Engineering department:Facilitating and assembling the main engine and other

machinery.

SHIP TERMINOLOGY

1.

Ship:a ship may regard as hollow structure made to float on water capable of transport
goods from one place to another place across surface of water.

2.

Hull: body of ship comprising steel plating, bulk heads e.t.c.

3. Keel:back bone of ship, principle fore and aft member that connects stern and stern tube.
4. Rudder:a lifting hinged to the stern frame and used for steering the ship.
5. Propeller:a rotating device that drives the ship through water. It consists of 3 or 4
blades resembling those of an electric fan, sometimes called as screw.

6. Port:left hand side of ship, when looking forward standing at centre line of ship.
7. Star board: the right hand side of ship, when looking forward standing at centre line of
ship.
8. Dry dock:a dock into which vessel is floated; the water is removed to allow work done
to be done at bottom.
9. Aft end:back end of the ship is called aft end.

10.

Fore end:forward end is called fore end.

11. Drag force:component of total force in direction of motion is called drag force.
12. Lift force:the component of total force in the direction of perpendicular to the motion
is called lift force.

13. Deck:it is a horizontal platform corresponding to a floor in a multi- storied building.

14.

A HEAD:the forward travel of ship is called head condition.

15.

A Stern:backward travel of ship is called stern condition.

16. Free Board:space above the load water line up to main deck is called free board.

17. Super Structure:housing and structure above main deck is called super standards,
meant for crew accommodation and other offices such as steering and radio room e.t.c.
18. Centre line:Line facing through fore and aft vertical central point.

19. Load water line:A line pointed on the side of the vessel to which vessel sinks when
carrying load.

20. Dead weight:Total weight of cargo, fuel, water, stores, passengers, crew and their
effects that ship can carry.
21.

Butt:Joint formed when two parts are placed edge to edge, also end joint between plates.

22. Seam joint:Fore and aft joint or length wise joint of two plates.
23. Lap:Joint which one part over laps on another thus avoiding use of butt strap.
24. Length over all:It is defined as the distance from extreme point at after end to similar
point at forward end.
25. Mid shop:A reference length is needed about mid length of ship is usually is taken the
mid way between the perpendicular.
26. Deck chamber:This is a curve applied to deck transversely curvature by the difference
between height of deck at side and centre.

27. Flare:Used to describe ships plating where it slopes out board whilst approaching to
No: 1 deck. It is usually concave upwards from water line in vicinity of the bow.
28. Tumble home:Used to describe ships side plating where it slopes inboard whilst
approaching to No: 1 deck. Tumble home is opposite to flare.
29. Rake:It is used to describe the inclination to the vertical i.e.; rake of stern facilitate
drainage e.t.c.
30. Draft:It is the vertical distance from the under side of the keel to the water line. It is
generally marked at forward perpendicular, after perpendicular and at mid ships. The
mean draft is the arithmetic mean of the forward and aft drafts.
31. Free board:The vertical distance from the water line to the top of the weather deck
plating at the side of the deck at any given location along the ship.
32. Camber:This represents the curvature an awthwart ship or transverse vertical plane. It
is the height of the deck at the centre line above the height at the side.

33.On either side of the centre of floatation. It can be defined as the difference of
forward and aft drafts.
34. Lisc: It is the transverse inclination caused due to off centre. Loading and unloading or
shifting of weights transverse on board ships.
35. Heel:It is a temporary transverse inclination caused by external forces such as wind,
waves, centrifugal force during course alterations e.t.c.
36. Mid - ship:Centre of the ship located at the midpoint between the fore and aft
perpendiculars.
37. After body:The portion of the ship from the midpoint to the front or the bow of the
ship.
38. Awthwart ship: Across the ship at right angles to the force and aft centre line of the
ship.
39. Centre girder: A fore and aft vertical plates fitted at centre lines upon the keel up to
which the half floor plates are connected by welding or by welding vertical angle bars
sometimes called vertical keel.
40. Decks:Decks are closed stiffened planning at various levels covering ship shell plating
extended forward to aft contributing in length of ships.
41. Deck girder:A continuous member running in fore and aft direction under the deck for
the purpose of supporting deck and deck beams.
42. Pillar/Stanchion: A vertical column giving support to deck girder or any part of the
ship structure.
43. Stiffener:A section fastened to a surface to strength it and makes it rigid.

44. Doublers/doubling:A plate fitted inside or outside to give additional strength or

stiffness.
45. Hatch:Opening in a deck for storing of cargo.
46. Bracket: A triangular piece of plate used to connect with the side frame.
47. Wing bracket:A wing like bracket fitted at the bottom of a side frame in way of the
bilge uniting tank margin and shell to the side frame.
48. Ballast tank:Tanks provided in the parts of the ship for water ballast to keep the vessel
in an even keel.
49. Bulk Head:Wall in a ship, which divide ship into various compartments.
50. Anchor:An iron implement for holding the ship at rest by means of heavy hook which
keeps the vessels from drifting.
Welding in plumbing department

4.3 FLUX CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW):

It is somewhat like submerged arc and shielded metal arc welding, except that theflux is encased
in a metal sheath instead of being laid over the wire. The weldmetal is shielded by the metal flux and by a
gaseous medium, either being externallysupplied or evolved from flux. Some cored wires have been
designed for all positionwelding, but the weld puddle is still somewhat difficult to control, specially in
theoverhead position. Carbon steel and stainless steel flux cored wires are available.A schematic diagram
of flux cored wire welding process is shown in Fig. 1.8.
Since the flux is in the core of the electrode wire itself, it helps in mechanization of the welding
process by introducing continuous wire feed. The flux coatedelectrode on the other hand fails in a
situation where reeling or coiling of the wireis done. This is the major constraint in using covered
electrodes in shapes of stickform.The functions of the flux are the same as in MMA welding, i.e., it
provides theshielding gas through chemical decomposition, acts as deoxidiser or scavenger toproduce
sound weld metal, forms a slag which will float on the molten weld metal and protect it from atmosphere
when solidification takes place, stabilizes the arcand in some cases can add alloying elements to the weld

Flux cored arc welding can be carried out in both semi-automatic and fullyautomatic method. The
flux cored arc process can be adopted with or without gasshielding. The metal transfer is in the form of
(a) globular, (b) spray or (c) shortcircuiting. The flux in the core forms a molten slag as soon as the
electrodeestablishes an arc and subsequently a weld pool. The arc is shielded by a gasevolved during the
decomposition of the flux. A separate gas shield can also beused which will ensure a positive shielding of
the arc. DC is used for flux coredwire. Constant voltage power with slope and inductance control is
recommendedfor this process. Flux wire process gives faster deposition rate and lowers weldingcost.
Fully automatic welding can be made in vertical seam welding. It can be agood substitute for electroslag
or electrogas welding wherever the latter cannot beused effectively.

FCAW has high deposition rate due to stub elimination. Flux cored wire givesless spatter and improved
weld finish due to arc stabilization and slag-formingcompounds at the core, which leads to less porosity.
Flux core wires use standardtube materials and the required chemistry is achieved through alloy
powderintroduced into the core. Flux core wires have great advantage in continuous hardfacing work
andFCAW has high deposition rate due to stub elimination. Flux cored wire givesless spatter and
improved weld finish due to arc stabilization and slag-formingcompounds at the core, which leads to less
porosity. Flux core wires use standardtube materials and the required chemistry is achieved through alloy
powderintroduced into the core. Flux core wires have great advantage in continuous hardfacing work and
also in welding steel pipes involving 360 welding.The core will have various elements whose functions
are different. The followinggives the important common core elements and their functions:
Ti, Si, Al and Zr Deoxidiser
Calcium

Shielding and slag formation

Carbon

Hardness and strength

Chromium

Corrosion resistance

Iron

Base deposit

Manganese prevention Deoxidiser, Hot shortness

Moly and Nickel

Alloy addition

Sodium, Potasium

Arc stabiliser and slag formation.

External shielding gases are also used in many FCAW processes. CO2 shieldinggas gives deep
penetration and globular metal transfer across the arc. Alloyingelements like Cr, Ni, Moly in low alloy
weld metals are not affected by the oxidizingatmosphere of the CO2 gas. Deoxidising agents (Al, Ti, Zr
and Si) are added to thecore to compensate for the oxidising effects of CO2. The level of oxidising
agentsin the cored electrode is kept sufficiently high to avoid formation of CO which canget entrapped in
the weld deposit and form porosity. CO2 shielding will give greaterresistance to hot cracking. This is due
to the reduction of hydrogen, phosphorusand sulphur in the deposited weld by oxidation during welding.
Weld metal ductilityand toughness are also improved with CO2 shielding. If argon is added to CO2,
theAr/CO2 mixture gives a spray type metal transfer and penetration is moderate.

Generally Ar/CO2 mixture gives a higher tensile and yield strength of the weldmetal and is
mainly used for out-of-position welding of pipes of low alloy steels,because of better arc stability and
manoeuverability.Generally welding with self-shielding method gives weld deposits with lowerductility
and impact strength than that with standard gas shielding method. This is because the level of deoxidising
agents like Al, Ti will be more in the former case,which may promote bainitic structure in the weld
affecting its toughness. Self-shielding wires are widely used in hardfacing.AWS classification of Flux
cored wires (AWS A5.20-1979) for welding C-Mnsteel gives the designated figures as

E x x T for example E 6 O T 8
The first letter E designates electrode wire. The second letter 6 indicates thetensile strength in ksi. In the
example its value is 420 MPa. The third letter indicatesprimary welding position. e.g., O- flat and
horizontal and 1 is for all positions. Inthe example it is flat and horizontal position. T stands for flux core
wire and thelast figure indicates the weldability and performance capability. In the presentexample it
shows the high crack resistance and good notch toughness at 15C.
The AWS specifications of the core wire are
AWS A5.20 1979 Carbon steel electrodes for flux cored arc welding.
AWS A 5.22 1980 Flux cored chromium and chromium-nickel steel electrodes
AWS A 5.29 1980 Low alloy steel electrodes for flux-cored arc welding.

In general, increasing the welding current will increase weld deposit rate andpenetration. Low currents
will produce large droplet transfer and spatter. Similarly,increase in arc voltage will result in spatter and a
wide weld bead of irregularprofile. With self shielded electrodes this will result in excessive nitrogen
pick-up.Low voltage will give shallow penetration. The electrode extension must be keptat optimum
length, otherwise unsteady arc and spatter will occur. Similarly lowwelding speed will cause overheat of
the base metal and will give rise to burnthroughproblems in thinner plates. Too high a speed will affect
the bead profileand penetration. The electrode angle to the vertical (drag angle) should be between5 - 15
in gas shielded method and 20 - 45 for self shield method. FCAW isused extensivly for large scale
hardfacing through automatic processes.

The main advantages of self shielded flux cored arc welding can be summarized as follows:
(a) The deposition rate is around four times higher than that of stick electrodewelding.
(b) It produces crack free welds in medium carbon steels, using normal weldingprocedures.
(c) Mechanized welding is made easy.
(d) It eliminates stub losses and the time required for electrode changes.
(e) The process is adaptable to a variety of products.

4.3.1 ADVANTAGES:

Versatility - suitable for a variety of positions and applications

Capable of relatively high deposition rates


Enables one process operation for individual projects simplifies training, supervision
and logistics

4.3.2 DISADVANTAGES:

Incorrect selection of consumables and parameters may lead to lower weld toughness

Potential for lack-of-fusion type defects if welding parameters are incorrect or misalignment occurs
also fume extraction may be required

Interlinking various departments in hsl: