5/28/2014

BIOSCI107:Muscle
DrCarolynBarrett
c.barrett@auckland.ac.nz

Todaystopics:

Typesofmuscle
Structure of skeletal muscle
Structureofskeletalmuscle
Thecrossbridgecycle
Theroleofcalcium
Lengthtensionrelationship

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SkeletalMuscle(Lecture1&2)
Undervoluntarycontrol
Striated
Singlelongcylindricalcells
Multipleperipheralnuclei

CardiacMuscle(Lecture3)
Locatedonlyintheheart
Striated
Branchedcellswith13
centralnuclei
Connectedvia
intercalateddiscs
Involuntarycontrol

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SmoothMuscle(Lecture4)
Involuntary
Foundinthewallofinternal
organs(gut,bloodvessels
etc)
Spindleshaped,uninucleated
cells
Notstriated

SkeletalMuscle

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StructureofSkeletalMuscle
Musclefibre

Myofibril

Attachedtobonesvia
tendons
Thecellsmuscle
fibresarelong(upto
35cm)andreasonably
wide(0.1mm)
Cellsarecomposedof
Cells are composed of
fibrilscontaining
highlyorganised
contractilefilaments

Microscopicstructureofamyofibril
Thin(actin)
filament

Thick(myosin)
filament

Zdisc

Iband

Hzone

Aband
Sarcomere

Zdisc

Iband

Mline

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Thickfilaments:runtheentire
lengthofanAband
Z disc
H zone
Z disc
Thinfilaments:runthelength
oftheIbandandpartwayinto
theAband
Thick (myosin) I band
A band
I band
M line
Zdisc:coinshapedsheetof
filament
Sarcomere
proteinsthatanchorsthethin
filamentsandconnects
myofibrilstooneanother
Sarcomere
Hzone:lightermidregion
Z disc
Z disc
M line
wherefilamentsdonot
Thin (actin)
filament
overlap
l
Elastic (titin)
filaments
Thick
Mline:lineofprotein
(myosin)
filament
myomesin thatholdsadjacent
thickfilamentstogether

Thin (actin)
filament

Source:HumanPhysiology,fifthedition,Vander,Sherman,Luciano

Sarcolemma

Myofibril

Ttubules deepinvaginations
continuouswiththesarcolemma
(cellmembrane)andcircleeach
sarcomere ateachofthe
junctionsoftheAandIbands.
ll
l
b
Allowsactionpotentialstobe
carrieddeepwithinthemuscle
cell
Sarcoplasma reticulum The
calciumstoragesite.The
terminalcisternae
terminal cisternae oftheSRlie
of the SR lie
closetotheTtubules.

T tubule
Sarcoplasma
reticulum

Sarcolemma

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Thethickfilaments
ComposedofMyosin
Eachmyosinhas2
y
subunitseachwitha
globularheadandatail,
thetwotailsintertwineto
formahelix
Theheadshavea
bindingsiteforactin
Theheadisanenzyme
thathydrolysesATP(an
ATPase)

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Thethinfilament
Composedprimarilyof
globularactin proteins
Thefilamentsare
composedofadouble
strandedhelicalactin
chain(polymers).
Troponin and
tropomyosin are
regulatoryproteins
regulatory proteins
associatedwithactin
inskeletalandcardiac
muscle

Slidingfilament
theoryofmuscle
contraction
Z

H
A

Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber

Thesarcomere shortensas
thethinfilamentsarepulled
overthethickfilaments:
TheZlineispulledtoward
theMline
TheIbandandHzone
becomenarrower

I
A
I
Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber

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Thecrossbridgecycle
Thin filament
Actin Ca2+
ADP

Myosin
Pi
cross bridge

Thick
filament
Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation.

ADP

ADP
Pi ATP

Pi

hydrolysis

2 The power (working)

stroke.

4 Cocking of myosin head.

ATP
ATP

4Majorsteps:
1. Crossbridge
formation
2. Powerstroke
3. Detachment
4. Energization of
myosinhead
.....letsbreakitdown

3 Cross bridge
detachment.

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1.Crossbridgeformation
Actin

Ca2+

Myosin
cross bridge

Thin filament

ADP
Pi
Thick filament

Myosin
binds to the actin
Myosinbindstotheactin
bindingsitetoforma
crossbridge
Inorganicphosphate(Pi)is
released
Note:crossbridges canonlyoccurin
thepresenceofcalciumwhenthe
myosinbindingsiteonactin isexposed.

Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation.

2.ThePowerStroke
ADP
is released
ADPisreleased
Themyosinheadrotatesto
itslowenergystate(about
45 totheactin)pullingwith
ADP
itthethinfilament
Pi
Theresultisshorteningof
thesarcomere.
2 The power (working) stroke.

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3.Detachment

ATP

A
new ATP molecule binds
AnewATPmoleculebinds
tothemyosin
Theactinmyosinbindis
weakenedandthemyosin
detaches
(Note:NoATP=nodetachment)

3 Cross bridge detachment.

4.Energization ofthemyosinhead

ADP
ATP
Pi
hydrolysis

Myosin
head hydrolyzes the
Myosinheadhydrolyzesthe
ATPtoADP+Pi
Themyosinheadmoves
backtoitshighenergy
confirmation(about90 to
theactin)

4 Cocking of myosin head.

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Theimportanceofcalcium
Afterthepublicationofapaper
I discovered that the saline
Idiscovered,thatthesaline
solutionwhichIhadusedhadnot
beenpreparedwithdistilledwater,
butwithpipewatersuppliedbythe
NewRiverWaterCompany.
SydneyRinger,1883

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SydneyRinger
Water supplied by the New River Water Company
contains 278.6 parts of solids per million.
They consist of:
Calcium
Magnesium

38.3 per million

4.5

Theimportanceofcalcium
Calciumionsprovide
the on
switch for
the
on switchfor
crossbridgecycleto
begin.
Thecyclewill
continueforaslong
ascalciumlevels
remainabovethe
remain above the
criticalthreshold
(0.0010.01mM)

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Calciumregulation
Inskeletalmuscle
openingofcalcium
h
l i h SR
channelsintheSR
allowsthemovement
ofcalciumionsinto
thecytosol.
Activetransport
pumps(Ca2+ATPase)
areconstantlymoving
Ca2+fromthe
Ca2+ from the
cytoplasmbackinto
thesarcoplasma
reticulum

Lengthtensionrelationship
Atthelevelofthe
sarcomere the
i
f
maximumforce
(tension
developed)is
dependentonthe
degreeofactin
andmyosin
and myosin
overlap

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Atlengths<2.0mfilamentscollideandinterfere
witheachotherreducingforcedeveloped
Alengths>2.2mactiveforcesdeclineasthe
extentofoverlapbetweenfilamentsreduces,
reducingthenumberofcrossbridges
Maximalforcebetween2.0 2.2m
FiguresfromPLangton,UBristol

Ofcoursemusclealso
haselasticcomponents!
Asmuscleisstretched
theconnectivetissue
d h
l
ll
aroundthemusclecells
resiststhestretch=
passiveforce.
Totaltensionisthesum
oftheactivetension
dependentonthe
dependent on the
sarcomere lengthandthe
passivetension

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FiguresfromPLangton,UBristol

Tomorrow.
Theinitiationandmodulationofskeletal
musclecontraction

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