:
= +
The d- and q-axis currents are then represented by the following:
Id = I * sin( )
Iq = I * cos( )
The phasor length ON represents the d-axis back EMF from d-axis resultant flux linkage and is
used to determine the d-axis field saturation. Then a frozen method is applied to derive E0, Xad, and
exciting current If.
The output power (electric power) is directly computed from voltage and current as:
27-94 RMxprt Machine Types
P2 = 3*U*I*cos( )
The input power (mechanical power) is defined as:
T1 = P1/
where SYMBOL is synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency is computed by:
tors.
3.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
5. Optionally, you can add a vent to, or remove an existing vent from the stator. To add a vent,
select the stator, and right-click to display the pop-up menu for Insert Vent.
6. Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings, conductors, and insulation data.
7. Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the general rotor geometry,
the pole data, and the insulation data.
8. Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conductors and windings.
9. Optionally, you can add a damper to the design or remove an existing damper. To add a
damper, use Machine-Insert Damper. This inserts the damper in the project tree under the
rotor. You must then specify the slot type and other properties for the damper.
10. Optionally, you can add a vent to, or remove an existing vent from the rotor. To add a vent
select the rotor, and right-click to display the pop-up menu. Use Insert Vent.
11. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
12. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define this solution
data.
13. Choose File>Save to save the project.
14. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field, a brief description of that field appears in
the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once the design is analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used
to create a new Maxwell 2D project, and a Maxwell 3D design.
To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2.
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3.
Enter the power lost through frictional forces in the Frictional Loss field.
4.
Enter the wind loss measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss field.
5.
6.
3.
4.
5.
6.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7.
8.
b.
Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 6). Slot types 1 though 4 are filled
with round wire. Slot types 5 and 6 are filled with rectangular wire. If Auto Design is
enabled, the software designs an optimum slot geometry; in this case, you can input the
tooth width dimension, and the software determines the slot width accordingly.
Note
c.
When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
Lamination
Sectors
Pressboard
Thickness
Skew Width
To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3.
Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
Enter the available slot dimensions.
4.
Hs0
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel
Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Machine
Use the Stator Winding window to define the stator winding data, such as the coils, wires, insulation, number of parallel branches, and physical dimensions of the windings.
End Clearance
Base-End
Inner Radius
End Adjustment
Top-End
Inner Diameter
End of Stator
Stator Coil
The stator winding data defines the configuration of one phase of the three-phase windings.
To define the stator windings and insulation:
1. To open the Stator Slot Winding Properties window, double-click the Machine-StatorWinding entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties
section of the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2. Click the Winding tab.
3.
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
4.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected winding appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type
Description
A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
for each slot. For this winding type, the following letters are used for the phase windings:
Editor
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
Example 1: A one layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 10, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Example 2: A two layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 20, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Only the top layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to
the coil pitch.
c.
5.
Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
Select a Winding Type. When you place the mouse cursor over a winding, an outline of the
10 A user-defined single-layer winding arrangement. When you select it, enter the winding
arrangement, and choose OK. For this winding type, the following letters are used for the
phase windings:
11
12
Slot 123
Slot 123
20 A user-defined winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the winding
arrangement, and choose OK.
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22 A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
Note
Example 1: A one layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 10, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Example 2: A two layer winding arranged in 12 slots should be defined as type 20, with
the following arrangement: AAZZBBXXCCYY
Only the top layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to
the coil pitch.
6.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
8.
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
RMxprt Machine Types 27-107
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
The Stator Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Layers The number of winding layers.
Winding Type
The type of stator winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Whole Coiled, Half Coiled, and
Editor.
Parallel Branches The number of parallel branches in the stator winding.
Conductors per The number of conductors per stator slot (0 for auto-design).
Slot
Coil Pitch
The coil pitch measured in number of slots.
Number of
The number of wires per conductor (0 for auto-design).
Strands
Wire Wrap
The thickness of the double-sided wire wrap (0 to automatically
obtain this value from the wire library).
Wire Size
The diameter of the wire (0 for auto-design). Click the button to
open the Wire Size window where you can specify units, wire
type, diameter, and gauge.
End/
Input Half-turn Select or clear this check box to specify whether or not you want
to enter the half-turn length. When this check box is selected, the
Insulation Length7
tab
Half Turn Length field appears the next time you open the
Properties window. When this check box is selected, the End
Adjustment field appears instead.
Half Turn Length The half-turn length of the armature winding.
End Adjustment The end length adjustment of the stator coils, which is the distance
one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the
stator.
Base Inner
The inner radius of the base corner.
Radius
Tip Inner
The inner diameter of the coil tip.
Diameter
End Clearance The end clearance between two adjacent coils.
Slot Liner
The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
5.
If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Duct Width
Magnetic spacer
width
Width of magnetic spacer which holds vent ducts. O for non-magnetic spacer.
Duct pitch.
3.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor in the Outer Diameter field.
4.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
5.
6.
7.
Enter the stacking factor for the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field.
8.
9.
Enter the pole-arc center offset from the rotor center in the Pole Arc Offset field.
Radius
Offset
10. Enter the width of the pole shoe in the Pole Shoe Width field.
11. Enter the height of the pole shoe in the Pole Shoe Height field.
12. Enter the width of the pole body in the Pole Body Width field.
13. Enter the height of the pole body in the Pole Body Height field.
14. Enter the width between the rotor pole and rotor yoke in the Second Air Gap field.
15. To include the two arcs in the half-pole range, do the following:
a. Select the Select Pole Arc check box.
b.
Enter the offset of the second arc perpendicular to the pole-center line in the Off2_x field.
c.
Enter the offset of the second arc parallel with the pole-center line in the Off2_y field.
16. Select or clear the Magnetic PressBoard check box to specify whether or not the press board
is made of magnetic material.
17. Enter the thickness of the press board in the Press Board Thickness field.
18. Click the Insulation tab.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulating material beneath the shoe pole in the Shoe Insulation
field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulating material on the side of the pole body in the Pole Insulation field.
21. Enter the clearance distance between the windings in the Winding Clearance field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Pole tab
Outer Diameter
Inner Diameter
Length
Steel Type
Stacking Factor
Pole Arc Offset
Pole Shoe Width
Pole Shoe Height
Pole Body Width
Pole Body Height
Second Air Gap
Insulation
tab
Second Pole Arc Select or clear this option to specify whether or not the pole
surface includes the two arcs in the half-pole range. When you
select this check box, two additional fields appear: Off2_x and
Off2_y.
Off2_x
The offset of the second arc perpendicular to the pole-center line.
This field is only available when Second Pole Arc is selected.
Off2_y
The offset of the second arc parallel with the pole-center line. This
field is only available when Second Pole Arc is selected.
Magnetic
Select or clear this option to specify whether or not the press
board is made of magnetic material.
PressBoard
Press Board
The thickness of the press board.
Thickness
Shoe Insulation The thickness of the insulating material beneath the pole shoe.
Pole Insulation
Winding
Clearance
Machine
Use the Rotor Winding window to define the wires and physical dimensions of the rotor winding.
The rotor winding provides the excitation for the electromagnetic field that produces the rotor pole.
Center
slot pitch
Slot pitch
Pole shoe width
Pole
insulation
Overall
height
Shoe
insulation
Wire
width
Pole body
width
Wire thickness
Second air-gap
RMxprt Machine Types 27-115
b.
c.
3.
Enter the number of parallel branches for the winding in the Parallel Branches field.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the width of the insulating wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field.
Interturn Insulation
Enter the gauge of the wire in the Wire Size field.
7.
8.
9.
Enter the Axial Clearance to specify the axial distance between the core and the coil at the end
of the lamination stack.
Winding
Fillet
Axial
Clearance
Rotor
winding
Radial
Duct
Width
10. Limited Cross Width
11. Limited Cross Height
12. Winding Fillet
13. Click OK to close the Properties window.
27-116 RMxprt Machine Types
Rotor
length
2.
3.
4.
The Damper icon appears in the project tree under the rotor icon. A slot icon appears in the
hierarchy under the damper.
Double click on the Damper icon to display the properties window for the damper.
Enter the appropriate values for the damper. The slot type, the bar conductor type, and end
conductor type are entered by clicking on buttons that open other windows.
Click OK to close the properties window.
To add a damper:
1. Right-click on the rotor icon in the project tree to display the short cut menu.
2.
1.
To remove a damper, right-click on the rotor icon in the project tree to display the short cut
menu.
2.
The damper and associated slot are removed from the project tree.
The damper data contains the following fields.
Damper slots per Number of damper slots per pole.
pole
Slot type
Damper slot type. Specify this by clicking the button in the properties field
and selecting from the Select Slot Type window.
Cast Rotor.
Bar conductor
type.
Specify this by clicking the button in the properties field, and using the Select
Definition window to find and assign materials.
End length
End ring
conductor type.
Specify this by clicking the button in the properties field and using the Select
Definition window to find and assign the material.
Slot pitch
Type of end ring for the damper. Specify this by clicking the button in the
properties field and use the Select Pole type window to select from the
available types.
Select or clear the Magnetic Shaft check box to specify whether or not the shaft is to be made
3.
of magnetic material.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
To open the Solution Setup window, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add
Solution Setup.
2.
3.
4.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Infinite Bus
Independent
Generator
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
For Generators.
For Generators.
For Motors. The speed remains constant in the motor.
For Motors. The output power remains constant in the motor.
For Motors. The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this
case, Tload = Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
For Motors. The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated * (n/nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the
given rated speed.
For Motors. The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated * (n/nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the
given rated speed.
5.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the machine in the Rated Output Power
field.
6.
7.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
8.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
9.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the voltage, speed, and circuit type of the model.
Circuit data, such as lead trigger angle, transistor drop, and control circuit information.
Stator data, such as the diameter, slot dimensions, winding data, and skew width of the stator.
Rotor data
Rotor pole data, such as the magnet dimensions and stacking factor.
Shaft data
Solution data, such as rated output voltage and frequency.
R1 + Ld p Lq e
0
id
iq
vq eq = Ld e R1 + Lq p
0
e0
0
0
R1 + L0 p
i0
v0
vd
ed
where R1, Ld, Lq, and L0 are armature resistance, d-axis synchronous inductance, q-axis synchronous inductance, and 0-axis inductance, respectively. e is rotor speed in electrical rad/s, and
represents for d/dt.
The transformations for terminal voltages, induced voltages, and winding currents are given by the
following three equations:
vd
va
T
vq = C v
b
M
v0
ed
ea
ia
T
eq = C e
b
M
e0
id
ib = C iq
M
i0
The transformation matrices for 2-phase, 3-phase, and 4-phases systems, noted as C2, C3, and C4,
are as follows:
C2 =
C3 =
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
cos
sin
1 ( 2)
2
--- cos ( ) sin ( ) 1 ( 2 )
3
cos ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 )
cos
C 4 = sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
0
0
0
0
where = 2 /3.
The input power (electric power) can now be computed from the voltage and current as:
T
1
p 1 = --- ( v d i d + v q i q + v 0 i 0 ) dt
t
0
The output power (mechanical power) is:
T2 = P2 /
where is the rotor speed in mechanical rad/s.
The efficiency is computed by:
Insert the permanent magnet brushless DC motor into a new or existing project.
Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3.
Double-click the Machine-Circuit entry in the project tree to define the control circuit.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
5.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Pole entry in the project tree to define the pole, embrace,
offset, and air gap data for the rotor pole.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
10. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
11. Choose File>Save to save the project.
12. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design
Please refer to the Brushless Permanent-Magnet DC Motor Problem application note, on the technical support page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a brushless permanent-magnet
DC motor problem.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6.
7.
Note
8.
When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
position. An angle of 0 means that the induced voltage in the triggered phase is at a maximum:
Note
A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3.
Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field.
4.
Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2.
5.
Enter the voltage drop of one diode in the discharge loop in the Diode Drop field. If you
selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge voltage in
this field.
If you selected CCC (chopped current control) as the Control Type, then enter the maximum
and minimum current values in the Maximum Current and Minimum Current fields.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
6.
7.
Diode Drop
Maximum
Current
Minimum
Current
3.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
6.
7.
8.
Note
c.
9.
Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
Bs2
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel
Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Motor
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
Select a Winding Type:
a.
b.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
RMxprt Machine Types 27-129
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding button, an outline of the selected winding appears. The following table describes the six types of windings that are possible
(three for one-layer and three for two-layer):
Type
Description
A user-defined one-layer winding arrangement. You need to set up the winding arrangement
for each slot. For this winding type, the following letters are used for the phase windings:
Editor
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
Half
Coiled
Slot 123
A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select 20, the Winding Editor
Editor opens, where you can specify a different winding arrangement for each slot.
A two-layer wave winding:
Whole
Coiled
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
Half
Coiled
Slot 1 2 3
c.
5.
For a two layer winding, if you check Constant Pitch in the Winding Editor, only the top
layer needs to be defined; the bottom layer will be determined according to the coil
pitch.
Once you have clicked a button to select a winding, click OK to close the Winding Type
window and return to the Properties window.
Note
When you place the mouse cursor over a winding, an outline of the selected winding
appears.
10 A user-defined single-layer winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the
winding arrangement, and choose OK. For this winding type, the following letters are
used for the phase windings:
11
Slot 123
Slot 123
20 A user-defined two-layer winding arrangement. When you select this type, enter the
21
Slot 123
The phase belt for this winding configuration is equal to 360/2m, where m is the phase
number.
22 A two-layer winding:
Slot 1 2 3
6.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
7.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
8. Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
9. Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
10. Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
b.
c.
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the con-
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
15. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
16. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
17. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
18. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
19. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
20. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
21. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-137
In the table in the upper left, set which phase you want for each coil and which slot is the in
and out slot for the current in each coil.
3.
If you are working on a quarter or half model, you may want to specify a multiplier by clicking
the Periodic Multiplier check box and specifying a value.
4.
Select or deselect the Constant Turns or Constant Pitch check boxes, depending on whether
you want to be able to change these setting in the table above. When these options are selected,
you cannot change the turns or pitch.
When you are satisfied with the conductor settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor
window.
5.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Slot Liner
The thickness of the slot liner insulation.
Wedge Thickness The thickness of the wedge insulation.
Layer Insulation The thickness of the insulation layer.
Limited Fill
The limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Factor
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
4.
5.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
6.
Enter the stacking factor for the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field.
7.
a.
b.
Note
c.
8.
Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
For all pole types except type 4, enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the max-
imum possible arc distance in the Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
For pole type 4, enter the shaft diameter of the rotor in the Shaft Diameter field.
4.
For pole types 1, 2, and 3, enter the distance from the center of the rotor to the polar arc center
in the Offset field. Enter 0 for a uniform air gap.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
5.
For pole type 5, enter the thickness of the bridge across the two poles in the Bridge field.
6.
For pole type 5, enter the width of the rib supporting the bridge in the Rib field.
7.
Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole from the Magnet Type pull-down menu.
8.
For pole types 4 and 5, enter the width of the magnet in the Magnet Width field.
9.
Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet in the Magnet Thickness field.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
3.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
1.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2.
3.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5.
Related Topics:
Analysis Offered
In Winding Editor, through modification of phase belonging, number of turns, in-slot and outslot number of each coil, it is possible to design single- and double-layer winding arrangement
for any purposes.
Related Topics:
The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the power, voltage, and speed of the motor.
Rotor core data, such as the air gap dimensions and number of poles in the rotor.
Circuit data.
Stator core data, such as the number of poles, diameter, and yoke thickness.
Stator coil data, such as the slot liner thickness, number of parallel branches, and number of
wires in each conductor.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
d ( , i )
u = u T + R S i + --------------------dt
where uT is the transistor or diode voltage drop, and Rs is the stator winding resistance. ( , i) is
the flux linkage of the winding at rotor position and winding current i, as is shown in Figure 8,
where the rotor position when the center of the rotor slot is aligned to the winding axis is defined as
0.
Figure 8
Let
( , i )
L = -------------------i
and
L
( i )
G = ------------------ = --------
Then
u = u T + R S i + L pi + G e i
where e is the rotor speed in electrical rad/s, and p is the differential operator as given by:
p =
d
dt
1 2
t 2 = --- Gi
2
The input electric power is computed from voltage and current as:
T
1
P 1 = --- ( u i dt )
T
0
The output mechanical power is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P t + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pt, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, transistor/diode
loss, and iron-core loss, respectively.
The average output mechanical shaft torque T2 is:
P2
T 2 = -----
P2
= ------ 100
P1
3.
Double-click the Machine-Circuit entry in the project tree to define the control circuit.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
5.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windRMxprt Machine Types 27-149
6.
7.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
8.
Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
Choose File>Save to save the project.
9.
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D project.
Please refer to the Switched Reluctance Motor Problem application note, on the technical support
page of the Ansoft web site, for a specific example.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
5.
6.
Full-Voltage
Half-Voltage
Coupled-Coil
The circuit types are based on industry standards. By default, type Full-Voltage, is selected as
the circuit type.
Note
7.
When you place the mouse cursor over a circuit type, an outline schematic of the circuit
appears.
Full-Voltage
Half-Voltage
Coupled-Coil
Enter the triggers lead angle in electrical degrees in the Lead Angle of Trigger field. The
trigger angle is the point at which the magnetic poles interact to begin the motion of the motor.
An angle of 0 means that each phase is triggered when its axis is aligned with the rotor slot
center. The triggers lead angle is shown in the following plot of the open circuit induced voltage versus position. An angle of 0 means that the induced voltage in the triggered phase is at a
maximum:
Note
A positive value represents a lead angle, and a negative value represents a lag angle.
3.
Enter the period from on-status to off-status of a transistor, in electrical degrees, in the Trigger
Pulse Width field. The trigger pulse width is the width of the energizing pulse applied to the
winding, or the period for an on status of the transistors. The maximum on period is given
by 180 degrees plus the value for the lead angle of trigger.
4.
Enter the voltage drop across one transistor when the transistor is turned on in the Transistor
Drop field. Refer to the figures of the different circuit types in step 2. This value is over one
conduction path when the transistors are triggered.
5.
Enter the voltage drop on all anti-parallel diodes in the discharge path in the Diode Drop field.
If you selected a star-type circuit (S3 or S4) as the Circuit Type, enter the total discharge voltage in this field.
If you selected CCC (chopped current control) as the Control Type, then enter the maximum
and minimum current values in the Maximum Current and Minimum Current fields.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
6.
7.
4.
Enter the total length of the stator core in the Length field.
5.
Enter the effective magnetic length of the core in the Stacking Factor field. This value typically ranges from between 0.93 and 1.0, and is defined as the total length minus the total lamination insulation, divided by the total length.
Select a Steel Type for the stator core:
6.
a.
b.
c.
7.
Enter the number of poles the stator core contains in the Number of Poles field.
8.
Enter the pole embrace in the Embrace field. The pole embrace is the ratio of the actual pole
arc angle to the maximum possible pole angle in the field. This value ranges from between 0
and 1.
Enter the thickness of the stator coil yoke in the Yoke Thickness field.
9.
stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
4.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
5.
Enter the number of turns per stator pole in the Turns per Pole field.
6.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
7.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
8.
b.
c.
Select a wire gauge from the Gauge pull-down menu. You can select from the following
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
9. Enter the conductor area ratio of the coupled circuit to the main circuit in the Coupled Ratio
field.
10. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Enter a Number in the table to specify how many of the conductors wires have this
diameter.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
To open the Rotor Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
RMxprt Machine Types 27-157
2.
3.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
Enter the effective magnetic length of the core in the Stacking Factor field. This value ranges
from 0 to 1, and is defined as the total length minus the total lamination insulation, divided by
the total length.
Enter the number of poles the rotor core contains in the Number of Poles field.
8.
Enter the ratio of the actual pole angle in relation to the maximum possible pole angle in the
Embrace field. The value ranges from 0 to 1.
9.
Enter the thickness of the rotor yoke in the Yoke Thickness field.
2.
To open the Shaft Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
Select or clear the Magnetic Shaft check box to specify whether or not the shaft is to be made
3.
of magnetic material.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
To open the Solution Setup window, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add
Solution Setup.
2.
Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
type.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
3.
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
1.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
2.
3.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
4.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
5.
Related Topics:
The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this machine type.
Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque, Linear Torque,
and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the units.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the frequency, winding connection, number of poles, and voltage.
Stator data, such as the slot type and dimensions, stator diameter, and winding data.
Rotor pole data, such as its associated dimensions, stacking factor, and magnet type.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
Figure 6
In Figure 6, R1, Xd, and Xq are armature resistance, d-axis synchronous reactance, and q-axis synchronous reactance, respectively. Xd is the sum of leakage reactance, X1 and d-axis armature reactance Xad, and Xq is the sum of X1 and q-axis armature reactance Xaq:
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
For a given torque angle , the angle that E0 lags U, we have the following:
I d X d + I q R 1 = U cos E 0
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
Solving for Id and Iq yields:
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = ---------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) X d U sin
I q = ---------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
The angle that I legs E0 is:
Id
= tanh ----Iq
The power factor angle (or torque angle) that I legs U, is:
= +
27-162 RMxprt Machine Types
The input power (electric power) can now be computed from voltage and current as:
P 1 = 3UI cos
The output power (mechanical power) is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cu + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCu, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, armature copper loss, and iron-core loss,
respectively.
The output mechanical power (torque) T2 is:
P2
T 2 = -----
where is the synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency is computed by:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
The motor is started the same way as for an induction motor, by using a squirrel-cage-type winding
-- called a damper winding in this case -- that is mounted on the rotor, producing the starting torque.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
8.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Pole entry in the project tree to define the pole, embrace,
offset, and air gap data for the rotor pole.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
9.
Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
RMxprt Machine Types 27-163
data.
10. Choose File>Save to save the project.
11. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
2.
3.
4.
To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6.
Use the Stator Data, Stator Slot Data, and Stator Winding Data windows to define the stator
data, such as physical dimensions of the lamination, windings, and conductors.
To define the general stator data:
1. To open the Stator Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Stator entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
2. Enter the Outer Diameter of the stator.
3.
4.
5.
Enter the effective magnetic length of the core in the Stacking Factor field.
6.
b.
c.
7.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
Enter the Number of Slots in the stator.
8.
Note
c.
9.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
Number of Slots
Slot Type
Skew Width
To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3.
Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
Enter the available slot dimensions.
4.
Hs0
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel
Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Synchronous Motor
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
Select the Winding Type for the stator:
a.
b.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Note
c.
Editor
When you place the mouse cursor over the winding type, a schematic of that type
appears.
Click OK to close the Winding Type window and return to the Properties window.
5.
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
6.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
7.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
8.
9.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
c.
Select a wire gauge from the Gauge pull-down menu. You can select from the following
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
Stator
Coil
End of Stator
Stator
Pole
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
End/
Insulation
tab
Duct Width
Magnetic spacer
width
Width of magnetic spacer which hold vent ducts. 0 for non-magnetic spacer.
Duct pitch
Vent ducts.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the effective magnetic length of the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field. This value
ranges from 0 to 1 and is defined as the total length minus the total lamination insulation,
divided by the total length. A value of 1 indicates that the rotor is not laminated.
7.
the mouse over each option, the diagram changes to show that pole type.
Note
c.
8.
When you place the mouse cursor over a pole type, an outline of the selected circuit type
appears.
Click OK to close the Select Pole Type window and return to the Properties window.
Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
Enter one or more of the following magnet duct dimensions, depending on the pole type
selected: O1, O2, B1.
For all pole types except number 8, enter the width of the rib supporting the bridge in the Rib
field.
Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole:
a. Click Magnet Type button.
b.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
6.
Enter the total width of all magnets per pole in the Magnet Width field.
7.
Enter the maximum radial thickness of the magnet in the Magnet Thickness field.
8.
Damper slot type. Click the field button open the Slot selection window and
select one of the four types.
Cast Rotor.
Bar conductor
type
Click the field button to open the Materials Selection window to specify the
material for the bar conductor.
End Length
Click the field button to open the Materials Selection window to specify the
material for the end ring conductor.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
To open the Solution Setup window, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add
Solution Setup.
2.
Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
type.
3.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
4.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5.
6.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8.
9.
General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this
machine type.
General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque,
Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
units.
Line-Start PM Synchronous Motor tab. Select Wye or Delta from the
Winding Connection pull-down list.
Related Topics:
RMxprt Machine Types 27-177
Universal Motors
After you have selected Universal Motors as your model type, enter the motor data to define the
following:
General data, such as the number of poles, frictional loss, and reference speed.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, laminations, and windings
and conductors.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator dimensions and brush length.
Stator pole and winding data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and wire
definitions.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
U = ZI = ( R a + R f + R b )I + j ( L a + L f + 2M af )I + e ( G aa + G af )I
where, Ra, Rf, and Rb are the armature resistance, field winding resistance, and the brush contact
resistance, respectively. La, Lf, and Maf are the armature self inductance, field winding self inductance, and their mutual inductance, respectively, and are linearized nonlinear parameters. Gaa and
Gaf are the coefficients of motion induced voltages by the armature and field winding currents,
respectively, and are also linearized nonlinear parameters. is the radian frequency, and e the
RMxprt Machine Types 27-179
rotor speed in electric rad/s. Z is equivalent input impedance. When the brush axis is aligned with
q-axis:
M af = G aa = 0
For a given rotor speed e, armature current can be computed based on the applied voltage U, as:
U
I = ---Z
The input power (electric power) is directly computed from voltage and current as:
P 1 = UI cos
The output power (mechanical power) is:
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P b + P
+ P Fe )
cuf
where Pfw, Pb, Pcua, Pcuf, and PFe are frictional and wind loss, brush drop loss, armature copper
loss, field winding copper loss, and iron-core loss, respectively.
The output mechanical shaft torque T2 is:
P2
T 2 = -----
The efficiency is computed by:
P2
eff = ------ 100
P1
Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree to define the stator pole
dimensions.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Commutator entry in the project tree to define the commutator
and brush data.
10. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
11. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
12. Choose File>Save to save the project.
13. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the Universal Motor Problem application note, on the technical support page of the Ansoft
web site, for a specific example.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6.
The General Data Properties window for a three-phase induction motor contains the following
fields:
The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design
(Switched Reluctance Motor).
Number of Poles Number of poles for this machine.
Frictional Loss
The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Wind Loss
The wind loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Machine Type
Enter the overall width of the stator outer profile in the Overall Width field.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
7.
8.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
Length
Stacking Factor
Steel Type
For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
2.
Enter the ratio of the actual arc distance in relation to the maximum possible arc distance in the
Embrace field. This value is between 0 and 1.
3.
Enter the distance from the center of the stator to the magnet arc center in the Offset field.
Magnet
Radius Rotor OD
Radius
Offset
4.
5.
6.
7.
Enter the poles hole radius in the R1 field. If there is no hole in the design, enter 0.
8.
9.
Enter the radius of the poles center side fillet arcs in the R3 field.
10. Enter the radius of the shoe connecting arc in the R4 field. To auto-design this dimension,
enter 0. For a linear connection, enter 0.
27-184 RMxprt Machine Types
11. Enter the inner radius of the screw hole between the two poles in the R5 field. If there is no
hole in the design, enter 0.
12. Enter the outer radius of the screw hole between the two poles in the R6 field. If there is no
hole in the design, enter 0.
13. Click OK to close the Properties window.
stator.
End
Adjustment
Stator
Coil
End of Stator
Stator
Pole
4.
Enter the number of parallel branches in the stator winding in the Parallel Branches field.
5.
Enter the number of turns per stator pole in the Turns per Pole field. To auto-design the number of turns, enter 0.
6.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
7.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
8.
c.
Select a wire gauge from the Gauge pull-down menu. You can select from the following
options:
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
9.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
10. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
11. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
4.
5.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-187
6.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
To open the Rotor Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Rotor entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
2.
Enter the stacking factor for the rotor core in the Stacking Factor field. This value relates to
the effective magnetic length of the core, and ranges from 0 to 1. It is defined as the total length
3.
minus the total insulation from the laminations, divided by the total length. A value of 1 indicates that the rotor is not laminated.
Enter the number of slots in the rotor core in the Number of Slots field.
4.
b.
Click a button to select the desired pole type (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Though slots 3 and 4 are
visually similar, they differ in how the edges are constructed. Slot 3 has a tapered edge
leading from the slot opening to the main slot body. Slot 4 has a rounded edge at the same
location, where the quantity Hr1 defines the radius of the corner slot. TIP: When you run
the mouse over each option, the diagram changes to show that pole type.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
5.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor core in the Outer Diameter field.
6.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor core in the Inner Diameter field.
7.
8.
9.
Enter the number of slots in the skew width in the Skew Width field.
Enter the available slot dimensions. The following dimensions may be listed, depending on the
Slot Type selected and depending on whether or not Auto Design is selected.:
Hs0
Hs1
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
4.
Always available.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Always available. Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
Rs
4.
Lap
Wave
Frog Leg
Enter the number of windings in the Multiplex Number field (1 for a single winding, 2 for
double windings, 3 for triple windings). For a lap winding, the multiplex number is the number
of commutators between the start and end of one winding, and the number of parallel branches
is equal to the number of poles multiplied by the multiplex number. For a wave winding, the
5.
Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conductors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note
6.
7.
8.
9.
For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-193
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
27-194 RMxprt Machine Types
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type
End/
Insulation
tab
The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer
The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection
Full.
3.
Note
4.
5.
6.
When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
b.
b.
Enter the thickness of the insulation between two consecutive commutator segments in the
Commutator Insulation field.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-197
7.
8.
9.
10. Enter the number of brush pairs when using a wave armature winding in the Brush Pairs field.
11. Enter the angle of displacement from the neutral axis, in mechanical degrees, in the Brush Displacement field.
Note
The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note
If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
Commutator
Length
Outer Diameter
Inner Diameter
Commutator
Insulation
27-198 RMxprt Machine Types
Brush tab
Brush Width
Brush Length
Brush Pairs
Brush
Displacement
Brush Drop
Brush Press
Frictional
Coefficient
2.
3.
To open the Shaft Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
Select or clear the Magnetic Shaft check box to specify whether or not the shaft is to be made
of magnetic material.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
The torque remains constant regardless of the speed. In this case, Tload =
Trated, given by the output power divided by the given rated speed.
The torque increases linearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated) where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
The load varies nonlinearly with speed. In this case, Tload = Trated * (n/
nrated)2 where Trated is given by the output power divided by the given rated
speed.
4.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the motor in the Rated Output Power field.
5.
6.
Enter the desired output speed of the motor at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8.
9.
General tab. The operation type is automatically set to Motor for this
machine type.
General tab. Select from Const Speed, Const Power, Const Torque,
Linear Torque, and Fan Load. The default is Const Power.
General tab. Type a value for the rated output voltage, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
units.
Universal Motor tab. Enter a frequency in the Frequency field, and select
the units.
Related Topics:
General DC Machines
After you have selected DC Machine as your model type, enter the motor data to define the following:
General data, such as the output power, rated voltage, speed, and machine type (motor or generator).
Stator data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and pole magnet specifications.
Stator field data, such as shoe and pole insulation, dimensions, and winding information.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, lamination, and wire specifications.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator type and dimensions and brush length.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
By option you can insert or remove the following to a DC machine.
Commutating data, added under the stator
Vent data, added under the rotor
Shunt data, added under the stator field.
Series data, added under the stator field.
improve commutating, commutating poles and winding can be equipped between two adjacent
main poles and compensating winding can be equipped under main poles.
The performance of a DC machine is computed by DC analysis.
U = E + ( Ub + R1 Ia )
where, Ub is the voltage drop of one-pair brushes, R1 is the total series resistance of the armature
branch, E is the back emf as given below:
E = C Ef I f + C Es I a
where CEf and CEs, which depend on the saturation of the magnetic field, are the back-emf coefficients in ohm.s/rad, is the rotor speed in mechanical rad/s, and If and Ia are the exciting currents of
the shunt and series windings, respectively.
For a given speed, armature current can be computed based on the terminal voltage U, as shown
below:
U U b C Ef I f
I a = -------------------------------------------------R 1 + C Es
The shaft torque is computed from:
T 2 = ( C Tf I f + C Ts I a ) I a T fw
where CTf and CTs are the torque coefficients in Nm/A^2 which are numerically the same as CEf
and CEs, respectively. Tfw is the frictional and wind torque. The output power (mechanical power)
is
P2 = T2
The input power (electrical power) is
P 1 = P 2 + ( P fw + P Cua + P b + P Fe )
where Pfw, PCua, Pb, and PFe are the frictional and wind loss, armature branch copper loss, brush
drop loss, iron-core loss and shunt winding copper loss, respectively. The efficiency is:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
U = E ( Ub + R1 Ia )
E = C Ef I f + C Es I a
The performance is analyzed as follows
U + U b C Ef I f
I a = --------------------------------------------------R 1 C Es
T 1 = ( ( C Tf I f + C Ts I a ) I a ) + T fw
P1 = T1
P 2 = P 1 ( P fw + P Cua + P b + P Fe )
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Double-click the Machine entry in the project tree to define the general data.
3.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole entry in the project tree to define the stator pole
dimensions.
5.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Field entry in the project tree to define the stator windings,
conductors, and insulation data.
6.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the general rotor geometry,
the pole data, and the insulation data.
7.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Slot entry in the project tree to define the rotor slot dimensions.
8.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Winding entry in the project tree to define the rotor conductors and windings.
9. Double-click the Machine-Commutator entry in the project tree to define the commutator
and brush data.
10. Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
11. Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
12. Choose File>Save to save the project.
13. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field, a brief description of that field appears in
the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and a new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the DC Machine application note, on the technical support page of the Ansoft web site, for
a specific example of a problem using a DC machine. (IS THERE ONE?)
2.
To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3.
4.
5.
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
6.
Enter the minimum outer width for a polygon-type frame in the Frame Overall Width field.
4.
5.
6.
b.
c.
7.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
b.
c.
8.
Enter the length of the stator main pole in the Pole Length field.
9.
Enter the effective magnetic length for the stator main pole in the Pole Stacking Factor field.
b.
c.
Select a steel type from the list, or define a new steel type.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
11. Enter the thickness of the pole press boards in the Press Board Thickness field.
12. If the pole press board is made of magnetic material, then select the Magnetic Press Board
check box.
13. Click OK to close the Properties window.
To open the Stator Pole Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Pole
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
Note
For a two-pole machine, a pole embrace of 0.75 yields a magnet with a span of 135
degrees (based on 0.75*180 degrees).
2.
3.
Enter the inner diameter at the pole center in the Dmin field.
Enter the diameter at the pole tip in the Dmax field.
4.
Enter the width of the pole arc with a uniform air gap in the Bp0 field. For an eccentric air gap,
enter 0.
Enter the width of the pole tip in the Bp1 field.
Enter the maximum width of the pole shoe in the Bp2 field. This field is only available for a
Pole Type of 1.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Enter the minimum width of the pole shoe in the Bp3 field. This field is only available for a
Pole Type of 1.
Enter the size of the pole shoe fillet in the Rp0 field. THis field is only available for a Pole
Type of 2.
Enter the fillet between the pole shoe and the pole body in the Rp1 field. THis field is only
available for a Pole Type of 2.
Rp1
Hp
Bm
The fillet between the pole shoe and the pole body. For pole type 2.
The height of the pole shoe.
The width of the pole body.
To open the Stator Field Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Field entry in
the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the
desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
Enter the thickness of the insulation under the pole shoe in the Shoe Insulation field.
3.
Enter the thickness of the insulation at the pole body side in the Pole Insulation field.
4.
Enter the minimum gap in the Winding Clearance field. The winding clearance is one of the
following: the minimum gap between two field windings, or the minimum gap between a field
winding and a commutating winding.
Enter the thickness of the insulation between the shunt winding and the series winding in the
Winding Insulation field.
Select the type of exciting of the series winding to the shunt winding from the Compound
Exciting Mode pull-down list. The options are Cumulative and Differential.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
5.
6.
7.
Right click on the Field icon under the stator in the project tree to display the popup menu.
Click Insert Shunt.
Right click on the Field icon under the stator in the project tree to display the popup menu.
Click Remove Shunt.
The shut is removed from the project tree.
The Shunt data for a General DC Machine contains the following fields.
Winding type
Number of conductors per pole. 0 for auto-design. Odd number of strands for
the case where the input and output leads are on different sides.
Number of
strands
Wire wrap
Double side wire wrap thickness. 0 for auto-pickup in the wire library.
Wire size.
Axial Clearance
Axial gap between field winding and pole body on the inner coil.
Limited cross
width
Limited cross section width for winding design or arrangement. 0 for available
maximum area.
Limited cross
height
Winding fillet.
The Series data for a General DC Machine contains the following fields.
Winding type
Number of conductors per pole. 0 for auto-design. Odd number of strands for
the case where the input and output leads are on different sides.
Number of
strands
Wire wrap
Double side wire wrap thickness. 0 for auto-pickup in the wire library.
Wire size.
Axial Clearance
Axial gap between field winding and pole body on the inner coil.
Limited cross
width
Limited cross section width for winding design or arrangement. 0 for available
maximum area.
Limited cross
height
Winding fillet.
To access the data for compensating inserted to a General DC Machine, double click on the
Machine-Rotor-Compensating item in the project tree.
The Compensating properties window contains the following fields.
Slots per pole
Bc0
Hc0
Bc2
Hc2
Conductors per
slot
Number of
strands
Wire wrap
Double-side wire wrap thickness, 0 for auto pickup in the wire library
Rectangle wire
Wire size
Click the button to display the Wire Size window to specify the wire diameter
and gauge.
Slot liner
End adjustment
Pole height
Pole length
Shoe width
Shoe height
Length of the second air gap between the commutating pole and the frame.
Pole stacking
factor
Pole material
Steel type of the commutating poles. Click the button to display the Select
Definition window.
Pole insulation
Number of conductors per pole. 0 for auto-design. Odd number of strands for
the case where the input and output leads are on different sides.
Number of
strands
Wire wrap
Double side wire wrap thickness. 0 for auto-pickup in the wire library.
Wire size.
Axial Clearance
Axial gap between field winding and pole body on the inner coil.
Limited cross
width
Limited cross section width for winding design or arrangement. 0 for available
maximum area.
Limited cross
height
Winding fillet.
b.
c.
5.
6.
Enter the outer diameter of the rotor core in the Outer Diameter field.
7.
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor core in the Inner Diameter field.
8.
9.
10. Enter the thickness of the pole press boards in the Press Board Thickness field.
11. Enter the number of slots in the skew width in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Enter the available slot dimensions. The following dimensions may be listed, depending on the
Slot Type selected and depending on whether or not Auto Design is selected.:
Hs0
Hs1
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
4.
Always available.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel Tooth is selected, this
slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the Tooth Width field.
Always available.
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Rotor-Slot is selected).
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
Rs
4.
Lap
Wave
Frog Leg
Enter the number of windings in the Multiplex Number field (1 for a single winding, 2 for
double windings, 3 for triple windings). For a lap winding, the multiplex number is the number
of commutators between the start and end of one winding, and the number of parallel branches
is equal to the number of poles multiplied by the multiplex number. For a wave winding, the
5.
Enter the number of virtual slots per each real slot in the Virtual Slots field. The rotor is
assumed to have two layers of conductors, an upper and a lower layer. Each layer of conductors can have a number of windings, which are referred to as virtual slots.
Note
6.
7.
8.
9.
For example, the upper and lower layer can have two windings each, which would yield
a virtual slot number of two; for a 12 slot machine, this would yield 24 commutation
segments.
Enter the total number of conductors in each rotor slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers. This value is the total
number of conductors in one real full rotor slot.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automat-
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d.
When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
RMxprt Machine Types 27-217
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two rotor coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
27-218 RMxprt Machine Types
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Select the type of equalizer connection from the Equalizer Connection pull-down menu.
Select from None, Half, or Full.
22. Click OK to close the Properties window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
The Rotor Winding Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Winding tabWinding Type
End/
Insulation
tab
The type of rotor winding. Click the button to open the Winding
Type window and choose from Lap, Wave, and Frog Leg.
Limited Fill FactorThe limited slot fill factor for the wire design.
Equalizer
The connection type of the equalizer. Select from None, Half, or
Connection
Full.
Duct Width
Magnetic Spacer Width of magnetic spacer which hold vent ducts. 0 for non-magnetic spacer.
Width
Duct Pitch
Vent ducts
Inner Hole
Diameter
Outer Hole
Diameter
Inner Hole
Location
Outer Hole
Location
Banding Slots
Note
4.
5.
When you place the mouse cursor over the commutator type, an outline of the
commutator appears.
b.
b.
6.
Enter the thickness of the insulation between two consecutive commutator segments in the
Commutator Insulation field.
7.
8.
9.
10. Enter the number of brush pairs when using a wave armature winding in the Brush Pairs field.
11. Enter the angle of displacement from the neutral axis, in mechanical degrees, in the Brush Dis27-222 RMxprt Machine Types
placement field.
Note
The brush displacement is positive for the counter-clockwise direction. For example, if
the rotor turns clockwise and the brush displacement is also clockwise, then the angle is
negative; if the rotor turns clockwise but the brush displacement is counter-clockwise,
then the angle is positive.
12. Enter the voltage drop across one brush pair in the Brush Drop field.
13. Enter the mechanical pressure of the brushes as they press against the commutator in the
Brush Press field.
14. Enter the Frictional Coefficient of the brush.
Note
If the Friction Loss field is used in the General window, the Brush Press and
Frictional Coefficient fields will be hidden in the Commutator/Brush window. These
fields are shown only when the Friction Loss field in the General window is set to zero.
Commutator
Length
Outer Diameter
Inner Diameter
Brush tab
Commutator
Insulation
Brush Width
Brush Length
Brush Pairs
Brush
Displacement
Brush Drop
Brush Press
Frictional
Coefficient
To open the Shaft Data Properties window, double-click the Machine>Shaft entry in the
project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop
without opening a separate window.)
2.
Select or clear the Magnetic Shaft check box to specify whether or not the shaft is to be made
of magnetic material.
3.
Select or clear the No Fan check box to specify whether or not the machine contains a ventilation fan.
If you cleared the No Fan check box, then do the following:
4.
5.
a.
Enter the outer diameter of the ventilation fan in the Fan Diameter field.
b.
Enter the width of the fan blades in the Blade Width field.
Fan Diameter
Blade Width
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material. When it is selected, the shaft is magnetic.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft has a
ventilation fan. When it is selected, no fan is being used. When it is cleared,
the design uses a fan, and two additional fields appear: Fan Diameter and
Blade Width.
The outer diameter of the ventilation fan.
The width of the ventilation fans blades.
To open the Solution Setup window, right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add
Solution Setup.
2.
Click the General tab. The Operation Type is automatically set to Motor for this machine
3.
type.
Select the Load Type used in the motor from the following options:
Const Speed
Const Power
Const Torque
Linear Torque
Fan Load
4.
5.
Enter the applied or output rated DC voltage in the Rated Voltage field.
6.
7.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8.
9.
Select one of the following from the Field Exciting Type pull-down list:
Separately Excited
Self Excited
Rated Output
Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Speed
Operating
Temperature
Field Exciting
Type
Determined by
Rated Speed
General tab. Type a value for the rated voltage, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the rated speed, and select the units.
General tab. Type a value for the operating temperature, and select the
units.
DC Machine tab. Select Separately Excited or Self Excited from the pulldown list.
Select this check box to automatically calculate the Exciting Voltage and
the Series Resistance from the Rated Speed, rather than entering the
values.
Exciting Voltage Enter a voltage value in the field, and select the units from the pull-down
list.
Series Resistance Enter a resistance value in the field, and select the units from the pull-down
list.
Related Topics:
Claw-Pole Alternators
After you have selected Claw-Pole Alternators as your model type, enter the motor data to define
the following:
General data, such as the output power, rated voltage, and speed.
Stator data.
Stator slot data.
Stator winding data.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, and lamination.
Rotor pole data.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
jI Xaq
E0
jI X1
jI d Xad
jI q Xaq
IR1
U
Iq
Id
If a claw-pole alternator is equipped with a permanent magnet, the d-axis armature reactance Xad
and q-axis armature reactance Xaq are about constant. Otherwise, Xad is a linearized nonlinear
parameter, and Xaq is a linear parameter. The d-axis synchronous reactance Xd and q-axis synchronous reactance Xq are calculated directly from the following:
X d = X 1 + X ad
X q = X 1 + X aq
Rotor Equipped with an Excitation Winding
If the rotor is equipped with an excitation winding, the exciting current can be adjusted, and the dand the q-axis currents are obtained based on the following process.
Take the input voltage U as the reference phasor, let the power factor angle be f, then the current
phasor is
The phasor represented by OM can be expressed as
OM = U + I ( R 1 + jX q )
The phasor represented by OM can be used to determine the direction of E0.
Let
denote the power angle (the angle that U lags E0), then the angle that I lags E0 is
= +
The d- and the q-axis currents are obtained as follows
I d = I sin
I q = I cos
In the phasor diagrams, the phasor length ON represents the d-axis back emf due to the d-axis
resultant flux linkage and is used to determine the d-axis field saturation. From the no-load characteristic curve of the magnetic circuit, E0, Xad and the excitation current If can be determined based
on the frozen method.
For a given power angle (the angle that U lags E0), we have
I d X d + I q R 1 = ( U cos E 0 )
I d R 1 + I q X q = U sin
Solving for Id and Iq yields.
X q ( U cos E 0 ) R 1 U sin
I d = ---------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
R 1 ( U cos E 0 ) + X d U sin
I q = ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
R 1 + Xd Xq
Let the angle that I lags E0 be , we have
Id
= tanh ----Iq
The power factor angle f (the angle that I lags U) is
=
Power and Efficiency
The output electric power is
P 2 = 3UI cos
P 1 = P 2 + P fw + P Cua + P Fe + P Cuf
where Pfw, PCua, PFe, , and PCuf are the frictional and wind, the armature copper, the iron-core,
the excitation winding copper (if an excitation winding is equipped) losses, respectively.
The input mechanical torque is
P1
T 1 = -----
where denotes the synchronous speed in rad/s.
The efficiency of the generator is:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
3.
Double-click the Machine-Stator entry in the project tree to define the stator geometry.
4.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot entry in the project tree to define the stator slot dimensions.
Double-click the Machine-Stator-Winding entry in the project tree to define the stator windings and conductors.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor entry in the project tree to define the rotor geometry.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Double-click the Machine-Rotor-Pole entry in the project tree to define the pole, embrace,
offset, and air gap data for the rotor pole.
Double-click the Machine-Shaft entry in the project tree to define the magnetism of the shaft.
9.
Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and click Add Solution Setup to define the solution
data.
10. Choose File>Save to save the project.
11. Choose RMxprt>Analyze to analyze the design.
Note
When you place the cursor over an entry field in the data windows, a brief description of
that field appears in the status bar at the bottom of the RMxprt window.
Once analyzed, the model can be viewed in the Maxwell 2D Modeler, or it can be used to create a
new Maxwell 2D project, and new Maxwell 3D design.
Refer to the Claw-Pole Alternator Problem application note, on the technical support page of the
Ansoft web site, for a specific example of a permanent-magnet DC motor problem.
To open the General Data Properties window, double-click the Machine entry in the project
tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of the desktop without
opening a separate window.)
2.
Enter the number of poles for the machine in the Number of Poles field. This value is the total
number of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
3.
4.
Enter the energy loss due to friction at the given speed in the Frictional Loss field.
5.
6.
Enter the wind loss due to air resistance measured at the reference speed in the Wind Loss
field.
Enter the given speed in the Reference Speed field.
7.
4.
5.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field. This value is a ratio of
he effective magnetic length of the core, and ranges from 0 to 1. The stacking factor is defined
as the total length minus the total insulation from the laminations, divided by the total length.
A value of 1 indicates that the rotor is not laminated.
6.
7.
8.
Note
c.
9.
Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
Number of Slots
Slot Type
Skew Width
To open the Stator Slot Data Properties window, double-click the Machine-Stator-Slot
entry in the project tree on the desktop. (You can also enter values in the Properties section of
the desktop without opening a separate window.)
2.
Optionally, to automatically design the dimensions of slots Hs2, Bs1, and Bs2, select the Auto
Design check box.
3.
Optionally, to design dimensions of slots Bs1 and Bs2 based on the stator tooth width, select
the Parallel Tooth check box, and enter a value in the Tooth Width field.
Enter the available slot dimensions.
4.
Hs0
Hs2
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
Rs
5.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Available only when Auto Design and Parallel Tooth are both cleared. When Auto
Design is selected, this slot dimension is determined automatically. When Parallel
Tooth is selected, this slot dimension is determined based on the value entered in the
Tooth Width field.
Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
The Stator Slot Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Auto Design Select or clear this to enable or disable auto-design of slots Hs2, Bs1, and
Bs2. When this check box is selected, only two other fields appear in the
window: Hs0 and Bs0.
Parallel
Select this to design Bs1 and Bs2 based on the tooth width. When this
check box is selected, the Bs1 and Bs2 fields are removed, and the Tooth
Tooth
Width field is added.
Tooth Width The tooth width for the parallel tooth, on which Bs1 and Bs2 are designed.
Hs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Hs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs0
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs1
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Bs2
A slot dimension (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected).
Rs
A slot dimension. (see the diagram shown in the modeling window when
Machine-Stator-Slot is selected). Rs is added when the slot type is 3 or 4.
Enter the number of layers in the stator winding in the Winding Layers field.
4.
b.
5.
Whole Coiled
Half Coiled
Editor
Select or enter the number of parallel branches in one phase of the winding in the Parallel
Branches field.
6.
7.
Enter the total number of conductors in each stator slot in the Conductors per Slot field. This
value is the number of turns per coil multiplied by the number of layers.
Enter the coil pitch, measured in number of slots, in the Coil Pitch field. The coil pitch is the
number of slots separating one winding. For example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and ends in slot 6,
it has a coil pitch of 5.
8.
Enter the number of wires per conductor in the Number of Strands field. Enter 0 to have
RMxprt auto-design this value.
9.
Enter the thickness of the double-sided wire wrap in the Wire Wrap field. Enter 0 to automatically obtain this value from the wire library.
Insulation
Conductor
y
Wire Wrap = 2*y
You can select a specific gauge number. When you select a gauge number, the
<number> Wire Diameter field is automatically updated.
This option allows you to manually enter the Wire Diameter. This is useful when
USER you want to enter a diameter that does not correspond to a particular wire gauge.
This option sets the Wire Diameter to zero, and RMxprt automatically calculates
AUTO the optimal value. The diameter information is then written to the output file
when you analyze the design.
This option allows you to define a conductor that is made of different size wires.
MIXED For example, a single conductor may consist of 5 wires, 3 wires with a diameter
of 0.21mm and 2 with a diameter of 0.13mm.
The gauge number is based on AWG settings. You can create your own wire table using
Machine>Wire, and then you can select this wire table using the
Tools>Options>Machine Options command.
d. When you are done setting the wire size, click OK to close the Wire Size window and
return to the Properties window.
11. Click the End/Insulation tab.
12. Select or clear the Input Half-turn Length check box.
13. Do one of the following:
If you selected Input Half-turn Length, then enter the half-turn length of the armature
winding in the Half Turn Length field.
If you cleared Input Half-turn Length, then enter the end length adjustment of the stator
coils in the End Adjustment field. The end adjustment is the distance one end of the conductor extends vertically beyond the end of the stator.
End
Adjustment
End of Stator
Stator
Coil
14. Enter the inner radius of the base corner in the Base Inner Radius field.
15. Enter the inner diameter of the coil tip in the Tip Inner Diameter field.
16. Enter the distance between two stator coils in the End Clearance field.
17. Enter the thickness of the slot liner insulation in the Slot Liner field.
Slot
Insulation
18. Enter the thickness of the wedge insulation in the Wedge Thickness field.
19. Enter the thickness of the insulation layer in the Layer Insulation field.
20. Enter the limited slot fill factor for the wire design in the Limited Fill Factor field.
21. Click OK to close the Properties window.
When you are satisfied with the coil settings, click OK to close the Winding Editor window.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each size wire you want to add.
When you are finished defining the wires, click OK to close the Wire Size window and return
to the RMxprt Properties window.
Note
For example, if one conductor is made up of 5 wires, and 3 of those wires have a
diameter of 0.21mm, and the other 2 have a diameter of 0.13mm, then the mixed wire
size table will have two lines. The first line will list Diameter = 0.21 and Number = 3.
The second line will list Diameter = 0.13 and Number = 2. An equivalent wire diameter
is displayed as Wire Size value in the Winding tab in the Properties window.
Conductors per
Slot
Coil Pitch
Number of
Strands
Wire Wrap
End/
Insulation
tab
Enter the inner diameter of the rotor in the Inner Diameter field.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Enter the diameter of the rotor yoke in the Yoke Diameter field.
Click OK to close the Properties window.
Some of the fields in the Rotor Pole window change, or are inactive, depending on the
Rotor Type you select.
Enter the pole thickness at the pole root in the Root Thickness field.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Select the type of magnet to use in the rotor pole from the Magnet Type pull-down menu.
10. If a magnet is being used, enter its length in the Magnet Length field.
11. Enter the width of the second air gap in the Second Air Gap field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
The Rotor Pole Data Properties window contains the following fields:
Tip Embrace
Root Embrace
Tip Thickness
Root Thickness
Pole Length
Slot Depth
Shoe Thickness
Magnet Type
Magnet Length
Second Air Gap
The pole embrace at the pole tip. Must be > 0 and < 1.
The pole embrace at the pole root. Must be > 0 and < 2.
The pole thickness at the pole tip.
The pole thickness at the pole root.
The length of the pole.
The slot depth.
The shoe thickness.
The type of magnet. Click the button to open the Select Definition window.
For all pole types.
The length of the magnet (if a magnet is used).
The width of the second air gap.
Select or clear this check box to indicate whether or not the shaft is made of
magnetic material.
3.
Select the Load Type used in the machine from the following options:
Infinite Bus
Independent
Generator
4.
Enter the output power developed at the shaft of the generator in the Rated Output Power
field.
5.
6.
Enter the desired output speed of the alternator at the load point in the Rated Speed field.
7.
Enter the temperature at which the system functions in the Operating Temperature field.
8.
9.
10. To enter an Input Exciting Current, select the check box, enter a value, and select the units.
11. Click OK to close the Solution Setup window.
Related Topics:
Select this check box, enter a value, and select the units. If this check box is
cleared, the value will be calculated automatically rather than entered.
Related Topics:
General data, such as the number of poles, frictional loss, and reference speed.
Rotor data, such as the slot types and dimensions, rotor diameter, laminations, and windings
and conductors.
Commutator and brush data, such as the commutator dimensions and brush length.
Stator pole and winding data, such as its associated pole dimensions, type of steel, and wire
definitions.
Shaft data.
Solution data.
Also see Analysis Approach for the Three-Phase Non-Salient Synchronous Machine
f = ( pn ) 60
where p is the number of pairs of poles, and n is the mechanical speed of the rotor in rpm, which is
called the synchronous speed. The machine is capable of producing both the active and the reactive
power as required by the load connected at the stator terminal.
Usually the frequency-domain phasor diagram is adopted to analyze the characteristics. The phasor
diagrams for a generator and a motor are shown.
Generator
Motor
In the figure, R1, X1, and Xa are the armature resistance, the armature leakage reactance, and the
armature reactance, respectively. In a non-salient-pole synchronous machine, Xad Xaq and they
are both expressed by Xa. Taking the input voltage U as the reference phasor, for a given current:
I = I
where is the angle I lags U , which is called the power factor angle.
The internal back EMF induced by the resultant air gap field considering the effects of armature
reaction Ei can be derived from:
U + ( R 1 + jX 1 ) I
Ei =
U ( R 1 + jX 1 ) I
for Generator
for motor
Based on Ei, the resultant air gap flux considering the effects of armature reaction can be computed, and therefore, the magnetic circuit can be solved. With solved magnetic saturation factor,
saturated Xa is derived, and therefore, the no-load induced voltage E0 with the same magnetic saturation (frozen magnetic circuit) can be calculated from:
E + ( jX a ) I
i
E0 =
E i ( jX a ) I
for Generator
for motor
Let the angle U legs E0 be , which is called the power angle for the generator or the torque angle
for the motor, then the angle I lags E0 is
= +
The d- and the q-axis currents can be obtained respectively as follows:
I =
Id
= I sin
Iq
cos
Based on the magnetic circuit solution and E0, Xa and the excitation current If can be determined
based on the frozen method.
1. For the generator:
The output power (electric power) is directly computed from the voltage and the current as:
P 2 = 3UI cos
P1
T 1 = -----
where denotes the synchronous speed in rad/s.
2. For the motor:
The input power (electric power) is directly computed from the voltage and the current as:
P 1 = 3UI cos
The output power (mechanical power) is defined as:
P2
T 2 = -----
The efficiency is computed for both the generator and the motor by:
P2
= ------ 100 %
P1
Related Topics:
Solution data, such as specifying motor or generator application, and rated output voltage and
frequency.
You may also use the following options:
Add vents to and remove existing vents from the stator.
The Properties window for a three-phase non-salient synchronous machine contains the following
fields to be entered:
The machine type you selected when inserting a new RMxprt design (Three
Phase Non-Salient Synchronous Machine).
Number of Poles The number of poles the machine contains. This value is the total number
of poles in the stator (or the number of pole pairs multiplied by two).
Frictional Loss
The frictional energy loss (due to friction) measured at the reference speed.
Windage Loss
The windage loss (due to air resistance) measured at the reference speed.
Reference Speed The given speed of reference.
Machine Type
Related Topics:
3.
4.
5.
6.
Enter the stacking factor for the stator core in the Stacking Factor field.
Select a Steel Type for the stator core:
a.
b.
c.
Click OK to close the Select Definition window and return to the Properties window.
7.
8.
b.
Select a slot type (available types include 1 through 6). Slot types 1 though 4 are filled
with round wire. Slot types 5 and 6 are filled with rectangular wire. If Auto Design is
enabled, the software designs an optimum slot geometry; in this case, you can input the
tooth width dimension, and the software determines the slot width accordingly.
Note
c.
9.
When you place the mouse cursor over the slot type, a schematic of the selected type
appears, displaying the slot dimension variables.
Click OK to close the Select Slot Type window and return to the Properties window.
10. Enter the thickness of the magnetic pressboard in the Pressboard Thickness field. Enter 0 for
a non-magnetic pressboard.
11. Enter the skew width, measured in slot number, in the Skew Width field.
12. Click OK to close the Properties window.
Related Topics:
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Bs0
Bs1
Bs2
4.
Always available.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Available only when Auto Design is cleared. When Auto Design is selected, this
slot dimension is determined automatically.
Related Topics:
Coil Pitch
Number of Strands
Wire Wrap
Wire Size
Related Topics:
Winding Editor
For a non-salient synchronous motor, you may want to specify a different number of conductors for
each stator slot. The Winding Editor makes this possible by enabling you to specify the number of
turns for each coil. To enable the Winding Editor, you must have set the Winding Property for
the Winding Type to Editor.
To access the Vent properties for a vent, double click on a vent item. The Vent Properties window
contains the following fields.
Vent Ducts
Duct Width
Magnetic spacer
width
Width of magnetic spacer which holds vent ducts. O for non-magnetic spacer.
Duct pitch.
In the Slot tab, define the available rotor slot dimensions as illustrated . There are in total six types
of slots that are available:
Type 1 Slot
Type 2 Slot
Type 5 Slot
Type 3 Slot
Type 6 Slot
Type 4 Slot
Related Topics:
The vent icon appears in the project tree under the rotor.
To remove a vent to stator in a three-phase induction motor.
1.
2.
The Vent data for the NSSM rotor includes the following fields.
Surface Ducts
Axial Ducts
In the tab sheet Shaft, select or clear the check box Magnetic Shaft to specify whether or not
the shaft is to be made of the magnetic material.
Click OK to close the Properties dialog box.
Rated Voltage
The RMS line-to-line voltage.
Rated Speed
The desired synchronous speed.
Operating Temperature The temperature at which the system functions, and select the units.
The Operating Temperature will affect all winding resistances and
therefore affect all ohmic losses.
3.
4.
View Performance
To view the solutions:
Click RMxprt>Results>Solution Data to display the information box Solutions. It has three tab
sheets.
In the tab sheet Performance, from the pull-down list Data, as shown in Figure 12.15, you have 13
different data tables for the line start permanent magnet motor, which can be used to define Output
Variables for design optimization:
RMxprt Machine Types 27-257
General Data
Stator Data
Stator Winding Data
Rotor Data
Field Winding Data
Some Factors and Material Consumption
Unsaturated Steady State Parameters
No Load Magnetic Data
Full Load Magnetic Data
Full Load Electric Data
Transient Parameters and Time Constants
Transient FEA Input Data
Note
To print the Design Sheet: Right click the Design Sheet, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
View Curves
In the tab sheet Curves, from the pull-down list Name, you have 10 curves as shown:
Note
To print the plots from the Curve: Right click on the plot, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
Create Reports
1.
2.
Under the tab sheet Trace, there are Variables, Output Variables, Current, Misc, Percentage, and Power under the Category column. Select one from the Category column, select the
traces that belong to it from the Quantity column, and click the button Add Trace to add them
one by one. Finally click the button New report to create the plot. You can always add additional curves to the same plot by repeating the process.
3.
Double click the icon Results>XY Plot1 to display the graph with multiple traces in a new
window.
Note
To print the plots from the Curves: Right click on the plot, select Print from the shortcut
menu, select the printer and other parameters from the dialog box Print, and click OK to
print.
To get a screen shot of from the Curves: Right click ont the plot, select Copy Image,
then paste to a destination file.
Model Setup
1.
2.
Model Depth
Click Maxwell 2D>Design Setting in Maxwell2D and click Set Model Depth tab to
review the Model Depth: 3590 mm.
Motion Type
Double click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Model>MotionSetup1 in the Project Manager window.
In the Type tab you can review the Motion Type being set as Rotation, and the Moving Vector as Positive Global: Z.
3.
4.
5.
Initial Position
In the Data tab of the Motion Setup panel you can review the Initial Position being set as 100
deg with Rotate Limit unchecked. The rotor initial position is set to such a position that the
initial flux linkage of the phase-A winding is at its negative maximum value.
Mechanical Load
In the Mechanical tab of the Motion Setup panel you can review the Angular Velocity being
set as 3000 rpm with Consider Mechanical Transient unchecked.
Symmetry Multiplier
Right click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Model in the Project Manager window, and select Set
Geometry Multiplier in the pop-up panel, you can review that the Symmetry Multiplier is
set as 2.
Boundary Setup
1.
2.
3.
Material Assignment
In the Maxwell2D modeler windows history tree, you can see that all stator and rotor coil terminals
are assigned to material copper by default. Band, InnerRegion and OuterRegion are assigned as
vacuum as shown:
Two new materials called DW540_50_SF0.932, and DW540_50_SF0.946 are automatically created for Stator and Rotor, based on the original material of DW540_50 used in RMxprt and the
equivalent stacking factors of 0.932 and 0.946. Shaft is also assigned as DW540_50_SF0.946,
because the shaft is defined as magnetic in RMxprt.
Excitation Setup
1.
Windings
Click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Excitations>PhaseA in the Project Manager window, all
objects assigned to this phase are highlighted in the modeler window. In the Properties window, you can review all winding properties: Voltage for Winding Type; Stranded for
IsSolid; 0.00226117 ohms for Resistance; 8.87325e-005 H for Inductance; 1 for Number of
Parallel Branches; 11267.7 * sin(2*pi*50*time-43.4944*pi/180) for Voltage, where 50 is the
frequency in Hz, 11267.7 is the phase peak voltage in Volts, pi is a predefined constant, and
time is a predefined variable for time. By using sin function instead of cos function, the
applied voltage and back EMF are in phase. Therefore, a phase shift in the applied voltage
source will be the power angle of the motor. 43.4944 degrees is the power angle at full load
operation. The values for resistance, inductance and number of parallel branches are obtained
from the TRANSIENT FEA INPUT DATA section in RMxprt design sheet.
Clicking on PhaseB, PhaseC, or Field, you can review all objects assigned to this winding in
the modeler window, and winding properties in the Properties window.
2.
Coil Terminals
A winding consists of several coil terminals, and two coil terminals represent a coil in a complete 2D model. Since we are working with only one-half of the motor structure, one coil terminal can represent one complete coil with master/slave boundary conditions provided. A coil
terminal has properties of Number of Conductors and Polarity Type. Number of Conductors is the number of turns per coil, and it is equal to the Number of Turns given in RMxprt
divided by number of coils per phase. Polarity Type defines the direction of the current in the
coil; it can be either positive or negative. Expand a winding and click on a coil terminal, you
can review the object corresponding to this coil terminal in the modeler window and all coil
terminal properties in the Properties window. In this example, Number of Conductors of A,
B, and C coil terminals is assigned as 1, and it is 12 for the Field windings. Click on PhaseB,
RMxprt Machine Types 27-267
PhaseC, or Field, you can review all objects assigned to this winding in the modeler window,
and winding properties in the properties window.
3.
Solution Setup
Click on Maxwell2DDesign1>Analysis>Setup1 in the Project Manager window, you can review
its properties in the Properties window: 0.2s for Stop time, that is 10 periods; 0.0002s for Time step
with 100 steps per period.
values. Click on the X box (or the vertical line), and drag it to some place where you see the steadystate peak value of a phase current as shown:
A n s30o ft.0 0C o rp o ra t io n
M a xw e ll2 D D e s ig n 1
W i nd i ng Q u i c k R e p o r t
C u rve I n fo
C u rr en t (P h as e A )
S e t u p 1 : T r an s i e nt
C u rr en t (P h as e B )
S e t u p 1 : T r an s i e nt
C u rr en t (P h as e C )
S e t u p 1 : T r an s i e nt
20 .0 0
13 .7 7 17
Y 1 [ A]
10 .0 0
0 .0 0
- 7.2 36 6
- 9.1 10 0
- 10 .0 0
- 20 .0 0
- 30 .0 0
0. 00
50 .00
10 0 .0 0
T im e [m s ]
15 0.0 0
M X 1: 1 50 .86 0 7
2 00 .0 0
Add X makers in Torque Quick Report to indicate the steady-state maximum and minimum values
of torque as shown below. The average torque can be approximately obtained from the maximum
and minimum values as Tav = (Tmax + Tmin) / 2 = (10.63 + 7.33) / 2 = 8.98 Nm.
Torque
Ansoft Corporati on
25.00
Maxwell2DDesign1
Curve Info
20.00
Moving1.Torque [NewtonMeter]
15.00
10.6253
10.00
7.3317
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
Time [ms]
150.00
200.00
MX1: 127.3865
MX2: 111.4241
Index
A
aborting analyses 6-2
adjustable-speed permanentmagnet synchronous
motors
general data 9-54
general procedure 9-53
stator data 9-57, 9-182, 9205
winding type 9-62
analyses
re-solving 6-3
starting 6-1
stopping 6-2
auto-save file 1-5
B
BH-curve
for permanent magnets 415
brush data
DC motors 9-89, 9-197, 9222
brushless permanent-magnet
DC motors
C
clean stop 6-2
commutator 9-89, 9-197, 9-222
commutator type
cylinder 9-89, 9-197, 9-222
pancake 9-89, 9-197, 9-222
creating a quick report 7-21
creating motor or generator models models
2-2
creating new projects 1-3
cylinder commutator type 9-89, 9-197, 9222
D
data tables
creating 7-12
dataset expressions
adding 2-23
using 2-27
datasets
adding 2-23
modifying 2-23
Design Settings in RMxprt 2-3
design variables
See local variables 2-22
designs
in project tree 1-15
setting up 8-1
desktop
menu bar 1-10
overview 1-8
status bar 1-13
toolbars 1-12
display types
of reports 7-10
E
exciter efficiency 9-120
exporting winding data 8-42
expressions
dataset 2-27
defining 2-24
including in functions 2-23
intrinsic functions in 2-25
piecewise linear functions in 2-27
valid operators 2-24
F
file formats
.q3dx 1-7
.q3dxresults 1-7
files
auto-save 1-5
Q3D Extractor 1-7
functions
defining 2-23
reserved names in Q3D Extractor 2-23
selecting for a quantity 7-15
valid operators 2-24
I
intrinsic functions 2-25
L
line-start permanent-magnet synchronous
motors 9-161
defining motors 9-163
functionality 9-161
general data 9-164
general procedure 9-163
stator data 9-164
stator data
windings 9-167
stator windings 9-167
Index-2
local variables
adding 2-22
units in definition 2-22
M
magnetic coercivity
in permanent magnets 4-15
magnetic retentivity
in permanent magnets 4-15
material browser
accessing 4-1
materials
assigning to objects 4-1
mathematical functions
See functions 2-23
menu bar
overview 1-10
menus
shortcut menus 1-11
Message window
about 1-17
displaying 1-17
N
new projects
creating 1-3
notes
saving with project 1-7
O
opening
existing projects 1-4
recent projects 1-4
opening projects in RMxprt 1-3
optimization analysis
choosing variables to optimize 2-28
output variables
deleting 7-5
specifying 7-4
Index-3
P
pancake commutator type 9-89, 9-197, 9222
parameterizing
See variables 2-21
parameters
assigning variables to 2-27
permanent magnets
linear vs. nonlinear 4-15
nonlinear 4-15
permanent-magnet DC motors
brush displacement 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
brush voltage drop 9-90, 9-198, 9-223
commutator and brush data 9-89, 9197, 9-222
brush pairs 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
brush width 9-90, 9-198, 9-222
commutator diameter 9-89, 9-197,
9-222
commutator insulation 9-89, 9-197,
9-222
commutator type 9-89, 9-197, 9222
commutatorlength 9-89, 9-197, 9222
mechanical pressure of brushes 990, 9-198, 9-223
general data 9-77, 9-231
rotor data 9-81, 9-240
rotor slots 9-241
piecewise linear functions
dataset expressions in 2-27
using in expressions 2-27
pole embrace (DC motors) 9-71, 9-141
post processing
overview of options 7-1
primary sweep
modifying the variable 7-14
specifying for 2D rectangular plots 7-10
specifying for 3D rectangular plot 7-12
specifying for data tables 7-12
Q
quantities
plotting S-parameter 7-19
quick report 7-21
R
rectangular plots
creating 2D 7-10
creating 3D 7-11
reports
adding traces 7-13
creating 7-9
creating 2D rectangular plots 7-10
creating 3D rectangular plots 7-11
S
saving projects 1-4
active projects 1-5
automatically 1-5
new projects 1-4
saving copies 1-5
secondary sweep
modifying the variable 7-14
specifying for 3D rectangular plot 7-11
selecting a machine type 1-3
sensitivity analysis
choosing variables to include 2-28
setting up designs 8-1
setting up projects 8-1
Settings
Design 2-3
setups
solution 5-1
shortcut menus
overview 1-11
simulations
re-solving 6-3
starting 6-1
stopping 6-2
single-phase induction motors
defining the motor 9-25
general data 9-26
rotor data 9-41, 9-44
Index-4
T
three-phase induction motors
defining rotor slots 9-18
defining rotor vents 9-19
defining stator conductors 9-8
defining stator windings 9-8
defining the motor 9-4
general data 9-4
friction and wind loss 9-5, 9-26, 954, 9-78, 9-124, 9-150, 9164, 9-181, 9-205, 9-231
Index-5
motor speed 9-21, 9-45, 9-74, 992, 9-119, 9-144, 9-159, 9177, 9-200, 9-225, 9-243
motor voltage 9-21, 9-45, 9-74, 992, 9-119, 9-144, 9-159, 9177, 9-200, 9-225, 9-243
output power 9-21, 9-45, 9-74, 992, 9-119, 9-144, 9-159, 9177, 9-200, 9-225, 9-243
type of load 9-21, 9-45, 9-74, 9-91,
9-119, 9-144, 9-159, 9177, 9-199, 9-225, 9-243
winding connection 9-22
rotor data 9-16, 9-21, 9-70, 9-73, 9-91,
9-118, 9-140, 9-143, 9-157, 9158, 9-173, 9-176, 9-188, 9199, 9-212, 9-224, 9-242
end ring 9-19, 9-43
stator data 9-5
conductor length adjustment 9-13,
9-36, 9-37, 9-66, 9-86, 9108, 9-136, 9-154, 9-169,
9-194, 9-218, 9-236
conductors 9-8
inner diameter 9-5, 9-17, 9-28, 941, 9-57, 9-70, 9-78, 9-81,
9-97, 9-112, 9-127, 9-140,
9-153, 9-158, 9-165, 9173, 9-182, 9-189, 9-213,
9-232, 9-240
outer diameter 9-5, 9-17, 9-28, 941, 9-57, 9-70, 9-78, 9-81,
9-97, 9-112, 9-127, 9-140,
9-153, 9-158, 9-165, 9173, 9-182, 9-189, 9-205,
9-213, 9-232, 9-240
parallel branches 9-11, 9-65, 9106, 9-135, 9-155, 9-168,
9-186, 9-234
slot type 9-6, 9-16, 9-29, 9-41, 957, 9-81, 9-98, 9-127, 9165, 9-232
slots 9-6, 9-16, 9-29, 9-41, 9-57, 9-
U
units
as part of variable definitions 2-21, 222, 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-27, 228, 2-29
universal motors
defining motors 9-180
functionality 9-179
general data 9-181
general procedure 9-180
user interface
overview 1-8
V
validation check 2-6
variables
adding local variables 2-22
adding project variables 2-21, 2-22, 223, 2-24, 2-25, 2-27, 2-28, 2-29
Index-6
W
winding data
exporting 8-42
Index-7