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Single-quadrant switches
a
Current-bidirectional two-quadrant
t1
t2
SWx
d1
d2
Voltage-bidirectional two-quadrant
a
a
b
2qv1
b
2qv2
2qi1
2qi2
Four-quadrant switch
a
b
4q
Note
that
all
switch
types
except
for
the
four-quadrant
switch
include
a
realization
having
reversed
polarity.
The
polarities
are
defined
with
respect
to
terminals
a
and
b
of
the
ideal
SPST
switch,
as
shown.
Each
switch
type
is
designated
by
a
name
such
as
d1,
listed
below
the
switch
above.
You
must
enter
the
name
of
the
appropriate
switch
type
when
asked.
Sketch
the
converter
circuit,
and
enter
the
switch
type
and
its
polarity
in
the
appropriate
fields
below.
You
must
enter
the
simplest
switch
realization;
for
example,
the
grader
will
give
no
credit
for
a
four-quadrant
switch
when
a
two-
quadrant
switch
will
suffice
Question
1
In
the
power
converter
illustrated
below,
SW2
and
SW3
conduct
for
the
first
interval
of
length
DTs.
SW1
and
SW4
conduct
for
the
second
interval
of
length
DTs.
You
may
assume
the
converter
is
ideal,
and
hence
ignore
all
losses.
You
may
also
assume
that
all
inductor
current
ripples
and
capacitor
voltage
ripples
are
small.
IL1
L2
L1
a
SW1
Vg
b
a
SW2
C1
+
VC1
SW3
IL2
+
a
C2
VC2
SW4
You
are
asked
to
enter
expressions
for
intermediate
steps
in
your
analysis;
these
expressions
must
be
entered
as
computer-readable
expressions
using
the
exact
variable
names
as
defined
below:
Input
voltage
Vg
Capacitor
voltage
VC1
Capacitor
voltage
VC2
Inductor
current
IL1
Inductor
current
IL2
Duty
cycle
D
Load
resistance
R
When
entering
equations,
these
variable
names
are
case-sensitive
and
must
be
entered
exactly
as
defined
above;
for
example,
D*(Vg-V)/R.
The
complement
of
the
duty
cycle
should
be
entered
as
(1-D).
When
numeric
values
are
requested,
a
single
numeric
value
must
be
entered
that
is
accurate
to
within
plus
or
minus
0.1%
of
the
value
computed
using
the
methods
described
in
lecture.
Switch
types
must
carefully
follow
the
polarities
with
respect
to
the
terminals
labeled
a
and
b.
It
is
highly
recommended
that
you
first
sketch
the
converter
circuit
and
work
the
questions
with
pencil
and
paper.
Then
enter
your
answers
into
the
fields
below.
Derive
an
expression
for
the
converter
output
voltage
VC2.
Express
your
result
in
terms
of
Vg
and
D.
Enter
your
expression
in
the
field
below.
[10
points]
Question
2.
Derive
an
expression
for
the
inductor
current
IL1.
Express
your
result
in
terms
of
Vg,
R,
and
D.
Enter
your
expression
in
the
field
below.
[10
points]
Question
3.
Enter
the
switch
type
for
SW1.
[10
points]
Question
4.
Enter
the
switch
type
for
SW2
[10
points]
Question
5.
Enter
the
switch
type
for
SW3
[10
points]
Question
6.
Enter
the
switch
type
for
SW4
[10
points]
Question
7.
Questions
7
11
concern
the
solar
photovoltaic
(PV)
microinverter
illustrated
below.
In
a
PV
microinverter,
a
power
electronics
system
converts
the
dc
power
produced
by
a
solar
PV
panel
to
ac
form,
and
supplies
this
ac
power
to
the
utility
grid.
Solar
Photovoltaic
Panel
Inverter
+
Vpv
DC-DC
Boost
Converter
+
C
Vbus
SW1
SW3
b
a
vs(t) +
b
a
SW2
SW4
Utility
Grid
L
iac(t)
+
vac(t)
The
DC-DC
boost
converter
boosts
the
PV
panel
voltage
Vpv
to
the
high-voltage
dc
bus
Vbus.
The
bus
voltage
Vbus
has
negligible
ripple
and
is
essentially
dc.
The
inverter
switches
SW1
to
SW4
are
controlled
such
that
the
switch
output
voltage
vs(t)
has
the
same
low-frequency
average
as
the
ac
utility
voltage
vac(t).
The
inductors
connected
between
the
inverter
switches
and
the
utility
grid
have
small
switching
ripple
but
small
impedance
at
the
grid
frequency,
and
iac(t)
is
essentially
a
line-frequency
sinusoid
that
is
in-phase
with
vac(t).
All
losses
can
be
neglected.
Typical
waveforms
for
a
residential
PV
system
in
the
USA
are
Vbus
=
400
V,
vac(t)
=
2
(240
V)
sin(t),
and
iac(t)
=
2
(1
A)
sin(t).
The
ac
line
frequency
is
60
Hz,
and
hence
=
260.
The
duty
cycles
of
switches
SW1
and
SW2
are
controlled
so
that
vs(t)
has
an
average
over
each
switching
period
that
is
equal
to
vac(t),
with
a
switching
frequency
of
50
kHz.
Switches
SW3
and
SW4
are
switched
at
the
ac
line
frequency
of
60
Hz:
SW3
is
on
when
vac(t)
>
0,
and
SW4
is
on
when
vac(t)
<
0.
SW3
and
SW4
have
small
switching
loss
because
their
switching
frequencies
are
low.
On
paper,
sketch
the
waveforms
of
the
voltages
across
SW2
and
across
SW4,
over
one
ac
line
cycle.
Then
sketch
the
waveforms
of
the
off-state
voltage
and
on-state
current
of
SW1,
over
one
ac
line
cycle.
How
should
we
realize
SW1?
[8
points]
Question
8.
For
the
inverter
described
in
Question
7,
enter
the
switch
type
for
SW2.
[8
points]
Question
9.
For
the
inverter
described
in
Question
7,
enter
the
switch
type
for
SW3.
[8
points]
Question
10.
For
the
inverter
described
in
Question
7,
enter
the
switch
type
for
SW4.
[8
points]
Question
11.
For
Question
11,
the
peak
ac
utility
voltage
is
denoted
VM
and
the
ac
utility
angular
frequency
is
,
so
that
vac(t)
=
VM
sin
t
in
the
inverter
described
in
Question
7.
Enter
a
math
expression
for
the
duty
cycle
of
SW2,
for
the
ac
utility
half
cycle
when
vac
>
0.
Your
expression
should
be
written
in
terms
of
the
following
variable
names:
For
VM,
enter
VM
For
,
enter
w
For
t,
enter
t
For
Vbus,
enter
Vbus
You
can
enter
sin
x
as
sin(x)
[8
points]
Extra
Credit
assignment:
Ch.
4
Question
1.
This
extra
credit
problem
is
an
additional
question
concerning
the
solar
inverter
system
of
Questions
7-11
of
homework
assignment
3.
The
switching
ripple
i
in
the
current
iac(t)
varies
over
the
ac
utility
line
cycle.
Calculate
the
maximum
value
of
the
ripple
i
(in
amps),
for
the
following
element
values:
AC
utility
voltage
is
240
Vrms
DC
bus
voltage
is
400
V
dc
Switching
frequency
of
SW1
and
SW2
is
50
kHz
Inductance
L
=
2
mH
[20
points]