Kinematics

deals only with relationships

acceleration, and time.

among position, velocity,

A body in motion can be considered a particle if rotation of the body is absent or insignificant. A particle
does not possess rotational kinetic energy. All parts of
a particle have the same instantaneous displacement,
velocity, and acceleration.
A rigid body does not deform when loaded and can be
considered a combination of two or more particles that
remain at a fixed, finite distance from each other. At
any given instant, the parts (particles) of a rigid body
can have different displacements, velocities, and accelerations if the body has rotational as well as translational
motion.

a
9
r

acceleration
gravitational
acceleration
position
radius
distance
time
velocity

ft/sec2

m/s2

ft/sec2
ft

m/s2
rn

ft

ft

sec
ft/sec

s
m/s

e
w

dr
dt
dv

d2r

dt

dt2

V=-

a=-=-

[position]

14.1

[velocity]

14.2

[acceleration]

14.3

RECTILINEAR MOTION

Symbols
0:

If r is the position vector of a particle, the instantaneous

velocity and acceleration are

angular acceleration
angular position
angular velocity

rad/sec''
rad
tad/see

rad/s2
rad
rad/s

Subscripts
0
initial
final
f
n
normal
r
radial
t
tangential
transverse

A rectilinear system is one in which particles move only

in straight lines. (Another name is linear system.) The
relationships among position, velocity, and acceleration
for a linear system are given by Eqs. 14.4 through 14.6.
s(t)

v(t)dt

JJ

a(t)de

14.4

v(t) = d:;t) = ja(t)dt

14.5

_ d2s(t)
dt2

14.6

( ) _ dv(t)
a t dt

Rectangular Coordinates

INTROOOCTIONTo"KINEMATICS
Dynamics is the study of moving objects. The subject is
. divided into kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics is the
study of a body's motion independent of the forces on
the body. It is a study of the geometry of motion without consideration of the causes of motion. Kinematics

_______________________________________

The position of a particle is specified with reference to

a coordinate. system. Three coordinates are necessary
to identify the position in three-dimensional space; in
two dimensions, two coordinates are necessary. A coordinate can represent a linear position, as in the rectangular coordinate 'system, or it can represent an angular
position, as in the polar system.
Professional Publuutions, lne.

Consider the particle shown in Fig. 14.1. Its position,

as well as its velocity and acceleration, can be specified in three primary forms: vector form, rectangular
coordinate form, and unit vector form.

out of the integrals in Eqs. 14.4 and 14.5. The initial

distance from the origin is so; the initial velocity is a
constant, va; and a constant acceleration is denoted ao.

Figure 14.1 Rectangular Coordinates

y

(x, y. z)

a(t)

v(t)

ao

s(t) = ao

J
JJ

14.10

dt = va

+ aot

dt

aot2

= So

v (t)
2

~ath

]4.1]

+ vat + -2-

v6 + 2ao(s

- so)

14.12
14.13

of particle

x
k

CURVILINEAR MOTION
z

The vector form of the particle's position is r, where

the vector r has both magnitude and direction. The
rectangular coordinate form is (x, y, z). The unit vector
form is

Curvilinear motion describes the motion of a particle

along a path that is not a straight line. Special examples
of curvilinear motion include plane circular motion and
projectile motion. For particles traveling along curvilinear paths, the position, velocity, and acceleration
may be specified in rectangular coordinates as they were
for rectilinear motion, or it may be more convenient to
express the kinematic variables in terms of other coordinate systems (e.g., polar coordinates).

0\

Transverse and Radial Components

r

= xi + yj + zk

14.7

The velocity and acceleration are the first two derivatives of the position vector, as shown in Eqs. 14.8
and 14.9.

v=-

dr
dt

= xi + yj + z k
dv

a=-=dt

14.8

d2r

In polar coordinates, the position of a particle is described by a radius, r, and an angle, B. The position
may also be expressed as a vector of magnitude r and
direction specified by unit vector er. Since the velocity
of a particle is not usually directed radially out from the
center of the coordinate system, it can be divided into
two components, called radial and transverse, which
are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the unit
radial vector. Figure 14.2 illustrates the radial and
transverse components of velocity ina polar coordinate
system, and the unit radial and unit transverse vectors,
er and ee, used in the vector forms of the motion equations.

dt2

=xi+jjj+ik

14.9
v = ;e;

[position]

14.14

[velocity)

]4. ]5

[acceleration]

/4./6

+ Veee

= fer + reee
Constant Acceleration
Acceleration is a constant in many cases, such as a free-

.falling body with constant acceleration g. If the acceleration is constant, the acceleration term can be taken

= (..r-r B02) er

+ (rB + 2rB)ee

Kinemati(s

Figure i4.2 Radial

;;d Tr~~5ve~5e Coordi~~te~

of a particle around a fixed circular path. The behavior of a rotating particle is defined by its angular position, B, angular velocity, w, and angular acceleration,
a. These variables are analogous to the s, v, and a
variables for linear systems .. Angular variables can be
substituted one-for-one in place of linear variables in
most equations.

path of
particle

\8

eQ~ __e~r
__ ~l

w=-

dB

dt

[angular position]

14.19

[angular velocity]

14.20

[angular acceleration]

14.21

dJ.JJ

a=-

dt
d2e

dt2

Tangential and Normal Components

14~3

A particle moving in a curvilinear path will have instantaneous linear velocity and linear acceleration. These
linear variables will be directed tangentially to the path,
and, therefore, are known as tangential velocity, Vt, and
tangential acceleration, at, respectively. The force that
constrains the particle to the curved path will generally
be directed toward the center of rotation, and the particle will experience an inward acceleration perpendicular to the tangential velocity and .acceleration, known
as the normal acceleration, an. The resultant acceleration, a, is the vector sum of the tangential and normal
accelerations. Normal and tangential components of acceleration are illustrated in Fig. 14.3. The vectors en
and et are normal and tangential to the path, respectively. p is the principal radius of curvature.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN fiNEAifAND

ROTATIONAL VARIABLES
...

_-_

. ...............................

__

= rB

Vt

= rw

14.22
14.23
dVt

at

14.24

= ra = dt

vr

an=-=rw
r

14.25

14.17
14.18

PROJECTILE MOTION
A projectile is placed into motion by an initial impulse.
(Kinematics deals only with dynamics during the flight.
The force acting on the projectile during the launch
phase is covered in kinetics.) Neglecting air drag, once
the projectile is in motion, it is acted upon only by
the downward gravitational acceleration (i.e., its own
weight). Thus, projectile motion is a special case of
motion under constant acceleration.

Figure 14.3 Tangential and Normal Coordinates

instantaneous
center of rotation

Consider a general projectile set into motion at an angle of B from the horizontal plane, and initial velocity
Vo, as shown in Fig. 14.4. In the absence of air drag,
the following rules apply to the case of travel over a
horizontal plane.
x

The trajectory is parabolic.

The impact velocity is equal to initial velocity, Vo
The range is maximum when B

Plane Cirtular Motion

Plane circular motion (also known as rotational particle
motion, angular motion, or circular motion) is motion
_____________________________________

45 .

_The time for the projectile to travel from the

launch point to the apex is equal to the time to
travel from apex to impact point.
Professional Publications, Inc.

14-4

FEReview Manual

The time for the

of its flight path
tially stationary
down from that

projectile to travel from the apex

to impact is the same time an iniobject would take to fall straight
height.

2. What
= O?

is the acceleration

of the particle

at tiuie

(A) 2 mfs2
(B) 3 mfs2

(0) 5 mfs2

Figure 14.4 Proiectile Motion

(D) 8 mfs2
Th

#17 394 .

y
v{t)

. is ;

~----

path of projectile

ch<

Solution:

ize

(D
tiv

At t

Fa

= 0,

nO"

a = 8 mffp

Answer is D.
The following solutions to most common projectile
problems are derived from the laws of uniform acceleration and conservation of energy.
ax = 0

14.26
14.27

ay = -g

Vx = Vxo = Vocosf

14.28
14.29
14.30

Vy = VyO- gt = Vosine - gt
x

= vxot = votcose

= Vyot

1
- 29t

= vot sin e -

1
29t

14.31

3. What
ticle?
(A)
(B)
(0)
(D)

21.8
27.9
34.6
48.0

speed reached by the par-

mfs
mjs
mfs
mfs
#78394

>

Solution:
The maximum of the velocity function is found by
equating the derivative of the velocity function to zero
and solving for t.

sAMpLEPROBLEMs

Problems 1-3 refer to a particle whose curvilinear motion is represented by the equation s = 20t + 4t2 - 3t3.
1. What is the particle's

dv

dt

20

+ 8t - 9t2

-18t

= 8

= 0

8
s = 0.444 s
18

t = -

initial velocity?

20 mjs
25 mjs
30 mfs

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

is the maximum

Vmax =

32 mfs

20

+ (8)(0.444

s) - (9)(0.444

S)2

21.8 mfs

Answer is A.
#76394

Solution:

4. Choose the equation that best represents

body or particle under constant acceleration.
ds

v = -d

At t

= 20 + 8t - .9t

0,
v

= 20 + (8) (0)
= 20 mfs

- (9) (0)2

(A) a

(B)

(0) v
(D)

= 9.81

v = Vo

vo

mjs2

a rigid

+ voft

+ aot
+

lot a(t)dt

a = vVr

Answer is A.
Professional Publications, Inc.

---

..

14-6

FE Review Manual

._

Solution:
gt2

e- 2
votsine + y = 0

Y = vot sin

t2

!J...

2
y

= -1500

m since it is below the launch plane.

(9" m)
.~1 2"

2s

t2

m
-

(1000 -; ) t sin 30 - 1500 m

-b

S2

(B) 1.1 mjs

t -

1500 m

(C) 10 m/s
(D) 11 m/s

...jb2 - 4ac

= .

#84394

[quadratic formula]

2a

500

0
(A) 0 m/s

4.905 - 2t - 500 t

V( -500)2

- (4)(4.905)(-1500)
(2) (4.905)

= +104.85 s, -2.9166
= votcos8

4. A golfer on level ground attempts to drive a golf

ball across a 50 m wide pond, hitting the ball so that it
travels initially at 25 isi]. The ball travels at an initial
angle of 45 to the horizontal plane. How far will the
golf ball travel, and does it clear the pond?

(1000 :)

(104.85 s) cos 30

90803 m

(90800 m)

32 m;
45 m;
58 m;
(D) 64 m;

(A)
(B)
(C)

Answer is D.

the
the
the
the

ball
ball
ball
ball

does not clear the pond

does not clear the pond
clears the pond
clears the pond
#85994

FE-STYLE EXAM PROBLEMS

Problems 1 and 2 refer to a particle for which the position is defined by

set)

= 2 sin ti + 4 cas tj [t in radians]

5. Rigid link AB is 12 m long. It rotates counterclockwise about point A at 12 rev/min. A thin disk with radius 1.75 m is pinned at its center to the link at point B.
The disk rotates counterclockwise at 60 rev /min with
respect to point B. What is the maximum tangential
velocity seen by any point on the disk?

1. What is the magnitude of the particle's velocity at

t = 4 rad?

(A) 2.61
(B) 2.75
(C)

3.30

(D) 4.12
#82689

2. What is the magnitude of the particle's acceleration

at t = 7r?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

2.00
2.56
3.14
4.00
#83689

3. For the reciprocating pump shown, the radius of

the crank 'is 'T' = 0.3 m,and the rotational speed is
n = 350 rpm. What is the tangential velocity of point A
on the crank corresponding to an angle of e = 35 from
the horizontal?

Professional Publications, Inc.

IIIIiIII

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

6 m/s
26 m/s
33 m/s
45 mjs

.;..

__

.;..

--

-.~

II
I

Kinematics

For the following pr-ob lerns use the NCEES

book as your only reference.

Hand-

6. A particle has a tangential acceleration of at (represented by the equation given) when it moves around
a point in a curve with instantaneous radius of 1 m.
What is the instantaneous angular velocity (in rad/s)
of the particle?
at

2t - sin t

(A) t2 + cost

+ 3 In

+ 3 cot t

Problems 10 and 11 refer to the following information.

The position (in radians) of a car traveling around a
curve is described by the following function of time (in
seconds).

8(t)

= t3 -

2e -

4t

+ 10

[in m/s2]
10. What is the angular velocity at t = 3 s?
(A)

[csc r]

-16 rad/s

(B) -4 rad/s

t2-cost+3lnlcsctl

(B)
(C) t2 - cost + 3 In [sin t]
(D) t2+cost+3Inlsintl

(C)
(D)

11 rad/s
15 rad/s
#2886687

#3555794

7. A
stone
sound
of the

14-7

stone is dropped down a well. 2.47 s after the

is released, a splash is heard. If the velocity of
in air is 342 tis], find the distance to the surface
water in the well.

(A) 2.4 m
(B). 7.2 m

11. What is the angular acceleration at t

5 s? .

(A) 4 rad/s2
(B) 6 rad/s2
(C) 26 rad/s2
(D) 30 rad/s2
. #2886 687

(C) 28 m
(D) 30 m
#2878687

Problems 8 and 9 refer to the following situation.

A motorist is traveling at
light in an intersection
light's red cycle is 15 s.
the intersection without
the light turns green.

70 km/h when he sees a traffic

250 m ahead turn red. The
The motorist wants to enter
stopping his vehicle, just as

12. The rotor of a steam turbine is rotating at

7200 rev /min when the steam supply is suddenly cut
off. The rotor decelerates at a constant rate and comes
to rest after 5 min. What was the angular deceleration
of the rotor?
(A)
(B)

0.40 rad/s?
2.5 rad/s2
(C) 5.8 rad/s2
(D) 16 rad/s2
#2887687

What. uniform deceleration of the vehicle will just

put the motorist in the intersection when the light turns
green?
.
8.

0.18 m/s2
0.25 m/s2
0.37m/s2
(D) 1.3 m/s2

(A)
(B)
(C)

(A) 18000 rev

#2884687

9. If the vehicle decelerates at a constant rate of

0.5 m/s2, what will be its speed when the light turns
green?
(A) 43 km/h
(B) 52 km/h
(C) 59 km/h
(D) 63 km/h

(B) 22000 rev

(C) 72 000 rev
(D) 390000 rev
#2888687

Problems 14-i6 refer to the following situation.

#2885687

____________________________________

13. A flywheel rotates at 7200 rev /min when the power

is suddenly cut off. The flywheel decelerates at a constant rate of 2.1 rad/s" and comes to rest 6 min later.
How many revolutions does the flywheel make before
coming to rest?

A projectile has an initial velocity of 110 m/s and a

launch angle of 20 from the horizontal. The surroundin bIT terrain is level , and air friction is to be disregarded.

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FEReview Manual

-----------!!IIIIII----------I-------- __
._

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Use the relationship

tional variables.

3.8 s
7.7 s
8.9 s
12 s

Vt =

#OOOOMM 298

15. What
projectile?

Soluti

Solution 3:

14. What is the flight time of the projectile?

is the horizontal

between the tangential

and rota-

The
spec'

rw

w = angular velocity of the crank

distance traveled by the

= (350 :i:)

(21l' ::~)

(60 ~)
mm

(A) 80 m
(B) 400 m
(C) 800 m
(D) 1200 m

=
Vt =

(A)
(B)

72 m
140 m
(C) 350 m
(D) 620 m

(0.3

rad)
m) ( 36.65 -s-

The
the

= 11.0 m/s

#OOOOMM 298

16. What is the maximum elevation achieved by the

projectile?

36.65 rad/s

This value is the same for any point on the crank at

r = 0.3 m.
Answer is D.

#OOOOMM 298

Th<

Solution 4:

con

The elevation of the ball above the ground is

SOLUTIONS TO FE-STYLE EXAM PR()BLEMS

per

of
Solution 1:

Y = Vyot -

. ds(t)

= --;It =

v ()t
At t

gt2

= vat sin

"'2

e-

gt2
"'2

2.
.
cos zi -- 4sintJ
When the ball hits the ground, y = 0, and

4 rad,
v(4)

Iv(4)1

2cos (4 rad)! - 4 sin (4 rad)j

-1.3li - (-3.03)j

V(-1.31)2

votsine

gt2
"'2

Solving for t, the time to impact is

+ (3.03)2

= 3.30

2va sin ()

t= -'--9

Answer is C.

So

Substitute the time of impact into the expression for x

to obtain an expression for the range.

Solution 2:
From Prob. 1,
v( t)

x
2 cos ti - 4 sin tj
dv(t)

at( ) = -= -2Sintldt
a(rr) = -2sin1l'i-4cos1l'j

+ 4.0j
\a(1l') \ = V(O)2 + (4.0)2
=

Answer is D.

Oi

4.0

4costJ

= vatcose
2v2
= _0

sin

2vosine)

= vc (

mr

9.812'
s

Answer is D.

cose

e cos ()

(2) (25
---'----;m~s~
= 63.7 m

sin 45 cos45

Solution 5:

Solution 7:

The maximum tangential velocity of point B with respect to point A is

The elapsed time is the sum of the time for the stone to
fall and the time for the sound to return to the listener.
The distance, x, traveled by the stone under the influence of a constant gravitational acceleration is

= rw = r(27rf)

Vt;BIA

(12 m) ( 27r -rad)

rev
60~

( 12 -.rev)
nun

min

1 2
+ vot + 2,gt

X = Xo

Xo

and Vo are both zero.

= 15.08 m/s

1
x = _gt2
2

The maximum tangential velocity of the periphery of

the disk with respect to point B is

Solving for t, the time for the stone to drop is

= rw =r(27r f)

Vt,disklB

(60 re.v)
min

(1.75 m) (27r rad)

rev
60 _s_
min

The time for the sound (traveling at velocity c) to return

to the listener is

11.00 sss]

The velocities combine when the two velocity vectors

coincide in direction. The maximum velocity of the
periphery of the disk with respect to point A is the sum
of the magnitudes of the two velocities.

The total time taken is

f!

-- x+ -x = 2.47
c

Vt,disklB

= Vt,BIA + Vt,disklB
m

15.08 -

26.08 m/s

+ 11.00 -

t2 = 2.47 s

Substitute values for 9 and c.

9.81 -

342-

S2

Answer is B.

+ ------m

= 2.47 s

By trial and error with the answer choices given (or by

solving the quadratic equation),
x =28 m

Solution 6:

Answer is C.
dVt

at=:"
Vt =

dt

Solution 8:

at dt

The initial speed of the vehicle is

=J(2t~sint+3

cott) dt

= t2 + cos t + 3 In [sin tl

t2

Vt

+ cost + 3 In

(70 ~)

[in m/s)
[sin r]

vo

rim

t2

+ cas t + 3 In

Answer is D.

___________________________________

[sin tl

[in rad/s)

3600 ~

= - = ------------~--~

(1000 ~)

19.44

mls

The distance traveled under a constant deceleration is

x = Xo

+ vot

2,1 at 2
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14-10

FEReview Manual

Letting Xo = 0, the acceleration required to travel a

distance x in time t starting with velocity vo is

= Wo

(2)(vot - x)

t2

- at

(1200 _r~v) (271 _rad)

mm
rev
(s
---6-0-~s~---'---- a( 5 min) 60 ~

o=
(15 S)2

ex

0.37 m/s2

.~. .Ans'"

2.51 rad/s

Answer is B.

Answer is C.

Solution 13:
1
B = Bo + wot - 2at

Solution 9:
v

= va + at
krn
= 70 _

+ (1200
x

( -0.5

~)

(158) (3600 ~)

+ .:....:.
__ -'-----=-'-_~'-

",-8

= 43

min

(15 s) - 250 m]

(2) [( 19.44 ~)

Solution 12:

a = ~--'----".,,----'-

1000 k~

e=

r:2d)

(271)(6 ruin) - ~ (2.1

(60 rr:n)]

103 rad

135.4 x 103 rad

.

km/h

::i:)

[(6 min)

135.4

271

= 21.5

103 rev

Answer is A.
Alternative solution: The average rotational
ing deceleration is

speed dur- .

rev
.
7200 -.
-0

Solution 10:

mm

dB = 3t 2 -

(t) =. -dt

w(3)

..4t - 4

(3)(3)2 - (4)(3) - 4

11 rad/s

2
3600 rev /min

e = wt

rev)

= ( 3600 min

(6 min)

= 21,600 rev

Answer is B.

Answer is C.

Solution 14:
The vertical component
Vy =

Solution 11:

0=

a(t)

dw(t)

dt
= 6t - 4

a(5)

Answer is C.

Professional Publications, Inc.

(6)(5) - 4

26 rad/s2

of velocity is zero at the apex.

va sine - gt

(no 7) sin 20 -

(9.81 ~)

t = 3.84 s

The projectile takes an equal amount of time to return

to the ground from the apex. The total flight time is

T = (2)(3.84 s) = 7.68 s (7.7 s)

Answer is B.

Kinematics

solution 15:

Solution 16:

Calculate the range from the horizontal component of

velocity.
x = vxt =Vo coset

The elevation at time t is

(110

7)

cos200(7.68

=794m

y = vot sin

s)
= (110

Answer is C.

e ~ (~)

7)

- (~)
=72

14-11

gt

(3.84 s) sin 20
(9.81 ~)

(3.848)2

Answer is A.

______________________________________

Professional Publications, Inc.

Kinetics

Subscripts
0

f
k
n
r
R
s
t

initial
friction
dynamic
normal
radial
resultant
static
tangential
transverse

INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS
Nomendature
a
f
F
9

9c
k

m
N

p
r

R
s
t

T
v

acceleration
linear frequency
force
gravitational
acceleration
gravitational
constant (32.2)
spring constant
mass
normal force
linear momentum
position
radius
resultant force
distance
time
period
velocity
weight

ft/sec2
Hz
lbf

m/s2
Hz
N

ft/sec2

m/s2

S
()
j.L

angular
acceleration
deflection
angular position
coefficient of
friction
angle
natural frequency

lbm- ft /lbf-sec2
lbf/ft
lbm
lbf
lbf-sec

N/m
kg
N
N-s

ft

ft
lbf
ft
sec
sec
ft/sec
lbf

rad/sec?

rad/s2
m
rad

ft
rad

.............................................

MOMENTUM
The vector linear momentum
(momentum)
is defined
by Eq. 15.1. It has the same direction as the velocity
vector. Momentum has. units of force x time (e.g., lbfsec or Ns).
p=mv

N
p=-

m
s
s

m/s
N

Symbols
Q

Kinetics is the study of motion and the forces that cause

motion. Kinetics includes an analysis of the relationship
between the force and mass for translational motion and
between torque and moment of inertia for rotational
motion. Newton's laws form the basis of the governing
theory in the subject of kinetics.

mv

gc

[81]

15.10

[U.S.]

15.1b

Momentum is conserved when no external forces act on

a particle. If no forces act on the particle, the velocity
and direction of the particle are unchanged. The law of
conservation of momentum states that the linear momentum is unchanged if no unbalanced forces act on the
particle. This does not prohibit the mass and velocity
from changing, however. Only the product of mass and
velocity is constant.

NEWrON/SFiRSTANDSECONDiAWSOF

MOTIO~........

.r:

deg

deg

rad/sec

rad/s

Newton's first law of motion states that a particle will

remain in a state of rest or will continue to move with

Professional publications, Inc.

15-2

FEReview Manual

constant velocity unless an unbalanced

acts on it.

external force

This law can also be stated in terms of conservation of

momentum: If the resultant external force acting on a
particle is zero, then the linear momentum of the particle is constant.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the force
acting on it and is inversely proportional to the particle
mass. The direction of acceleration is the same as the
direction of force.
This law can be stated in terms of the force vector required to cause a change in momentum: The resultant
force is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum.

F= dp

15.2

dt
For a fixed mass,

The magnitude of the frictional force depends on the

normal force, N, and the coefficient of friction, IL, between the body and the contacting surface.

15.5
The static coefficient of friction is usually denoted with
the subscript s, while the dynamic coefficient of friction
is denoted with the subscript k. ILk is often assumed
to be 75 percent of the value oflLs. These coefficients
are complex functions of surface properties.
Experimentally determined values for various contacting conditions can be found in handbooks.
For a body resting on a horizontal surface, the normal
force is the weight of the body. If the body rests on an
inclined surface, the normal force is calculated as the
component of weight normal to that surface, as illustrated in Fig. 15.1.
N

mgcos

mgcos

15.6b

dv

Figure 15./ Frictional and Normal Forces

dt

=ma

F=

[US.]

---;It

dt

=m-

15.6a

9c

F _ dp _ d(mv)
-

[SI]

ma

gc

[SI]

15.3a

[US.]

15.3b

impending

motion

WEIGHT
The weight, W, of an object is the force the object exerts
due to its position in a gravitational field, g.
W=mg

[SI]

15.4a

W= mg
gc

[US.]

15.4b

gc is the gravitational constant, approximately 32.2 lbmft/lbf-sec2.

Friction is a force that always resists motion or impending motion. It always acts parallel to the contacting
surfaces. If the body is moving, the friction is known
as dynamic friction. If the body is stationary, friction
is known as static friction.

Professional Publications, Inc.

The frictional force acts only in response to a disturbing

force, and it increases as the disturbing force increases.
The motion of a stationary body is impending when the
disturbing force reaches the maximum frictional force,
ILsN.
Figure 15.1 shows the condition of impending
motion for a block on a plane. Just before motion starts,
the resultant, R, of the frictional force and normal force'~
equals the weight of the block. The angle at which
motion is just impending can be calculated from the
coefficient of static friction.
= tan

-lJ.Ls

15.1

Once motion begins, the coefficient of friction droPS

slightly, and a lower frictional force opposes movement.
This is illustrated in Fig. 15.2.

----

Kinetics

"Figure 15.2 "Frictional Force ~ersus DisturbingForce " " " ... " .. "
.

no rnotron

I(

Tangential and Normal Components

For a particle moving along a circular path, the tangential and normal components of force, acceleration, and
velocity are related.

impending motion

~e~~~b~~~~~~e~

LFn

~sN

Newton's second law can be applied separately to any

direction in which forces are resolved into components.
The law can be expressed in rectangular coordinate
form (i.e., in terms of z- and y-component forces), in
polar coordinate form (i.e., in tangential and normal
components), or in radial and transverse component
form.

Rectangular Coordinates
Equation 15.8 is Newton's second law in rectangular
coordinate form and refers to motion in the x-direction.
Similar equations can be written for the y-direction or
any other coordinate direction.
[81]

15.8

In general, Fx may be a function of time, displacement,

and/ or velocity. If Fx is a function of time only, then
the motion equations are
= Vxo

;,

Xo + vxot

"(Fx(t))
---:;:n-

dt

[81]

[81]

15.15

=mae

[81]

15.16

[81]

15.17

.................

FREEVIBRATION

::, .

Vibration is an oscillatory motion about an equilibrium

point. If the motion is the result of a disturbing force
that is applied once and then removed, the motion is
known as natural (or free) vibration.
If a continuous
" force or single impulse is applied repeatedly to a system,
the motion is known as forced vibration.
A simple application of free vibration is a mass suspended from a vertical spring, as shown in Fig. 15.3.
After the mass is displaced and released, it will oscillate
up and down. If there is no friction (i.e., the vibration
is undamped), the oscillations will continue forever.

Figure 15.3 Simple Mass-Spring System

15.9 '

If Fx is constant (i.e., is independent of time, displacement, or velocity), then the motion equations become

[81]

vx(t)

= v-o + (~)

15.11

t
15.12

x(t) = Xo

+ vxot +

F.

t2

2~
t2

= Xo

(d~t)

=m

15.10

vx(t)dt

e
h

15.14

LFe

KiNETICSOF"A"PARTiCLE""

x(t)

[81]

For a particle moving along a circular path, the radial

and transverse components of force are

disturbing force

ri
e

e
:,

m(vI)

Radial and Transverse Components

4~

= man =

t mat

LF

~motion

vx(t)

15-3

ax

+ vxot + --2

__________________________________

The system shown in Fig. 15.3 is initially at rest. The

mass is hanging on the spring, and the equilibrium position is the static deflection, 8st. This is the deflection
due to the gravitational force alone.
mg = k8st

15.13

[81]

15.180

[u.s.]

IS.18b

Professional Publications, Inc.

15-4

FEReview Manual

The system is then disturbed by a downward force (i.e.,

the mass is pulled downward from its static deflection
and released). After the initial disturbing force is removed, the mass will be acted upon by the restoring
force (- kx) and the inertial force ( -mg) . .Both of these
forces are proportional to the displacement from the .
equilibrium point, and they are opposite in sign from
the displacement. The equation of motion is

F=ma

+ Ost) = m/i:
+ Ost) = mii:
mx+kx
=0

mg - k(x
kOst - k(x

[81J

15.19

[81]

15.20

[81J

15.21
15.22

[81]

sAMp(fpROBIEM"S

....................

1. For which of the following situations is the net force

acting on a particle necessarily equal to zero?
(A) The particle is traveling
around a circle.

a~ constant

velocity
.

(B) The particle has constant linear momentum.

(C) The particle has constant kinetic energy.
(D) The particle has constant angular momentum.
#86691

Solution:
This is a restatement of Newton's first law of motion
which says that if the resultant external force acting
on a particle is zero, then the linear momentum of the
particle is constant.

The solution to this second-order differential equation is

Answer is B.
x(t)

C1 coswt

+ C2 sinwt

15.23

C1 and C2 are constants of integration that depend on

the initial displacement and velocity of the mass. w is
known as the natural frequency of vibration or angular
frequency. It has units of radians per second. It is not
the same as the linear frequency, i, which has units of
hertz. The period of oscillation, T, is the reciprocal of
the linear frequency.

2. One newton is the force required to

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

give a 1 g
accelerate
accelerate
accelerate

mass an acceleration of 1 m/s2.

a 10 kg mass at a rate of 0.10 mjs2.
a 1 kg mass at a rate of 1.00 em/s2.
a 1 kg mass at a rate of 9.81 m/s2.
#87689

Solution:

w={
w= )kf=~=~ T
T= ~=
f
w
gc
m

[81]

15.240

[U.8.]

15.24b

15.25

211"

211"

xocoswt

+ (~)

sinwt

Professional Publications, Inc.

= xocos

wt

3. A 550 kg mass initially at rest is acted upon by a

force of 50et N. What are the acceleration, speed, and
displacement of the mass at t = 4 s?
(A) 4.96
(B) 4.96
(C) 4.96
(D) 4.96

m/s2,
m/s2,
m/s2,
m/s2,

4.87 mis, 19.5 m

4.96 mis, 19.8 m
135.5 mis, 1466 m
271 us], 3900 in

15.27

For the special case where the initial displacement is

Xo and the initial velocity is zero, the solution of the
equation of motion is

x( t)

Answer is B.

15.26

For the general case where the initial displacement is Xo

and the initial velocity is va, the solution of the equation
of motion is

x(t)

Newton's second law can be expressed in the form of

F = ma. The unit of force in S1 units is the newton,
which has fundamental units of kgm/s2. A newton is
the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at a rate of
1 m/s2 or a 10 kg mass at a rate of 0.10 m/s2.

15.28

#88691

5.

Solution:
50e4 N
550 kg

a=-=--F
m

4.96 rn/s2

---.

Kinetics

s(t)
s

50et N
550 kg dt

)0

et 4
1110

= 4.87

m/s

50e N
--k- de
a 550 gas

ti it t
a

= ~87tl~ =

(4.87

7)

= 4.96

it

Solution:

- 11

(4.87

m)

Choose a coordinate system so that the x-direction

. parallel to the inclined plane.

dt

Fx

= mgx

max

max = mgsin45

(4 s) - 0

19.48 rn

15-5

p,=

mgsin45

is

- Ff

- p,mgcos45
-:-max

gsin45

mgcos45

- ax

9 cos 45

(9.81 ~) sin 45 -1.5 ~

=

Answer is A.

(9.81
Problems

4 and 5 refer to the following situation.

A 5 kg block begins from rest and slides down an

inclined plane .
After 4 s, the block has a velocity of 6 m/s.

4. If the angle of inclination

block traveled after 4 s?

(A) 1.5

is 45, how far has the

:Z) cos 45

0.78

Answer is C.
6. A constant force of 750 N is applied through a pulley
system to lift a mass of 50 kg as shown. Neglecting
the mass and friction of the pulley system, what is the
acceleration of the 50 kg mass?

(B) 3 m
(C) 6 m
(D) 12 m
#89689

F= 750 N

Solution:
v(t)

va

+ aot
m

ao=

v(t) -va

(A) 5.20 m/s2

(B) 8.72 m/s2

6 -;-0

= _o?...-_

4 s

(C)
(D)

= 1.5 m/s2

sCt)

So + vat

=0+0+
=

+ 2aot
(~)

16.2 m/s2
20.2 m/s2
#91 694

Solution:
(1.5 ~)

(4S)2

Apply Newton's second law to the mass and to the

two frictionless, massless pulleys. Refer to the following
free-body diagrams.

12 m

Answer is D.
T,

5. What is the coefficient of friction between the plane

- and the block?
(A) 0.15
(B) 0.22
(C) 0.78
(D) 0.85

1.
mass A

#90689

F
T,
pulley B

pulley C

156

FEReview Manual -----------------------

a=

mass A:

Tl - mg = ma

pulley B:

2T2 - T, = 0

pulley C:

T2

=F =

2T2 -

Tl - mg
m

750 N

2F -

mg

problE
In sta
- and b
initial
. pulley

F(N)

mg
2

t (5)

(2) (750 N) - (50 kg) (9.81 ~)

(A)
(B)

0 m/s
0.075 m/s
(C) 0.15 m/s
(D) 0.30 ta]

50 kg

20.2 m/s2

Answer is D.

#94691

7. A mass of 10 kg is suspended from a vertical spring

with a spring constant of 10 N/m. What is the period
of vibration?

Problems 3 and 4 refer to the following situation.

(A)
(B)

0.30 s
0.60 s
(C) 0.90 s
(D) 6.3 s
#92394

The 52 kg block shown starts from rest at position A and slides down the inclined plane to position B.

When the block reaches position B, a 383 N horizontal force is applied.

C
C

The block comes to a complete stop at position C.

The coefficient of friction between the block and

the plane is f.-L = 0.15.

Solution:
T

1m

= 27rV k = 27r~

C-

F
. are rl

10 ~

(
(

= 6.3 s

(
Answer is D.
, For'

bool

FE-STYLE EXAM PROBLEMS

7. \

1. If the sum of the forces on a particle is not equal to

zero, the particle is

(A) moving with constant velocity in the direction

of the resultant force.
(B) accelerating in a direction opposite to the resultant force.
(C) accelerating in the same direction as the resultant force.
(D) moving with a constant velocity opposite to
the direction of the resultant force.
#93689

2. A varying force acts on a 40 kg weight as shown in

the following force versus time diagram. What is the
object's velocity at t = 4 s if the object starts from
rest?

Professional Publications, Inc.

3. Find the velocity at position B.

(A) 2.41 m/s
(B) 4.12 m/s
(C) 6.95 m/s
(D) 9.83 m/s

8.
. #95681

4.

Find the distance between positions Band

C.

of a
no C
spriJ

(A) 3.23 m
(B) 4.78 rn
(C) 7.78 m
(D) 10.1 m
#96681

.-

--

Kineti(s

problems 5 and 6 refer to the following pulley system.

In standard gravity, block A exerts a force of 10000 N
and block B exerts a force of 7500 N. Both blocks are
initially held stationary. There is no friction and the
pulleys have no mass. ,~

15 7

9. A spring has a constant of 50 N/m. The spring is

hung vertically, and a mass is attached to its end. The
spring end displaces 30 em from its equilibrium position.
The same mass is removed from the first spring and
attached to the end of a second (different) spring, and
the displacement is 25 em. What is the spring constant
of the second spring?

(A) 46 N/m
(B) 56 N/m
(C) 60 N/m

(D) 63 N/m
#39351294

10000 N

5. Find the acceleration of block A after the blocks are

released.
(A) 0 m/s2
(B) 1.4 m/s2
(C) 2.5 m/s2
(D) 5.6 m/s2

o m/s

(B)

3.5 m/s

(B)

0.59

#3942295

6. Find the velocity of block A 2.5 s after the blocks

are released.

(A)

(A) 0.35 m
(C) 0.77 m
(D) 0.92 m

#97994

10. A cannonball of mass 10 kg is fired from a cannon

of mass 250 kg. The initial velocity of the cannonball
is 1000 km/h. All of the cannon's recoil is absorbed by
a spring with a spring constant of 520 N I cm. What is
the maximum recoil distance of the cannon?

(C) 4.4 m/s

(D) 4.9 m/s
#98994

11. A child keeps a 1 kg toy airplane flying horizontally

in a circle by holding onto a 1.5 m long string attached
to its wing tip. The string is always in the plane of the
circular flight path. If the plane flies at 10 us], what
is the tension in the string?
(A) 7 N
(B) 15 N
(C) 28 N
(D) 67 N

For the following problems use the NCEES Handbook as your only reference.
7. What is the period of a pendulum
center point 20 times a minute?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

that passes the

0.2 s
0.3 s
3s
6 s

#3471 193

12. A car with a mass of 1530 kg tows a trailer (mass

of 200 kg) at 100 km/h. What is the total momentum
of the car-trailer combination?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

4600 N-s
22 000 N-s
37000Ns
48 000 Ns

#2142689

8. A variable force of (40 N)cos is attached to the end

of a spring whose spring constant is 50 N[ux. There is
no deflection when = 90. At what angle,
will the
spring deflect 20 em from its equilibrium position?

e,

#1584 689

13. A car is pulling a trailer at 100 km/h. A 5 kg cat

riding on the roof of the car jumps from the car to the
trailer. What is the change in the eat's momentum?
(A) -25 N-s(loss)
(B) a N-s
(C) 25 Ns (gain)
{D) 1300 N-s (gain)

(A) -14
(B) 25

(C) 64
(D) 76
#39331294

#4.169 795

15-8

FEReview Manual

14. A 3500 kg car accelerates from rest. The constant

forward tractive force of the car is 1000 N, and the con-:
stant drag force is 150 N. What distance will the car
travel in 3 s?

(A) 0.19 m
(B) 1.1 m
(C)

1.3 m

(D) 15

m
#2108

689

An:

LFx

SOLUTIONS TO FE-STYLE EXAM PROBLEMS

= ma

Wx - flN

Solu'

= max

Ref,

mg sin e - flmg cas e = ma;

Solution 1:
Newton's second law, F = ma, can be applied separately to any direction in which forces are resolved into
components, including the resultant direction.

ax

Since force and acceleration are both vectors, and mass

is a scalar, the direction of acceleration is the same as
the resultant force.

= 9

sin

fl9 cas

5
[1 3 - (0.15)

(9.81 ~)

2.415 m/s2

= v~ + 2ao(s - so)

va

G~)]

So = 0

= 2aos
=

Ap

Answer is C.
v =

(20 m)

(2) (2.415 ~)

= 96.6

Solution 2:

e-

m2/s2

96.6

~2

Bu

= 9.83 iis]

Answer is D.

Use the impulse-momentum principle. The impulse is

the area under the F-t curve. There are two right triangles.
F=

Solution 4:

LFx

dp

=ma

dt
FD..t

= m!:::.v
FD..t

D..v

= --

(2) [(~)

(3N)(2S)]

mg sin e - pcose - fl(mgcose

= --=-~'--:,------=-

tri

+ Psine) = ma

40 kg

= 0.15 m/s

= (~)

[mgsine - pcose

- fl(mgcose

+ P sin e)]

Cc
TI:

P
= g sin e - flg cos e - - (cos e + fl sin e)
m
Answer is C.

Solution 3:

Professional Publications, Inc.

(9.81 ~)

52 kg

Choose a coordinate system parallel and perpendicular

to the plane, as shown.

[1 3_ (383 N)
5

(0.15TG~)]

[12
13

+ (0.15)

(~)]
13

-4.809 m/s2

---

Kinetin
2

'2

9.83 m/s

30

-vo
3

[from Prob. 3]

=0

= 2ao = (2)
= 10.05

(9.83

But F

m)2
S

(-4.809

ma, so

;)
Since the tension in the rope is the same everywhere,

m :

Answer is D.
10000 N - T
10000 N

Solution 5:
Refer to the following free-body diagrams.
T

T - 7500 N
7500 N

T = 8571 N

From block A,

T)

g(WA -

WA
(9.81 ~)
=

Apply Newton's second law to the free body of mass A.

\

But m

= Wig,

(10000:)
9.812'

(10000 N - 8571 N)
10000 N

1.4 m/s2

Answer is B.

so

(aA)

Solution 6:

10000 N - TA

VA = Vo

Apply Newton's second law to the free body of mass B.

+ aAt

0 + (1.~ ;)

(2.5 s)

= 3.5 ui]

Answer is B.

Solution 7:
Combine the equations and solve for aA, setting TA
TB, and aA = -aB'
WA - mAaA

aA=

WB - mBaB
WA - WB
mB+mA

m)

= 9.81 s2

= WE + mBaA

A pendulum will pass the center point two times during

each complete cycle. Therefore, 10 cycles are completed
in 60 s.
elapsed time
T = -"------,-no. of cycles

g(WA - WB)
WB+WA

(10000 N -7500 N)
7500 N + 10000 N

1.4 m/s2

___________________________________

- __'J1I
I

Alternate Solution:

v =vo+2aO(S-30)
vo

15-9-

60 s
10

6 s

_
Answer is D.

.~h~oo~~~~m~l~

1510

FEReview Manual

Solution 8:
From Hooke's law, the relationship between
and deflection, x, or a linear spring is

force,' F,

(6.5)(250 kg) [(40~)

(l~OO ~)

3600

F=kx

=
(40 N)cose

(20 cm)
cm
100 m

(0.5) (520 c:)

(100 :)

x2

(50 :)
=

case

= 0.25

Answer is C.

e = cos-1(0.25)
-;; 75.5

:r; = 0.77 m

(76)

Solution 11:
The normal acceleration
the airplane) is

Answer is D.
Solution 9:

an

(perpendicular

vZ
= ..l.

The gravitational force on the mass is the same for both

springs. From Hooke'~ law,
.
F

kz =

k1Xl

to the path of

(10
kZX2

~)2

1.5 m

k1Xl

66.7 m/s2

X2

(50 ~)

The tension
force.

(30 cm)

in the string

is equal to the centripetal

25 cm
= 60 N/m

(1 kg) (66.7 ~)

= 66.7 N

Answer is C.
Answer is D.

Solution 10:
Use the conservation of momentum equation to determine the velocity of the cannon after the ball is fired.
Initially, the cannon and cannonball are both at rest.
Since the cannon recoils, its velocity direction will be
opposite (i.e., negative) to the direction of the cannonball.

Solution 12:
(100 k:)
v

3600 ~

= 27.78
(10 kg) (0)+(250
=

+ (250 kg) (v.)

(1530 kg + 200 kg) (27.78

= 48060
Vc

= -40

7)

N-s

km/h

Use the conservation of energy principle to determine

the compression of the spring. The kinetic energy of
the cannon will be equal to the elastic potential energy
stored in the spring.

KE=PE

Professional Publicalions, Inc.

sii]

P=mv

kg) (0)
(10 kg) (1000 ~)

(1000 :)

= --'-----"---.",.----

Answer is D.
Solution 13:
The law of conservation of momentum states that the
linear momentum is unchanged if no unbalanced forces
act on an object. This does not prohibit the mass and
velocity from changing; only the product .of mass and

m-

"Tfr1
I '

"\1: I." .

Kinetics

15-11

velocity is constant. In this case, both the total mass

and the velocity are constant. Thus, there is no change.

;1

II
Answer is B.

Solution 14:
F

1000 N - 150 N

850 N

a=-

m
850 N
3500 kg
=

0.243 m/s2
1

= vot + zat

+ (~)

1.09 m

(0.243 ~)

(3 s)2

Answer is B.

i ,

I
i

Kinetics of
Rotational Motion

Subscripts

o
c

f
n

o
S

initial
centroidal
friction
normal or natural
origin or center
static
tangential or torsional

Nomenclature
a

A
d
F
9

. ge
G
h
I

J
kt

m
M
r
r
R
t

v
W

acceleration
area
distance
force
gravitational
acceleration
gravitational
constant (32.2)
shear modulus
angular momentum
mass moment
of inertia
area polar moment
of inertia
torsional spring
constant
length
mass
moment
radius
radius of gyration
moment arm
time
velocity
weight

ft/sec2
ft2
ft
lbf

m/s2
m2

ft/sec2

m/s2

lbm-ft.Zlbf-sec''
lbf/ft2
ft-lbf-sec

Pa
Nms

Ibm-ft2

kg.m2

i: =

(y2

+ z2)dm

16.1

ft4

m4

t;

(x

+ z2)dm

16.2

ft-lbf/rad
ft
lbm
ft-lbf
ft
ft
ft
sec
ft/sec
lbf

N-m/rad
rn
kg
N-m
rn
m
m
s
m/s
N

(x2

+ y2)dm

16.3

rad/sec''
rad
deg

rad/s2
rad
deg

Ibm/ft3
rad/sec
rad/sec

kg/m3
radj's
rad/s

m
N

MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA

.........

The mass moment of inertia measures a solid object's

resistance to changes in rotational speed about a specific
axis. Ix, Iy, and Iz are the mass moments of inertia with
respect to the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. They are
not components of a resultant value.

t,

The centroidal mass moment of inertia, Ie, is obtained

when the origin of the axes coincides with the object's
center of gravity. Once the centroidal mass moment of
inertia is known, the parallel axis theorem is used to find
the mass moment of inertia about any parallel axis. In
Eq. 16.4, d is the distance from the center of mass to
the parallel axis.

Symbols
Q

o
()

fJ,
p

w
to

angular acceleration
angular position
superelevation angle
coefficient of friction
density
angular velocity
natural frequency

J
=J
=J

.
Iany parallel

axis

Ie

+ md

16.4

For a composite object, the parallel axis theorem must

be applied for each of the constituent objects.

-2

= Ie,l + m]:d1 + Ic,2 + m2d2 + ...

16.5

Professiol!ol Publications, Inc.

16-2

FEReview Manual

The radius of gyration, r , of a solid object represents the

distance from the rotational axis at which the object's
entire mass could be located without changing the mass
moment of inertia.

r=ff

]6.6

1= r2m

]6.7

Table 16.1 (at the end of this chapter) lists the mass
moments of inertia and radii of gyration for some standard shapes.

For a rigid body rotating about an axis passing through

its center of gravity located at point 0, the scalar value
of angular momentum is given by Eq. 16.9.

ho =Iw
Iw
ho=gc

[SI]

]6.90

[U.S.]

]6.9b

]6. ]0

M=-

General rigid body plane motion, such as rolling wheels,

gear sets, and linkages, can be represented in two dimensions (i.e., the plane of motion). Plane motion can be
considered as the sum of a translational component and
a rotation about a fixed axis, as illustrated in Fig. 16.1.

gra
tie~

Although Newton's laws do not specifically deal with

rotation, there is an analogous relationship between applied moment and change in angular momentum. For
a rotating body, the moment (torque), M, required to
change the angular momentum is

dho
dt

PLA"t~fMotioNOF A RIGID BODY

The rotation of a rigid body will be about the center

of gravity unless the body is constrained otherwise. If
the moment of inertia is constant, the scalar form of
Eq. 16.10 is
[SI]

]6.110

[U.S.]

]6.11b

Figure] 6.] Components of Plane Motion

p

Velocity and position in terms of rotational variables

can be determined by integrating the expression for acceleration.

plane motion

]6.12

16.]3
translation

]6.14

rotation

Instantaneous Center of Rotation

Rotation About a Fixed Axis
Rotation about a fixed axis describes a motion in which
all particles within the body move in concentric circles
about the axis of rotation.

The angular momentum taken about a point

is the
moment of the linear momentum vector. Angular momentum has units of distance x force x time (e.g.,
ft-lbf-sec or Ncn-s). It has the same direction as the
rotation vector and can be determined from the vectors
by use of the right-hand rule (cross product).
ho = r

mv
mv

ho=rx.

Professional Publications, Inc.

9c

[SI]

]6.80

[U.S.]

16.8b

Analysis of the rotational component of a rigid body's

plane motion can sometimes be simplified if the location of the body's instantaneous center is known. Using
the instantaneous center reduces many relative motion
problems to simple geometry. The instantaneous center
(also known as the instant center and Ie) is a point at
which the body could be fixed (pinned) without changing the instantaneous angular velocities of any point on
the body. Thus, for angular velocities, the body seems
to rotate about a fixed instantaneous center.
The instantaneous center is located by finding two
points for which the absolute velocity directions are
known. Lines drawn perpendicular to these two velocities will intersect at the instantaneous center. (This

--

ac
in,
se:

N!
th
at
tT'"

be
tr
av
ce
in

_.------------------------------_

Kinetics of Rotational Motion

crraphic procedure is slightly different if the two velocities are parallel, as Fig. 16.2 shows.) For a rolling wheel,
the instantaneous center is the point of contact with the
supporting surface.
o

.. ,...

Equation 16.16 gives the centrifugal force on a body of

mass m with distance r from the center of rotation to
the center of mass.

Fe

Figure 16.2. Graphic Method of Finding the Instantaneous Center

16-3

mvi
= man = -= mrw 2
r

_ man _ mv 2
t
Fe--------ge
ger

_ mrw

ge

[SI]

16.160

[u.s.]

16.16b

BANKING OF CURVES.
IC

IC

The absolute velocity of any point, P, on a wheel rolling

(Fig. 16.3) with translational velocity, vo, can be found
by geometry. Assume that the. wheel is pinned at point
C and rotates with its actual angular velocity,
=w=
voir. The direction of the point's velocity will be perpendicular to the line of length I between the instantaneous center and the point.

v=lw=

lvo
-

16.15

If a vehicle travels in a circular path on a fiat plane with

instantaneous radius r and tangential velocity Vt, it will
experience an apparent centrifugal force. The centrifugal force is resisted by a combination of roadway banking (superelevation) and sideways friction. The vehicle
weight, W, corresponds to the normal force. For small
banking angles, the maximum frictional force is
Ff =J.lsN

16.17

= J.lsW

For large banking angles, the centrifugal force contributes

to the normal force. If the roadway is banked so that
friction is not required to resist the centrifugal force, the
superelevation angle,
can be calculated from Eq, 16.18.

e,

tan 8

v2
= -.i.

16.18

gr

Figure 16.3 Instantaneous Center of a Rolling Wheel

TORSIONAL FREE VIBRATION

The torsional pendulum in Fig. 16.4 can be analyzed
in a manner similar to the spring-mass combination.
Disregarding the mass and moment of inertia of the
shaft, the differential equation is

CENtRIFUGACFORCf

16.19

Newton's second law states that there is a force for every

acceleration that a body experiences. For a body moving around a curved path, the total acceleration can be
separated into tangential and normal components, By
Newton's second law, there are corresponding forces in
the tangential and normal directions. The force associated with the normal acceleration is known as the centripetal force. The centripetal force is a real force on the
body toward the center of .rotation. The so-called centrifugal force is an apparent force on the body directed
away from the center of rotation. The centripetal and
centrifugal forces are equal in magnitude but opposite
in sign.

Figure 16.4 Torsional Pendulum

)9

16-4

FEReview Manual

For the torsional pendulum,

stant kt can be written

the torsional spring con-

16.20

, ;:

.....

(A) 2.25 rad/s (clockwise)

(B) 3.25 rad/s (counterclockwise)
(e) 5.50 rad/s (clockwise)
(D) 12.5 rad/s (clockwise)
#100694

The solution to Eq. 16.20 is directly analogous to the

solution for the spring-mass system.

B(t)

Bocoswnt

+ (::)

sinwnt

16.21

SAMpLE' PROBLEMs

Solution:

Solut

Find the instantaneous center of rotation. The absolute

velocity directions at points Band e are known. The
instantaneous center is located by drawing perpendiculars to these velocities as shown. The angular velocity
of any point on rigid body link Be is the same at this
instant.

The
asse
fron
be 3
ity (

1. Why does a spinning ice skater's angular velocity

increase as she brings her arms in toward her body?
(A) Her mass moment of inertia is reduced.
(B) Her angular momentum is constant.
(e) Her radius of gyration is reduced.
(D) all of the above

VB

= 50

4m
II
------------1,-

m/s
I/IC

1
I

I
13m

#99689

I
I
I

Solution:

As the skater brings her arms in, her radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia decrease. However, in
the absence of friction, her angular momentum, h, is
constant. From Eq. 16.9,

vc-

VB

h
I

= ABwAB

= (5 m) ( 10 rad)
-s- = 50 m/s

w=-

Since angular velocity, w, is inversely proportional to

the mass moment of inertia, the angular velocity increases when the mass moment of inertia decreases.

wBC

VB

OB

50 m

= 4 ~ = 12.5 rad/s

[clockwise]

Answer is D.

Answer is D.
2. Link AB of the linkage mechanism shown in the
illustration rotates with an instantaneous counterclockwise angular velocity of 10 rad/s, What is the instantaneous angular velocity of link Be when link AB is
horizontal and link CD is vertical?

3. Two 2 kg blocks are linked as shown. Assuming

that the surfaces are frictionless, what is the velocity of
block B if block A is moving at a speed of 3 m/s?

4.
ba
fri,
ca:
ill,

",WAB = 10 rad/s (counterclockwise)

~/~5m
--5-m--'I

So

4 C . -

T
fo

5m

T
D._

~
Professional Publicalions, Inc.

--

16-6

FEReview Manual

1. A 2 kg mass swings in a vertical plane at the end

of a 2 m cord. When
= 30, the magnitude of the
tangential velocity of the mass is 1 ui]. What is the
tension in the cord at this position?

f----'--'------j

(A)

10 m/s ~

10.0 m/s

(B) 15.0 m/s

(C)
(D)

16.2 m/s
18.5 m/s
#106193

4. A car travels around an unbanked 50 m radius curve

without skidding. The coefficient of friction between
the tires and road is 0.3. What is the car's maximum
speed?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

14
25
44
54

km/h
km/h
km/h
km/h
#107394

5. Traffic travels at 100 km/h around a banked highway curve with a radius of 1000 m. What banking angle
is necessary such that friction will not be required to resist the centrifugal force?

(A) 1.4

(A) 18.0 N

(B) 2.8
(C) 4.5
(D) 46

(B) 19.6 N
(C) 24.5 N
(D) 29.4 N

#2107689
#104

694

Forthe following problems use the NCEES Handbook as your only reference.
2.
of
in
of

A 2 kg mass swings in the horizontal plane of a circle

radius 1.5 m and is held by a taut cord. The tension
the cord is 100 N. What is the angular momentum
the mass?
(A) 5.77 Nms
(B) 26.0 N-m s
(C) 113Nun-s
(D) 150 N-ms
#105691

6. The center of gravity of a roller coaster car is 0.5 ill

above the rails. The rails are 1 m apart. What is the
maximum speed that the car can travel around an unbanked curve of radius 15 m without the inner wheel
losing contact with the top of the rail?
(A) 8.58 m/s
(B) 12.1 m/s
(C) 17.2 m/s
(D) 24.2 m/s
#2133689

3. A disk rolls along a fiat surface at a constant speed

of 10 m/s. Its diameter is 0.5 m. At a particular instant, point P on the edge of the disk is 45 from the
horizontal. What is the velocity of point P at that in-

stant?
Professional Publkcfions, Inc.

7. A 50 kg cylinder has a height of 3 m and a radius of

50 em. The cylinder sits on the z-axis and is oriented
with its major axis parallel to the y-axis. "What is the
mass moment of inertia about the z-axis?

---

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

4.1 kgm2
16 kgm2
41 kgm2
150 kgm2

0.47 kgm2
0.56 kgm2
0.87 kgrrr'
3.7 kgm2

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
#3553794

#2095689

8. A uniform thin disk has a radius of 30 em and a mass

of 2 kg. A constant force of 10 N is applied tangentially
at a varying, but unknown, distance from the center
of the disk. The disk accelerates about its axis at 3t
rad/s2.
What is the distance from the center of the
disk at which the force is applied at t = 12 s?

11. A 1 kg uniform rod 1 m long is suspended from

the ceiling by a frictionless hinge. The rod is free to
pivot. What is the product of inertia of the rod about
the pivot point?

(A) 0 kgm2
Cl,W

(B)

0.045 kg-rrr'

(C) 0.13 kg.m2

(D) 0.33 kgm2
R = 30 em

lever

#2096689

12. A wheel with a radius of

and accelerates clockwise. The
rad/s'') of the wheel is defined
the resultant linear acceleration
rim at t = 2 s?

(A) 32.4 em
(B)
(C)

(D)

3.6.0 em
54.0 em
108 em

0.75 m starts from rest

angular acceleration (in
by a = 6t - 4. What is
of a point on the wheel

(A) 6 m/s2
(B) 12 m/s2
(C)

#3975395

13 m/s2

(D) 18 m/s2
9. A torsional pendulum consists of a 5 kg uniform disk
with a diameter of 50 em attached at its center to a rod
1.5 m in length. The torsional spring constant is 0.625
Nrri/rad. Disregarding the mass of the rod, what is the
natural frequency of the torsional pendulum?
(A) 1.0 rad/s
(B) 1.2 radys
(C) 1.4 rad/s
(D) 2.0 rad/s
#4170

#2893 687

13. A uniform rod (AB) of length L and weight W

is pinned at point C and restrained by cable OA. The
cable is suddenly cut. The rod starts to rotate about
point C, with point A moving down and point B moving
up. What is the instantaneous linear acceleration of
point B?

795

10. A 3 kg disk with a diameter of 0.6 m is rigidly attached at point B to a 1 kg rod 1 m in length. The
rod-disk combination rotates around point A. What is
the mass moment of inertia about point A for the combination?

0.6 m

I__

'-

..;.

---------------------Cl~"
L

Professional Publications, Inc.

16-8

FEReview Manual

(A)
(B)

(C)

(D)

3g
16

(A) 8
(B) 21

(C) 36

(D) 78

3g

#1582689

3g
4
#2911

687

14. A uniform rod (AB) of length L and weight W

is pinned at point C. The rod is accelerating with an
instantaneous angular acceleration (in rad/s'') of 0: =
12g /7 L. What is the instantaneous reaction at point
C?

17. A wheel with a 0.'75 m radius has a mass of 200 kg.

The wheel is pinned at its center and has a radius of
gyration of 0.25 m. A rope is wrapped around the wheel
and supports a hanging 100 kg block. When the wheel
is released, the rope begins to unwind. What is the
angular acceleration of the wheel?
(A) 5.9 rad/s2
(B) 6.5 rad/s2
(C) 11 rad/s2
(D) 14 rad/s2
#2907687

1.
4

Solution 1:

(B)

(D)

Use tangential and normal components.

(A)

(C)

SOLUTIONS TO FE-STYLE EXAM PROBLEMS

W
3
4W
7

7W

12

#2912687

15. A 1530 kg car is towing a 300 kg trailer. The coefficient of friction between all tires and the road is 0.80.
How fast can the car and trailer travel around an unbanked curve of radius 200 m without either the car or
trailer skidding?
(A) 40.0 km/h
(B) 75.2 km/h
(C) 108.1 km/h
(D) 143 km/h

an

Sum forces in the normal direction.

= man = T

LPn

=
=

man

- Wsin60

+ mg sin 60

(2 kg) (0.5 ~) + (2 kg) (9.81 ~) (sin 60)

= 18.0 N

#1579689

Professional Publications, Inc.

2 m

= 0.5 m/s2

16. A 1530 kg car is towing a 300 kg trailer. The coefficient of friction between all tires and the road is 0.80.
The car and trailer are traveling at 100 km/h around
a banked curve of radius 200 m. What is the necessary banking angle such that tire friction will not be
necessary to prevent skidding?

2 (1 7)2

v
= -...1. = -'---"'-.:....-

Answer is A.

Solution 2:
tension

= centripetal

force

---

------------------------------

lKinetics of Rotational Motion

mv2t
T= __
r

mv2

--

= rmv = r mw

ho

(0.3) (9.81 ~) (50 m) = 12.13

m/s

(12.13 ~) (3600 ~)
v=

5.77 rad/s
2

= vf1gr
=

100 N
(2 kg)(1.5 m)
=

=f1mg

16-9

1000
= (1.5 m)2 (2 kg) (5.77 r:d)

r:

= 43.67 km/h

26.0 Nms
Answer is C.

Answer is B.
Solution 5:
Since there is no friction force, the superelevation
B, can be determined directly.

Solution 3:
Use the instantaneous center of rotation to solve this
problem. Assume the wheel is pinned at point A.

angle,

v2
tanB = ~
gr

e = tan "

(;!)
(100 ~)
(

(1000 ~))

3600 ~

=tan-l~--~--~~------~~

(9.81 ~) (1000 m)
Z2

= (2)(0.25

m)2 - (2)(0.25 m)2(cos 135)

4.50

[lawof cosines]
Answer

= 0.2134 m2
I

= VO.2134 m2
Zvo

vp

= ---;;:=
=

= 0.462 m

Solution 6:

(0.462 m) (10 ~)
0.25 m

The wheel will lose contact with the top of the rail when
the reaction on the rail is zero. Refer to the following
illustration. Wheel A is the inner wheel.

18.5 m/s

The velocity of point P is perpendicular

is C.

to the line AP.

Answer is D.

YCG

= 0.5

Solution 4:
The car uses friction to resist the centrifugal force.

______________________________

Professional Publications, Inc.

16-10

FEReview Manual

The forces acting on the car are the centrifugal force, Fe,
its weight, and the reaction at the outer wheel. (The
reaction at the inner wheel is zero.) Take moments
about rail B.

L MB = 0 = W XCG -

Solution 9:
The radius of the disk is

R= .~D
2

FeYCG

50 em

- -(2) (100 ::)

mv;YcG
r

=mgxCG-

_...::..::.....:....:c.

The mass moment

v = JgXCG'r
YCG
(~)

of inertia

of the disk is

= ~MR2

(9.81 ~)

TJ

0.25 m

(15 m)
= (~) (5 kg)(0.25

m)2

0.5 m

= 0.15625 kg-rrr'

12.1 m/s

Natural frequency can be determined

for the torsional spring constant.

Answer is B.

kt

Solution 7:
Find the formula for Ix in the Mass Moments of Inertia
table.
m(3R2 + 4h2)
Ix = ---''------"12
(50 kg)[(3)(0.5

m)2

+ (4)(3

153.1 kg-rrr'

= w2I

w=/

~----,--,-0.625 Nm
rad
0.15625 kgm2

m)2]

12
=

from the equation

2 rad/s

(150 kgrn")
Answer is D.

Answer is D.
Solution 10:

Solution 8:

The mass moment of inertia of the rod about its end is

The centroidal

moment

of inertia is

ML2
= -3-

Irod,A

I = ~mR2
2

= 0.09
The acceleration
a

at

t =

= 3t =
=

(1 kg)(1 m)2

(0.5)(2 kg)(0.3 m)2

kgm2

12 s is

(3

r:d)

The mass moment

center is

(12 s)

of inertia

MR2

(3 kg)

Ia
r=F

(Tr
2

2
(0.09 kgm ) (36 ~)

The distance

10 N
0.324 m

0.135 kgm2

AC is
AC

tl

J AB2 + BC

(32.4 em)
(1 m)2

Answer is A.

Professional Publications, Inc.

of the disk about its own

Idisk,c = -2-

36 rad/s2

Mo=Fr=Ia

0.33 kg.m2

..

1.04

+ (O.~

ill

rn

._--------_ _---------------_ .._

Using the parallel axis theorem, the mass moment of

inertia of the disk about point A is
Idisk,A

The resultant

acceleration is

a Va; + a~
=

+ mdiskAC2
= 0.135 kgm2 + (3 kg) (1.04 m)2
= Idisk,e

(6 ~)

= 3.38 kgrrr'

+ (12

~)

13.4 m/s2

The total moment of inertia of the rod and disk is

IA =
=

Irod,A

Answer

Idisk,A

+ 3.38

0.33kgm2

kgm"

= 3.71 kg.m2
Answer

is C.

Solution 13:
Point C is L/4 from the center of gravity of the rod.
The mass moment of inertia about point C is

is D.

Ie

Solution 11:
=

The product of inertia for the rod is zero because the

pivot point lies on an axis of symmetry.

=
Answer is A.
=

leG

+ md2

(112) mL

+m (~

mL2 C~+ 116)

(:8)mL

Solution 12:
The angular acceleration

at t

2 s is

The sum of moments on the rod is

a(2 s) = (6)(2 s) - 4 = 8 rad/s2

The equation for the angular velocity is
w =

a(t)dt

WL mgL

J(6t - 4)dt
2

= 3t

4t +wo
The angular acceleration is

However, the wheel starts from rest, so Wo = O.

At t

=2

LMe

s, the angular velocity is

w(2 s)

Ie

mgL
4
(:8) mL2

(3)(2 S)2 - (4)(2 s)

= 4

The tangential

a=---

rad/s

acceleration of the point is

= (0.75 m)
=

rad)
(8 ~
The tangential

6 m/s2

The normal acceleration

the wheel) is

12g
7L
acceleration of point B is

(directed toward the center of

= (~)
= (0.75 m) ( 4
=

12 m/s2

(~1)

3g

rad)2

Answer

is C.

,\

II

16-12

FEReview Manual -----------------------------

Solution 14:

Solution 16:

The mass moment of inertia of the rod about its center

of gravity is

The velocity is

(100 k:)

(1000 :)

v - --'-----'---;;---Take moments about the center of gravity of the rod.

All moments due to gravitational forces will cancel. The
only unbalanced force action on the rod will be the reaction force, Rc, at point C.

LMCG

3600 ~

27.78 m/s

The necessary superelevation

angle is

=Rc (~)

MCG =

ICGacG

Rc= 4W
7
Answer is C.

Answer is B.

Solution 15:

Solution 17:

To keep the vehicle and trailer from skidding, the centripetal force must be less than or equal to the frictional
force. At the limit,

The mass moment of inertia of the wheel is

Fe =Ff
The unbalanced

= --

= mblockR(g
=p,g

The acceleration

is given by

(0.8) (9.81 ~)
M=Ia
mblockR(g

The normal acceleration can be calculated from the tangential velocity.

=
=

m/s

(39.6 ~)

==

mwheelr2a

(100 kg)(0.75 m) (9.81 ~)

- (200 kg)(0.25 m)2

(7.848 ~) (200 m)

= 39.6

- Ra)

mblockRg

Janr

- a)

- Ra)

= 7.848 m/s2

Vt

= mR(g

M = F R = (mg - ma)R

p,N

an=-

m
p,mg

torque (moment) on the wheel is

+ (100 kg)(0.75

m)2

10.7 rad/s

Answer is C.

(3600 ~)

1000 :
= 143 km/h
Answer is D.

Professional Publications, Inc.

----

Energy and Work

Wark, W, is the act of. changing the energy of a mass.

Work is a signed, scalar quantity. Work is positive when

a force acts in the direction of motion and moves a mass

from one location to another. Work is negative when
a force acts to oppose motion. (Friction, for example,
always opposes the direction of motion and can only do
negative work.) The net work done on a mass by more
than one force can be found by superposition.
The work performed by a force is calculated as a dot
product of the force acting through a displacement.

Nomenclature
a
e
E
F
g
\

\gc
h
I
Imp
k

m
p

t
v
W
X

acceleration
coefficient of
restitution
energy
force
gravitational
acceleration
gravitational
constant (32.2)
height above
datum
mass moment
of inertia
impulse
spring constant
mass
linear momentum
distance
time
velocity
work
displacement

w=
ft-lbf
lbf

J
N

Ibm-ftj'lbf-sec-'

angular velocity

17.1

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is a form of mechanical energy associated with a moving or rotating body. The linear kinetic
energy of a body moving with instantaneous linear velocity v is

ft

KE = Zmv

lbm-ft2
Ibf-sec
lbf/ft
lbm
lbm-ft/sec
ft
sec
ft/sec
ft-lbf
ft

kgm2
Ns

KE= mv
2gc

rad/sec

rad/s

[SI]

17.20

[U.S.]

17.2b

N/m
kg
kg-m.'s
m
s
m/s
J
m

Symbols
w

l=

ENERGYANDWORIC
The energy of a mass represents the capacity of the mass
to do work. Such energy can be stored and released.
There are many forms that the stored energy can take,
including mechanical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic
energies. Energy is a positive, scalar quantity, although

The rotational kinetic energy of a body moving with

instantaneous angular velocity w is
KE = ~Iw2

[S1]

17.30

KE = Iw2
2gc

[U.S.]

/7.3b

For general plane motion in which there are translational and rotational components, the kinetic energy is
the sum of the translational and rotational forms.
The change in kinetic energy is calculated from thedifference of squares of velocity, not from the square of the
velocity difference.
.I

17.40

17.4b

the change in energy can be either positive or negative .

Professional Publications, line.

17-2

FEReview Manual

Potential Energy
Potential energy (also known as gravitational potential
energy) is a form of mechanical energy possessed by
a mass due to its relative position in a gravitational
field. Potential energy is lost when the elevation of a
mass decreases. The lost potential energy usually is
converted to kinetic energy or heat.
PE

mgh

PE= mgh

[81]

[u.s.]

17.5a

the work done by the constant gravitational force to the

change in kinetic energy.

LINEAR IMPULSE
Impulse is a vector quantity equal to the change in momentum. Units of linear impulse are the same as those
for linear momentum: Ibf-sec or N-s. Figure 17.1 illustrates that impulse is represented by the area under the
force-time curve.

11.5b

t2

Imp =

17.9

Fdt

Elastic Potential Energy

Figure 17.1 Impulse

17.6

If the applied force is constant, impulse is easily calculated.

ENERGY CONSERVATION .........................

PRINCIPLE

11.10

According to the energy conservation principle, energy

cannot be created or destroyed. However, energy can
be transformed into different forms. Therefore, the sum
of all energy forms of a system is constant.

'E,E = constant

The change in momentum is equal to the impulse. This

is known as the impulse-momentum
principle.
For a
linear system with constant force and mass,
Imp

17.7

For many problems, the total energy of the mass is equal

to the sum of the potential (gravitational and elastic)
and kinetic energies.

F(t2 - h)
Fdt

Conversion of one form of energy into another does not

violate the conservation of energy law. Most problems
involving conversion of energy are really special cases.
For example, consider a falling body that is acted upon
by a gravitational force. The conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy can be interpreted as equating

= 6.(mv)
= mdv

F=

17.8
Generally, the principle of conservation of energy is applied to mechanical energy problems (i.e., conversion of
work into kinetic or potential energy).

17.11

= 6.p

Rewriting this equation for a constant force and mass

moving in any direction demonstrates that the impulsemomentum principle follows directly from Newton's second law.

Because energy can neither be created nor destroyed,

external work performed on a conservative system must
go into changing the system's total energy. This is
known as the work-energy principle.

00
VI

Tl:
to

gc

A spring is an energy storage device because a compressed spring has the ability to perform work. In a
perfect spring, the amount of energy stored is equal to
the work required to compress the spring initially. The
stored spring energy does not depend on the mass of the
spring. Given a spring with spring constant (stiffness)
k, the spring's elastic potential energy is

mdv
-=ma
dt

[81]

11.12

[81]

11.13

[81]

11.14

IMPACTS
According to Newton's second law, momentum is conserved unless a body is acted upon by an external force
such as gravity or friction. In an impact or collision,
contact is very brief, and the effect of external forces is
insignificant. Therefore, momentum is conserved, even
though energy may be lost through heat generation and
deforming the bodies.

Figl

_---------------

1_

Consider two particles, initially moving with velocities

and V2 on a collision path, as shown in Fig. 17.2.
The conservation of momentum equation can be used
to find the velocities after impact, v~ and ~.

Energy and Work

17-3

Solution:

VI

1
2mv2

KE=
d(KE)
dt

(2) (~)

(mv) (dV)
dt

=mva
This combination of variables (kgm2/s3) corresponds
to a watt (i.e., power).

Figure 11.2 Dired Centrallmpad

.~

Answer is D.

m1

V1

Problems 2 and 3 refer to the following illustration. A

50 kg block is released down a curved, frictionless surface. The radius of the curve is 5 m.

The impact is said to be an inelastic impact if kinetic

energy is lost. The impact is said to be perfectly inelastic or perfectly plastic if the two particles stick together
and move on with the same final velocity. The impact
is said to be an elastic impact only if kinetic energy is
conserved.

A simple way of determining whether the impact is elastic or inelastic is by calculating the coefficient of restitution, e. The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of
relative velocity differences along a mutual straight line.
The collision is inelastic if e < La, perfectly inelastic if
e = a, and elastic if e = 1.0. (When both impact velocities are not directed along the same straight line, the
coefficient of restitution should be calculated separately
for each velocity component.)

5m

What
point A?

2.

is the tangential

(A) 6.52

velocity of the block at

m/s

(B) 9.22 sss]

(C) 42.5 mls
(D) 85.0

mls
#109

689

Solution:

relative separation velocity

e=
.
relative approach velocity

The vertical distance between points 0 and A is

h

11.17

(5 m) sin 60

4.33 m

This drop in elevation corresponds to a decrease in potential energy and an increase in kinetic energy.

t.PE = t.KE
mgt.h

1. The first derivative of kinetic energy with respect to

time is
(A) force.
(B) momentum.
(C) work.
(D) power.

#108

691

V2gf:lh

9.22

Answer is B.

mls

V (2)

mv2
-2-

(9.81 ~)

(4.33 m)

FEReview ~anual --

17-4

What is the instantaneous acceleration in the direction of travel of the block at point B?
3.

(A) 0 m/s2
(B)

2.45

m/s2

Two balls, both of mass 2 kg, collide. head on. The

velocity of each ball at the time of the collision is 2 m/s.
The coefficient of restitution is 0.5.

(A) 1 mls and -1 tsi]

(B) 2 mls and -2 mls
(C) 3 iii] and -3 sxs]
(D) 4 mls and -4 mls

#110689

Solution:

#112691

At point B, all of the energy of the mass is kinetic, and

the velocity is maximum. Acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity. Since the velocity is maximum at
point B, the acceleration is zero. There is centripetal
acceleration directed away from point C, but this is not
in the direction of travel.

. Solution:
From the definition of coefficient of restitution,
e
vi - v~

4. A 1 kg disk with a diameter of 10 em and a width

of 4 em is placed on edge at the top of an inclined ramp
1 m high. The ramp is inclined at 10. At the bottom of
the ramp is a spring whose spring constant is 2000 N 1m.
The disk rolls down the ramp and compresses the spring
while coming to a complete stop. What is the maximum
compression of the spring?

Vi -Vi
=1

2
V2 -

Answer is A.

VI

e(v2 - VI)

m-2S
m).
= (0.5) ( -2 S
= -2

mls

[I]

#111

193

Since

Solution:

VI

= 2 mls
VI

At the top of the ramp, all of the energy is gravitational potential energy; at the bottom, the energy is
spring potential energy. Neglecting the small toss of
gravitational potential energy in deflecting the spring,
the energy balance is
mgh

and

V2

-2

mis,

+ V2 = 2 ~ + (-2

~)=

So,

Solve Eqs. I and II simultaneously

1
"2kX2

vi

by adding them.

-1 mls

v; = 1 mls
X=

J2~gh'

Answer is A.
(2) (1 kg) (9.81 ~) (1 m)
2000 N
m
=

0.099 m

(9.9 cin)

is A.

Problems 5 and 6 refer to the following situation.

Professional Publications, Inc.

6.

7.
5
fi
t<

From the conservation of momentum,

(A) 9.9 cm
(B) 11.4 em
(C) 11.7 cm
(D) 14.1 em

Answer

Sol

5. What are the final velocities of the balls?

(C) 4.91 m/s2

(D) 19.6 m/s2

What is the loss of energy in the collision?

(A) 1.4 N-m

(B} 2.3 N-m
(C) 6.0 Nm
(D) 8.6 N-m
#113691

---

Energy and Work

Solution:

Each ball possesses kinetic energy before and after the

collision. The velocity of each ball is reduced from
12m/s] to 11 m./s].
~KE

17-5

(KE)i - (KE) f

(2)

-A

2 mv2)
( m;i --t

~ (2) [(2 kg) ~2

~)2 _ (2 kg) ~'

~)21

=6N-m
compressed
position

Answer is C.

__

7. A 2 kg ball of clay moving at 40 m/s collides with a

5 kg ball of clay moving at 10 m/s directly toward the
first ball. What is the final velocity if both balls stick
together after the collision?
1. What is the initial spring compression?

(A) 4.29 m/s

(B) 23.0 m/s

(A) 0.96 m
(B) 1.3 m

(C)

30.0 m/s
(D) 42.9 m/s

(C) lAm
(D) 1.8 m

#114 689

#115 689

Solution:

2. What is the kinetic energy of the mass at point A?

vI

Since the balls stick together,

= V2 and e = O. Thus,
the collision is perfectly inelastic. Only momentum is
conserved.

(2 kg) (40

7)

+ (5 kg) (-10

7) = (2
v'

(A) 19.8 J
(B) 219 J
(C) 392 J
(D) 2350 J
#116689

kg+5

kg)v'

4.29 m/s

Answer is A.

3.

What is the velocity of the mass at point A?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

3.13 m/s
4.43 m/s
9.80 m/s
19.6 m/s
#117 689

FE-STYLE EXAM PROBLEMS

Problems 1-4 refer to the following situation.
The mass m in the following illustration is guided
by the frictionless rail and has a mass of 40 kg.
The spring constant, k. is 3000 N/m.
The spring is compressed sufficiently and released,
such that the mass barely reaches point B.

__________________________________

4. What is the energy stored in the spring if the spring

is compressed 0.5 m?
(A) 375 J
(B) 750 J
.' (C) 1500 J
(D) 2100 J
#118689

Professional Publications Inc.

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