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1.InstructorsManualMATHEMATICALMETHODSFORPHYSICISTSAComprehensiveGuideSEVENTHEDITIONGeorgeB.Arfken
MiamiUniversityOxford,OHHansJ.WeberUniversityofVirginiaCharlottesville,VAFrankE.HarrisUniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT
UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FLAMSTERDAMBOSTONHEIDELBERGLONDONNEWYORKOXFORDPARISSANDIEGO

SANFRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOAcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
2.AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USATheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX5
1GB,UKc2013ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe
publisher.DetailsonhowtoseekpermissionandfurtherinformationaboutthePublisherspermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorgani
zationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthiseldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearch
methods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirown
experienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation
ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.To
thefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamageto
personsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,or
ideascontainedinthematerialherein.ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications,visitourwebsite:www.books.elsevier.com
3.Contents1Introduction12ErrataandRevisionStatus33ExerciseSolutions71.MathematicalPreliminaries...................72.
DeterminantsandMatrices....................273.VectorAnalysis..........................344.TensorsandDierentialForms....
..............585.VectorSpaces...........................666.EigenvalueProblems.......................817.Ordinary
DierentialEquations.................908.SturmLiouvilleTheory......................1069.PartialDierentialEquations.........
.........11110.GreensFunctions.........................11811.ComplexVariableTheory....................12212.Further
TopicsinAnalysis....................15513.GammaFunction.........................16614.BesselFunctions..................
........19215.LegendreFunctions........................23116.AngularMomentum........................25617.Group
Theory...........................26818.MoreSpecialFunctions......................28619.FourierSeries....................
.......32320.IntegralTransforms........................33221.IntegralEquations.........................36422.Calculusof
Variations.......................37323.ProbabilityandStatistics.....................3874Correlation,ExercisePlacement3985
UnusedSixthEditionExercises425iv
4.Chapter1IntroductionTheseventheditionofMathematicalMethodsforPhysicistsisasubstantialanddetailedrevisionofitspredecessor.The
changesextendnotonlytothetopicsandtheirpresentation,butalsototheexercisesthatareanimportantpartofthestudentexperience.Thenew
editioncontains271exercisesthatwerenotinpreviouseditions,andtherehasbeenawidespreadreorganizationofthepreviouslyexistingexercises
tooptimizetheirplacementrelativetothematerialinthetext.Sincemanyinstructorswhohaveusedpreviouseditionsofthistexthavefavorite
problemstheywishtocontinuetouse,weareprovidingdetailedtablesshowingwheretheoldproblemscanbefoundinthenewedition,and
conversely,wheretheproblemsintheneweditioncamefrom.Wehaveincludedthefulltextofeveryproblemfromthesixtheditionthatwasnot
usedinthenewseventhedition.Manyoftheseunusedexercisesareexcellentbuthadtobeleftouttokeepthebookwithinitssizelimit.Somemay
beusefulastestquestionsoradditionalstudymaterial.Completemethodsofsolutionhavebeenprovidedforalltheproblemsthatarenewtothis
seventhedition.Thisfeatureisusefultoteacherswhowanttodetermine,ataglance,featuresofthevariousexercisesthatmaynotbecompletely
apparentfromtheproblemstatement.Whilemanyoftheproblemsfromtheearliereditionshadfullsolutions,somedidnot,andwewere
unfortunatelynotabletoundertakethegargantuantaskofgeneratingfullsolutionstonearly1400problems.NotpartofthisInstructorsManualbut
availablefromElseviersonlinewebsitearethreechaptersthatwerenotincludedintheprintedtextbutwhichmaybeimportanttosome
instructors.TheseincludeAnewchapter(designated31)onPeriodicSystems,dealingwithmathematicaltopicsassociatedwithlattice
summationsandbandtheory,Achapter(32)onMathieufunctions,builtusingmaterialfromtwochaptersinthesixthedition,butexpandedintoa
singlecoherentpresentation,and1
5.CHAPTER1.INTRODUCTION2Achapter(33)onChaos,modeledafterChapter18ofthesixtheditionbutcarefullyedited.Inaddition,also
onlinebutexternaltothisManual,isachapter(designated1)onInniteSeriesthatwasbuiltbycollectionofsuitabletopicsfromvariousplacesin
theseventheditiontext.ThisalternateChapter1containsnomaterialnotalreadyintheseventheditionbutitssubjectmatterhasbeenpackagedinto
aseparateunittomeetthedemandsofinstructorswhowishtobegintheircoursewithadetailedstudyofInniteSeriesinplaceofthenew
MathematicalPreliminarieschapter.BecausethisInstructorsManualexistsonlyonline,thereisanopportunityforitscontinuingupdatingand
improvement,andforcommunication,throughit,oferrorsinthetextthatwillsurelycometolightasthebookisused.Theauthorsinviteusersofthe
texttocallattentiontoerrorsorambiguities,anditisintendedthatcorrectionsbelistedinthechapterofthisManualentitledErrataandRevision
Status.Errataandcommentsmaybedirectedtotheauthorsatharrisatqtp.ufl.eduortothepublisher.Ifuserschoosetoforwardadditional
materialsthatareofgeneralusetoinstructorswhoareteachingfromthetext,theywillbeconsideredforinclusionwhenthisManualisupdated.
PreparationofthisInstructorsManualhasbeengreatlyfacilitatedbytheeortsofpersonnelatElsevier.Weparticularlywanttoacknowledgethe
assistanceofourEditorialProjectManager,KathrynMorrissey,whoseattentiontothisprojecthasbeenextremelyvaluableandismuch
appreciated.ItisourhopethatthisInstructorsManualwillhavevaluetothosewhoteachfromMathematicalMethodsforPhysicistsandtherebyto
theirstudents.
6.Chapter2ErrataandRevisionStatusLastchanged:06April2012ErrataandCommentsreSeventhEditiontextPage522Exercise11.7.12(a)This
isnotaprincipalvalueintegral.Page535Figure11.26Thetwoarrowheadsinthelowerpartofthecirculararcshouldbereversedindirection.Page
539Exercise11.8.9Theanswerisincorrectitshouldbe/2.Page585Exercise12.6.7Changetheintegralforwhichaseriesissoughtto0exv1
+v2dv.Theansweristhencorrect.Page610Exercise13.1.23Replace(t)byeit.Page615Exercise13.2.6IntheHint,changeEq.(13.35)
toEq.(13.44).Page618Eq.(13.51)Changel.h.s.toB(p+1,q+1).Page624AfterEq.(13.58)C1canbedeterminedbyrequiringconsistencywith
therecurrenceformulaz(z)=(z+1).ConsistencywiththeduplicationformulathendeterminesC2.Page625Exercise13.4.3Replace(seeFig.
3.4)byandthatoftherecurrenceformula.Page660Exercise14.1.25Notethat2=2/c2,whereistheangularfrequency,andthattheheight
ofthecavityisl.3
7.CHAPTER2.ERRATAANDREVISIONSTATUS4Page665Exercise14.2.4ChangeEq.(11.49)toEq.(14.44).Page686Exercise14.5.5In
part(b),changeltohintheformulasforamnandbmn(denominatorandintegrationlimit).Page687Exercise14.5.14Theindexnisassumedtobe
aninteger.Page695Exercise14.6.3Theindexnisassumedtobeaninteger.Page696Exercise14.6.7(b)ChangeNtoY(twooccurrences).Page
709Exercise14.7.3Inthesummationprecededbythecosinefunction,change(2z)2sto(2z)2s+1.Page710Exercise14.7.7Replacenn(x)byyn(x).
Page723Exercise15.1.12ThelastformulaoftheanswershouldreadP2s(0)/(2s+2)=(1)s(2s1)!!/(2s+2)!!.Page754Exercise15.4.10Insert
minussignbeforeP1n(cos).Page877Exercise18.1.6Inboth(a)and(b),change2to2.Page888Exercise18.2.7Changethesecondofthe
fourmembersoftherstdisplayequationtox+ip2n(x),andchangethecorrespondingmemberoftheseconddisplayequationtoxip2
n(x).Page888Exercise18.2.8Changex+iptoxip.Page909Exercise18.4.14Allinstancesofxshouldbeprimed.Page910Exercise18.4.24
ThetextdoesnotstatethattheT0term(ifpresent)hasanadditionalfactor1/2.Page911Exercise18.4.26(b)Theratioapproaches(s)1/2,not(s)
1.Page915Exercise18.5.5Thehypergeometricfunctionshouldread2F12+12,2+1+32z2.Page916Exercise18.5.10Change(n
12)!to(n+12).Page916Exercise18.5.12Herenmustbeaninteger.Page917Eq.(18.142)Inthelasttermchange(c)to(2c).Page
921Exercise18.6.9Changebtoc(twooccurrences).Page931Exercise18.8.3TheargumentsofKandEarem.Page932Exercise18.8.6All

argumentsofKandEarek2Intheintegrandofthehint,changektok2.
8.CHAPTER2.ERRATAANDREVISIONSTATUS5Page978Exercise20.2.9Theformulaasgivenassumesthat>0.Page978Exercise
20.2.10(a)ThisexercisewouldhavebeeneasierifthebookhadmentionedtheintegralrepresentationJ0(x)=210cosxt1t2dt.Page978
Exercise20.2.10(b)Changetheargumentofthesquareroottox2a2.Page978Exercise20.2.11Thel.h.s.quantitiesarethetransformsoftheir
r.h.s.counterparts,butther.h.s.quantitiesare(1)ntimesthetransformsofthel.h.s.expressions.Page978Exercise20.2.12Theproperlyscaled
transformoff()is(2/)1/2injn(),whereisthetransformvariable.Thetextassumesittobekr.Page980Exercise20.2.16Changed3xtod3r
andremovethelimitsfromtherstintegral(itisassumedtobeoverallspace).Page980Eq.(20.54)Replacedkbyd3k(occursthreetimes)Page
997Exercise20.4.10Thisexerciseassumesthattheunitsandscalingofthemomentumwavefunctioncorrespondtotheformula(p)=1(2)3/2
(r)eirp/d3r.Page1007Exercise20.6.1Thesecondandthirdorthogonalityequationsareincorrect.Therighthandsideofthesecondequation
shouldread:N,p=q=(0orN/2)N/2,(p+q=N)orp=qbutnotboth0,otherwise.Therighthandsideofthethirdequationshouldread:N/2,p=
qandp+q=(0orN)N/2,p=qandp+q=N0,otherwise.Page1007Exercise20.6.2Theexponentialsshouldbee2ipk/Nande2ipk/N.
Page1014Exercise20.7.2Thisexerciseisilldened.Disregardit.Page1015Exercise20.7.6Replace(1)!by()(twooccurrences).Page1015
Exercise20.7.8ChangeM(a,cx)toM(a,c,x)(two
9.CHAPTER2.ERRATAANDREVISIONSTATUS6occurrences).Page1028Table20.2Mostofthereferencestoequationnumbersdidnotget
updatedfromthe6thedition.Thecolumnofreferencesshould,initsentirety,read:(20.126),(20.147),(20.148),Exercise20.9.1,(20.156),(20.157),
(20.166),(20.174),(20.184),(20.186),(20.203).Page1034Exercise20.8.34Notethatu(tk)istheunitstepfunction.Page1159Exercise23.5.5
ThisproblemshouldhaveidentiedmasthemeanvalueandMastherandomvariabledescribingindividualstudentscores.Correctionsand
AdditionstoExerciseSolutionsNoneasofnow.
10.Chapter3ExerciseSolutions1.MathematicalPreliminaries1.1InniteSeries1.1.1.(a)Ifun<A/nptheintegraltestshowsnunconvergesforp
>1.(b)Ifun>A/n,nundivergesbecausetheharmonicseriesdiverges.1.1.2.Thisisvalidbecauseamultiplicativeconstantdoesnotaectthe
convergenceordivergenceofaseries.1.1.3.(a)TheRaabetestPcanbewritten1+(n+1)ln(1+n1)lnn.Thisexpressionapproaches1inthe
limitoflargen.But,applyingtheCauchyintegraltest,dxxlnx=lnlnx,indicatingdivergence.(b)HeretheRaabetestPcanbewritten1+n+1ln
nln1+1n+ln2(1+n1)ln2n,whichalsoapproaches1asalargenlimit.ButtheCauchyintegraltestyieldsdxxln2x=1lnx,indicating
convergence.1.1.4.Convergentfora1b1>1.Divergentfora1b11.1.1.5.(a)Divergent,comparisonwithharmonicseries.7
11.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS8(b)Divergent,byCauchyratiotest.(c)Convergent,comparisonwith(2).(d)Divergent,comparison
with(n+1)1.(e)Divergent,comparisonwith12(n+1)1orbyMaclaurinintegraltest.1.1.6.(a)Convergent,comparisonwith(2).(b)
Divergent,byMaclaurinintegraltest.(c)Convergent,byCauchyratiotest.(d)Divergent,byln1+1n1n.(e)Divergent,majorantis1/(nlnn).
1.1.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.1.8.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.1.10.Inthelimitoflargen,un+1/un=1+1n+O(n2).Applying
Gausstest,thisindicatesdivergence.1.1.11.Letsnbetheabsolutevalueofthenthtermoftheseries.(a)Becauselnnincreaseslessrapidlythann,
sn+1<snandlimnsn=0.Thereforethisseriesconverges.Becausethesnarelargerthancorrespondingtermsoftheharmonicseries,this
seriesisnotabsolutelyconvergent.(b)Regardingthisseriesasanewserieswithtermsformedbycombiningadjacenttermsofthesamesignin
theoriginalseries,wehaveanalternatingseriesofdecreasingtermsthatapproachzeroasalimit,i.e.,12n+1+12n+2>12n+3+12n+4,this
seriesconverges.Withallsignspositive,thisseriesistheharmonicseries,soitisnotaboslutelyconvergent.(c)Combiningadjacenttermsofthe
samesign,thetermsofthenewseriessatisfy212>12+13>213,314>14+15+16>316,etc.Thegeneralformoftheserelationsis2n
n2n+2>sn>2n+1.
12.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS9Anupperlimittothelefthandsidememberofthisinequalityis2/(n1).Wethereforeseethatthe
termsofthenewseriesaredecreasing,withlimitzero,sotheoriginalseriesconverges.Withallsignspositive,theoriginalseriesbecomesthe
harmonicseries,andisthereforenotabsolutelyconvergent.1.1.12.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.1.13.Formthenthtermof(2)c11c22
andchoosec1andc2sothatwhenplacedoverthecommondenominatorn2(n+1)(n+2)thenumeratorwillbeindependentofn.Thevaluesofthe
cisatisfyingthisconditionarec1=c2=1,andourresultingexpansionis(2)=1+2+n=12n2(n+1(n+2)=54+n=12n2(n+1(n+2).
Keepingtermsthroughn=10,thisformulayields(2)1.6445tothisprecisiontheexactvalueis(2)=1.6449.1.1.14.Maketheobservationthat
n=01(2n+1)3+n=11(2n)3=(3)andthatthesecondtermonthelefthandsideis(3)/8).Oursummationthereforehasthevalue7(3)/8.
1.1.15.(a)Write(n)1asp=2pn,sooursummationisn=2p=21pn=p=2n=21pn.Thesummationovernisageometricseries
whichevaluatestop21p1=1p2p.Summingnowoverp,wegetp=21p(p1)=p=11p(p+1)=1=1.(b)Proceedinafashion
similartopart(a),butnowthegeometricserieshassum1/(p2+p),andthesumoverpisnowlackingtheinitialtermof1,sop=21p(p+1)=1
1(1)(2)=12.
13.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS101.1.16.(a)Write(3)=1+n=21n3n=21(n1)n(n+1)+2=1+n=21n31n(n2
1)+14=1+14n=21n3(n21).(b)Nowuse2and4=n=31n(n21)(n24)=196:(3)=1+123+n=31n3n=31n(n2
1)+216n=3Bn(n21)(n24)+B4=2924+B96+n=31n31n(n21)Bn(n21)(n24)=2924B96+n=34(1+
B)n2n(n21)(n24).TheconvergenceoftheseriesisoptimizedifwesetB=1,leadingtothenalresult(3)=2924196+n=34n(n2
1)(n24).(c)Numberoftermsrequiredforerrorlessthan5107:(3)alone,999combinedasinpart(a),27combinedasinpart(b),11.1.2
SeriesofFunctions1.2.1.(a)ApplyingLeibniztesttheseriesconvergesuniformlyforx<nomatterhowsmall>0is.(b)TheWeierstrassM
andtheintegraltestsgiveuniformconvergencefor1+x<nomatterhowsmall>0ischosen.1.2.2.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.2.3.
(a)Convergentfor1<x<.(b)Uniformlyconvergentfor1<sx<.
14.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS111.2.4.From|cosnx|1,|sinnx|1absoluteanduniformconvergencefollowfors<x<sforany
s>0.1.2.5.Since|uj+2uj||x|2,|x|<1isneededforconvergence.1.2.6.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.2.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
1.2.8.(a)Forn=0,1,2,...wendd4n+1sinxdx4n+10=cosx|0=1,d4n+2sinxdx4n+20=sinx|0=0,d4n+3sinxdx4n+30=cosx|0=
1,d4nsinxdx4n0=sinx|0=0.Taylorstheoremgivestheabsolutelyconvergentseriessinx=n=0(1)nx2n+1(2n+1)!.(b)Similar
derivativesforcosxgivetheabsolutelyconvergentseriescosx=n=0(1)nx2n(2n)!.1.2.9.cotx=1xx3x3452x5945,<x<
.1.2.10.Fromcothy=0=ey+eyeyey=e2y+1e2y1weextracty=12ln0+101.Tocheckthiswesubstitutethisintotherst
relation,giving0+101+10+1011=0.Theseriescoth10=n=0(0)2n12n+1followsfromExercise1.6.1.
15.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS121.2.11.(a)Sincedxdx0=12x0doesnotexist,thereisnoMaclaurinexpansion.(b)|xx0|
<x0becausetheoriginmustbeexcluded.1.2.12.limxx0f(x)g(x)=f(x+(x0x))g(x+(x0x)=limxx0f(x)+(x0x)f(x)+g(x)+
(x0x)g(x)+=limxx0f(x)g(x),wheretheintermediateformalexpressionf(x+(x0x))g(x+(x0x)maybedropped.1.2.13.(a)ln
nn1=ln11n==11n.Hence1nlnnn1==21n<0.(b)lnn+1n=ln(1+1n)==2(1)1n,1nlnn+1n
==2(1)n>0.Summing(a)yields0>nm=21mln23n12(n1)=nm=21mlnn1.Thus,<1.Summing(b)
yields0<n1m=21mln23n12(n1)=n1m=21mlnn.Hence0<<1.1.2.14.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
1.2.15.Thesolutionsaregiveninthetext.1.2.16.Ifan+1an1Rthen(n+2)an+1(n+1)an1Randan+1/(n+2)an/(n+1)1R.1.3
BinomialTheorem1.3.1.P(x)=Cx3x345+.1.3.2.Integratingtermwisetan11=4=n=0(1)n10x2ndx=n=0(1)n2n+1.
16.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS131.3.3.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Convergentfor0x<.Theupperlimitxdoesnothaveto
besmall,butunlessitissmalltheconvergencewillbeslowandtheexpansionrelativelyuseless.1.3.4.sinh1x=x12x33+1324x55
,1x1.1.3.5.Theexpansionoftheintegralhastheform10dx1+x2=101x2+x4x6+dx=113+1517+.1.3.6.For
m=1,2,...thebinomialexpansiongives(1+x)m/2=n=0m/2nxn.Bymathematicalinductionweshowthatm/2n=(1)n(m+2n2)!!

2n(m2)!!n!.1.3.7.(a)=1c+2c2+.(b)=1c.(c)=1c+122c2+.1.3.8.(a)1c=+1/22.(b)2c=
3/22+.(c)3c=1/22+.1.3.9.wc=12232+.1.3.10.x=12gt218g3t4c2+116g5t6c4.1.3.11.E=
mc2122n242n4n|k|34+.1.3.12.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.3.13.Thetwoserieshavedierent,nonoverlapping
convergenceintervals.1.3.14.(a)Dierentiatingthegeometricseriesn=0xn=11xforx=exp(0/kT)yieldsx(1x)2=n=1nxn.
Therefore,=0x1x=0e0/kT1.
17.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS14(b)Expandingyey1=1+y2+wend=kT(1+02kT+)=kT+0+.1.3.15.
(a)tan1x=n=0(1)nx0t2ndt=n=0(1)n2n+1x2n+1,|x|1.(b)Writingx=tanyasix=e2iy+1e2iy1weextracty=i2ln1+ix
1ix.1.3.16.Startbyobtainingtherstfewtermsofthepowerseriesexpansionoftheexpressionwithinthesquarebrackets.Write2+21+2=
1+11+2=22+(2)2,ln(1+2=12(2)22+(2)332+21+2ln(1+2=432+O(3).Insertingthisinto
thecompleteexpressionforf(),thelimitisseentobe4/3.1.3.17.Letx=1/A,andwritexi1=1+(1x)22xln1x1+x.Expandingthe
logarithm,1=1+(1x)22x2x2x33=2x43x2+23x3.Thesimilarexpansionof2=2x1+2x/3yields2=2x43x2+
89x3.Comparingtheseexpansions,wenoteagreementthroughx2,andthex3termsdierby(2/9)x3,or2/9A3.1.3.18.(a)Insertthe
powerseriesexpansionofarctantandcarryouttheintegration.Theseriesfor(2)isobtained.(b)Integratebyparts,convertinglnxinto1/xand
1/(1+x2)intoarctanx.Theintegratedtermsvanish,andthenewintegralisthenegativeofthatalreadytreatedinpart(a).
18.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS151.4MathematicalInduction1.4.1.Usemathematicalinduction.Firstevaluatetheclaimedexpression
forthesumforbothn1andn:Sn1=n130(2n1)n3(n1)2+3(n1)1=n55n42+n33n30Sn=n30(2n+1)(n+1)(3n2+3n
1)=n55+n42+n33n30NextverifythatSn=Sn1+n4.CompletetheproofbyverifyingthatS1=1.1.4.2.Usemathematicalinduction.
First,dierentiatetheLeibnizformulaforn1,gettingthetwotermsn1j=0n1jddxj+1f(x)ddxn1jg(x)+n1j=0n1jddxjf(x)ddx
njg(x)Nowchangetheindexoftherstsummationto(j1),withjrangingfrom1tontheindexcanbeextendedtoj=0becausethebinomial
coecientn11vanishes.Thetermsthencombinetoyieldnj=0n1j1+n1jddxjf(x)ddxnjg(x)Thesumoftwobinomialcoecients
hasthevaluenj,therebyconrmingthatiftheLeibnizeformulaiscorrectforn1,itisalsocorrectforn.Onewaytoverifythebinomial
coecientsumistorecognizethatitisthenumberofwaysjofnobjectscanbechosen:eitherj1choicesaremadefromtherstn1objects,
withthenthobjectthejthchoice,oralljchoicesaremadefromtherstn1objects,withthenthobjectremainingunchosen.Theproofisnow
completedbynoticingthattheLeibnizformulagivesacorrectexpressionfortherstderivative.1.5OperationsonSeriesExpansionsofFunctions
1.5.1.Thepartialfractionexpansionis11t2=1211+t+11t,
19.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16withintegralxxdt1t2=12ln(1+x)ln(1x)xx=12ln1+x1xxx.Theupperand
lowerlimitsgivethesameresult,cancelingthefactor1/2.1.5.2.Startbywritingthepartialfractionexpansionforp+1usingtheassumedformof
thatforpmultipliedbyanadditionalfactor1/(n+p+1).Thus,wewanttoseeifwecansimplify1p!pj=0pj(1)jn+j1n+p+1togetthe
expectedformula.Ourrststepistoexpandthetwofactorscontainingnintopartialfractions:1(n+j)(n+p+1)=1p+1j1n+j1n+p+1
Replacingthe1/(n+j)termofouroriginalexpansionusingthisresultandaddinganew1/(n+p+1)termwhichisthesummationoftheaboveresult
forallj,wereachpj=0(1)jn+j1p!pj1p+1j+pj=01p!pj1p+1j(1)j1n+p+1UsingtherstformulasuppliedintheHint,we
replaceeachsquarebracketbythequantity1(p+1)!p+1j,therebyidentifyingtherstsummationasallbutthelasttermofthepartialfraction
expansionforp+1.Thesecondsummationcannowbewritten1(p+1)! pj=0(1)j1p+1j 1n+p+1.Usingthesecondformula
suppliedintheHint,wenowidentifythequantitywithinsquarebracketsasp+1j=1(1)j1p+1j(1)pp+1p+1+(1)1p+10=1+
(1)p+11=(1)p+1,
20.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17sothesecondsummationreducesto(1)p+1(p+1)!1n+p+1,asrequired.Ourproofby
mathematicalinductionisnowcompletedbyobservingthatthepartialfractionformulaiscorrectforthecasep=0.1.5.3.Theformulaforun(p)
followsdirectlybyinsertingthepartialfractiondecomposition.Ifthisformulaissummedfornfrom1toinnity,alltermscancelexceptthat
containingu1,givingtheresultn=1un(p)=u1(p1)p.Theproofisthencompletedbyinsertingthevalueofu1(p1).1.5.4.AfterinsertingEq.
(1.88)intoEq.(1.87),makeachangeofsummationvariablefromntop=nj,withtherangesofjandpbothfromzerotoinnity.Placingthep
summationoutside,andmovingquantitiesnotdependentuponjoutsidethejsummation,reachf(x)=p=0(1)pcpxp(1+x)p+1j=0p+jjx1
+xj.UsingnowEq.(1.71),weidentifythebinomialcoecientintheaboveequationasp+jj=(1)jp1j,sothejsummationreducesto
j=0p1jx1+xj=1x1+xp1=(1+x)p+1.InsertionofthisexpressionleadstotherecoveryofEq.(1.86).1.5.5.ApplyingEq.(1.88)to
thecoecientsinthepowerseriesexpansionofarctan(x),therst18an(a0througha17)are:0,1,2,8/3,8/3,28/15,8/15,64/105,
64/105,368/15,1376/315,1376/315,25216/3465,25216/3465,106048/45045,305792/45045,690176/45045,690176/45045,
201472/765765.UsingtheseinEq.(1.87)forx=1,thetermsthrougha17yieldtheapproximatevaluearctan(1)0.785286,fairlyclosetotheexact
valueatthisprecision,0.785398.Forthisvalueofx,the18thnonzeroterminthepowerseriesis1/35,showingthatapowerseriesforx=1cuto
after18termswouldbarelygivearesultgoodtotwosignicantgures.The18termEulerexpansionyieldsarctan(1/3)0.523598,whilethe
exactvalueatthisprecisionis0.523599.
21.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS181.6SomeImportantSeries1.6.1.For|x|<1,ln1+x1x==0x(1)1+1=2n=0
x2n+12n+1.1.7Vectors1.7.1.Ax=Ay=Az=1.1.7.2.ThetrianglesidesaregivenbyAB=BA,BC=CB,CA=ACwithAB+BC+
CA=(BA)+(CB)+(AC)=0.1.7.3.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.1.7.4.Ifvi=viv1,ri=rir1,arethevelocitiesanddistances,
respectively,fromthegalaxyatr1,thenvi=H0(rir1)=H0riholds,i.e.,thesameHubblelaw.1.7.5.Withonecornerofthecubeattheorigin,the
spacediagonalsoflength3are:(1,0,1)(0,1,0)=(1,1,1),(1,1,1)(0,0,0)=(1,1,1),(0,0,1)(1,1,0)=(1,1,1),(1,0,0)(0,1,1)=
(1,1,1).Thefacediagonalsoflength2are:(1,0,1)(0,0,0)=(1,0,1),(1,0,0)(0,0,1)=(1,0,1)(1,0,0)(0,1,0)=(1,1,0),(1,1,
0)(0,0,0)=(1,1,0)(0,1,0)(0,0,1)=(0,1,1),(0,1,1)(0,0,0)=(0,1,1).1.7.6.(a)Thesurfaceisaplanepassingthroughthetipofa
andperpendiculartoa.(b)Thesurfaceisaspherehavingaasadiameter:(ra)r=(ra/2)2a2/4=0.1.7.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
1.7.8.Thepathoftherocketisthestraightliner=r1+tv,orinCartesiancoordinatesx(t)=1+t,y(t)=1+2t,z(t)=1+3t.
22.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS19Wenowminimizethedistance|rr0|oftheobserveratthepointr0=(2,1,3)fromr(t),or
equivalently(rr0)2=min.Dierentiatingtherocketpathwithrespecttotyieldsr=(x,y,z)=v.Settingddt(rr0)2=0weobtainthe
condition2(rr0)r=2[r1r0+tv]v=0.Becauser=visthetangentvectoroftheline,thegeometricmeaningofthisconditionisthatthe
shortestdistancevectorthroughr0isperpendiculartotheline,orthevelocityoftherocket.Nowsolvingfortyieldstheratioofscalarproductst=
(r1r0)vv2=(1,0,2)(1,2,3)(1,2,3)(1,2,3)=1+0+61+4+9=12.Substitutingthisparametervalueintotherocketpathgives
thepointrs=(3/2,2,5/2)onthelinethatisclosesttor0.Theshortestdistanceisd=|r0rs|=|(1/2,1,1/2)|=2/4+1=3/2.1.7.9.Considereach
cornerofthetriangletohaveaunitofmassandbelocatedataifromtheoriginwhere,forexample,a1=(2,0,0),a2=(4,1,1),a3=(3,3,2).Then
thecenterofmassofthetriangleis13(a1+a2+a3)=acm=13(2+4+3,1+3,1+2)=3,43,1.Thethreemidpointsarelocatedatthepointof
thevectors12(a1+a2)=12(2+4,1,1)=3,12,1212(a2+a3)=12(4+3,1+3,1+2)=72,2,3212(a3+a1)=12(2+3,3,2)=52,3
2,1.
23.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS20Westartfromeachcornerandendupinthecenterasfollows(2,0,0)+2372,2,32(2,0,0)=
3,43,1a1+2312(a2+a3)a1=13(a1+a2+a3),(4,1,1)+2352,32,1(4,1,1)=3,43,1a2+2312(a1+a3)a2=13(a1+a2+
a3),(3,3,2)+233,12,12(3,3,2)=3,43,1a3+2312(a1+a2)a3=13(a1+a2+a3).1.7.10.A2=A2=(BC)2=B2+C22BC
coswiththeanglebetweenBandC.1.7.11.PandQareantiparallelRisperpendiculartobothPandQ.1.8ComplexNumbersandFunctions

1.8.1.(a)(x+iy)1=xiyx2+y2.(b)x+iy=reigives(x+iy)1=eir=1r(cosisin)=xiyr2=xiyx2+y2.1.8.2.Ifz=rei,
z=rei/2=r(cos/2+isin/2).Inparticular,i=ei/4=1+i2ori=ei3/4.1.8.3.ein=cosn+isinn=(ei)n=(cos+isin)n
=n=0ncosn(isin).Separatingrealandimaginarypartswehavecosn=[n/2]=0(1)n2cosn2sin2,sinn=[n/2]=0(1)
n2+1cosn21sin2+1.
24.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS211.8.4.N1n=0(eix)n=1eiNx1eix=eiNx/2eix/2eiNx/2eiNx/2eix/2eix/2=ei(N
1)x/2sin(Nx/2)/sin(x/2).Nowtakerealandimaginarypartstogettheresult.1.8.5.(a)sinh(iz)=n=0(iz)2n+1(2n+1)!=in=0(1)nz2n+1
(2n+1)!=isinz.Allotheridentitiesareshownsimilarly.(b)ei(z1+z2)=cos(z1+z2)+isin(z1+z2)=eiz1eiz2=(cosz1+isinz1)(cosz2+isin
z2)=cosz1cosz2sinz1sinz2+i(sinz1cosz2+sinz2cosz1).Separatingthisintorealandimaginarypartsforrealz1,z2provestheaddition
theoremsforrealarguments.Analyticcontinuationextendsthemtothecomplexplane.1.8.6.(a)Usingcosiy=coshy,siniy=isinhy,etc.andthe
additiontheoremweobtainsin(x+iy)=sinxcoshy+icosxsinhy,etc.(b)|sinz|2=sin(x+iy)sin(xiy)=sin2xcosh2y+cos2xsinh2y=
sin2x(cosh2ysinh2y)+sinh2y=sin2x+sinh2y,etc.1.8.7.(a)Usingcosiy=coshy,siniy=isinhy,etc.andtheadditiontheoremweobtain
sinh(x+iy)=sinhxcosy+icoshxsiny,etc.(b)|cosh(x+iy)|2=cosh(x+iy)cosh(xiy)=cosh2xcos2y+sinh2xsin2y=sinh2x+cos2y,etc.
1.8.8.(a)UsingExercise1.8.7(a)andrationalizingwegettanh(x+iy)=sinhxcosy+icoshxsinycoshxcosy+isinhxsiny=12sinh2x(cos2
y+sin2y)+i2sin2y(cosh2xsinh2x)cosh2xcos2y+sinh2xsin2y=12sinh2x+isin2ycos2y+sinh2x=sinh2x+sin2ycos2y+cosh
2x.(b)Startingfromcosh(x+iy)sinh(x+iy)thisissimilarlyproved.
25.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS221.8.9.Theexpansionsrelevanttothisexercisearetan1x=xx33+x55ln(1ix)=ix+
x22+ix33ln(1+ix)=ix+x22ix33Thedesiredidentityfollowsdirectlybycomparingtheexpansionoftan1xwithi/2timesthe
dierenceoftheothertwoexpansions.1.8.10.(a)Thecuberootsof1are1,ei/3=1/2+i3/2,andei/3=1/2i3/2,soouranswersare2,
1+i3,and1i3.(b)Writeiasei/2its1/4powerhasvaluese(i/2+2n)/4forallintegerntherearefourdistinctvalues:ei/8=cos/8+i
sin/8,e5i/8=cos5/8+isin5/8,e9i/8=ei/8,ande13i/8=e5i/8.(c)ei/4hastheuniquevaluecos/4+isin/4=(1+i)/2.1.8.11.
(a)(1+i)3hasauniquevalue.Since1+ihasmagnitude2andisatanangleof45=/4,(1+i)3willhavemagnitude23/2andargument3/4,so
itspolarformis23/2e3i/4.(b)Since1=ei,its1/5powerwillhavevaluese(2n+1)iforallintegern.Therewillbevedistinctvalues:eki/5
withk=1,3,5,7,and9.1.9DerivativesandExtrema1.9.1.Expandrstasapowerseriesinx,withykeptatitsactualvalue.Thenexpandeach
termofthexexpansionasapowerseriesiny,regardingxasxed.Thenthtermofthexexpansionwillbexnn!xnf(x,y)x=0,y=0Themth
termintheyexpansionofthexntermisthereforexnn!ymm!ymxnf(x,y)x=0,y=0Thecoecientintheaboveequationcanbewritten1
(m+n)!(m+n)!m!n!=1(m+n)!m+nn.Usingtherighthandsideoftheaboveequationandcollectingtogetheralltermswiththesamevalueof
m+n,wereachtheformgivenintheexercise.
26.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS231.9.2.Thequantitiesiareregardedasindependentofthexiwhenthedierentiationsareapplied.
Then,expansionofthedierentialoperatorraisedtothepowernwill,whencombinedwithtn,producetermswithatotalofnderivativesappliedto
f,witheachtermcontainingapowerofeachxiequaltothenumberoftimesxiwasdierentiated.Thecoecientofeachdistinctterminthe
expansionofthisnthorderderivativewillbethenumberofwaysthatderivativecombinationoccursintheexpansiontheterminwhicheachxj
derivativeisappliednjtimesoccursinthefollowingnumberofways:n!n1!n2!,withthesumoftheniequalton.Insertingthisformula,we
obtainthesameresultthatwouldbeobtainedifweexpanded,rstinx1,theninx2,etc.1.10EvaluationofIntegrals1.10.1.Applyanintegrationby
partstotheintegralinTable1.2deningthegammafunction,forintegern>0:(n)=0tn1etdt=tnnet0+0tnnexdx=(n+1)n.
Rearrangingto(n+1)=n(n),weapplymathematicalinduction,notingthatif(n)=(n1)!,thenalso(n+1)=n!.Tocompletetheproof,we
directlyevaluatetheintegral(1)=0exdx=1,whichis0!.1.10.2.Thisintegralcanalsobeevaluatedusingcontourintegration(seeExample
11.8.5).Amethodmotivatedbythediscussionofthissectionstartsbymultiplyingtheintegrandbyexandconsideringthevalueofthisintegral
when=0.Wecanstartbydierentiatingtheintegralbytheparameter,correspondingtoI()=0sinxexxdx,I()=0exsinxdx=
12+1,wheretheintegralforIisientiedashavingthevaluefoundinExample1.10.4.WenowintegratetheexpressionforI,writingitasthe
indeniteintegralI()=tan1+C.ThevalueofCisnowdeterminedfromthevalueofI(),whichfromtheformofImustbezero.Thus,C=
tan1=/2,and,sincetan10=0,wendI(0)=/2.1.10.3.Writetheintegrandas1coshx=2ex+ex=2ex1+e2x=2(exe3x+e
5x).
27.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24Nowintegratetermbytermeachintegrandisasimpleexponential.Theresultis2113+151
7+.TheseriesinparenthesesisthatdiscussedinExercise1.3.2,withvalue/4.Ourintegralthereforehasvalue/2.1.10.4.Expandthe
integrandasapowerseriesineaxandintegratetermbyterm:0dxeax+1=0eaxe2ax+e3ax=1a12a+13aAfter
factoringout(1/a),theseriesthatremainsisthatidentiedinEq.(1.53)asln2,soourintegralhasvalueln(2)/a.1.10.5.Integratebyparts,toraise
thepowerofxintheintegrand:sinxx2dx=cosxxdx.Notethattheintegratedtermsvanish.Theintegralcannowberecognized(see
Table1.2)asCi().1.10.6.ThisisacaseoftheintegralI()denedinthesolutionofExercise1.10.2,with=1.WethereforehaveI()=2
tan1I(1)=24=4.1.10.7.Writeerfasanintegralandinterchangetheorderofintegration.Wegetx0erf(t)dt=2x0dxt0eu2du
=2x0eu2duxudt=2x0eu2(xu)du=xerf(x)1x02ueu2du=xerf(x)+1ex21.1.10.8.WriteE1asanintegral
andinterchangetheorderofintegration.Nowtheouter(u)integrationmustbebrokenintotwopieces:x1E1(t)dt=x1dtteuudu=x1euu
duu1dt+xeuudux1dt=x1euu(u1)du+xeuu(x1)du=e1exE1(1)+E1(x)+(x1)E1(x)=e1exE1(1)+
xE1(x).
28.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS251.10.9.Changethevariableofintegrationtoy=x+1,leadingto0exx+1dx=1ey+1ydy
=eE1(1).1.10.10.Aftertheintegrationbypartssuggestedinthetext,with[tan1x]2differentiatedanddx/x2integrated,theresultisI(1),where
I(a)=02tan1axx(x2+1)dxWenowdierentiateI(a)withrespecttotheparametera,reachingafterapartialfractiondecompositionI(a)=2
0dx(x2+1)(a2x2+1)=21a201x2+1a2a2x2+1dx=21a22a22a=1+a.Integratingwithrespecttoa,wegetI(a)=
ln(1+a)+C,withCsettozerotoobtainthecorrectresultI(0)=0.Then,settinga=1,wendI(1)=ln2,asrequired.1.10.11.Integratingover
onequadrantandmultiplyingbyfour,therangeofxis(0,a)and,forgivenx,therangeofyisfrom0tothepositiveysatisfyingtheequationforthe
ellipse.Thus,A=4a0dxba2x2/a0dy=4baa0a2x2dx=4baa24=ab.1.10.12.Drawthedividinglineaty=1/2.Thenthe
contributiontotheareaforeachybetween1/2and1is21y2,soA=211/21y2dy=334.Asimpleexplanationofthesetwotermsis
that/3istheareaofthesectorthatincludesthepieceinquestion,while3/4istheareaofthetrianglethatisthepartofthesectornotincludedin
thatpiece.1.11DiracDeltaFunction1.11.1.Themeanvaluetheoremgiveslimnf(x)n(x)dx=limnn1/2n1/2nf(x)dx=limnnn
f(n)=f(0),as12nn12n.
29.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS261.11.2.Usetheelementaryintegraldx1+x2=arctanz,thusreachingdx1+n2x2=n.
1.11.4.f(x)(a(xx1))dx=1af((y+y1)/a)(y)dy=1afy1a=1af(x1)=f(x)(xx1)dxa.1.11.5.Thelefthandsideofthis
equationisonlynonzerointheneighborhoodofx=x1,whereitisacaseofExercise1.11.4,andintheneighborhoodofx=x2,whereitisalsoa
caseofExercise1.11.4.Inbothcases,thequantityplayingtheroleofais|x1x2|.1.11.7.Integratingbypartswend(x)f(x)dx=f
(x)(x)dx=f(0).1.11.9.(a)Insertingthegivenformforn(x)andchangingthevariableofintegrationtonx,weobtainaresultthatisindependent
ofn.Theindeniteintegralof1/cosh2xistanh(x),whichapproaches+1asx+and1asx,thusconrmingthenormalizationclaimed
forn.(b)Thebehavioroftanh(x)causestherighthandsideofthisequationtoapproachzeroforlargenandnegativex,buttoapproach+1for
largenandpositivex.
30.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS272.DeterminantsandMatrices2.1Determinants2.1.1.(a)1.(b)11.(c)9/2.2.1.2.The

determinantofthecoecientsisequalto2.Thereforenonontrivialsolutionexists.2.1.3.Giventhepairofequationsx+2y=3,2x+4y=6.(a)
Sincethecoecientsofthesecondequationdierfromthoseoftherstonejustbyafactor2,thedeterminantof(lhs)coecientsiszero.(b)Since
theinhomogeneoustermsontherighthandsidedierbythesamefactor2,bothnumeratordeterminantsalsovanish.(c)Itsucestosolvex+2y=
3.Givenx,y=(3x)/2.Thisisthegeneralsolutionforarbitraryvaluesofx.2.1.4.(a)Cijisthequantitythatmultipliesaijintheexpansionofthe
determinant.Thesumovericollectsthequantitiesthatmultiplyalltheaijincolumnjofthedeterminant.(b)Thesesummationsformdeterminants
inwhichthesamecolumn(orrow)appearstwicethedeterminantisthereforezero,2.1.5.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.2.1.6.Ifasetofformsis
linearlydependent,oneofthemmustbealinearcombinationofothers.Formthedeterminantoftheircoecients(witheachrowdescribingoneof
theforms)andsubtractfromonerowthelinearcombinationofotherrowsthatreducesthatrowtozero.Thedeterminant(whosevalueisnot
changedbytheoperation)willbeseentobezero.2.1.7.TheGausseliminationyields10x1+9x2+8x3+4x4+x5=10,x2+2x3+3x4+5x5+
10x6=5,10x3+23x4+44x560x6=5,16x4+48x530x6=15,48x5+498x6=215,11316x6=4438,sox6=2219/5658,x5=(215
498x6)/48,x4=(15+30x648x5)/16,
31.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS28x3=(5+60x644x523x4)/10,x2=510x65x53x42x3,x1=(10x54x48x3
9x2)/10.2.1.8.(a)ii=1(notsummed)foreachi=1,2,3.(b)ijijk=0becauseijissymmetricini,jwhileijkisantisymmetricini,j.(c)For
eachinipqjpqtobenonzero,leavesonlyonevalueforiandj,sothati=j.Interchangingpandqgivestwoterms,hencethefactor2.(d)There
are6permutationsi,j,kof1,2,3inijkijk=6.2.1.9.Givenkimpliesp=qforpqk=0.Forijk=0requireseitheri=pandsoj=q,ori=qand
thenj=p.Henceijkpqk=ipjpiqjp.2.2Matrices2.2.1.Writingtheproductmatricesintermoftheirelements,AB=(maimbmk),BC=(n
bincnk),(AB)C=nmaimbmncnk=mnaimbmncnk=A(BC)=maimnbmncnk,becauseproductsofrealandcomplexnumbersareassociative
theparenthesescanbedroppedforallmatrixelements.2.2.2.Multiplyingout(A+B)(AB)=A2+BAABB2=A2B2+[B,A].2.2.3.(a)
(a1+ib1)(a2+ib2)=a1a2+i(b1b2)correspondstoa1b1b1a1a2b2b2a2=a1a2b1b2(b1b2)a1a2,i.e.,the
correspondenceholdsforadditionandsubtraction.Similarly,itholdsformultiplicationbecauserst(a1+ib1)(a2+ib2)=(a1a2b1b2)+i(a1b2+
a2b1)andmatrixmultiplicationyieldsa1b1b1a1a2b2b2a2=a1a2b1b2a1b2+a2b1(a1b2+a2b1)a1a2b1b2.
32.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29(b)(a+ib)1a/(a2+b2)b/(a2+b2)b/(a2+b2)a/(a2+b2).2.2.4.Afactor(1)canbe
pulledoutofeachrowgivingthe(1)noverall.2.2.5.(a)Firstwecheckthatabb2a2ababb2a2ab=a2b2a2b2ab3ab3a3b+a3b
a2b2+a2b2=0.Second,tondtheconstraintswewritethegeneralmatrixasABCDABCD=A2+BCB(A+D)C(A+D)BC+D2=0
givingD=A,D2=BC=A2.Thisimplies,ifwesetB=b2,C=a2withoutlossofgenerality,thatA=ab=D.2.2.6.n=6.2.2.7.Expanding
thecommutatorswend[A,[B,C]]=A[B,C][B,C]A=ABCACBBCA+CBA,[B,[A,C]]=BACBCAACB+CAB,[C,[A,B]]=
CABCBAABC+BAC,andsubtractingthelastdoublecommutatorfromthesecondyieldstherstone,sincetheBACandCABtermscancel.
2.2.8.Bydirectmultiplicationofthematriceswend[A,B]=AB=C,BA=0,etc.2.2.9.Theseresultscanallbeveriedbycarryingoutthe
indicatedmatrixmultiplications.2.2.10.Ifaik=0=bikfori>k,thenalsomaimbmk=imkaimbmk=0,asthesumisemptyfori>k.2.2.11.By
directmatrixmultiplicationsandadditions.2.2.12.Bydirectmatrixmultiplicationweverifyallclaims.2.2.13.Bydirectmatrixmultiplicationwe
verifyallclaims.
33.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS302.2.14.Fori=kandaii=akkwegetfortheproductelements(AB)ik=(nainbnk)=(aiibik)=
(BA)ik=(nbinank)=(bikakk).Hencebik=0fori=k.2.2.15.maimbmk=aiibiiik=mbimamk.2.2.16.SincetraceABC=traceBCA,choose
oneoftheforegoinginwhichtwocommutingmatricesappearadjacenttoeachotherandinterchangetheirorder.Thenmakeacyclicpermutationif
neededtoreachCBA.2.2.17.Takingthetrace,wendfrom[Mi,Mj]=iMkthatitrace(Mk)=trace(MiMjMjMi)=trace(MiMj)trace(MiMj)=
0.2.2.18.TakingthetraceofA(BA)=A2B=Byieldstr(B)=tr(A(BA))=tr(A2B)=tr(B).2.2.19.(a)StartingfromAB=BA,multiplyon
theleftbyB1andtakethetrace.Aftersimplication,wegettraceB=traceB,sotraceB=0.2.2.20.Thisisprovedinthetext.2.2.21.(a)Aunit
matrixexceptthatMii=k,(b)AunitmatrixexceptthatMim=K,(c)AunitmatrixexceptthatMii=Mmm=0andMmiMim=1.2.2.22.Same
answersasExercise2.2.21.2.2.23.A1=17 7707111012 .2.2.24.(a)Theequationofpart(a)statesthatTmovespeoplefrom
areajbutdoesnotchangetheirtotalnumber.(b)WritethecomponentequationjTijPj=Qiandsumoveri.ThissummationreplacesTijbyunity,
leavingthatthesumoverPjequalsthesumoverQi,henceconservingpeople.2.2.25.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.2.2.26.IfO1i=Oi,i=1,2,
then(O1O2)1=O12O11=O2O1=O1O2.2.2.27.TakingthedeterminantofAA=1andusingtheproducttheoremyieldsdet(A)det(A)=
1=det2(A)implyingdet(A)=1.2.2.28.IfA=A,S=S,thentrace(SA)=trace(SA)=trace(AS)=trace(AS).
34.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS312.2.29.FromA=A1anddet(A)=1wehaveA1=a22a12a21a11=A=a11a21a12a22.
Thisgivesdet(A)=a211+a212=1,hencea11=cos=a22,a12=sin=a21,thestandard22rotationmatrix.2.2.30.Becauseisreal,
det(A)=iki1i2...ina1i1a2i2anin=iki1i2...ina1i1a2i2anin=(detA).Because,foranyA,det(A)=det(A),det(A)=
det(A).2.2.31.IfJxandJyarereal,soalsomustbetheircommutator,sothecommutationrulerequiresthatJzbepureimaginary.2.2.32.(AB)=
AB=BA=BA.2.2.33.AsCjk=nSnjSnk,trace(C)=nj|Snj|2.2.2.34.IfA=A,B=B,then(AB+BA)=BA+AB=
AB+BA,i(BAAB)=i(ABBA).2.2.35.IfC=C,then(iC)(CC)=CC=iC,i.e.(C)=C.SimilarlyC+=C+=
C+C.2.2.36.iC=(ABBA)=BAAB=BAAB=iC.2.2.37.(AB)=BA=BA=AByields[A,B]=0asthecondition,that
is,theanswerinthetext.2.2.38.(U)=U=(U1).2.2.39.(U1U2)=U2U1=U12U11=(U1U2)1.2.2.40.Startbynotingthe
relationshipsij+ji=0ifi=j,and2i=12seeEq.(2.59)forproofaddEqs.(2.29)and(2.30).Then,(p)2=(px1+py2+pz3)2
expandstop2x21+p2y22+p2z23+pxpy(12+21)+pxpz(13+31)+pypz(12+21)=p2x+p2y+p2z=p2.
35.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS322.2.41.Writing0=31andi=i(i=1,2,3),where=0110,andnotingfronEq.
(2.57)thatifC=ABandC=ABthenCC=AABB,(0)2=23122=1212=14,(i)2=22i=(12)12=140i=
312i=1i,i0=3i12=(1)iij=2ijji=2jiItisobviousfromthesecondlineoftheaboveequationset
that0i+i0=0fromthethirdlineoftheequationsetwendij+jiiszeroifj=ibecausethenji=ij.2.2.42.Theanticommutation
canbedemonstratedbymatrixmultiplication.2.2.43.Theseresultscanbeconrmedbycarryingouttheindicatedmatrixoperations.2.2.44.Since
25=14,14(14+5)2=14(14+25+14)=12(14+5).2.2.47.SinceC=C=C1,andC0C1=0=0,C2C1=2=2,
C1C1=1=1,C3C1=3=3,wehaveCC1=C1C=CC1=.2.2.48.(a)Writtenas22blocks,thematrices
iandthewavefunctionarei=0ii0and=LS.Inblockform,Eq.(2.73)becomesmc200mc2+01px1px0+02py2py0+
03pz3pz0LS=ELS
36.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS33Thesolutioniscompletedbymovingtherighthandsideoftheaboveequationtotheleft,writtenin
theformE00Eandcombiningallthetermsbymatrixaddition.2.2.49.TherequirementsthegammamatricesmustsatisfyareEqs.(2.74)and
(2.75).UsethesameprocessthatwasillustratedinthesolutiontoExercise2.2.41,butnowwith0=112.2.2.50.IntheWeylrepresentation,
thematricesiandthewavefunction,writtenas22blocks,taketheformsi=i00iand12.Thenproceedasinthesolutionto
Exercise2.2.48,obtainingthematrixequation0mc2mc20+p00p12=E12.Herewewrotepfor1px+2py+3pz.Ifm
isnegligible,thismatrixequationbecomestwoindependentequations,onefor1,andonefor2.Inthislimit,onesetofsolutionswillbewith
2=0and1asolutiontop1=E1asecondsetofsolutionswillhavezero1andasetof2identicaltothepreviouslyfoundsetof1
butwithvaluesofEoftheoppositesign.2.2.51.(a)Formrr=(Ur)Ur=rUUr=rr.(b)Ifforallr,rr=rUUr,thenwemusthaveUU
=1.

37.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS343.VectorAnalysis3.1ReviewofBasicProperties(noexercises)3.2Vectorsin3DSpace3.2.1.P
Q=(PxQyPyQx)xy=(PxQyPyQx)z.3.2.2.(AB)2=A2B2sin2=A2B2(1cos2)=A2B2(AB)2withtheanglebetween
AandB.3.2.3.ThevectorPisatanangle(inthepositivedirection)fromthexaxis,whileQisatanangle.Theanglebetweenthesevectorsis
therefore+.Bothvectorsareofunitlength.ThereforePQ=cos(+)andthezcomponentofQPissin(+).3.2.4.A=UV=3y
3z,A/A=(y+z)/2.3.2.5.Ifaandbbothlieinthexyplanetheircrossproductisinthezdirection.Thesameisvalidforcdz.Thecross
productoftwoparallelvectorsiszero.Hence(ab)(cd)=0.3.2.6.CrossABC=0intoAtogetAC=AB,orCsin=Bsin,etc.
3.2.7.B=x+2y+4z.3.2.8.(a)ABC=0,AistheplaneofBandC.TheparallelpipedhaszeroheightabovetheBCplaneandthereforezero
volume.(b)A(BC)=x+y+2z.3.2.9.ApplyingtheBACCABruleweobtain[acbabc]+[bacbca]+[cbacab]=0.
3.2.10.(a)rAr=Ar.(b)rAt=r[r(rA)]=0.3.2.11.ThescalartripleproductABCisthevolumespannedbythevectors.
3.2.12.ABC=120,A(BC)=60x40y+50z,C(AB)=24x+88y62z,B(CA)=36x48y+12z.3.2.13.(AB)
(CD)=[(AB)C]D=[(AC)B(BC)A]D=(AC)(BD)(AD)(BC).
38.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS353.2.14.UsingtheBACCABrulewithABastherstvectorweobtain(AB)(CD)=(A
B)DC(AB)CD.3.2.15.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.3.3CoordinateTransformations3.3.1.Thetrigonometricidentitiesfollowfromthe
rotationmatrixidentity cos(1+2)sin(1+2)sin(1+2)cos(1+2) = cos2sin2sin2cos2 cos1sin1
sin1cos1 = cos1cos2sin1sin2sin1cos2+cos1sin2cos1sin2sin1cos2sin1sin2+cos1cos
2 .3.3.2.Alignthereectingsurfaceswiththexy,xz,andyzplanes.Ifanincomingraystrikesthexyplane,thezcomponentofitsdirectionof
propagationisreversed.Astrikeonthexzplanereversesitsycomponent,andastrikeontheyzplanereversesitsxcomponent.Theseproperties
applyforanarbitrarydirectionofincidence,andtogetherthereversethepropagationdirectiontotheoppositeofitsincidenceorientation.3.3.3.
BecauseSisorthogonal,itstransposeisalsoitsinverse.Therefore(x)T=(Sx)T=xTST=xTS1.Then(x)Ty=xTS1Sy=xTy.3.3.4.(a)
det(S)=1(b)a=Sa= 0.800.600.000.480.640.600.360.480.80 101 = 0.800.121.16 ,
39.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36b=Sb= 0.800.600.000.480.640.600.360.480.80 021 =
1.200.681.76 ,ab=(101) 021 =1,ab=(0.800.121.16) 1.200.681.76 =1.3.3.5.(a)det(S)=
1a=Sa= 0.600.000.800.640.600.480.480.800.36 101 = 1.400.160.12 ,b=Sb=
0.600.000.800.640.600.480.480.800.36 021 = 0.801.681.24 ,c=Sc= 0.600.00
0.800.640.600.480.480.800.36 213 = 3.600.440.92 .(b)ab= 212 ,ab=
0.401.642.48 .ComparewithS(ab)= 0.600.000.800.640.600.480.480.800.36 212 =
0.401.642.48 .(c)(ab)c=3,(ab)c=3.(d)a(bc)= 2112 ,a(bc)= 0.408.847.12 .
ComparewithS(a(bc))= 0.600.000.800.640.600.480.480.800.36 2112 = 0.408.847.12
.
40.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS37(e)NotethatSisanimproperrotation.ThefactthatS(ab)hascomponentsofoppositesigntoa
bshowsthatabisapseudovector.Thedierenceinsignbetween(ab)cand(ab)cshowsthat(ab)cisapseudoscalar.Theequalityof
thevectorsS(a(bc))anda(bc)showsthata(bc)isavector.3.4RotationsinIR33.4.1.TheEulerrotationsdenedheredierfrom
thoseinthetextinthattheinclinationofthepolaraxis(inamount,innowaboutthex1axisratherthanthex2axis.Therefore,toachievethesame
polarorientation,wemustplacethex1axiswherethex2axiswasusingthetextrotation.Thisrequiresanadditionalrstrotationof/2.After
incliningthepolaraxis,therotationalpositionisnow/2greater(counterclockwise)thanfromthetextrotation,sothethirdEuleranglemustbe/2
lessthanitsoriginalvalue.3.4.2.(a)=70,=60,=80.(b)Theanswerisinthetext.3.4.3.Theanglechangesleadtocoscos,sin
sincoscos,sinsinsinsin,coscos.FromtheseweverifythateachmatrixelementofEq.(3.37)staysthe
same.3.4.4.(a)EachofthethreeEulerrotationsisanorthogonalmatrix,sotheirmatrixproductmustalsobeorthogonal.Thereforeitstranspose,S,
mustequalitsinverse,S1.(b)ThisequationsimplycarriesoutthethreeEulerrotationsinreverseorder,eachintheoppositedirection.3.4.5.(a)
Theprojectionofrontherotationaxisisnotchangedbytherotationitis(rn)n.Theportionofrperpendiculartotherotationaxiscanbewritten
r(rn)n.Uponrotationthroughanangle,thisvectorperpendiculartotherotationaxiswillconsistofavectorinitsoriginaldirection(r(r
n)n)cosplusavectorperpendicularbothtoitandtongivenby(r(rn)n)sinnthisreducestornsin.Addingthese
contributions,wegettherequiredresult.(b)Ifn=ez,theformulayieldsr=xcosex+ycosey+zcosez+ysinexxsiney+z(1cos
)ez.Simplifying,thisreducestor=(xcos+ysin)ex+(xsin+ycos)ey+zez.Thiscorrespondstotherotationaltransformation
giveninEq.(3.35).
41.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS38(c)Expandingr2,recognizingthatthesecondtermofrisorthogonaltotherstandthirdterms,r2
=r2cos2+(rn)(rn)sin2+(nr)2(1cos)2+2(nr)2cos(1cos).Usinganidentitytomakethesimplication(rn)(r
n)=(rr)(nn)(rn)2=r2(rn)2,wegetr2=r2+(rn)2(sin2+1+cos22cos2)=r2.3.5DierentialVectorOperators
3.5.1.(a)3(14)5/2(x+2y+3z).(b)3/196.(c)1/(14)1/2,2/(14)1/2,3/(14)1/2.3.5.2.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.5.3.Fromr12=
(x1x2)2+(y1y2)2+(z1z2)2weobtain1r12=r1r2r12=r12bydierentiatingcomponentwise.3.5.4.dF=F(r+dr,t+dt)F(r,t)=F(r
+dr,t+dt)F(r,t+dt)+F(r,t+dt)F(r,t)=(dr)F+Ftdt.3.5.5.(uv)=vu+uvfollowsfromtheproductruleofdierentiation.(a)Sincef=
fuu+fvv=0,uandvareparallelsothat(u)(v)=0,andviceversa.(b)If(u)(v)=0,thetwodimensionalvolumespannedbyuandv,
alsogivenbytheJacobianJu,vx,y=uxuyvxvy,vanishes.
42.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS393.5.6.(a)Fromr=r(xsint+ycost),wegetrr=zr2(cos2t+sin2t)=zr2.(b)
Dierentiatingrabovewegetr=2r(xcost+ysint)=2r.3.5.7.Thetimederivativecommuteswiththetransformationbecausethe
coefcientsaijareconstants.ThereforedVj/dtsatisesthesametransformationlawasVj.3.5.8.Theproductruledirectlyimplies(a)and(b).
3.5.9.Theproductruleofdierentiationinconjunctionwith(ab)c=a(bc),etc.gives(ab)=b(a)a(b).3.5.10.IfL=ir,
thenthedeterminantformofthecrossproductgivesLz=ixyyx,(inunitsof),etc.3.5.11.Carryouttheindicatedoperations,
rememberingthatderivativesoperateoneverythingtotheirrightinthecurrentexpressionaswellasonthefunctiontowhichtheoperatorisapplied.
Therefore,LxLy=yzzyzxx,z=yx+yz2zxz22yxxy2z2+zx2yz.LyLx=zxx,zy
zzy=zy2xzxy2z2z22xy+xz2zy+xy.Combiningtheabove,LxLyLyLx=xyux=iLz.3.5.12.[a
L,bL]=aj[Lj,Lk]bk=ijklajbkLl=i(ab)L.3.5.13.Thestreamlinesofbaresolutionsofthedierentialequationdydx=bybx=xy.
Writingthisdierentialequationasxdx+ydy=0,weseethatitcanbeintegratedtoyieldx2/2+y2/2=constant,equivalenttox2+y2=C2,
43.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS40theequationforafamilyofcirclescenteredatthecoordinateorigin.Todeterminethedirectionof
thestreamlines,pickaconvenientpointonacircle,e.g.,thepoint(+1,0).Herebx=0,by=+1,whichcorrespondstocounterclockwisetravel.3.6
DierentialVectorOperators:FurtherProperties3.6.1.Bydenition,uvissolenoidalif(uv)=0.Butwehavetheidentity(uv)=v(u)
u(v).Ifavectorwisirrotational,w=0,soifuandvarebothirrotational,therighthandsideoftheaboveequationiszero,provingthatu
vissolenoidal.3.6.2.IfA=0,then(Ar)=rAA(r)=00=0.3.6.3.Fromv=rweget(r)=(r)=0.3.6.4.
Formingthescalarproductoffwiththeidentity(gf)=gf+(g)f0weobtaintheresult,becausethesecondtermoftheidentityisperpen
diculartof.3.6.5.ApplyingtheBACCABrulenaivelyweobtain(B)A(A)B,wherestillactsonAandB.Thus,theproductruleof
dierentiationgeneratestwotermsoutofeachwhichareorderedsothatactsonlyonwhatcomesaftertheoperator.Thatis,(B)AA(B)+(B

)A,andsimilarlyforthesecondterm.Hencethefourterms.3.6.6.Writethexcomponentsofallthetermsontherighthandsideofthisequation.We
get[(A)B]x=AzBzxAxBzzAxByy+AyByx,[(B)A]x=BzAzxBxAzzBxAyy+ByAyx,[A(
B)]x=AxBxx+AxByy+AxBzz,[B(A)]x=BxAxx+BxAyy+BxAzz.Alltermscancelexceptthosecorrespondingto
thexcomponentofthelefthandsideoftheequation.
44.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS413.6.7.ApplytheBACCABruletogetA(A)=12(A2)(A)A.Thefactor1/2occurs
becauseoperatesonlyononeA.3.6.8.(ABr)=(rAB)=ex(AB)x+ey(AB)y+ez(AB)z=AB.3.6.9.Itsucestocheckone
Cartesiancomponentwetakex.ThexcomponentofthelefthandsideofEq.(3.70)isy(V)zz(V)y=2Vyyx2Vxy22
Vxz2+2Vzzx.ThexcomponentoftherighthandsideisxVxx+Vyy+Vzz2Vxx2+2Vxy2+2Vxz2.After
cancelingthetworighthandsideoccurrencesof2Vx/x2thesetwoexpressionscontainidenticalterms.3.6.10.()=+()=0+0=
0.3.6.11.(a)IfForGcontainanadditiveconstant,itwillvanishonapplicationofanycomponentof.(b)Ifeithervectorcontainsatermf,itwillnot
aectthecurlbecause(f)=0.3.6.12.Usetheidentityv(v)=(vv)(v)v.Takingthecurlandnotingthatthersttermontherighthand
sidethenvanishes,weobtainthedesiredrelation.3.6.13.UsingExercise3.5.9,(uv)=(v)(u)(u)(v)=00=0.3.6.14.2==
0,and=0.3.6.15.FromEq.(3.70),(A)=2AifA=0.3.6.16.Usetheidentity2(fg)=f2g+g2f+2(f)(g)withf=g=.Thenwe
nd2=k222+2()(),whichsatisestheheatconductionequationbecause2=0.
45.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS423.6.17.StartbyformingthematrixM.WeobtainM= 1ctiziyi
z1ctixiyix1ct .Applythismatrixtothevector.Theresult(aftermultiplicationbyc)iscM=
BxtEyz+Ezy+i1c2ExtByz+BzyBytEzx+Exz+i1c2EytBzx+Bxz
BztExy+Eyx+i1c2EztBxy+Byx .Equatingtozerotherealandimaginarypartsofall
componentsoftheabovevector,werecovertwoMaxwellequations.3.6.18.Bydirectmatrixmultiplicationweverifythisequation.3.7Vector
Integration3.7.1.AtriangleABChasarea12|BA||CA|sin,whereistheanglebetweenBAandCA.Thisareacanbewritten|(BA)(C
A)|/2.Expanding,AreaABC=|AB+BC+CA|/2.ApplyingthisformulatoOAB,wegetjust|AB|/2.Continuingtotheotherthree
faces,thetotalareaisArea=|AB|+|BC|+|CA|+|AB+BC+CA|2.3.7.2.LetusparameterizethecircleCasx=cos,y=sin
withthepolaranglesothatdx=sind,dy=cosd.ThentheforcecanbewrittenasF=xsin+ycos.TheworkbecomesCxdy
ydxx2+y2=0(sin2cos2)d=.Herewespendenergy.Ifweintegratecounterclockwisefrom=0towendthevalue,because
weareridingwiththeforce.Theworkispathdependentwhichisconsistentwiththephysicalinterpretationthat
46.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS43Fdrxdyydx=Lzisproportionaltothezcomponentoforbitalangularmomentum(involving
circulation,asdiscussedinSection3.5).Ifweintegratealongthesquarethroughthepoints(1,0),(0,1)surroundingthecirclewendforthe
clockwiselowerhalfsquarepathFdr=10Fydy|x=111Fxdx|y=101Fydy|x=1=10dy1+y2+11dxx2+(1)2+01dy
(1)2+y2=arctan(1)+arctan(1)arctan(1)arctan(1)=44=,whichisconsistentwiththecircularpath.3.7.3.Theanswerdependsupon
thepaththatischosen.Asimplepossibilityistomoveinthexdirectionfrom(1,1)to(3,1)andthenintheydirectionfrom(3,1)to(3,3).Thework
istheintegralofFds.FortherstsegmentofthepaththeworkisFxdxforthesecondsegmentitisFydy.Thesecorrespondtothespecic
integralsw1=31(x1)dx=x22x31=2,w2=31(3+y)dy=3y+y2231=10.3.7.4.Zero.3.7.5.13rd=x3dydz+y3dzdx+z3dxdy
=1310dy10dz+=33=1.Herethefactorxinthersttermisconstantandthereforeoutsidetheintegralitis0foronefaceofthecubeand
unityfortheoppositeone.Similarremarksapplytothefactorsy,zintheothertwotermswhichcontributeequally.3.8IntegralTheorems3.8.1.For
aconstantvectora,itsdivergenceiszero.UsingGausstheoremwehave0=Vad=aSd,whereSistheclosedsurfaceofthenitevolumeV.
Asa=0isarbitrary,Sd=0follows.
47.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS443.8.2.Fromr=3inGausstheoremwehaveVrd=3Vd=3V=Srd,whereVisthe
volumeenclosedbytheclosedsurfaceS.3.8.3.Covertheclosedsurfacebysmall(ingeneralcurved)adjacentrectanglesSiwhosecircumferenceare
formedbyfourlinesLieach.ThenStokestheoremgivesS(A)d=iSi(A)d=iLiAdl=0becausealllineintegralscanceleachother.
3.8.4.ApplyGausstheoremto(E)=E+E=E2+10,whereSEd=0.3.8.5.First,showthatJi=(xJ)bywriting(xJ)=
xJ+(x)J=0+exJ=Jx.SinceJiszeroontheboundary,soisxJ,sobyGausstheoremwehave(xJ)d=0,equivalenttoJxd=0.3.8.6.
Bydirectcalculationwecanndthatt=2ez.Then,byStokestheorem,thelineintegralhasthevalue2A.3.8.7.(a)Asrdr/2istheareaofthe
innitesimaltriangle,rdristwicetheareaoftheloop.(b)Fromdr=(xasin+ybcos)dandxy=zweobtainrdr=zab(cos2+
sin2)andrdr=zab20d=z2ab.3.8.8.WeevaluatethesurfaceintegralwithP=r.Notethatd=ezdA,andthat,evaluatingcomponents,
d=exy+eyx.Thenform(d)r.Thexandycomponentsofthisexpressionvanishthezcomponentisyyxx=2.
Thesurfaceintegralthenhasthevalue2A,whereAistheareaoftheloop.NotethatthealternateformofStokestheoremequatesthissurface
integraltordr.
48.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS453.8.9.Thisfollowsfromintegrationbypartsshiftingfromvtou.Theintegratedtermcancelsfora
closedloop.3.8.10.UsetheidentityofExercise3.8.9,i.e.(uv)d=0,andapplyStokestheoremto2Suvd=(uvvu)d=S(uvvu)
d=2S(uv)d.3.8.11.StartingwithGausstheoremwrittenasVBd=VBd,substituteB=aP,whereaisaconstantvectorandPis
arbitrary.Thelefthandintegrandthenbecomes(aP)d=(Pd)a.TherighthandintegrandexpandsintoP(a)a(P),thersttermof
whichvanishesbecauseaisaconstantvector.OurGausstheoremequationcanthenbewrittenaVPd=aVPd.RearrangingtoaV
P+VPd=0,wenotethatbecausetheconstantdirectionofaisarbitrarythequantityinsquarebracketsmustvanishitsvanishingis
equivalenttotherelationtobeproved.3.8.12.StartfromStokestheorem,S(Bd=SBdrandsubstituteB=a,whereaisaconstant
vectorandisanarbitraryscalarfunction.Becauseaisconstant,thequantityareducesto()a,andtheleftsideintegrandismanipulatedas
follows:()ad=(d)a.TheStokestheoremformulacanthenbewrittenaSd=aSdr.Becauseaisarbitraryindirection,
theintegralsonthetwosidesofthisequationmustbeequal,provingthedesiredrelation.
49.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS463.8.13.StartingfromStokestheoremaswritteninthesolutiontoExercise3.8.12,setB=aP.
ThissubstitutionyieldsS((aP))d=S(aP)drApplyingvectoridentitiesandrememberingthataisaconstantvector,theleftandright
sideintegrandscanbemanipulatedsothatthisequationbecomesSa((d)P)=S(Pdr)a.Bringingaoutsidetheintegralsand
rearranging,wereachaS(d)PSdrP=0.Sincethedirectionofaisarbitrary,thequantitywithinthesquarebracketsvanishes,thereby
conrmingthedesiredrelation.3.9PotentialTheory3.9.1.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.9.2.(r)=Q40r,ar<,(r)=Q40a321
2r2a2,0ra.3.9.3.ThegravitationalaccelerationinthezdirectionrelativetotheEarthssurfaceisGM(R+z)2+GMR22zGMR3for0
zR.Thus,Fz=2zGmMR3,andFx=xGmM(R+x)3xGmMR3,Fy=yGmM(R+x)3yGmMR3.IntegratingF=Vyieldsthe
potentialV=GmMR3z212x212y2=GmMr22R3(3z2r2)=GmMr2R3P2(cos).3.9.4.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.3.9.5.The
answerisgiveninthetext.
50.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS473.9.6.A=12(Br)forconstantBimpliesB=A=12Br12Br=3212B.3.9.7.(a)
ThisisprovedinExercise3.6.14.(b)2A=(uvvu)=uvvu=2uv.3.9.8.IfA=A+,thenB=A=A+=Bbecause
=0,andAdr=Adr+dr=Adrbecausebadr=|ba=0forb=ainaclosedloop.3.9.9.UsingGreenstheoremassuggestedinthe
problemandtheformulafortheLaplacianof1/r(whereristhedistancefromP),thevolumeintegralofGreenstheoremreducestoV()21rd=
V()[4(r)]d=4(P).Thesurfaceintegrals,forasphereofradiusacenteredatP,areS1a1rd.Using(1/r)=er/r2,thesecond
termofthesurfaceintegralyields4times,theaverageofonthesphere.TherstsurfaceintegraltermvanishesbyGausstheorembecause

vanisheseverywherewithinthesphere.Wethushavethenalresult40=4.3.9.10.UseA=B=H,D=EwithEt=0inH=Dt+
J=(A)/=(A2A)/=Jsothat2A=Jfollows.3.9.11.StartfromMaxwellsequationforBandsubstitutefortheeldsBandEin
termsofthepotentialsAand.TherelevantequationsareB=1c2Et+0J,B=A,E=At(A)=1c2t1c22At2
+0J
51.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS48NextmanipulatethelefthandsideusingEqs.(3.70)and(3.109):(A)=2A+(A=2A
1c2t.Insertingthisresultfor(A),thetermsin/tcancelandthedesiredformulaisobtained.3.9.12.EvaluatethecomponentsofA.(
A)x=AzyAyz=Azy=yxx0By(x,y0,z)dxyy0Bx(x,y,z)dy=0+Bx(x,y,z),(A)y=AxzAzx=zyy0
Bz(x,y,z)dy+xxx0By(x,y0,z)dxyy0Bx(x,y,z)dy=yy0Bzzdy+By(x,y0,z)yy0Bxxdy.Theevaluationof(A)yis
nowcompletedbyusingthefactthatB=0,sowecontinueto(A)y=yy0Byydy+By(x,y0,z)=By(x,y,z),(A)z=AyxAxy=
Axy=yyy0Bz(x,y,z)dy=Bz(x,y,z).3.10CurvilinearCoordinates3.10.1.(a)Inthexyplanedierentu,vvaluesdescribeafamilyof
hyperbolasintherstandthirdquadrantswithfocialongthediagonalx=yandasymptotesgivenbyxy=u=0,i.e.thexandyaxes,and
orthogonalhyperbolaswithfocialongthexaxiswithasymptotesgivenbyv=0,i.e.thelinesxy.Thevaluesz=constantdescribeafamilyof
planesparalleltothexyplane.(c)Foru=const.andv=const.wegetfromx2y2=v,xdxydy=0,ordx/dy=y/x,dy/dx=x/y.Thus,onthex
axisthesehyperbolashaveaverticaltangent.Similarlyxy=u=const.givesxdy+ydx=0,ordy/dx=y/x.Theproductoftheseslopesisequalto
1,whichproves
52.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS49orthogonality.Alternately,fromydx+xdy=du,2xdx+2ydy=dvwegetbysquaringandaddingthat
(x2+y2)(dx2+dy2)=du2+dv2/4.Here,themixedtermsdudv,dxdydropout,provingagainorthogonality.(d)Theuvzsystemislefthanded.
ThisfollowsfromthenegativeJacobian(x,y)(u,v)=1x2+y2.Toprovethis,wedierentiatethehyperbolaswithrespecttouandvgiving,
respectively,yxu+xyu=1,yxv+xyv=0,xxuyyu=0,xxvyyv=12.Solvingforthepartialsweobtainxu=
yx2+y2=yxyu,xv=x2(x2+y2)=xyyu.FromthesewendtheJacobiangivenabove.Thecoordinatevectorsareru=xu,
yu=xu1,xy,rv=xv,yv=xv1,yx.3.10.2.Theseellipticalcylindercoordinatescanbeparameterizedasx=ccoshucosv,
y=csinhusinv,z=z,(usingcinsteadofa).Asweshallseeshortly,theparameter2c>0isthedistancebetweenthefociofellipsescenteredatthe
originofthex,yplaneanddescribedbydierentvaluesofu=const.Theirmajorandminorhalfaxesarerespectivelya=ccoshuandb=csinhu.
Sinceba=tanhu=11cosh2u=12,theeccentricity=1/coshu,andthedistancebetweenthefoci2a=2c,provingthestatementabove.
Asu,0sothattheellipsesbecomecircles.Asu0,theellipsesbecomemoreelongateduntil,atu=0,theyshrinktothelinesegment
betweenthefoci.Dierentvaluesofv=const.describeafamilyofhyperbolas.Toshoworthogonalityoftheellipsesandhyperbolaswesquareand
addthecoordinatedierentialsdx=csinhucosvduccoshusinvdv,dy=ccoshusinvdu+csinhucosvdv,
53.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS50toobtaindx2+dy2=c2(sinh2ucos2v+cosh2usin2v)(du2+dv2)=c2(cosh2ucos2v)(du2+
dv2).Sincethereisnocrosstermdudv,thesecoordinatesarelocallyorthogonal.Dierentiatingtheellipseandhyperbolaequationswithrespecttou
andvwecandeterminex/u,...,justasinExercise3.10.1,andobtainthecoordinatevectorsr/uandr/v.3.10.3.Fromthecomponent
denition(projection)a=iqiaqiiaqiqiandasimilarexpressionforb,getab=ijqiqjaqibqj=iaqibqi=iaqibqiusing
orthogonality,i.e.qiqj=ij.3.10.4.(a)FromEq.(3.141)withe1=q1and(e1)1=1,(e1)2=(e1)3=0,wegete1=1h1h2h3(h2h3)q1.
(b)FromEq.(3.143)withh2V20,h3V30,wegete1=1h1e21h3h1q3e31h2h1q2.3.10.5.Thisproblemassumesthatthe
unitvectorsqiareorthogonal.Fromdr=rqidqiweseethattherqiaretangentvectorsinthedirectionsei=qiwithlengthshi.This
establishestherstequationofthisproblem.Writing(foranyi)eiei=1h2irqirqi=1h2ixqi2+yqi2+zqi2=1,we
conrmtheformulaforhi.Ifwenowdierentiatehiei=r/qiwithrespecttoqj(withj=i)andnotethattheresultissymmetriciniandj,weget
(hiei)qj=2rqiqj=(hjej)qi.Expandingthedierentiationsoftheleftandrightmembersofthisequationandequatingtheresults,hi
qjei+hieiqj=hjqiej+hjejqi.
54.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS51Sinceei/qjmustbeavectorintheejdirection,weareabletoestablishthesecondequationofthe
exercise.Toprovethelastrelation,wedierentiateeiei=1andeiej=0withrespecttoqi.Wendeieiqi=0,eiqiej=eiej
qi.Theseequationsshowthatei/qihasnocomponentintheeidirectionandthatitscomponentsintheejdirectionsareeiej/qi.Using
thesecondformulatowritethesederivativesintermsofthehi,wereachthenalequationofthisexercise.3.10.6.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
3.10.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.8.UsingtheformulasfromExercise3.10.5,withh=hz=1andh=,nonzerotermsonlyresultif
thehibeingdierentiatedish,andthenonlyifdierentiatedwithrespectto.Theseconditionscausealltherstderivativesoftheunitvectorsto
vanishexceptforthetwocaseslistedintheexercisethosecasesarestraightforwardapplicationsoftheformulas.3.10.9.Theformulagiveninthe
exerciseisincorrectbecauseitneglectsthedependenceofe.Whenthisisproperlyincluded,insteadofV/weget1(V)/.3.10.10.
(a)r=(x,y,z)=(x,y)+zz=+zz.(b)FromEq.(3.148)wehaver=12+zz=2+1=3.FromEq.(3.150)withV=,V=0,
Vz=zwegetr=0.3.10.11.(a)Thepointsx,y,zandx,y,zhavethesamevalueof,valuesofzofoppositesign,andifx=cos,y=sin
,thenxandymusthaveavalueofdisplacedfromtheoriginalvalueby.(b)Aunitvectorezwillalwaysbeinthesame(the+z)direction,
butthechangebyinwillcausetheeunitvectortochangesignunderinversion.Thesameistrueofe.3.10.12.Thesolutionisgiveninthe
text.3.10.13.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
55.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS523.10.14.UsingVz0weobtainV|=1(V(,))z=0,V|=1(V(,))z=0,
V|z=1(V(,))V(,).3.10.15.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.16.(a)F=1.(b)F=0,=0.(c)20Fd=
2.(d)Fisnotdenedattheorigin.Acutlinefromtheoriginouttoinnity(inanydirection)isneededtopreventonefromencirclingtheorigin.
Thescalarpotential=isnotsinglevalued.3.10.17.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.18.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.19.Resolving
theunitvectorsofsphericalpolarcoordinatesintoCartesiancomponentswasaccomplishedinExercise3.10.18involvinganorthogonalmatrix.The
inverseisthetransposematrix,i.e.x=rsincos+coscossin,y=rsinsin+cossin+cos,z=rcossin.
3.10.20.(a)ThetransformationbetweenCartesianandsphericalpolarcoordinatesisnotrepresentedbyaconstantmatrix,butbyamatrixwhose
componentsdependuponthevalueofr.AmatrixequationoftheindicatedtypehasnousefulmeaningbecausethecomponentsofBdependupon
bothrandr.(b)UsingthefactthatboththeCartesianandsphericalpolarcoordinatesystemsareorthogonal,thetransformationmatrixbetweena
CartesiancomponentvectorAanditssphericalpolarequivalentAmusthavetheformA=UA,withU= erexereyerezeex
eeyeezeexeeyeez
56.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS53UsingthedatainExercise3.10.19,wehaveU= sincossinsincoscoscoscos
sinsinsincos0 NotethatbothAandAareassociatedwiththesamepoint,whoseangularcoordinatesare(,).Tocheck
orthogonality,transposeandchecktheproductUTU.WendUTU=1.3.10.21.Onewaytoproceedistorstobtainthetransformationofavector
AtoitsrepresentationAincylindricalcoordinates.LettingVbethetransformationmatrixsatisfyingA=VA,withV= eexeey
eezeexeeyeezezexezeyezez UsingdatagivenintheanswertoExercise3.10.6,VevaluatestoV=
cossin0sincos0001 NotethatAandAareassociatedwiththesamepoint,whichhasangularcoordinate.Wenowconvert
fromsphericalpolartocylindricalcoordinatesintwosteps,ofwhichtherstisfromsphericalpolartoCartesiancoordinates,accomplishedbythe
transformationUT,theinverseofthetransformationUofExercise3.10.20(b).WethenapplytransformationVtoconverttocylindricalcoordinates.
TheoveralltransformationmatrixWisthenthematrixproductVUT.Thus,W= cossin0sincos0001 sincos
coscossinsinsincossincoscossin0 = sincos0001cossin0 Theinverseofthis

transformationisrepresentedbythetransposeofW.
57.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS543.10.22.(a)Dierentiatingr2=1wegetrr=(sincos,sinsin,cos)=r,r=r(cos
cos,cossin,sin)=r,r=r(sinsin,sincos,0)=rsin.(b)Withgivenbyrr+1r+1rsin,the
alternatederivationoftheLaplacianisgivenbydottingthisintoitself.Inconjunctionwiththederivativesoftheunitvectorsabovethisgives=r
rrr+1rrr+1rsinrr+1rsin1r+1rsin1rsin=2r2+1r222
+2rr+tanr2+1r2sin222.Notethat,with1r2sin2sin=tanr2+1r222,wegetthestandardresult
usingExercise3.10.34fortheradialpart.3.10.23.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.24.V,V1/r.3.10.25.(a)Sincer=x2+y2+z2,
changesofsigninx,y,andzleaverunchanged.Sincezz,coschangessign,convertinginto.Signchangesinxandyrequirethat
bothsinandcoschangesignthisrequiresthatchangeto.(b)Sincethecoordinatepointisafterinversionontheoppositesideofthepolar
axis,increasesinrorcorrespondtodisplacementsindirectionsoppositetotheireectbeforeinversion.Bothbeforeandafterinversion,anincrease
inisinadirectiontangenttothesamecircleofradiusrthat
58.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS55passesthroughboththenorthandsouthpolesofthecoordinatesystem.Thetwotangentdirections
areparallelbecausetheyareatoppositepointsofthecircle,andbothareinthesoutherlytangentdirection.Theyarethereforeinthesamedirection.
3.10.26.(a)Ar=Axrx+Ayry+Azrz=Abecauserx=x,ry=y,rz=z.(b)Usingr=,r=sinandinpolar
coordinatesfromExercise3.10.22wegetAr=Arrr+Ar+Asinr=Arr+A+A=A.3.10.27.Thesolution
isgiveninthetext.3.10.28.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.3.10.29.FromExercise3.10.32andusingtheCartesiandecompositioninExercise
3.10.18z=sinwegetLz=isinsin.3.10.30.UseExercise3.10.32togetthisresult.3.10.31.Solvingthisproblemdirectlyin
sphericalcoordinatesissomewhatchallenging.Fromthedenitionsoftheunitvectors,onecanestablishe=cose,e=siner
cose,e=er,e=0,ere=e,ee=er,eer=e.WenowwriteLLandexpanditintoitsfourterms,which
weprocessindividually.Whenaunitvectoristobedierentiated,thedierentiationshouldbecarriedoutbeforeevaluatingthecrossproduct.This
rsttermonlyhasacontributionwhenthesecondeisdierentiated:esinesin=esine1sin=(e
e)cossin2.
59.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS56Nextweprocessee=ee(ee)22=0.Thenesin
e=eesin2esin(ersinecos)=ersin2+e.Finally,eesin=ersin
2(ee)cossin2+(e(er)1sin.Severalofthetermsintheaboveexpressionscancel.Theremainingterms
correspondtoiL.3.10.32.(a)Using=rr+1r+1rsinandr=rr,r=,r=,wendL=i(r)=i
1sin.(b)UsingEq.(2.44),z=sinwendLz=i,andfromx=coscos,x=sinwegetLx=isin+icot
cosfromy=cossin,y=coswegetLy=icos+icotsin.(c)Squaringandaddinggivestheresult.
60.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS573.10.33.(a)Usingrr=0and=rrirLr2andtheBACCABrulewegetir=1r2r
(rL)=1r2(rLrr2L)=LbecauseLr=0.(b)Itsucestoverifythexcomponentofthisequation.SubstitutingtheformulaforL,the
resulttobeprovedis(r)=r2(1+r).Thexcomponentofthelefthandsideexpandsinto(r)x=yxyyxzzxx
z=x2y2xy2yxxz2zx+x2z2.Thexcomponentoftherighthandsideisx2x2+2y2+2z2x
xxx+yy+zz.Theleftandrighthandsidessimplifytoidenticalexpressions.3.10.34.From(a)1r2ddrr2=ddr+2rweget(c),and
viceversa.Fromtheinnerddrr=rddr+1in(b)weget1rd2dr2r=1rddr+d2dr2+ddr,hence(c),andviceversa.3.10.35.(a)F=0,r
P/2.(b)Fd=0.Thissuggests(butdoesnotprove)thattheforceisconservative.(c)Potential=Pcos/r2,dipolepotential.3.10.36.Solutionsare
giveninthetext.3.10.37.E(r)=3r(pr)p40r3.
61.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS584.TensorsandDierentialForms4.1TensorAnalysis4.1.1.ThisisaspecialcaseofExercise4.1.2
withB0ij=0.4.1.2.IfA0ij=B0ijinoneframeofreference,thendeneacoordinatetransformationfromthatframetoanarbitraryone:xi=
xi(x0j),sothatAij=xix0xjx0A0=xix0xjx0B0=Bij.4.1.3.Makeaboostinthezdirection.IfAz=Az=A0=0,then
A0=0intheboostedframebytheLorentztransformation,etc.4.1.4.SinceT12=xix1xkx2Tik=cossinT11+cos2T12sin2T21
sincosT22wendT12=T12forarotationby,butT12=T21forarotationby/2.IsotropydemandsT21=0=T12.Similarlyallothero
diagonalcomponentsmustvanish,andthediagonalonesareequal.4.1.5.ThefourdimensionalfourthrankRiemannChristoelcurvaturetensorof
generalrelativity,Riklmhas44=256components.Theantisymmetryoftherstandsecondpairofindices,Riklm=Rikml=Rkilm,reduces
thesepairsto6valueseach,i.e.62=36components.Theycanbethoughtofasa66matrix.Thesymmetryunderexchangeofpairindices,Riklm
=Rlmik,reducesthismatrixto67/2=21components.TheBianchiidentity,Riklm+Rilmk+Rimkl=0,reducestheindependentcomponentsto20
becauseitrepresentsoneconstraint.Notethat,uponusingthepermutationsymmetriesonecanalwaysmaketherstindexequaltozerofollowedby
theotherindiceswhicharealldierentfromeachother.4.1.6.Eachcomponenthasatleastonerepeatedindexandisthereforezero.4.1.7.Asthe
gradienttransformslikeavector,itisclearthatthegradientofatensoreldofranknisatensorofrankn+1.4.1.8.Thecontractionoftwoindices
removestwoindices,whilethederivativeaddsone,so(n+1)2=n1.4.1.9.Thescalarproductofthefourvectors=1ct,and=1c
t,isthescalar2=1c22t22.
62.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS594.1.10.ThedoublesummationKijAiBjisascalar.ThatKijisasecondranktensorfollowsfromthe
quotienttheorem.4.1.11.SinceKijAjk=BikisasecondranktensorthequotienttheoremtellsusthatKijisasecondranktensor.4.2Pseudotensors,
DualTensors4.2.1.ThedirectproductijkClmisatensorofrank5.Contracting4indicesleavesatensorofrank1,avector.InvertinggivesCjk=
jkiCi,atensorofrank2.4.2.2.Thegeneralizationofthetotallyantisymmetricijkfromthreetondimensionshasnindices.Hencethegeneralized
crossproductijk...AiBjisanantisymmetrictensorofrankn2=1forn=3.4.2.3.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.4.2.4.(a)Aseachijis
isotropic,theirdirectproductmustbeisotropicaswell.Thisisvalidforanyorderoftheindices.Thelaststatementimplies(b)and(c).4.2.5.The
argumentrelatingtoEq.(4.29)holdsintwodimensions,too,withij=det(a)aipajqpq.Nocontradictionarisesbecauseijisantisymmetricwhile
ijissymmetric.4.2.6.ij=0110.IfR=cossinsincosisarotation,thencossinsincos0110cossinsincos=0
110.4.2.7.IfAk=12ijkBijwithBij=Bji,then2mnkAk=mnkijk=(minjmjni)Bij=BmnBnm=2Bmn.4.3TensorsinGeneral
Coordinates4.3.1.Thevectoriiscompletelyspeciedbyitsprojectionsontothethreelinearlyindependentk,i.e.,bytherequirementsthatij=
ij.Takingtheformgivenintheexercise,weformii=(jk)i(jk)i=1,ij=(jk)j(jk)i=0,thezerooccurring
becausethethreevectorsinthescalartripleproductarenotlinearlyindependent.Theaboveequationsconrmthatiisthecontravariantversionof
i.
63.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS604.3.2.(a)Fromthedeningformula,Eq.(4.40),theorthogonalityoftheiimpliesthatgij=0
wheni=j.(b)Seetheanswertopart(c).(c)FromEq.(4.46)withtheiorthogonal,theimustalsobeorthogonalandhavemagnitudesthatarethe
reciprocalsofthei.Then,fromEq.(4.47),thegiimustbethereciprocalsofthegii.4.3.3.ThisexerciseassumesuseoftheEinsteinsummation
convention.Insertingthedenitionsoftheiandiandevaluatingthescalarproducts,wereach(ij)(jk)=qixqjx+qiyqjy+
qizqjzxqjxqkqixqjx+yqjyqk+zqjzqkThetermoftheproductarisingfromthersttermofeachfactorhasthe
formqixqjxxqjxqk=qixxqkjxqjqjx=qixxqk,wherewehavenotedthatthejsummationisthechainrule
expansionforx/x,whichisunity.Theproductsarisingfromthesecondtermsandthirdtermsofbothfactorshaveanalogousforms,andthesumof
thesediagonaltermsisalsoachainruleexpansion:qixxqk+qiyyqk+qizzqk=qiqk=ik.Theremainingtermsofthe
originalproductexpressionallreducetozeroweillustratewithqixqjxyqjyqk=qixyqkjyqjqjx.Herethejsummationis

thechainruleexpansionofy/xandthereforevanishes.4.3.4.StartingfromEq.(4.54),mjk=m(k/qj),weseethataproofthatk/qj=
j/qkwouldalsodemonstratethatmjk=mkj.Fromthedenitionofk,wedierentiatewithrespecttoqj,reachingkqj=2xqjqkex
+2yqjqkey+2zqjqkez.Becausethecoordinatesaredierentiablefunctionstherighthandsideofthisequationissymmetricinjandk,
indicatingthatjandkcanbeinterchangedwithoutchangingthevalueofthelefthandsideoftheequation.
64.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS614.3.5.Thecovariantmetrictensorisdiagonal,withnonzeroelementsgii=h2i,sog=gzz=1
andg=2.Thecontravariantmetrictensorisalsodiagonal,withnonzeroelementsthatarethereciprocalsofthegii.Thus,g=gzz=1andg
=1/2.4.3.6.Letsbethepropertimeonageodesicandu(s)thevelocityofamassinfreefall.Thenthescalardds(Vu)=dVdsu+Vd2x
ds2=VdxdsuVuu=uuVVinvolvesthecovariantderivativewhichisafourvectorbythequotienttheorem.
Notethattheuseofthegeodesicequationford2x/ds2isthekeyhere.4.3.7.Forthisexerciseweneedtheidentitygikqj=ikqj+ki
qj,whichcanbeprovedbywritinggik=ikanddierentiating.WenowwriteViqj=(gikVk)qj=gikVkqj+Vkgikqj=gikV
kqj+Vkikqj+Vkkiqj=gikVkqj+Vkgillkqj+Vkkiqj=gikVkqj+gilVklkj+Vkkij.Intheabove
wehaveusedthemetrictensortoraiseorlowerindicesandtherelationAkBk=AkBk,andhaveidentiedChristoelsymbolsusingthedenition
inEq.(4.54).Thelastlineoftheaboveseriesofequationscanberearrangedtotheformconstitutingasolutiontotheexercise.4.3.8.122=,2
12=1/.4.3.9.AllbutthreeofthecovariantderivativecomponentsofacontravariantvectorVareoftheformVij=Viqj.
65.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS62TheremainingthreecomponentsareV=V+V,V=V+V,V=
VV.4.3.10.gijk=kgijikgjjkgi=kgij12gjg(igk+kgigik)12gig(jgk+kgjgjk)=
kgij12(igjk+kgjijgik)12(jgik+kgijigjk)0.Inordertondgijk=0takethecovariantderivativeoftheidentitygimgmj=j
i.Thisgives0=gimkgmj+gimgmjk=gimgmjk.Multiplyingthisbygniandusinggnigim=nmgivesgnjk=0.4.3.11.Tostart,notethat
thecontravariantVkare,inthenotationofEq.(3.157),Vr,V/r,V/rsinandthat[det)g)]1/2=r2sin.Thenthetensorderivativeformula,Eq.
(4.69),evaluatesstraightforwardlytoEq.(3.157).4.3.12.==.4.4Jacobians4.4.1.(uv)=vu
+uvfollowsfromtheproductruleofdierentiation.(a)Sincef=fuu+fvv=0,uandvareparallel,sothat(u)(v)=0.(b)If(u)(v)=
0,thetwodimensionalvolumespannedbyuandv,alsogivenbytheJacobian(u,v)(x,y)=uxuyvxvy,vanishes.4.4.3.(a)The
directcomputationof(x,y)/(u,v)requiresderivativesofxandywithrespecttouandv.Togetthesederivatives,itisconvenienttogetexplicit
formulasforxandyintermsofuandv:theseformulasare
66.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS63x=uv/(v+1),y=u/(v+1).Now,J=(x,y)(u,v)=xuxvyuyv=vv+1u(v+1)2
1v+1u(v+1)2=uv(v+1)3u(v+1)3=u(v+1)2.(b)HerewerstneedJ1,computedasfollows:J1=(u,v)(x,y)=uxuy
vxvy=111yxy2=xy21y=x+yy2.TakingthereciprocaltoobtainJ,andrewritingintermsofuandv(theformusually
neededifJistobeinsertedintoanintegraloveruandv),wegetJ=y2x+y=uv+121u=u(v+1)2,inagreementwiththeanswertopart
(a).4.5DierentialForms4.5.1.Theresultsfor1and(dtdx1dx2dx3)wereexplicitlydiscussedinExample4.5.2,aswasthevalueof
dx1.Theresultsfordxi(i=1)correspondinsign,sincetheorderingdxi,dt,dxj,dxkwithi,j,kcyclichasthesameparityasdx1,dt,dx2,dx3.
Fordt,dtfollowedbytheotherdierentialsproducesastandardordering,anddt(theonlydierentialintheexpressionbeingstarred)hasthe
metrictensorelementgtt=+1.Thisconrmsthevaluegivenfordt.Example4.5.2derivedavaluefor(dtdx1).Correspondingresultsfor(dt
dxi)holdbecausethecyclicorderingofdxi,dxj,dxkcausesthepermutationtostandardordertobethesameforalli.Toverifythat(dxjdxk)=
dtdxi,notethattheorderingdxj,dxk,dt,dxiisanevenpermutationofthestandardorder,andthatbothgjjandgkkare1,togetherproducingno
signchange.Turningnowto(dx1dx2dx3),wenotethatdx1,dx2,dx3,dtisanoddpermutationofthestandardorder,butthequantitybeing
starredisassociatedwiththreenegativediagonalmetrictensorelements.Theresultthereforehaspositivesign,asshowninEq.(4.82).Thenalcase
tobeconsideredis(dtdxidxj).Notethatdt,dxi,dxj,dxkisanevenpermutationofthestandardorder,andthatdt,dxi,dxjcontributetwo
minussignsfrommetrictensorelements.Theoverallsignisthereforeplus,asshowninEq.(4.82).
67.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS644.5.2.Sincetheforceeldisconstant,theworkassociatedwithmotioninthexdirectionwillhave
theformaxdx,whereaxisaconstant.Similarstatementsapplytomotioninyandz.Thus,theworkwisdescribedbythe1formw+a3dx+b2
dy+cdz.4.6DierentiatingForms4.6.1.(a)d1=dxdy+dydx=0.(b)d2=dxdydydx=2dxdy.(c)d(dxdy)=d(dx)dy
dxd(dy)=0.4.6.2.d3=ydxdz+xdydz+zdxdy+xdzdyzdydxzdydx=2ydxdz+2zdxdy.d(d3)=2dy
dxdz+2dzdxdy=0.4.6.3.(a)(xdyydx)(xydz+xzdyyzdx)=x2ydydzxy2dxdz+x2zdydyxyzdxdyxyz
dydx+y2zdxdx=x2ydydzxy2dxdz.Applyd:d(x2ydydz)d(xy2dxdz)=2xydxdydz+x2dydydzy2dx
dxdz2xydydxdz=4xydxdydz.(b)d232d3=2dxdy(xydz+xzdyyzdx)(xdyydx)(2ydx
dz+2zdxdy)=2xydxdydz2xydydxdz=4xydxdydz.4.7IntegratingForms4.7.1.Letdx=a1du+a2dv+a3dw,dy=
b1du+b2dv+b3dw,anddz=c1du+c2dv+c3dw.Then,dxdydz=(a1du+a2dv+a3dw)(b1du+b2dv+b3dw)(c1du+c2dv+c3dw).Expanding
therighthandside,discardingtermswithduplicatedierentials,andarrangingthewedgeproductstostandardorderwiththenecessarysign
assignments,wereachdxdydz=(a1b2c3a1b3c2a2b1c3+a2b3c1+a3b1c2a3b2c1)dudvdw.
68.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS65WerecognizethecoecientofdudvdwasthedeterminantJ=a1a2a3b1b2b3c1c2c3.To
completetheidencationofJasaJacobian,notethata1=x/u,a2=x/v,andsoon,andthereforeJ=(x,y,z)/(u,v,w).4.7.2.SeeExample
4.6.2.4.7.3.ydx+xdy:Closedexactbecauseitisd(xy).ydx+xdyx2+y2:NotclosedbecauseAy=yyx2+y2=x2y2(x2+y2)2,B
x=xxx2+y2=y2x2(x2+y2)2.[ln(xy)+1]dx+xydy:ClosedbecauseA/y=1/y=B/x.Itisexact,beingd(xlnxy).ydx+xdyx2
+y2:Notingthatthisissimilartoapreviousdierentialformofthisexerciseexceptforthesignofthedxterm,weseethatthisformisclosed.Itis
exact,beingdtan(y/x).f(z)dz=f(x+iy)(dx+idy):A/y=B/x=if(z).ItisclosedalsoexactbecauseAandBcanbeobtainedasderivativesof
theindeniteintegralf(z)dz.
69.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS665.VectorSpaces5.1VectorsinFunctionSpaces5.1.1.Usingorthogonalitythen|f=an=ba
w(x)f(x)n(x)dxarederivedfromfandthereforeunique.5.1.2.Iff(x)=icii(x)=jcjj,theni(cici)i=0.Letckck=0betherstnonzero
term.Thenk=1ckcki>k(cici)iwouldsaythatkisnotlinearlyindependentofthei,i>k,whichisacontradiction.5.1.3.Forf(x)=n
1i=0cixiwehavebj=10xjf(x)dx=ici10xi+jdx=n1i=0cii+j+1=Ajici.Thisresultsalsofromminimizingthemeansquareerror10f(x)
n1i=0cixi2dxuponvaryingtheci.5.1.4.From0=clba[F(x)mn=0cnn(x)]2w(x)dx=2baF(x)mn=0cnn(x)nw(x)dxwe
obtaincn=baF(x)n(x)w(x)dx.
70.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS675.1.5.(a)and(b)f(x)2dx=h222m,n=01(2m+1)(2n+1)sin(2m+1)xsin(2n+
1)xdx=4h2n=01(2n+1)2=h22.Usingn=01(2n+1)2=34(2),wereach(2)=26.5.1.6.|f|g|2=f2g212baba|f(x)g(y)
f(y)g(x)|2dxdyimplies|f|g|2f2g2becausethedoubleintegralisnonnegative.5.1.7.Thejareassumedtobeorthonormal.ExpandingI,wehave
I=f|fiaii|fiaif|i+ijaiaji|j0.Usingtherelationai=i|fandtheorthonormalityconditioni|j=ij,I=f|fiaiaiiaiai

+iaiai=f|fi|ai|20.5.1.8.Theexpansionweneedissinx=ii|sinxi|ii(x).Thenecessaryintegralsare0|0=10dx=1,1|1=
10(2x1)2dx=13,2|2=10(6x26x+1)2dx=15,3|3=170|f=10sinxdx=2,1|f=10(2x1)sinxdx=0,2|f=224
3,3|f=0
71.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS680.20.40.60.810.51xFigure5.1.8.Redlineisapproximationthrough3,blacklineisexact.sin
x=2/10+2/24/31/52+=0.63660.6871(6x26x+1)+.Thisseriesconvergesfairlyrapidly.SeeFig.5.1.8.5.1.9.ex=a0L0(x)
+a1L1(x)+a2L2(x)+a3L3(x)+,ai=0Li(x)e2xdx.Byintegrationwenda0=1/2,a1=1/4,a2=1/8,a3=1/16.Thus,ex=12(1)+1
4(1x)+1824x+x22+116618x+9x2x36+.ThisexpansionwhenterminatedafterL3failsbadlybeyondaboutx=3.SeeFig.
5.1.9.5.1.10.Theformsi|ii|andj|jj|areresolutionsoftheidentity.Therefore|f=ij|jj|ii|f.Thecoecientsoffinthebasisareai=i|f
,sotheaboveequationisequivalenttof=jbjj,withbj=ij|iai.5.1.11.Weassumetheunitvectorsareorthogonal.Then,j|ejej|a=j(eja)
ej.Thisexpressionisacomponentdecompositionofa.
72.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS690.20.40.60.81246xFigure5.1.9.RedlineisapproximationthroughL3,blacklineisexact.
5.1.12.Thescalarproducta|amustbepositiveforeverynonzerovectorinthespace.Ifwewritea|aintheform(a1a2)2+(k1)a22,this
conditionwillbeviolatedforsomenonzeroaunlessk>1.5.2GramSchmidtOrthogonalization5.2.1.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Notethat
a10=1/2,a20=1/3,a21=1/2,a30=1/4,a31=9/20,a32=1/4.5.2.2.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Notethata10=1,a20=2,a21=
4.5.2.3.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Notethata10=2,a20=6,a21=62.5.2.4.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Notethata10=0,a20=
1/2,a21=0.5.2.5.RelyingwithoutcommentontheintegralformulasinExercise13.3.2,wecomputerstx0|x0=11(1x2)1/2dx=,x1
|x1=x0|x2=11x2(1x2)1/2dx=/2,x2|x2=11x4(1x2)1/2dx=3/8,x0|x1=x2|x1=0.
73.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS70Notethatsomeintegralsarezerobysymmetry.ThepolynomialT0isoftheformc0x0,withc0
satisfyingc0x0|c0x0=|c0|2x0|x0=,soc0=1andT0=1.Bysymmetry,thepolynomialT1,whichinprincipleisalinearcombinationofx0and
x1,mustactuallybeanoddfunctionthatdependsonlyonx1,soisoftheformc1x.ItisautomaticallyorthogonaltoT0,andc1mustsatisfyc1x|c1x
=|c1|2x|x=2.Becausex|x=/2,wehavec1=1andT1=x.ThedeterminationofT1isabitlesstrivial.T2willbeanevenfunctionofx,and
willbeofthegeneralformT2=c2x2T0|x2T0|T0T0=c2x2/2T0=c2x212.Theconstantc2isnowdeterminedfromthe
normalizationcondition:T2|T2=|c2|2x212x212=|c2|2382+14=|c2|28=2,fromwhichwendc2=2andT2=2x21.
5.2.6.FromtheformulagivenintheHint,wehavex0|x0=11(1x2)1/2dx=2,x0|x2=x1|x1=8,x2|x2=16.TakingU0=c0x0,we
nd|c0|2x0|x0=/2,soc0=1andU0=1.TheUnhaveeven/oddsymmetry,soU1=c1x,and|c1|2x|x=/2,so|c1|2/8=/2,andc1=2,U1=
2x.Finally,U2=c2x2U0|x2U0|U0U0=c2x2/8/2U0=c2x214.
74.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS71Wedeterminec2fromU2|U2=|c2|2x214x214=|c2|232=2,soc2=4,U2=4x21.
5.2.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Notethata10=1/.5.2.8.Lettheorthonormalizedvectorsbedenotedbi.First,Makeb1anormalized
versionofc1:b1=c1/3.Thenobtainb2(denotingb2beforenormalization)asb2=c2(b1c2)b1= 112 (43) 1/31/3
1/3 = 1/31/32/3 .Normalizing,b2=3/2b2.Finally,formb3=c3(b1c3)b1(b2c3)b2= 102 (3) 1/
31/31/3 (3/2) 1/61/62/6 = 1/21/20 .Normalizing,b3=2b3.Collectingouranswers,the
orthonormalvectorsareb1= 1/31/31/3 ,b2= 1/61/62/6 ,b3= 1/21/20 .5.3Operators
5.3.1.ForarbitraryandwithinourHilbertspace,andanarbitraryoperatorA,|A=A|=|A=(A)|=|(A).Sincethe
rstandlastexpressionsinthischainofequationsareequalforallA,,and,wemayconcludethat(A)=A.5.3.2.2|V(U1)=(V2)
(U1)d3r=(UV2)1d3r=2|(UV)1.
75.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS725.3.3.(a)(A1)ij=xi|A1|xj.AcorrespondingformulaholdsforA2.Computingforeachiandj,we
ndA1= 100010001 ,A2= 010100000 .(b)= 123 .(c)(A1A2)= 110110001
123 = 313 =.Check:A1=x12x2+3x3A2=2x1x2(A1A2)=3x1x2+3x3.5.3.4.(a)FirstcomputeAPn
(Pnarethenormalizedpolynomials).AP0=0,AP1=3/2x=P1AP2=5/2(3x2)=2P2+5P0,AP3=7/2152x332x=3P3+21P1.Using
theaboveandnotingthatourbasisisthePn,weconstructA= 00500102100200003 Note:WebuiltthematrixofA
directlyfromtheexpansions.Analternateandequallyvalidapproachwouldbetoidentifythematrixelementsasscalarproducts.(b)Toexpandx3
weneedP3|x3=214/35andP1|x3=6/5thecoecientsofP2andP0vanishbecausex3isodd.Fromtheabovedata,wegetx3=(2
14/35)P3(x)+(6/5)P1(x).Thus,thecolumnvectorrepresentingx3isx3 06/50214/35 .
76.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS73(c)Ax3= 00500102100200003 06/50214/35
= 036/50614/35 .InsertingtheexplicitformsofP1andP3,wendAx3=(36/5)(3/2x)+(614/35)7/2(52x3
32x)=3x3,inagreementwiththedirectlycomputedvalue.5.4SelfAdjointOperators5.4.1.(a)(A+A)=A+A,[i(AA)]=i(A
A)=i(AA).(b)A=12(A+A)i2i(AA).5.4.2.(AB)=BA=BA=ABifandonlyif[B,A]=0.5.4.3.(ABBA)=(iC)=B
AAB=iC=BAAB=iC.5.4.4.IfL=Lthen|L2=|L(L)=L|L=ba|L(x)|2dx0.5.4.5.(a)Forthenormalizationof
3=Cz/r=Ccos,weneedthefollowingintegral:zrzr=20d0sindcos2=2cos330=43.Thenormalizedformof3is
therefore3/4(z/r).Tocheckorthogonality,weneedintegralssuchasxryr=20cossind0sin3d.Theintegralvanishesoneeasy
waytoseethisistonotethatcossin=sin(2)/2theintegralisovertwocompleteperiodsofthisfunction.Anappealtosymmetryconrms
thatalltheothernormalizationandorthgonalityintegralshavesimilarvalues.(b)Itisusefultonotethat(1/r)/x=x/r3similarexpressionsare
obtainedifxisreplacedbyyorz.Now,Lz1=Lzxr=ixx/ryyx/rx=iyr=i2.BecauseLzisantisymmetricinxandy,wealsohave
Lz2=Lzyr=ixr=i1
77.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS74Finally,Lz3=Lzzr=ix(1/r)yy(1/r)x=0.Combiningtheaboveintoamatrix
representationofLz,Lz= 0i0i00000 .Similarprocesses(orcyclicpermutationofx,y,z)leadtothematrixrepresentationsLx=
00000i0i0 ,Ly= 00i000i00 .(c)FormthematrixoperationscorrespondingtoLxLyLyLx: 00000i0i0
00i000i00 00i000i00 00000i0i0 .Carryingoutthematrixmultiplicationandsubtraction,the
resultisitimesthematrixofLz.5.5UnitaryOperators5.5.1.(a)(1)Thecolumnvectorrepresentingf(,)isc= 32i101
.(2)c= 1/2i/20001/2i/200000i/21/2000i21/2000001 3
2i101 = 1/25/2i/2i/21 .(3)Check:icii=icii.(b)FormUandverifythatUU=
1: 1/2i/20001/2i/200000i21/2000i/21/2000001 1/21/2
000i/2i/200000i/2i/20001/21/2000001 =1.
78.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS755.5.2.(a)TheithcolumnofUdescribesiinthenewbasis.Thus,U= 001010100 .
(b)ThetransformationisacounterclockwiserotationofthecoordinatesystemabouttheyaxisthiscorrespondstotheEulerangles=0,=/2,
=0.TheaboveUisreproducedwhentheseanglesaresubstitutedintoEq.(3.37).(c)c= 231 .Uc= 001010100 2
31 = 132 .Thisvectorcorrespondstof=x3y+2z,whichisconsistentwithapplicationoftherelevantbasistransformation
tof.5.5.3.SincethematrixUforthetransformationofExercise5.5.2isunitary,theinversetransformationhasmatrixU,whichisU= 001
010100 .Multiplying,wendthatUU=1.5.5.4.(a)Uf= isincos0cosisin0001 312 = cos+
3isin3cos+isin2 ,V(Uf)= 1000cosisin0cosisin cos+3isin3cos+isin2 = cos
+3isin3cos2+isin(cos2)3cos2+isin(cos+2) .Theaboveindicatesthatf(x)=(cos+3isin)1+(3cos2+isin(cos
2))2+(3cos2+isin(cos+2))3.(b)UV= isincos2isincoscosisincossin20cosisin

79.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS76VU= isincos0cos2isincosisincos2isincosisin .Usingthe

above,wendUV 312 = cos2+isin(32cos)2sin23cos+isincoscos+2isin ,VU 312
= cos+3isin3cos2+isin(cos2)3cos2+isin(cos+2) .OnlyVUfgivesthecorrectresultthatwefoundinpart(a).
5.5.5.(a)ThenormalizedversionsofthePn,denotedPn,arePn=(2n+1)/2Pn.ThenormalizedversionsoftheFn,denotedFn,areF0=5/2F0,F1
=3/2F1,andF2=1/8F2.(b)ThetransformationmatrixUhaselementsuij=Fi|Pj.Forexample,u02=11F0P2dx=5211(x2)(1)dx=
53.ThecompletetransformationmatrixisU= 5/302/30102/305/3 .(c)Vhaselementsvij=Pi|Fj.Thus,V= 5/302/3
0102/305/3 .(d)BymatrixmultiplicationwecanverifythatUV=1,showingthatV=U1.SinceVisalsoU,wecanalsoconclude
thatUandVareunitary.(e)f(x)=823P0(x)6P1(x)+2103P2(x)=4103F0(x)6F1(x)223F2(x).Lettingcandcbethe
vectorsdescribingtheexpansionsoff(x)respectivelyinthePnandtheFnbases,c= 82/36210/3 ,c= 410/362
2/3 ,
80.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS77wecheckthatc=Uc,i.e., 410/3622/3 = 5/302/30102/305/3
82/36210/3 .5.6TransformationsofOperators5.6.1.(a)TherstcolumnofSxshowstheresultofitsoperationonthe
secondcolumndescribesSx.SimilarobservationsapplytoSyamdSz.WegetSx=120110,Sy=120ii0,Sz=121001.(b)(1)Check
that+|=0.Expanding,wehave||+||=1+0+01=0.(2)Asimilarexpansionshowsthat+|+=2,soapropervalue
ofCis1/2.Thesameresultisobtainedfor2|2.(3)Thematrixelementsofthetransformationareuij=i|j.TheseevaluatetoU=1/21/
21/21/2=121111.(c)Inthetransformedbasis,thematrixofanoperatorSbecomesS=USU1.NotingthatU1=U,wecompute
Sx=USxU1=14111101101111=142002=121001=Sz.SimilaroperationsforSyandSzyieldSy=USyU1=120ii0
=Sy.Sz=USzU1=120110=Sx.5.6.2.(a)ApplyLxtothei:Lx1=0,Lx2=i3,andLx3=i2.ThereforethematrixofLxforthis
basisisLx= 00000i0i0 .
81.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS78(b)FormULxU1.UisunitarythiscanbecheckedbyverifyingthatUU=1.Thus,ULxU1=
10001/2i/201/2i/2 00000i0i0 10001/21/20i/2i/2 = 000010001 .
(c)Thenewbasisfunctionshavecoecients(intermsoftheoriginalbasis)thatarethecolumnsofU.Readingthemout,wehave1=Cxer2,2
=C2(y+iz)er2,3=C2(yiz)er2.ApplyingLx,Lx1=0,Lx2=LxC2(y+iz)er2=C2[iz+i(iy)]er2=C2(y+iz)er2,
Lx3=C2(yiz)er2=C2[izi(iy)]er2=C2(yiz)er2.5.6.3.DeneD1,D2,D3asthedeterminantsformedfromtheoverlap
matrixelementsoftherst,thersttwo,andallthreebasisfunctions.Lettingsij=i|jbetheelementsofthisoverlapmatrix,D1=S11,D2=
S11S22S12S21etc.BysubstitutionintotheformulasobtainedasinSection5.2,wendthesystematicformulasforthei:1=1D12=2
S121D1D2/D1,3=3S131D1D1S232D2+S12S231D2+S21S132D2S12S21S131D1D2D3/D2.Comparingwiththematrix
TasdenedinExample5.6.1,weseethatitsjthcolumnconsistsofthecoecientsoftheiintheformulaforj.Fromtheaboveformulas,wend
T= T11T12T130T22T2300T33 ,
82.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS79withT11=1D1,T12=S12D1D2,T22=D1D2,T13=D2S13+D1S12S23
S12S21S13D1D2D3,T23=D1S23+S21S13D2D3,T33=D2D3.5.7Invariants5.7.1.Replacexbyx=UxU1andp=pbyUpU1,so
[x,p]=xppx=UxU1UpU1UpU1UxU1=U(xppx)U1=iUU1=i1.5.7.2.Weneed1=U1U=sin2cos2cos2sin2
,2=U2U=0ii0,3=U3U=cos2sin2sin2cos2.Nowform12=icos2isin2isin2icos2=i3,21=i
cos2isin2isin2icos2=i3.Fromtheabove,1221=2i3.5.7.3.(a)FromtheequationsLx1=0,Lx2=i3,Lx3=i2,we
seethatLxappliedtoanyfunctioninthespacespannedby1,2,3afunctionthatremainswithinthatspace.Theaboveequationscorrespondto
theactiononthebasisofthematrixLx= 00000i0i0 .(b)Lx(1+i2)=0+i(i3)=3=zer2.
83.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS80(c) 00000i0i0 1i0 = 001 .Ifthisequationistransformedby
U,thequantitiesinitbecomeLx= 000010001 , 1i0 1i/2i/2 , 001 0i/2i/
2 ,andthetransformedmatrixequationis 000010001 1i/2i/2 = 0i/2i/2 .(d)Thearethose
linearcombinationsofthewithcoecientsthatarecomplexconjugatesofthecorrespondingrowofU,andare1=1=xer2,2=(2+i3)/
2=(y+iz)er2/2,3=(2i3)/)2=(yiz)er2/2.(e)ThematrixequationisequivalenttoLxx+i2y+iz2+i2yiz2er2
=i2y+iz2i2yiz2er2,whichsimpliestoLx(x+iy)er2=zer2.Thisisaresultthatwasprovedinpart(b).5.8Summary
VectorSpaceNotation(noexercises)
84.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS816.EigenvalueProblems6.1EigenvalueEquations(noexercises)6.2MatrixEigenvalueProblems
Thesolutionstomatrixeigenvalueproblemsconsistoftheeigenvaluesi,andassociatedwitheachanormalizedeigenvectorri.Theeigenvectors
correspondingtodegenerateeigenvaluesarenotunique.6.2.1.1=0,r1=(1,0,1)/22=1,r2=(0,1,0)3=2,r3=(1,0,1)/2.6.2.2.1=
1,r1=(1,2,0)/32=0,r2=(0,0,1)3=2,r3=(2,1,0)/3.6.2.3.1=1,r1=(1,2,1)/62=1,r2=(1,0,1)/23=2,r3=
(1,1,1)/3.6.2.4.1=3,r1=(1,2,1)22=1,r2=(1,0,1)23=5,r3=(1,2,1)2.6.2.5.1=0,r1=(0,1,1)22=1,r2=(1,0,
0)3=2,r3=(0,1,1)2.6.2.6.1=1,r1=(0,1,2)32=+1,r2=(1,0,0)3=2,r3=(0,2,0)3.6.2.7.1=2,r1=(1,2,
1)/22=0,r2=(1,0,1)/23=2,r3=(1,2,1)/2.6.2.8.1=0,r1=(0,1,1)/22=2,r2=(0,1,1)/23=2,r3=(1,0,0).
85.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS826.2.9.1=2,r1=(1,1,1)/32=1,r2=(1,1,0)/23=1,r3=(1,1,2)/6.6.2.10.1=
1,r1=(1,1,1)/32=2,r2=(1,1,0)/23=2,r3=(1,1,2)/6.6.2.11.1=3,r1=(1,1,1)/32=0,r2=(1,1,0)/23=0,r3=
(1,1,2)/6.6.2.12.1=6,r1=(2,0,1)/52=1,r2=(1,0,2)/53=1,r3=(0,1,0).6.2.13.1=2,r1=(1,1,0)/22=0,r2=(1,1,
0)/23=0,r3=(0,0,1).6.2.14.1=2,r1=(1,0,3)/22=3,r2=(0,1,0)3=6,r3=(3,0,1)/2.6.2.15.Sincethequadraticformx2+
2xy+2y2+2yz+z2=1deningthesurfaceisobviouslypositivedeniteuponwritingitasasumofsquares,(x+y)2+(y+z)2=1,itisan
ellipsoidoranellipse.Findingtheorientationinspaceamountstodiagonalizingthesymmetric33matrixofcoecients.Thecharacteristic
polynomialis(1)(3)=0,sothattheeigenvaluesare=0implyinganellipse,and=1,and3.For=1aneigenvectorisv1=(1,0,1)
givingoneofitsaxes,for=3aneigenvectorisv3=(1,2,1)givingtheotheraxis.v1v3=(2,2,2)isnormaltotheplaneoftheellipse.6.3
HermitianEigenvalueProblems(noexercises)6.4HermitianMatrixDiagonalization6.4.1.Thisfollowsfromtheinvarianceofthecharacteristic
polynomialundersimilaritytransformation.
86.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS836.4.2.TheorthonormalityoftheeigenvectorsimpliesthatthetransformationmatrixUdiagonalizing
ourmatrixHisunitary.Sincethediagonalmatrixismadeupbytherealeigenvectors,itisHermitian,andsoisthetransformedmatrixH.6.4.3.
AssumethataunitarymatrixUcausestherealnonsymmetricmatrixAtobediagonal,i.e.,thatUAUT=D,adiagonalmatrix.Ifweapplythe
inversetransformationtoD,torecoverA,wewouldhaveA=UTDU.ButthisformforAissymmetric:(UTDU)T=UTDU.6.4.4.First,notethat
L2xhasthesameeigenvectorsasLx,witheigenvaluesthatarethesquaresofthe(real)Lxeigenvalues.Therefore,L2x(andforthesamereason,L2
yandL2z)haveonlynonnegativeeigenvalues.Second,forvectors|xofunitlength,theexpectationvaluex|L2x|xwillberealandhaveasits
smallestpossiblevaluethesmallesteigenvalueofL2x.ProofofthisstatementisthetopicofExercise6.5.5.SimilarstatementsaretrueforL2yand
L2z,sox|L2x+L2y+L2z|xmustalwaysbenonnegative.WethereforemayconcludethatalltheeigenvaluesofL2x+L2y+L2zare
nonnegative.6.4.5.IfA|xi=i|xi,then|xi=iA1|xiuponmultiplyingwiththeinversematrix.Movingthe(nonzero)eigenvaluetothelefthand
sideprovestheclaim.6.4.6.(a)IfAissingular,itsdeterminantiszero.IfAistransformedtodiagonalform,itsdeterminantisseentobetheproduct
ofitseigenvalues,soazerodeterminantindicatesthatatleastoneeigenvalueiszero.Theeigenvectorcorrespondingtoazeroeigenvaluewillhave
thepropertythatA|v=0.(b)IfA|v=0,then|visaneigenvectorwitheigenvaluezero,thedeterminantofAwillbezero,andAwillbesingular.
6.4.7.IfU1AU1=[1,,n]=U2BU2withunitarymatricesUi,thenA=U1U2BU2U1=U1U2B(U1U2).6.4.8.ForMx,1=+1,

r1=(1,+2,1)/22=0,r2=(1,0,1)/23=1,r3=(1,2,1)/2.ForMy,1=+1,r1=(1,+i2,1)/22=0,r2=(1,0,1)/23=1,
r3=(1,i2,1)/2.6.4.9.(a)Formaij=icosjsin|A|isin+jcos.
87.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS84Usingthefactthat|A|=aandrememberingthata=a,weexpandtheexpressionforaij
andsetitequaltozero,getting(aiiajj)sincos+aij(cos2sin2)=0.Usingthetrigonometricdoubleangleformulasandrearranging,we
reachtan2=2aijajjaii.(b)SinceonlythebasisfunctionsiandjarealteredbytheJacobitransformation,allmatrixelementsofAnot
involvingiandnotinvolvingjremainunchanged.(c)Proceedingasinpart(a),wendaii=aiicos2+ajjsin22aijsincos,ajj=aiisin2+
ajjsin2+2aijsincos.Formingaii+ajj,theaijtermscanceland,usingtheidentitysin2+cos2=1,theremainingtermsareseentoaddto
aii+ajj,asrequired.(d)Formthesquaresofaiandaj:ai=aicosajsin,(ai)2=(ai)2cos2+(aj)2sin22aiajsincos,aj
=ajcos+aisin,(aj)2=(ai)2sin2+(aj)2cos2+2aiajsincos.Thus,a2i+a2jisnotchangedbythetransformation,andthe
sumofthesquaresoftheodiagonalelementshasbeenchangedonlybythereplacementofaijandajibyzero,anetdecreaseof2(aij)2.6.5Normal
Matrices6.5.1.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.6.5.2.Thecharacteristicpolynomialis(1)(2)=2(1+2)+12=2trace(A)+
det(A)=0.6.5.3.IfUr=rwith|r|2=1,then1=rr=rUUr=||2rr=||2.6.5.4.Chooseacoordinatesysteminwhichtherotationisabout
thezaxis,andtransformourrotationmatrixtothesecoordinates.Thistransformation
88.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS85willnotchangethetraceoftherotationmatrix.NowtherotationmatrixwillhavetheformU=
cossin0sincos0001 ,andthetraceofUisobviously1+2cos.6.5.5.Expand|yintheeigenvectors:|y=ici|xi.Thennote
that,because|yisofunitmagnitudeandthe|xiareorthonormal,y|y=ijcicjxi|xj=i|c2i|=1.Moreover,becausethe|xiareorthonormal
eigenvectors,y|A|y=ijcicjxi|A|xj=i|c2i|i.Lowerandupperboundsforthisexpressioncannowbeobtainedbyreplacingibythesmallest
orthelargesteigenvalue,afterwhichthe|c2i|canbesummed(yieldingunity).6.5.6.FromExercise6.5.3theeigenvalueshave||=1.IfUis
Hermitian,thenisreal,hence1.6.5.7.Ifandanticommute,=.Takethedeterminantsofthetwosidesofthisequation:det()
=det()det()=det()=(1)ndet()det().Herewehaveusedthefactthatthedeterminantisnotalinearoperator,andthatthe
determinantofAis(1)ndet(A),wherenisthedimensionofthedeterminant.Sincetheareunitary,theycannotbesingular,andthe
anticommutationleadstoaninconsistencyunlessniseven,making(1)n=+1.6.5.8.Expand|yintheeigenfunctions:A|y=ncnA|xn=nncn|xn,
withcn=xn|y.WegetthesameresultfromtheeigenvectorformofA:A|y=nn|xnxn|y=nncn|xn.6.5.9.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
89.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS866.5.10.Writevi|A|uj=jvi|uj=Avi|uj=ivi|uj.Subtractingtherighthandsideofthesecond
linefromthatoftherstline,(ji)vi|uj=0,fromwhichweconcludethatvi|uj=0unlessi=j.6.5.11.(a)and(b)ApplyAtotherst
equationandAtothesecond:AA|fn=nA|gn=2n|fn,AA|gn=nA|fn=2n|gn.(c)BecauseAisreal,AAandAAarebothselfadjoint
(Hermitian),andthereforehaveeigenvectorsthathaverealeigenvaluesandformanorthogonalset.6.5.12.IfthegivenformulaforAgivesthe
requiredresultforeverymemberofanorthogonalsetitisavalidexpressionforA.Applytheformulatoan|fjofarbitraryj.Becausethefnare
orthonormal,theresultreducestoj|gj.6.5.13.(a)AA=1586617AA=1004,(b)1=1|g1>=1521,|f1>=10,(c)2=2,|g2>=1
512,|f2>=01.6.5.14.Disregardthisexercise(itisilldened).6.5.15.(a)TaketheadjointofUbecauseHisselfadjoint,theresultisU=
exp(iaH).Notethatanexponentialcanbeinterpretedasitspowerseriesexpansionandtheadjointtakentermwise,thusvalidatingtheprocessing
appliedtotheexponent.TheresultshowsthatU=U1.(b)FormUUT=exp(iaH)exp(iaH).BecauseHcommuteswithitself,thisproduct
reducestoexp(iaHiaH)=1.Notethatexponentialscanbecombinedinthiswayonlyiftheexponentscommute.(c)IfHisdiagonalizedbya
similaritytransformation,thezerotrace
90.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS87impliesthatthesumofitseigenvaluesniszero.ThenU,whichisalsodiagonal,willhavediagonal
elementsexp(ian),anditsdeterminant,whichwillthenbetheproductofitsdiagonalelements,willbeexp(ian)=exp(0)=+1.(d)Conversely,in
abasisinwhichHandUarediagonal,aunitdeterminantforUimpliesanexponentialinwhichexp(ian)=1thisconditiondoesnotquiteimply
thattraceH=0,butonlythata(traceH)=0isanintegermultipleof2.6.5.16.FromAvi=AiviweobtainAn=Anivifori=0,1,2,....FromB
=exp(A)=n=0An/n!wegetB=n=0Anvi/n!=n=0[Ani/n!]vi=(eAi)vi.6.5.17.ForanyoperatorA,theeigenvaluesofA2arethe
squaresoftheeigenvaluesofA.6.5.18.Insertingtheindicatedexpansionandusingtheorthogonalitypropertyoftheeigenvectors,x|A|x=1x1|x1+
ni=2|i|2nxi|xi,x|x=x1|x1+ni=2|i|2xi|xi.Becauseallifori>1aresmallerthan1,x|A|x<1x1|x1+ni=2|i|2xi|xi,sox|A|xx|x<1.
Theerrorwhenthisratioisusedtoapproximate1isapproximately1x|xni=2(1i)|i|2xi|xi,whichisoforder|i|2.
91.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS886.5.19.(a)Lettingx1andx2bethedisplacementsofthetwomoveablemasses,eachofthesame
massm,measuredfromtheirequilibriumpositions(withthepositivedirectionforbothxithesame),theequationsofmotionaremx1=kx1+k(x2
x1),mx2=kx2k(x2x1).Inanormalmodeofoscillationxi=Xieit,withthesameangularfrequencyforbothmasses.Insertingthese
expressions,m2kX1=2X1+X2,m2kX2=X12X2.Theseequationsareequivalenttothematrixequation2112X1X2=X1
X2,with=m2/k.(b)Thisisaneigenvalueequationwhichhassolutionsonlyif2112=0,witheigenvalues=1and=3.(c)For
=1,theequationsolutionisX1=X2,correspondingtothetwomassesmoving,inphase,backandforth.For=3,theequationsolutionisX1=
X2,correspondingtoaperiodicmotioninwhichthemassesoscillaterelativetoeachother.6.5.20.RelyingontheproofthatanormalmatrixAand
itsadjointhavethesameeigenvectorsxj,xj|A|xj=jxj|xj=Axj|xj=jxj|xj,wherejistheeigenvalueofAcorrespondingtoxj.Weseethat
j=j.SinceAandAhavecommoneigenvectors,(A+A)|xj=(j+j)|xj=2ej.Likewise,AAhaseigenvaluesjj,or2im
j.
92.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS896.5.21.(a)UsingEq.(3.37),thematrixUoftherotationisU= 1/21/21/21/21/2
1/21/21/20 .Uhasthefollowingeigenvaluesandeigenvectors:1=1r1=2/3ex+1/3ez2=12(1+i3)r2=1/6ex
+i1/2ey+1/3ez3=12(1i3)r3=1/6exi1/2ey+1/3ezFromthesedataweseethattherotationofthecoordinateaxescorre
spondingtoUisequivalenttoasinglerotationabout1byananglegivenasthephaseof2(theangleitmakeswiththerealaxis),whichis120.
93.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS907.OrdinaryDierentialEquations7.1Introduction(noexercises)7.2FirstOrderEquations7.2.1.(a)
SeparatingthevariablesobtainI(t)=I0et/RC,whereI0istheintegrationconstant.(b)Here=106Ohm,thenI0=104Amp,RC=104sec
andatt=100,et/RC=e0.010.99.Thus,I=0.99104Amp.Thetime100secisonly1%ofthetimeconstantRC.7.2.2.Separatingvariables
obtainlnf(s)=f(s)f(s)ds=sdss2+1=12ln(s2+1)+lnC,implyingf(s)=Cs2+1.7.2.3.NN0dNN2=t0kdt=kt=1N+1N0.
Thus,N=N01+t/,=(kN0)1.7.2.4.(a)SetA0=A(0),B0=B(0).Separatingvariablesandusingapartialfractionexpansionobtaindt=t=
dC(A0C)(B0C)=1B0A01A0C1B0CdC.ThuslnA0CB0C=(A0B0)t+lnA0B0.RewritethisasC(t)=
A0B0[e(A0B0)t1]A0e(A0B0)tB0.ThenC(0)=0.(b)FromdC(A0C)2=tget1A0C=t+1A0,whichyieldsC(t)=A20t1+
A0t.AgainC(0)=0.
94.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS917.2.5.Thevaluesn<0areunphysicalastheaccelerationdiverges.Thecasen=0givesm[vv(0)]
=kt,v(t)=v(0)kt/m,x(t)=x(0)+v(0)tkt2/2m.Thecasen=1givesv(t)=v(0)ekt/m,x(t)=x(0)+mv(0)k1ekt/m.Forn=0,1,2and
n>0weintegratetogetv1nv(0)1n)1n=dvvn=kmt,v(t)=v(0)1+(n1)ktmv(0)n11/(1n).Integratingagaingivesx(t)=x(0)+
mv(0)2n(2n)k11+(n1)ktmv(0)n1(n2)/(n1).Thecasen=2leadstox=v(0)1+t,x(t)=x(0)+mkln1+kv(0)tm.7.2.6.The
substitutionu=y/x,ory=xu,correspondstody=xdu+udx,andourODEassumestheformxdu+udx=g(u)dx,orxdu=[g(u)u]dx,whichis
separable.7.2.7.Ifx=P(x,y)then(x,y)=xx0P(X,y)dX+(y)follows.Dierentiatingthisandusingy=Q(x,y)weobtainQ(x,y)=d
dy+xx0P(X,y)ydX,soddy=Q(x,y)xx0Q(X,y)XdX.

95.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS92Soddy=Q(x0,y)and(y)=yy0Q(x0,Y)dY.Thus(x,y)=xx0P(X,y)dX+yy0Q(x0,Y
)dY.Fromthiswegetx=P(x,y)andy=xx0P(X,y)ydX+Q(x0,y)=xx0Q(X,y)XdX+Q(x0,y)=Q(x,y).7.2.8.Seeproofof
Exercise7.2.7.7.2.9.Fordy+(pyq)dx=0tobeexactrequiresx=y(x)(pyq)=p,whichisEq.(7.14).7.2.10.Forf(x)dx+
g(x)h(y)dy=0tobeexactrequiresf(x)y=0=g(x)h(y)x=h(y)g(x)x,i.e.,g=const.7.2.11.y=pexpdtxesp(t)dtq(s)ds+C+ex
pdtexpdtq(x)impliesy+p(x)y(x)=q(x).7.2.12.Separatingvariableswegetbtm=ln(gbmv)ln(Abm)withAanintegrationconstant.
Exponentiatingthisweobtainv(t)=mgbAebt/m,thusv0=v(0)=mgbA.Hencev(t)=v0mgbebt/m+mgb.Setv0=0here.The
velocitydependentresistanceforceopposesthegravitationalaccelerationimplyingtherelativeminussign.7.2.13.SolverstforN1,whichis
separableandhasthegeneralsolutionN1=Ce1t.SinceN1(0)=N0,wehaveN1(t)=N0e1t.SubstitutethisresultintotheequationforN2,
whichisnowaninhomogeneousequationinwhichN2istheonlyunknown.Welookforaparticular
96.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS93integraloftheinhomogeneousequation,guessingtheformofthesolutiontobeN2=Aexp(1t).
Thus,dN2dt+2N2=1N0e1tbecomesA1e1t+A2e1t=1N0e1t,conrmingthatwithaproperchoiceofAourguesswillwork.
WendthatA=1N0/(21).Tothisparticularintegralwemustaddthemultipleofthesolutiontothehomogeneousequationthatisneededto
satisfytheconditionN2(0)=0.Thehomogeneousequationhassolutione2t,soourcompletesolutionisN2(t)=1N021e1te2t.
7.2.14.WehavedV/dt=C4r2withV=4r3/3thevolumeandCapositiveconstant.Sodr/dt=Candr(t)=r0Ct.7.2.15.(a)Separating
variables,dv/v=adtyieldslnvv0=at,v=v0eat.(b)dv/v+adt=0yields(t,v)=lnv+at.(t,v)=lnv0=const.isequivalentto(a).(c)
SubstitutingintotheformofsolutionwritteninExercise7.2.11withq=0,p=awegetv(t)=Ceat.Settingt=0weidentifyCasc0.7.2.16.
SeparatingvariablesasinExample7.2.1wegetthevelocityv(t)=v0tanhtT+tanh1viv0forvi0.7.2.17.ThisODEisisobaric,andbecomes
separableunderthesubstitutionv=xy.Removingxviathissubstitution,theODEbecomes(vyy)dvyvdyy2+vdyy=0.Thisequation
separatesintov1v22vdv+dyy=0,withintegral12ln(v22v)+lny=lnC.Exponentiating,wegety2v22v=C,oryx2y2x=C.
97.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS947.2.18.ThisODEishomogeneous,sowesubstitutey=vx,obtaininginitially(x2v2x2ev)dx+
(x2+x2v)ev(xdv+vdx)=0.Thisrearrangestodxx+(1+v)evdv1+vev=0withintegrallnx+ln(1+vev)=lnC.Thus,x(1+vev)=C,or
x+yey/x=C.7.3ODEswithConstantCoecients7.3.1.Trysolutionemx.Theconditiononmism32m2m+2=0,withrootsm=2,m=1,m
=1.ThegeneralsolutiontotheODEisthereforec1e2x+c2ex+c3ex.7.3.2.Trysolutionemx.Theconditiononmism32m2+m2=0,
withrootsm=2,m=i,m=i.Thesolutionseixandeixcanbeexpressedintermsoftherealquantitiessinxandcosx,sothegeneralsolutionto
theODEisc1e2x+c2sinx+c3cosx.7.3.3.Trysolutionemx.Theconditiononmism33m+2=0,withrootsm=1,m=1,m=2.Two
independentsolutionsform=1areexandxex,sothegeneralsolutiontotheODEisc1ex+c2xex+c3e2x.7.3.4.Trysolutionemx.The
conditiononmism2+2m+2=0,withrootsm=1+iandm=1i.Wecancombinee(1+i)xande(1i)xtoformexsinxandexcosx,so
thegeneralsolutiontotheODEisc1exsinx+c2excosx.7.4SecondOrderLinearODEs7.4.1.ForP(x)=2x1x2,Q(x)=l(l+1)1x2,
(1x)Pand(1x)2Qareregularatx=1,respectively.Sotheseareregularsingularities.Asz0,2z2/z11z2=2(z+z1z2)isregular,and
Q(z1)z4=l(l+1)z2(z21)z2diverges.Soisaregularsingularity.7.4.2.ForP=1xx,Q=nx,x=0isaregularsingularity.Forz
0,2zP(z1)z2=z+1z21/z2divergesmorerapidlythan1/z,soisanirregularsingularity.
98.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS957.4.3.WritingtheChebyshevequationintheformy+x1x2y+n21x2y=0,weseethatthe
coecientsofyandybecomesingular(fornitex)onlyatx=1andthateachsingularityisrstorder,sotheODEhasregularsingularitiesatthese
points.Atinnity,weapplythecriteriongivenafterEq.(7.22).ForthepresentODE,2xP(x1)x2=2x1/xx21,Q(x1)x4=n2x4x2.
Thesehave,atx=0,singularitiesthatarerespectivelyofrstandsecondorder,indicatingthattheODEhasaregularsingularityatinnity.7.4.4.
HermitesODE(asgiveninTable7.1)hasnocoecientsthataresingularatnitex,andthereforeisregularforallnitex.Atinnity,2xP(x1)
x2=2x+2x3hasasingularityoforder3atx=0,sotheODEwillhaveanirregularsingularityatinnity.7.4.5.x(1x)d2dx2+[c(a+b+
1)x]ddxab(1x2)d2dx22xddx+l(l+1)becaused2dx24d2dx2,ddx2ddx,abl(l+1),x(1x)1x211x2
=14(1x2),c(a+b+1)x1(l+2l)1x2=x.7.5SeriesSolutionsFrobeniusMethod7.5.1.Ifinitialconditionsarey(x0)=y0,y
(x0)=y0aregiven,thesolutionsTaylorexpansionsareidenticalprovidedx0isnoworsethanaregularsingularity.Thefactorxkfromtheindicial
equationdoesnotaectthis.7.5.2.Underthetranslationx1=xx0,d/dx1=d/dx,etc.theODEisinvariantandy(xx0)=y(x1)hasthesame
Maclaurinexpansionasy(x)atx=0.Asaresult,therecursionrelationsforthecoecientsandtheindicialequationstaythesame.
99.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS967.5.3.Ifa1k(k+1)=0witha1=0,thenk=0ork=1.(a)k=0setsa1k(k+1)=0wherea1
remainsundetermined.(b)Ifk=1thentheindicialequationa1k(k+1)=0requiresa1=0.7.5.4.ThetwoindicialequationsforLegendresODEare
k(k1)a0=0andk(k+1)a1=0.ForBesselsODEtheyare(k2n2)a0=0and[(k+1)2n2)]a1=0.ForHermitesODEtheyarethesameas
Legendres.Therestofthesolutionisgiveninthetext.7.5.5.ComparewithEq.(18.120).Convergentfor|x|<1,alsoatx=1forc>a+bandatx=
1forc>a+b1.7.5.6.ComparewithEq.(18.136).Convergentforallnitexprovidedtheseriesexists[c=n,anegativeinteger,inEq.
(18.137),2c=ninEq.(18.136)].7.5.7.Thepoint=0isaregularsingularityoftheODE.Thetrialsolutionjajk+jyieldsthegivenindicial
equation.Fork=m/2,a0=0andnonnegativemwesetthecoecientofthetermk+1tozero.Thisgivesa1=a0/(m+1).Settingthecoecient
ofk+2tozerogivesthesecondgiventerm,etc.7.5.8.Substitutingj=0ajj+kanditsderivativesintodd(12)dud+u+u2=0,we
obtaintherecursionrelationaj+2(j+k+2)(j+k+1)aj[(j+k)(j+k+1)]+aj2=0.Forj=2,a2=0=a4bydenitionandtheindicial
equationk(k1)a0=0comesout,i.e.k=0ork=1fora0=0.Forj=1witha3=0=a1wehavea1k(k+1)=0.Ifk=1,thena1=0implying
a3=0=a5.Forj=0,k=0weget2a2=a0and6a2=a0(2)fork=1.Forj=1,k=0wend6a3=12a3=a1(6)fork=1.Finally,forj=
2,k=1wehave20a4(12)a2+a0=0,givingtheexpansionlistedintheproblemset.7.5.9.Substituting=a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3+,
andsettingA=2mA2,E=2mE2,V=Axeax,A<0,a>0,weobtain2a2+6a3x++A+(E+aA)x12Aa2x2+(a1+a2x+)=
0,
100.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS97wherethecoecientsofallpowersofxvanish.Thisimpliesa0=0,2a2=Aa1,6a3+a1(E+aA)
Aa2=0,etc.Thus,wegetthegivenseries.7.5.10.Eventhoughthepointx=0isanessentialsingularitywetrysubstitutingj=0ajxj+k,y=
j=0aj(j+k)xj+k1,y=j=0aj(j+k)(j+k1)xj+kintoourODEweobtaintherecursionrelationaj[(j+k)(j+k1)2]+aj+1(j+k+1)=0.Forj=
1,a1=0bydenition,sok=0fora0=0istheindicialequation.Forj=0,2a0+a1=0,andforj=1,2a1+2a2=0,whilej=2yieldsa3=0,
etc.Henceoursolutionisy=a0(1+2x+2x2),andthisisreadilyveriedtobeasolution.7.5.11.WritingthesolutiontotheODEasex2xf(x),
wendthatf(x)satisestheODEx2f+2x2f+f/4=0.SubstitutingintothisODEtheseriesexpansionf(x)=b0+b1/x+b2/x2+,wendthat
thebnsatisfytherecurrenceformulabn+1=n(n+1)+142n+2bn,which,withtheinitialvalueb0=1,wecanusetoobtainthecoecientsinthe
asymptoticexpansion.Thersttwocoecientsareb1=(1/4)/2=1/8andb2=(2+14)b1/4=9/128.7.6OtherSolutions7.6.1.ax+by+cz=
abc =0impliesa=b=c=0.7.6.2.IfA,B,Carelinearlyindependent,geometrytellsusthattheirvolume(AB)C=0,andviceversa.
7.6.3.Usingyn=xnn!,yn=xn1(n1)!,etc.forn=0,1,...,NwegetW1=1x01=1,W2=1xx2201x001=1x01=W1=1,and,
continuing,W2==WN=1.
101.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS987.6.4.IfW=y1y2y1y2=0,theny1y1=y2y2.Integratinggiveslny1=lny2+lnC.Hencey1
=Cy2,andviceversa.7.6.5.IftheWronskianW(x)iswrittenasaTaylorseriesatx0,allofitscoecientsmustbezero.7.6.6.Theanswerisgiven
inthetext.7.6.7.2doesnotexistatx=0..7.6.8.Thesefunctionsarerelatedby2y1(x)y2(x)1y2(x)=0,whichisnonlinear.7.6.9.PnQn
PnQn=W(x)=AnexPdt=An1x2becausexPdt=x2t1t2dt=ln(1x2).7.6.10.Assumingtheretobethreelinearlyindependent

solutions,constructtheirWronskian.Itwillbeidenticallyzero.7.6.11.Fromddxp(x)ddx+q(x)u=0wehave(a)dWW=xppdx=ln1p+ln
C=lnW.HenceW=W(a)p(x)withW(a)=C.(b)y2=W(a)y1xdsp(s)y1(s)2followsfromW(y1,y2)=y21(x)ddxy2(x)y1(x).7.6.12.Usingy
=zE,E=e12xPdt,y=zE12zPE,y=zEPzEz2PE+z4P2E,weobtainy+Py+Q=Ezz2Pz4P2+Qz=0.7.6.13.Since2
=2r2+2rr+L2r2wehave12rPdt=rdrr=lnr,e12rPdt=1r,sothat(r)=(r)/r.Equivalently2(r)=1rd2dr2(r)+L2
r2.
102.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS997.6.14.DeningE1=xesPdty1(s)2ds,E(x)=exPdtandusingy2=y1(x)E1,y2=y1E1+E
y1,y2=y1E1PEy1,weobtainy2+Py2+Qy2=E1(y1+Py1+Qy1)=0.7.6.15.Changingthelowerlimitfromatobchangestheintegralthat
multipliesy2byaconstant:saPdt=sbPdt+baPdtandviaxaesaPdty21(s)ds=ebaPdtxbesbPdty21(s)ds+baesadty2
1(s)dsaddsaconstanttoy2.7.6.16.Usingrdrr=lnr,erPdt=1r,rdsss2m=r2m2m,wehavey2=rmr2m2m=12mrm.
7.6.17.AsP=0,y1=sinx,exPdt=const.andy2=sinxxdssin2s=sinxcotx=cosx.Usingtheseriesexpansionswithp1=0=q2gives
theindicialequationk(k1)=0.Thusk==1=nandy2(x)=y1(x) c1lnx+j=0,j=1cjj1xj1 .Substitutingthesey2,y2,y2into
theclassicalharmonicoscillatorODEyields2y2 c1x+j=0,j=1cjxj2 +y1 c1x2+j=0,j=1cj(j2)xj3 =0.TheTaylor
seriesfory1=sinxgives2c1c1=c1=0forthecoecientof1/x.Thus,y2doesnotcontainatermproportionaltolnx.
103.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1007.6.18.SinceBesselsODEisinvariantundernnweexpectandverifythatJn(x),denedby
itsTaylorseries,isasolutionalongwithJn(x).FromthelowestpowerseriescoecientsweobtainW(Jn,Jn)=Anx=2sinnx=0,sothat
theyareindependentifn=integer.ThisisEq.(14.67).Thestandardseriesy=j=0ajxj+kleadstotheindicialequation[k(k1)+kN2]a0=0.
Fora0=0weobtaink=N,N0.Therootsare=N,n=2N,consistentwithpj=j,1,qj=j0+N2j,2,n2=p11,(n)=q2.
Thesecondsolutionisy2=y1(x)j=0cjxxjn11dx1.Ifn=integerthereisnolnxterminy2.Sincen=2N,ifNisneitheranintegernorhalfof
anoddinteger,thereisnologarithmicterminy2.ItremainsforustoshowthatwhenN=halfanoddintegerthereisnolnxterminy2.SinceWN
(x)=0forN=integer,thisisclearfromourrstpart.7.6.19.(a)Ify1=1for=0thenxPdt=x2,andy2=xes2ds,y2=ex2,y2=2xex2.
Hencey22xy2=0.Integratingthepowerseriesfores2yieldsy2(x)=j=0x2j+1(2j+1)j!=j=0a2jx2j+1withaj+2aj=2(j+1)(j+2)(j+3)
,jeven,whichistherecursionforthek=1caseofExercise8.3.3(a)for=0.(b)If=1theny1=xisasolutionoftheODE,asiseasilyveried,
andy2=xxes2s2ds.
104.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS101Integratingthepowerseriesyieldsy2(x)=j=0a2jx2j=1+j=1x2j(2j1)j!withaj+2aj=
2(j1)(j+1)(j+2),jeven,whichistherecursionfork=0ofExercise8.3.3(a)for=1.7.6.20.Forn=0,y1=1isveriedtobeasolutionof
LaguerresODEwhereP(x)=1x1.AsxPdt=lnxx,y2(x)=xexxdx=lnx+1+x2+.=lnx+n=1xnnn!.7.6.21.(a)Seethe
solutionofExercise7.6.20.(b)y2=exx,y2=exxexx2=y2y2x.Hencey2+1x1y2=0.(c)y2=xessds=n=11n!xsn1ds=lnx
+n=0xnn!n,y2=exx=n=0xn1n!,andy2=1x2+n=2xn2(n2)!nimplyy2+1x1y2=n=2xn2(n2)!1n+1n(n1)
1n1=0.7.6.22.(a)ThecoecientP(x1)isthecoecientofywhentheODEiswritteninaformsuchthatthecoecientofyisunitythus,P(x)
=x/(1x2),andthereforeP(x)dx=ln(1x2)/2.ThentheformulaofEq.(7.67)becomes(forn=0,y1=1),y2(x)=xeln(1x22)/2dx2=(1
x2)1/2dx=sin1x.
105.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS102(b)Lettingv=y,ourODEbecomes(1x2)vxv=0,whichisseparable,oftheformdvv=x
dx1x2,withintegrallnv=12ln(1x2).Exponentiatingbothsides,andthenwritingy2astheintegralofv,wereachthesameintegralasin
part(a).7.6.23.Thevalueofexp(Pdx)hasthesamevalueasinExercise7.6.22,namely(1x2)1/2.Thereforeoursolutiony2(forn=1,y1=
x)isy2=xxduu2(1u2)1/2=(1x2)1/2.7.6.24.RescaletheODEbymultiplyingby2m/2sothatE=2mE/2,b1=2mb1/2,etc.The
indicialequationhasroots(p11)(p11)24q22,withp1=0andq2=l(l+1).Therootfortheregularsolutionis1=l+1andthat
oftheirregularsolutionis2=l.SinceP(r)=0wehavey2(r)=y1(r)rdsy1(s)2.Thisleadstoy2(r)rl[1+O(r)]aswell.7.6.25.y2=y1f
impliesy2=y1f+y1f,y2=y1f+2y1f+y1f,andsoy2+Py2+Qy2=f(y1+Py1+Qy1)+Py1f+2y1f+y1f=0.Thusfy1+f(2y1+Py1)=0.
Separatingvariablesandintegratingyieldslnf=2lny1xPdt,f=1y1(x)2exPdt,andfasgiven.7.6.26.(a)Fromy1=a0x(1+)/2,wehave
y1=a02(1+)x(1)/2,y1=a04(21)x(3)/2.
106.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS103Hencey1+124x2y1=a04x(3)/2(21)(11)=0.Similarly,y2=a0x(1)/2,y2=
a02(1)x(+1)/2,y2=a04(21)x(+3)/2.Hencey2+124x2y2=a04x(+3)/2(21)(11)=0.Alternatively,asolutiony
xpleadstop(p1)+(12)/4=0withtherootsp=(1)/2.(b)y10=a0x1/2,P=0givexPdt=0,exPdt=1.Hencey20=a0x1/2xdsa2
0s=1a0x1/2lnx.(c)LHopitalsrulegiveslim0y1y2=lim0x(+1)/2x(+1)/2=12x1/2lnx.7.7InhomogeneousLinear
ODEs7.7.1.DenotingE1=xy1FdsW(y1,y2),E2=xy2FdsW(y1,y2),wecheckthatyp=y2E1y1E2+y2y1FWy1y2FW=y2E1y1E2,
yp=y2E1y1E2+FW(y2y1y2y1)=y2E1y1E2+F.Henceyp+Pyp+Qyp=E1(y2+Py2+Qy2)E2(y1+Py1+Qy1)+F=F.Thisis
thegeneralizationofthevariationoftheconstantmethodofsolvinginhomogeneousrstorderODEstosecondorderODEs.Ifweseekaparticular
solutionoftheformyp(x)=y1(x)v(x)withy1(x)asolutionofthehomogeneousODEy+Py+Qy=0,thenvobeysddx(y21v)+Py21v=y1F,
107.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS104fromwhichtherefollowsddx(y21vexP(t)dt)=y1(x)F(x)exP(t)dt=y1FW(y1,y2).
Integratingthisgivesy21vW=xy1(s)F(s)W(y1(s),y2(s))ds.Rewritingthisasv(x)=ddxy2(x)y1(x)xy1(s)F(s)W(y1(s),y2(s))dsand
integratingasecondtimeyieldsv(x)=y2(x)y1(x)xy1(s)F(s)W(y1(s),y2(s))dsxy2(s)F(s)W(y1(s),y2(s))ds.Hencethedesiredyp.7.7.2.We
needthegeneralsolutiontotherelatedhomogeneousequationandaparticularintegralofthecompleteinhomogeneousODE.Thehomogeneous
equationy+y=0hassolutionsy1=cosxandy2=sinx.Wemightbeabletoguessaparticularintegral(y=1)butwecanalsousethemethodof
variationofparameters.Thismethodassumesaparticularintegraloftheformy(x)=u1(x)y1(x)+u2(x)y2(x),andleadstothetwoequationsu1y1+
u2y2=u1cosx+u2sinx=0,u1y1+u2y2=u1sinx+u2cosx=1.Theseequationshavesolutionu1=sinx,u1=cosxthesecanbe
integratedtoobtainu1=cosx,u2=sinx.Insertingtheseintotheexpressionfory(x),wegety(x)=cos2x+sin2x=1.Thegeneralsolutiontothe
originalODEisthereforec1cosx+c2sinx+1.7.7.3.FollowingthestrategyandnotationoftheanswertoExercise7.7.2,wendy1=cos2x,y2=
sin2x,fromwhichwendu1=exsin(2x)/2andu2=exsin(2x)/2.Weintegratetheseexpressionstondu1=(ex/10)(2cos2xsin2x),u2=(ex
/10)(cos2x+2sin2x),soy=u1y1+u2y2=ex/5.TheoriginalODEhasgeneralsolutionc1cos2x+c2sin2x+ex/5.7.7.4.Followingthestrategy
andnotationoftheanswertoExercise7.7.2,wendy1=ex,y2=e2x,fromwhichwendu1=exsinxandu2=e2xsinx.Weintegratethese
expressionstondu1=(ex/2)(cosx+sinx),u2=(e2x/5)(cosx+2sinx),soy=u1y1+u2y2=(3cosx+sinx)/10.TheoriginalODEhas
generalsolutionc1ex+c2e2x+(3cosx+sinx)/10.
108.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1057.7.5.FollowingthestrategyandnotationoftheanswertoExercise7.7.2,wendbyinspection
y1=x+1usingtheWronskianmethodwegetthesecondsolutiony2=ex.Rememberingthattheinhomogeneoustermistobedeterminedwhen
theoriginalODEisinstandardform(coecientofyequalto1)wesetuptheequationsfortheuiandndu1=1,u2=(x+1)ex,sou1=xand
u2=(x+2)ex.Thus,y=u1y1+u2y2=(x2+2x+2).Wecan,withoutgeneratinganerror,removefromythe2x+2sinceitisjust2y1.Thus,
theoriginalODEhasgeneralsolutionc1(x+1)+c2exx2.7.8NonlinearDierentialEquations7.8.1.AmoregeneralsolutiontothisRiccati
equationisy=2+u,whereuisageneralsolutiontotheBernoulliequationu=3u+u2.SeeEq.(7.104).InthenotationofEq.(7.101),p=3,q=1,
andn=2,andtheBernoulliequationhassolutionu=1/v,wherevisasolutionofv+3v=1,namelyv=Ce3x+13.Thereforeu=3/(Ce3x
1)andy=2+3/(Ce3x1).7.8.2.AmoregeneralsolutiontothisRiccatiequationisy=x2+u,whereuisageneralsolutiontotheBernoulli
equationu=u2/x3+u/x.SeeEq.(7.104).InthenotationofEq.(7.101),p=1/x,q=1/x3,andn=2,andtheBernoulliequationhassolutionu=
1/v,wherevisasolutionofv+v=1/x3,namelyv=(Cx+1)/x2.Thereforeu=x2/(Cx+1)andy=x2+x2Cx+1=Cx3+2x2Cx+1.7.8.3.

ThisODEcorrespondstoEq.(7.101)withp=x,q=x,andn=3.Thus,withu=y2,Eq.(7.102)becomesu2xu=2x.Thehomogeneous
equationforuhassolutionex2,andfromthemethodofvariationofparametersorbyinspection,aparticularintegraloftheinhomogeneousequation
isu=1.Thusthegeneralsolutionforuisu=Cex2+1.Sincey=u1/2,thegeneralsolutionforyisy=1/Cex2+1.7.8.4.(a)Thegeneral
solutioncomesfromy=0,andthereforehastheformy=ax+b.However,notallvaluesofaandbleadtosolutionsoftheoriginalClairaut
equation.Substitutingintoy=xy+(y)2,wendax+b=xa+a2,whichshowsthatyisasolutiononlyifb=a2.(b)Thesingularsolutioncomes
from2y=x,whichintegratestoy=x2/4+C.Substitutingintoy=xy+(y)2,wegetx2/4+C=x(x/2)+x2/4,whichshowsthatthisyisa
solutiononlyifC=0.Thesingularandageneralsolutioncoincideonlyifx20/4=ax0+a2,thesolutiontowhichisx0=2a.Atx0,both
solutionshaveslopea,sothesingularsolutionistangenttoeachinstanceofthegeneralsolutionandisthereforereferredtoastheirenvelope.
109.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1068.SturmLiouvilleTheory8.1Introduction(noexercises)8.2HermitianOperators8.2.1.Using
(x)=ex/2y(x)intheODExy+(1x)y+ny=0givestheequivalentselfadjointODEddxxddx+(n+12x4)=ex/2[xy+(1x)y+
ny]=0.Theweightfunctionw=exandtheintervalarealsoobviousfromtheorthogonalityrelation,Eq.(18.55).Notealsothatddxxexy(x)=e
x[(1x)y+xy]fromwhichp(x)=xexfollows.Notethatmultiplyingthewavefunctionbyex/2andtheODEbyexleadstothesameresults.
8.2.2.Usingn(x)=ex2/2Hn(x)intheODEHn2xHn+2nHn=0givestheequivalentselfadjointHermiteODEn+(2n+1x2)n=ex2
/2[Hn2xHn+2nHn]=0.Theweightfunctionw=ex2andtheintervalareobviousfromtheorthogonalityrelationinEq.(18.11).Notethat
multiplyingthewavefunctionbyex2/2andtheODEbyex2leadstothesameresults.8.2.3.TheChebyshevODEinTable7.1isthatwhose
polynomialsolutionsaretheTypeIChebyshevpolynomialsTn.MultiplyingtheODE(1x2)TnxTn+n2Tn=0by(1x2)1/2,weobtainthe
equivalentselfadjointODEddx(1x2)1/2dTndx+n2(1x2)1/2Tn=0.ThecoecientofTnhasthefunctionalformofthescalarproduct
weightingfunction.8.2.4.(a)ForLegendresODEp(x)=1x2,whichiszeroforx=1.Thusx=1canbetheendpointsoftheinterval.Since
polynomialsolutionsoftheODEwillbeniteandhavenitederivativesatx=1,thenvpu|x=1=1n(n+1)2(1x2)|x=1v(1)u(1)=0,
andSturmLiouvilleboundaryconditionswillbesatisedfortheinterval[1,1].
110.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS107(b)WeconsiderheretheChebyshevpolynomialsTn(x).WhentheChebyshevODEiswrittenin
selfadjointform,thecoecientp(x)is(1x2)1/2,whichiszeroatx=1.ThereforetheSturmLiouvilleboundaryconditionsaresatisedatx=
1becausethepolynomialsremainnitethereandhavenitederivatives.(c)ForHermitesODEp(x)=ex20onlyforx.,andp(x)goesto
zerofasterthananypolynomial.Thus,theboundaryconditionsaresatisedfortheinterval(,).(d)ForLaguerresODEp(x)=xexiszerofor
x=0andp(x)goestozeroasxfasterthanaypolynomial,sotheboundaryconditionsaresatisedfortheinterval[0,).8.2.5.Ifu2=Cu1,
thenHu2=C(Hu1)=1Cu1=1u2,i.e.,1=2.Thus,twolinearlydependenteigenfunctionscannothavedierenteigenvalues.8.2.6.(a)Use
integrationbyparts,integratingthefactorxandwritingtheresultas(x21)/2,anddierentiatingthelogarithms.Thisyields11x2ln1+x1x
dx=x214ln1+x1x1111x21411x+11+xdx=1211dx=1,theintegratedtermbeingzero.Alternatively,wecanexpand
Q0(x)asapowerseriesandthenintegratexQ0(x)termbyterm.Weget11P1Q0dx=lim0=011+x2+22+1dx=2=01(2+1)
(2+3)=1=0.(b)ThenecessaryboundaryconditionsareviolatedbecauseQ0issingularatx=1.8.2.7.Dividing(1x2)yxy+n2y=0by(1
x2)1/2putstheChebyshevODEinselfadjointformwithp(x)=(1x2)1/2,q(x)=0,w(x)=(1x2)1/2,=n2.Theboundarycondition
p(vuvu)11=0isnotsatisedwhenu=T0(x)andv=V1(x).Inthisparticularcase,u=0,u=1,andvisanoddfunctionwhichbecomes
inniteatx=1ataratethatisproportionalto1/p(x).TheresultisthattheSturmLiouvilleboundaryconditionisnotsatised.8.2.8.By
integratingbypartsthersttermofbaumddxp(x)undx+nbaumw(x)undx=0,
111.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS108weobtainump(x)un|babaumpundx+nbaumw(x)undx=0.Thersttermiszerobecause
oftheboundarycondition,whilethethirdtermreducestonnmbyorthogonality.Hencetheorthogonalityrelationbaumpundx=nmn.8.2.9.If
n=n1i=1aiithenAn=nn=n1i=1aiii.Comparingbothexpansions,aii/n=ai,i.e.,i=nforthoseiforwhichai=0.This
contradictsourhypothesis.8.2.10.(a)Multiplyby(1x2)1/2.8.3ODEEigenvalueProblems8.3.1.Usingy=j=0ajxj+ktosolve(1x2)y
2xy+n(n+1)y=0yieldsaj+2=(j+k)(j+k+1)n(n+1)(j+k+2)(j+k+1)aj.(a)Forj=2,a2=0setsuptheindicialequationk(k1)a0=
0,withsolutionsk=0andk=1fora0=0.(b)Thecasek=0givestherecursionformulaaj+2=j(j+1)n(n+1)(j+2)(j+1)aj.Hencey(x)has
evenparity.(c)Ifk=1thenwegettherecursionformulaaj+2=(j+1)(j+2)n(n+1)(j+2)(j+3)aj.Hencey(x)hasoddparity.(d)Ifthe
numeratorofeitherrecursionformulaisalwaysnonzero,thentheratioaj+2/aj1asj,implyingdivergenceforx=1.Boththeaboveseries
alsodivergeatx=1.(e)Ifnisanonnegativeintegeroneofthetwoseriesofcases(b)and(c)breaksoatj=n,generatingincase(b)the
Legendrepolynomialscontainingevenpowersofx,andincase(c)theLegendrepolynomialscontainingoddpowersofx.
112.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1098.3.2.IftheHermiteODEismultipliedthroughbyexp(x2),itbecomesex2y2xex2y+
2ex2y=0ex2y+2ex2y=0,amanifestlyselfadjointODE.ThiseigenvalueproblemwillbeHermitianiftheweightfactorexp(x2)
isincludedinthescalarproductandtheODEissolvedsubjecttoSturmLiouvilleboundaryconditions.Therequirementthatthescalarproductexist
willnecessarilymeanthattheboundarytermsmustvanishatx=,therebydeningaHermitianproblem.8.3.3.(a)Thetrialsolutionjajxk+j
yieldstherecursionformulaaj+2=2(k+j)aj(k+j+1)(k+j+2).Fork=0,a0=0,a1=0wegetthegivenyeven.Fork=1,a0=0,a1=0we
getthegivenyodd.(b)Forj,ktherecursionyieldsaj+2/aj2/j,justlikethecoecientsofex2,viz.(j/2)!/(j2+1)!1/(j2+1).(c)If=non
negativeinteger,thentheseriesbreako.8.3.4.Letnbeanonnegativeinteger.ThentheODEisEq.(18.44)anditssolutionsaregiveninEqs.
(18.46),(18.53)andTable18.2.Thetrialsolutionja(n)jxk+jyieldstherecursionformulaa(n)j+2=(k+jn)a(n)j(k+j+1)2.Fork=0andn
anonnegativeintegertheseriesbreakso.8.3.5.Theinniteseriesdoesconvergeforx=1.Hencethisimposesnorestrictiononn.Comparewith
Exercise1.2.6.Ifwedemandapolynomialsolutionthennmustbeanonnegativeinteger.8.3.6.Fork=1,takentobeapositiveoddinteger.
ComparewithEq.(18.98).Herea0=(1)(n1)/2(r+1).8.4VariationMethod8.4.1.(a)Thenormalizationintegralis430x2e2xdx=432!
(2)3=1.(b)x1=430xe2xdx=431!(2)2=.
113.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS110(c)d2dx2=23/2(2x2),andtherefored2dx2=430(2x22x)e2xdx=2
22=2.(d)Forgeneral,W()=12d2dx21x=22.ThevalueofthatminimizesW()isobtainedbysettingdW/d=0the
resultis=1,fromwhichwendW(1)=1/2.8.5Summary,EigenvalueProblems(noexercises)
114.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1119.PartialDierentialEquations9.1Introduction(noexercises)9.2FirstOrderEquations9.2.1.
Introducevariabless=x+2y,t=2xy.Thenx+2y=5st,andourPDEbecomesanODEinswithparametricdependenceont:5
dds+t=0,soln=ts5+C(t)or=f(t)ets/5,wheref(t)isarbitrary.Intermsofxandy,thegeneralsolutionofthisPDEis(x,y)=f(2x
y)e(2x22y2+3xy)/5.Thissolutionassumesasomewhatsimplerformifwemultiplytheexponentialbyexp(2t2/5)=exp([8x2+2y2
8xy]/5)(incorporatingthechangeintof),reaching(x,y)=f(2xy)exp(2x2+xy).9.2.2.Followingaproceduresimilartothatinthesolutionto
Exercise9.2.1,sets=x2yandt=2x+y,andnotethatx+y=(3ts)/5.ThePDEreducesto5dds+3ts5=0.ThisODEhassolution=
(s3t)2/50+f(t)=(x+y)2/2+f(2x+y),withfarbitrary.9.2.3.Heres=x+yztanducanbet=xy,u=x+y+2z.ThePDEreducesto3
d/ds=0,withsolution=f(t,u)=f(xy,x+y+2z),withfarbitrary.9.2.4.Heres=x+y+z,taket=xy,u=x+y2z.ThePDEreducesto
3dds=t,withsolution=ts3+C.Thesolutioncanbesimpliedbysubtractingtu/3andmakingtheobservationthatt(su)/3=tz.Wethen
have=z(xy)+f(xy,x+y2z),withfarbitrary.9.2.5.(a)Itisusefultonotethatdv=2xdx2ydy2xxuv2yyuv=0yuv=x
yxuv.
115.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS112Thenweformuv=xy+xyyxxuv=0,wheretherighthandsideofthis

equationvanishesbecausethequantitywithinthesquarebracketsiszeroaccordingtothePDE.WenoweectivelyhaveanODEinuwithsolution
=f(v)=f(x2y2),withfarbitrary.(b)Thelinesofconstantvarecharacteristicsofthisequationtheydierfromourearlierexamplesinthat
theyarenotstraightlines,butcurvesdenedbyx2y2=constant.9.2.6.DeneuandvasinExercise9.2.5,andfromdu=xdy+ydxndyvu
=yxxvu.Nowweformvu=xyyxyxxvu=0,wherethequantitywithinsquarebracketsvanishesbyvirtueofthe
PDE.IntegratingtheresultingODE,weget=f(u)=f(xy),withfarbitrary.9.3SecondOrderEquations9.3.1.Itmaybeeasiesttomultiplyoutthe
factoredexpressionforLandstartfromLf=afxx+2bfxy+cfyy,wherethesubscriptsidentifydierentiations.Then,usingthedenitionsofand
,wehavefx=c1/2f,fy=c1/2(bf+f),fxx=cffxy=bf+f,fyy=c1(b2f2bf+f).Substitutingintotheoriginal
expressionforL,wegetLf=(acb2)f+f.9.4SeparationofVariables9.4.1.(2+k2)(a11+a22)=a121+a1k21+a222+a2k2
2.9.4.2.If=R()()Z(z)then1RdddRd+f()+k2+121d2d2+g()+1Zd2Zdz2+h(z)=0
116.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS113leadstotheseparatedODEsd2Zdz2+h(z)Z=n2Z,d2d2+g()=m2,dddRd
+[(n2+f()+k2)2m2]R=0.9.4.3.Writing(r,,)=R(r)Y(,),andnotingthatL2Y(,)=l(l+1)Y(,),L2=1sinsin
1sin222,wehave(2+k2)(r,,)=1r2rr2rL2r2+k2R(r)Y(,),ddrr2dRdr+(k2r2l(l+1))R=0.Theorderin
whichvariablesareseparateddoesntmatter.9.4.4.Separating1Rddrr2dRdr+(k2+f(r))r2=L2r2g()h()sin2=l(l+1)impliesddrr2
dRdr+[(k2+f(r))r2l(l+1)]R=0,sinsinPP[(g()+l(l+1)]sin2+m2P=0,d2d2+h()=m2.9.4.5.=Aeikr
obtainedfromseparatingtheCartesiancoordinatesgives=ik,2=k2,withkx=anx,...,E=2k2/2m,k2=2n2xa2+n2yb2+n2z
c2.Thecasenx=ny=nz=1givestheanswerinthetext.
117.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1149.4.6.WritingL2=1sinsin+1sin222with2eim2=m2eimfor
eimPmlgivestheODEfortheassociatedLegendrepolynomials.9.4.7.(a)bmk2x2=2mE2becomes2d2d24x2=2
.(b)()=y()e2/2implies=ye2/2ye2/2,=ye2/22ye2/2ye2/2+2ye2/2,ande2/2(y+y2yy)
=0,whichisHermitesODEfory.9.5LaplaceandPoissonEquations9.5.1.(a)21r=2r1r2ddr1r2=0forr>0.SeeExample3.6.1.Oruse
2f(r)=1rd2dr2rf(r)forf(r)=r,r>0.Forr=0thereisasingularitydescribedby21r=4(r).(b)Insphericalpolarcoordinatesz=rcos,so
2=12rln1+cos1cos.Forr=0,22=1r2sinsin2=12r3sinddsinsin1+cossin1cos=12r3sin
dd2sin21cos2=0.
118.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS115Forr=0,rR22d3r=r2=R22R220d0sinln1+cos1cosd=11
ln1+z1zdz=0becauseln1+z1zisoddinz.9.5.2.2z=z2=0because2,z=0.9.5.3.Takingtobethedierenceoftwo
solutionswiththesameDirichletboundaryconditions,wehaveforaLaplaceequationwith=0onanentireclosedboundary.Thatcausesthe
lefthandsideofEq.(9.88)tovanishtherstintegralontherighthandsidealsovanishes,sotheremainingintegralmustalsobezero.Thisintegral
cannotvanishunlessvanisheseverywhere,whichmeansthatcanonlybeaconstant.9.6WaveEquation9.6.1.Themostgeneralsolutionwith
(x,0)=sinxis=Asin(xct)+(1A)sin(x+ct)forthissolution/tevaluatedatt=0is(12A)ccosx.Theconditionon/trequiresthat
weset(12A)c=1,orA=(c1)/2c.Thus,(x,t)=c12csin(xct)+c+12csin(x+ct)=sinxcosct+c1cosxsinct.9.6.2.Givena
generalsolutionoftheformf(xct)+g(x+ct)werequiref(x)+g(x)=(x)andf(x)g(x)=0,i.e.,f(x)=g(x).Thissecondconditionleadsto
g(x)=f(x)+constant,andtherstconditionthenyieldsf(x)=g(x)=(x)/2.Therefore,(x,t)=12(xct)+(xct).9.6.3.Byaprocesssimilar
tothatforExercise9.6.2,wehave(x,t)=120(xct)+0(x+ct).9.6.4.Thefunctionsf(xct)andg(x+ct)withtderivativesequaltosinxat
t=0are(apartfromaconstant)c1cos(xct)andc1cos(x+ct).
119.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS116Thus,wemusthave(x,0)=c1[Acos(xct)(1A)cos(x+ct)]tomake(x,0)=0we
takeA=1/2,so(x,t)=12ccos(xct)cos(x+ct)=1csinxsinct.9.7HeatFlow,orDiusionPDE9.7.1.From1KTdTdt=1Rr2ddrr2dR
drL2YYr2=2,itfollowsthatdTdt=2KT,L2Y=l(l+1)Y,ddrr2dRdr+2r2R=l(l+1)R.Bysphericalsymmetryl=0,Y=Y00=
1/4.Sol=m=0.9.7.2.Withoutz,dependenceanddenoting=/wehavet=2with=P()T(t)sothat1TdTdt=2=1R
dddPd.HencedTdt=2T,dddPd+2P=0=d2Pd2+dPd+2P.9.7.3.Equation(9.114)appliestothisproblem,asitis
forthe1Dboundaryconditionthat0atx=andiswrittenintermsofthetemperaturedistributionatt=0.Thus,with0=A(x),wehave
(x,t)=1A(x2at)e2d.Usingtherelation(atb)f(t)dt=a1f(b/a),wend(x,t)=A2atex2/4a2t.Thishasthe
expectedproperties:att=0itiszeroeverywhereexceptatx=0itapproacheszeroeverywhereattforallttheintegralofoverxisA.
120.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS1179.7.4.Thisproblembecomesnotationallysimplerifthecoordinatesoftheendsoftherodare
placedatL/2andL/2,withtheendatL/2keptatT=0andtheendatL/2keptatT=1.Wewritetheinitialtemperaturedistributionintermsof
thespatialeigenfunctionsoftheproblemas0=xL+12jcjj(x),wherethejsummationistheexpansionofx/L+1/2intheeigenfunctionsof
nonzero.Thismodeoforganizationmakesexplicitthatallthetermsinthejsummustdecayexponentiallyint,leavinginthelargetlimitthe
steadystatetemperatureprolethatconnectsthexedtemperaturesattheendsoftherod.Thejmustbechosensubjecttotheboundarycondition
thattheyvanishatx=L/2thoserepresentingtheexpansionof1/2mustbecosinefunctions,whilethosefortheexpansionofx/Lmustbesine
functions.Specically,Expansionof1/2:j=cosjx/L,joddExpansionofx/L:j=sinjx/L,jevenMakinguseoftheorthogonalitypropertiesof
thesefunctionsandchangingtheindicestoaccountfortherestrictiontooddandevenvalues,wehave12=j=0c2j+1cos(2j+1)xL,c2j+1=
2(1)j(2j+1),xL=j=1c2jsin2jxL,c2j=(1)j+1j.Toform(x,t)wenowattachtoeachterminthesummationsthedecaying
exponentialfactorshowninEq.(9.101)andappendthetimeindependenttermscorrespondingto=0:(x,t)=xL+12j=02(1)j(2j+1)
cos(2j+1)xLet[(2j+1)a/L]2j=1(1)j+1jsin2jxLet(2ja/L)2.9.8Summary(noexercises)
121.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS11810.GreensFunctions10.1OneDimensionalProblems10.1.1.Thegeneralsolutiontod2y/dx2
=0isy=c1x+c0asolutionuwithu(0)=0isu(x)=xasolutionvwithv(1)=0isv(x)=1.ThustheformoftheGreensfunctionmustbeG(x,t)
=Axforx<tandG(x,t)=Atforx>t.TondAwenotethatforthegivenL,p=1andthatA=p(t)[uvuv]=(1)[01]=+1.Werecoverthe
requiredformulaforG(x,t).10.1.2.(a)G(x,t)=

sinxcos(1t)cos1,0xt,sintcos(1x)cos1,tx1.(b)G(x,t)=
ext/2,<x<t,etx/2,t<x<.10.1.3.Ourexpressionfory(x)isy(x)=x0sin(xt)f(t)dt.Itsderivativesarey(x)=sin(xx)f(x)+x0
cos(xt)f(t)dt=x0cos(xt)f(t)dt.y(x)=cos(xx)f(x)x0sin(xt)f(t)dt=f(x)y(x).Thisequationshowsthaty(x)satisesEq.(10.24)
andtheformulasfory(0)andy(0)showthatbothvanish.10.1.4.ThesolutionstothehomogeneousODEofthisexercise(thatwithf(x)=0)are
y1(x)=sin(x/2)andy2(x)=cos(x/2).Tosatisfytheboundaryconditionatx=0wetakeG(x,t)=sin(x/2)h1(t)forx<ttosatisfytheboundary
conditionatx=wetakeG(x,t)=cos(x/2)h2(t)forx>t.Toachievecontinuityatx=twetakeh1(t)=Acos(t/2)andh2(t)=Asin(t/2).Thevalue
ofAmustcauseG/xtohaveadiscontinuousjumpof1atx=t(thecoecientpoftheODEis1).ThedierenceinthosederivativesisG(x,t)
xx=t+G(x,t)xx=t=A2sin(x/2)sin(t/2)A2cos(x/2)cos(t/2)A2=1,soA=2.
122.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS11910.1.5.WithL=xd2dx2+ddx+k2x21x,L=0hassolutionsJ1(kx)andY1(kx).Weuse
J1(kx)asasolutionthatvanishesatx=0weformalinearcombinationofJ1(kx)andY1(kx)thatvanishesatx=1.Theconstant/2comesfroman
evaluationoftheWronskianofthesetwosolutions,mosteasilyevaluatedfromtheirasymptoticforms,seeEqs.(14.140)and(14.141).G(x,t)=

2Y1(kt)Y1(k)J1(kt)J1(k)J1(kx),0x<t,2Y1(kx)Y1(k)J1(kx)J1(k)J1(kt),t<x1.10.1.6.Listheoperatordening
theLegendreequation.Thisequationhassingularpointsatx=1andthereisonlyonesolutionthatisniteatthesepoints.Henceu(x)v(t)=
v(x)u(t)anditisnotpossibletoobtainadiscontinuityinthederivativeatx=t.10.1.7.ThehomogeneousequationcorrespondingtothisODEcanbe
solvedbyintegratingoncetogety+ky=Candthenrearrangingtotheformdy=(Cky)dx.Weidentifythegeneralsolutiontothisequationas
y(t)=C(1hekt).LettingtheGreensfunctionbewrittenintheformG(t,u),wenotethattheonlysolutionfor0t<uthatsatisestheboundary

conditionsy(0)=y(0)=0isthetrivialsolutiony(t)=0.Foru<t<thereisnoboundaryconditionatt=,soG(t,u)canhavethegeneralform
G(t,u)=C(u)(1h(u)ekt),withC(u)andh(u)determinedbytheconnectionconditionsatt=u.Continuityatt=uleadsto1h(u)eku=0,or
h(u)=eku,soG(t,u)hasfort>uthemoreexplicitformG(t,u)=C(u)1ek(tu).TodetermineC(u)fromthediscontinuityinthederivativeof
G(t,u)wemustrstndthequantitypwhenthehomogeneousODEiswritteninselfadjointform.Thatvalueofpisekt,andourODEismodied
toddtekt(t)=ektf(t).WenowdetermineC(u)fromtC(u)1ek(tu)t=u=kC(u)=1p(u)=eku.ThenalformforourGreensfunction
isthereforeG(t,u)=

0,0t<u,ekuektk,t>u,
123.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS120andtheinhomogeneousequationhasthesolution(t)=t0G(t,u)ekuf(u)du.Notethatwewould
havegottenthesameoverallresultifwehadsimplytakenptobethecoecientofyintheoriginalequationandnotmultipliedf(u)bythefactor
neededtomaketheODEselfadjoint.Finally,withf(t)=et,wecompute(t)=1kt0ekuekte(k1)udu=1k11k1ketekt.
10.1.8.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.10.1.9.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.10.1.10.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.10.1.11.Theanswerisgiven
inthetext.10.1.12.Ifa1=0,thedierentialequationwillbeselfadjointandK(x,t)willbesymmetric.Cf.Section21.4.10.1.13.Startbyndingthe
GreensfunctionoftheODEwithouttheV0term.ThetruncatedODEhassolutionsekr.Asolutionsatisfyingtheboundaryconditionatr=0isekr
ekr,equivalent(exceptforafactor2)tosinhkr.Asolutionsatisfyingtheboundaryconditionatr=isekr.TheWronksianofsinhkrande
krisk,sotheGreensfunctionisG(r,t)=

1kektsinhkr,0r<t,1kekrsinhkt,t<r<.WenowtreatourODEasan
inhomogeneousequationwhoserighthandsideisV0ery(r)/r.UsingtheGreensfunctiontoformitssolution,weobtaintheintegralequation
giveninthetext.NotethatG(r,t)oftheexerciseis1timestheGreensfunction.10.2ProblemsinTwoandThreeDimensions10.2.1.Thisproblem
wassolvedinExample10.2.1.10.2.2.TheoperatorLisHermitianif,forall(r)and(r)satisfyingtheboundaryconditions,|L=L|.To
showthis,usetheidentityfU=(fU)fU,recognizethatoneoftheintegralsiszerobecausefrom
124.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS121Gausstheoremitisequivalenttoasurfaceintegralontheboundary,andwrite|L=V[
()]dV()d=VdL|=V[()]dV()d=VdThefactthatthesetwointegralsare
identicalconrmsthatLisHermitian.10.2.3.UsingtheFouriertransformoftheGreensfunctionandofthedeltafunctionwendG(r1,r2)d3r2=
d3p(2)3eip(r1r2)k2p2d3r2=d3peipr1k2p2(p)=1k2.10.2.4.UsingExample20.3.3wehave(2+k2)d3p(2)3eip(rr)k2p2
=(rr).10.2.5.G(r1,r2)=cosk|r1r2|4|r1r2|.10.2.6.IntegratetheequationforthemodiedHelmholtzGreensfunctionoverasphereof
radiusa,usingGausstheoremtoavoidthenecessityofevaluatingtheLaplacianattheorigin,whereitissingular.Wemusthave:VaG(r12)d
k2VaG(r12)d=VaG(r12)dk2VaG(r12)d=Va(r12)d=1.UsingtheformgivenforG(r12)andrecognizingthesphericalsymmetry,
theintegralsbecomeVaG(r12)d=4a2kekr124r12+ekr124r212r12=a=(ka+1)ekaVaG(r12)d=a0ekr124r124r212dr12
=1+(1+ka)ekak2.Insertingtheseresults,weverifytheinitialequationofthisproblemsolution.10.2.7.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.
125.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS12211.ComplexVariableTheory11.1ComplexVariablesandFunctions(noexercises)11.2Cauchy
RiemannConditions11.2.1.f(z)=ximpliesu=x,v=0,ux=1=vy=0.Hencefisnotanalytic.11.2.2.ThisfollowsfromExercise6.2.4.
11.2.3.(a)w=f(z)=z3=(x+iy)3=x33xy2+i(3x2yy3).(b)w=f(z)=eiz=ei(x+iy)=ey(cosx+isinx).11.2.4.ux=vy=ux
impliesux=0.Similarly,uy=0follows.Therefore,bothuandvmustbeconstants,andhencew1=w2=constant.11.2.5.Write1/(x+iy)as
u+ivwithu=x/(x2+y2),v=y/(x2+y2)andcheckthattheCauchyRiemannequationsaresatised.ux=1x2+y22x2(x2+y2)2=x2
+y2(x2+y2)2,uy=2xy(x2+y2)2,vy=[1x2+y2+2y2(x2+y2)2=x2+y2(x2+y2)2,vx=2xy(x2+y2)2.11.2.6.Writef=
u+ivthederivativeinthedirectionadx+ibdyisf=aux+ivxdx+buy+ivydyadx+ibdy.InsertingtheCauchyRiemann
equationstomakeallthederivativeswithrespecttox,wegetf=aux+ivxdx+bvx+iuxdyadx+ibdy.=ux(adx+ibdy)+
ivx(adx+ibdy)adx+ibdy=ux+ivx.Thederivativehasthesamevalueasinthexdirection.
126.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS12311.2.7.TherealandimaginarypartsofaanalyticfunctionmustsatisfytheCauchyRiemann
equationsforanarbitraryorientationofthecoordinatesystem.Takeonecoordinatedirectiontobeinthedirectionofrandtheotherinthedirection
of,andnotethatthederivativesofdisplacementinthesedirectionsarerespectively/randr1/.Notingalsothattherealandimaginaryparts
ofReiarerespectivelyRcosandRsin,theCauchyRiemannequationstaketheformRcosr=Rsinr,Rcosr=Rsin
r.Carryingoutthedierentiationsandrearranging,theseequationsbecomeRrRr=tanRr+1rR,RrRr=
cotRr+1rR.Multiplyingtogetherthelefthandsidesofboththeseequationsandsettingtheresultequaltotheproductoftheright
handsides,wegetRrRr2=Rr+1rR2.Thequantitiesinsquarebracketsarereal,sotheaboveequationisequivalentto
therequirementthattheymustbothvanish.TheserelationsaretheCauchyRiemannequationsinpolarcoordinates.11.2.8.Dierentiatingtherst
CauchyRiemannequationfromExercise11.2.7withrespecttoandrearranging,weget1r222=1rR2Rr1r2RR=1
rR2Rr+1RRrr,wherewereachedthelastmemberoftheaboveequationbysubstitutingfromthepolarCauchyRiemannequations.
DierentiatingthesecondCauchyRiemannequationwithrespecttorandsimplifying,wegetafterrearrangement2r2=1RrRr+1
r2RR1rR2Rr.Wealsoneed,fromthesecondCauchyRiemannequation,1rr=1r2RR.Addingtogetherthethree
foregoingequations,thelefthandsidescombinetogivetheLaplacianoperator,whiletherighthandsidescanceltogivezero.
127.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS12411.2.9.(a)f(z)=coszzsinzz2.Analyticeverywhereexceptatinnity.Notethatf(z)
approachesanitelimitatz=0andhasTaylorexpansion1z2/3!+.Atz=0theformulaforfmustbeinterpretedasitslimit(whichiszero).
(b)f(z)=2z(z2+1)2.Analyticeverywhereexceptatz=iandz=i(becomesinniteatthosevaluesofz).(c)f(z)=1z2+1(z+1)2.
Analyticeverywhereexceptatz=0andz=1.(d)f(z)=e1/zz2.Analyticeverywhereexceptatz=0.(e)f(z)=2z3.Analyticeverywhere
exceptatz=.(f)f(z)=1cos2z.Analyticeverywhereexceptatinnityandatthezerosofcosz,whichareat(n+12),fornanypositiveor
negativeintegerorzero.(g)f(z)=1cosh2z.Analyticeverywhereexceptatinnityandatthezerosofcoshz,whichareat(n+12)i,fornany
positiveornegativeintegerorzero.11.2.10.(a)Forallnitezexceptz=0.Eventhoughz1/2iszeroatz=0,thisfunctiondoesnothaveawell
denedderivativethere.(b)Forallnitezexceptz=0.(c)Fromtheformulatan1z=12iln1+iz1iz,weidentifysingularitiesatz=iat
thesepointstan1zhasnoderivative.(d)Fromtheformulatanh1z=12ln1+z1z,weidentifysingularitiesatz=1atthesepoints,tanh1
zhasnoderivative.11.2.11.(a)Sincef(z)isindependentofdirection,computeitforaninnitesimal
128.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS125displacementinthexdirection.Wehavefz=fx=ux+ivx=uxiuy,where
thelastmemberwasobtainedusingaCauchyRiemannequation.Nowidentifyu/xas(u)x=Vxandu/yas(u)y=Vytoobtainf=VxiVy.
(b)UsethefactthattherealandimaginarypartsofananalyticfunctioneachsatisfytheLaplaceequation.ThereforeV=u=0.(c)V=xVy
yVx=2uxy2uyx=0.11.2.12.Equatethederivativesoff(z)=u+ivwithrespecttozinthexandydirections:ux+ivx
dx=uy+ivyidy.ThisyieldsequationssimilartotheCauchyRiemannequations,butwithoppositesigns.Thederivativewithrespectto
zdoesnotexistunlesstheseequationsaresatised.TheonlywaytosatisfyboththeCauchyRiemannequationsandtheirsignreversedanalogsis
tohaveallthederivativesintheseequationsvanish,equivalenttotherequirementthatfbeaconstant.11.3CauchysIntegralTheorem11.3.1.z1
z2f(z)dz=z2z1(udxvdy)+i(vdx+udy).11.3.2.Cf(z)dzC|f(z)|ds|f|maxLwithLthelengthofthepathC.11.3.3.(a)Intermsofxand
y,F=4z23iz=4(x2y2)+3y+(8xy3x)i.Onthestraightlinepath,xandyarerelatedbyy=7x+25,soFhasthetworepresentations
F1(x)=192x2+1379x2425+(56x2+197x)i,F2(y)=192y253y+250049+(8y2+203y75)i7.
129.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS126Integrating,43i3+4iF(z)dz=43i3+4iF(z)(dx+idy)=43F1(x)dx+i34F2(y)dy=672
7i6+496469i2=76707i3.(b)Tointegrateonthecircle|z|=5,usethepolarrepresentationz=5ei.Thestartingpointoftheintegralis

at1=tan1(4/3)anditsendpointisat2=tan1(3/4).FcannowbewrittenF3()=4(52e2i)3i(5ei).Theintegralthentakestheform2
1F3()(5iei)d=21(500ie3i+75e2i)d=5003e3i2e3i175i2e2i2e2i1.Theseexpressionssimplify,becausee3i1=117+
44i125,e3i2=44117i125,e2i1=7+24i25,e2i2=724i25,andweget21F3()(5iei)d=76707i3,thesameresultasin
part(a).Notethatthisintegralisfareasierifweintegratedirectlyinz:43i3+4i(4z23iz)dz=4z333iz2243i3+4i=76707i3.11.3.4.
Theintegrandisananalyticfunctionforallnitez,soitsintegralbetweenthegivenendpointscanbedeformedinanywaywithoutchangingits
value.WemaythereforeevaluateF(z)usingtheindeniteintegralF(z)=(sin2z)/2+C,soF(i)=sin(2i)/2sin(2[1+i])/2.Thisexpressioncan
besimpliedusingtheformulasin(a+b)=sinacosb+cosasinbthesecondtermreducestosin(2i)/2,andwegetF(i)=0.11.3.5.(a)To
integratearoundtheunitcircle,setx=cos,y=sin,dz=ieid=i(cos+isin)d,and(becausetheintegrationisclockwise)integratefrom
=0to=2.Theintegralwillvanishbecauseeverytermcontainsoneoddpowerofeithersinorcosandtheintegralis
130.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS127overanintervaloflength2.(b)Forthesquare,takingrstthehorizontallinesaty=1andy=
1,wenotethatforanygivenxtheintegrandhasthesamevalueonbothlines,butthedzvaluesareequalandoppositetheseportionsofthecontour
integraladdtozero.Similarremarksapplytotheverticallinesegmentsatx=1,givinganoverallresultofzero.Theseintegralsareequalbecause
ofsymmetry,andnotbecauseofanalyticitytheintegrandisnotanalytic.11.3.6.Czdz=10xdx+10(1iy)idy=12+i+12=1+i,
whereasCzdz=10(iy)dy+10(i+x)dx=i2+12i=1232i.11.3.7.Sincethecontourisassumedtobeacircleofradiusgreater
thanunity,itwillsurroundboththepointsz=0andz=1forwhichtheintegrandbecomesinnite.UsingCauchysintegraltheorem,deformthe
contour(withoutchangingthevalueoftheintegral)untiltheupperandlowerarcsofthecircletoucheachotheratsomepointbetweenz=0andz=
1,andthenfurtherdeformthelefthandandrighthandloopsoftheintegraltoconvertthemintoseparatecirclessurroundingthesetwovaluesofz.
Finally,writethecontourintegralas1z1z+1dzandexpandintotwoseparateintegrals(eachoverbothcircles).Forthecircleaboutz=0only
therstintegralcontributesforthecircleaboutz=1onlythesecondintegralcontributes.Becauseoftheminussigninthepartialfraction
expansion,theseintegralswillbeequalandoppositeandthereforesumtozero.Notethatiftheoriginalcontourwasacircleofradiuslessthanunity,
onlytherstofthetwopartialfractionswouldbewithinthecontour,soCauchysintegraltheoremtellsusthattheintegralofthesecondpartial
fractionmustvanishandwedonotknowuntilreadingSection11.3howtoevaluatethenonzerointegraloftherstpartialfraction.11.4Cauchys
IntegralFormula11.4.1.12iC(0)zmn1dz=1m=n,0otherwise,whichismnbydenition.11.4.2.0.
131.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS12811.4.3.First,notethatf(z)dzzz0=2if(z0),wherethecontoursurroundsz0.Thisformulais
legitimatesincefmustbeanalyticbecausefis.NowapplyEq.(11.32)toidentifyf(z0)=12if(z)dx(zz0)2.11.4.4.Dierentiatingwithrespect
toz0,f(n+1)(z0)=n!2i(n+1)f(z)(zz0)n+2dzisthestepfromnton+1inaproofbymathematicalinduction.11.4.6.Thedetaileddescription
ofthecontourisirrelevantwhatisimportantisthatitenclosesthepointz=0.UsingEq.(11.33),thisintegralevaluatesto2i2!d2dz2eizz=0=
i.11.4.7.ThisintegralisacaseofEq.(11.33).Weneedthesecondderivativeofsin2zz2,evaluatedatz=aitis2cos2a2.Thus,our
integralis(2i/2!)(2cos2a2)=2i(cos2a1).11.4.8.Makeapartialfractiondecompositionoftheintegrand.Wehave1z(2z+1)=1z22z+
1=1z1z+12.Bothdenominatorsareoftheformzawithawithintheunitcircle,andtheintegralsofthepartialfractionsarecasesof
Cauchysformulawiththerespectivefunctionsf(z)=1andf(z)=1.Thereforethevalueoftheintegraliszero.11.4.9.Afterthepartialfraction
decompositionwehavef(z)1z22z+12(2z+1)2dz=f(z)dzzf(z)dzz+1212f(z)dz(z+12)2.Eachintegralisnowacaseof
Cauchysformula(inonecase,foraderivative).Termwiseevaluationyields2if(0)2if(12)if(12).
132.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS12911.5LaurentExpansion11.5.1.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.11.5.2.Fromddz(1+z)m0=
m(1+z)m1|0=m,d2dz2(1+z)m0=m(m1),ddz(1+z)m0=m(m1)(m+1),Taylorstheoremyieldsfor|z|<1(1+z)m=1+
mz+m(m1)12z2+=n=0mnzn.11.5.3.f(z0)z0n=12iC1(0)f(z)zndz(zz0)11|z0|implies|f(z0)||z0|(1|z0|)1/n.For
nthisyields|f(z0)||z0|.11.5.4.znf(z)==0azisanalyticandrealforrealz.Henceaarereal.11.5.5.(zz0)Nf(z)isanalyticandits
powerseriesisunique.11.5.6.MaketheTaylorseriesexpansionofezanddividebyz2:ezz2=1z2n=0znn!=1z2+1z+n=0zn(n+2)!.
11.5.7.Onewaytoproceedistowritez=(z1)+1andez=eez1.Expandingtheexponential,wehavee1+1z1n=0(z1)nn!=ez1+
en=0n+2n+1(z1)nn!.11.5.8.Expande1/zinpowersof1/z,thenmultiplybyz1:(z1)e1/z=(z1)n=0znn!=zn=1nn+1
znn!.
133.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS13011.6Singularities11.6.1.Truncatinge1/z1+1z+12z2+16z3++1n!zn=z0,
multiplyingthisbyznandsolvingtheresultingnthorderpolynomialyieldsndierentsolutionsz=zj,j=1,2,...,n.Thenweletn.11.6.2.If
thebranchpointsat1arelinkedbyacutlineonecannothaveapatharoundthemseparately,onlyaroundboth.Asaresultw(z)remainssingle
valued.ThephasesareshowninExample11.6.4.11.6.3.f2(z)=f2(z0)(zz0)+impliesthatf1(z)/f2(z)=f1(z)/f2(z0)(zz0)1+=
f1(z0)/f2(z0)(zz0)1+,wheretheellipsesstandforsomefunctionthatisregularatz0.11.6.4.WiththebranchcutsofExample11.6.4andwith
z21chosen(asinthatexample)tobeonthebranchthatgivesitpositivevaluesforlargerealz,itsvalueatz=i(wheretheanglesshowninFig.
11.12are=3/4,=/4andr1=r2=2)isf(i)=(2ei/8)(2e3i/8)=2ei/2=2i.Forallpointsintheupperhalfplane,boththebranch
cutsofExample11.6.4andExercise11.6.2willyieldthesameangleassignmentsandtherefore,oncethebranchesarechosensof(i)hasthesame
value,thetwofunctiondenitionswillagree.However,pointsinthelowerhalfplanewillhavedierentangleassignmentsinthetwobranchcut
schemes:InExample11.6.4,bothandwillhavevaluesinthelowerhalfplanethatarebothreachedbycounterclockwise(orbothbyclockwise)
rotation.ButinExercise11.6.2,pointsinthelowerhalfplanearereachedbycounterclockwiserotationinandclockwiserotationin.This
changesthesumofthetwoanglesbyanamount2halfofthis(becauseofthesquareroot)producesasignchange.Thus,thetwofunction
denitionsareoppositeinsigninthelowerhalfplane.11.6.5.Thersttwotermsbothhavefractionalpowersofzandthereforeindicatethe
existenceofabranchpointatz=0.Theoriginalvalueofbothtermscannotberecoveredsimultaneouslyuntilthenumberofcircuitsaroundthe
branchpointisthesmallestcommonmultipleof3and4,i.e.,12.Thereisalsoathirdorderpoleatz=3andasecondorderbranchpointatz=2.To
determinethesingularitystructureatinnity,replacezby1/wandcheckforsingularitiesatw=0.Allthreetermsexhibitbranchingatw=0since
thesmallestcommonmultipleof2,3,and4is12,thebranchpointatinnitywillbeoforder12.
134.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS13111.6.6.Writez2+1=(zi)(z+i)=r1eir2ei.Atz=0,=/2,=/2,andr1=r2=1.The
mostgeneralpossibilityfortheargumentofz2+1stz=0istherefore++2n=2n.Sincewearetobeonthebranchofln(z2+1)thatis2i
atz=0,wemusttaken=1,andforallpointsonthisbranchitsargumentmustbe+2.Ifwenowmovetoz=2+i,becomeswhile
becomes3/4.Theargumentofz2+1atthispointistherefore+3/42=9/4.Thus,F(i2)=ln|z2+1|9i/4=ln(42)9i/4.11.6.7.
Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.11.6.8.(1+z)m=emln(1+z)=(1+r2+2rcos)m/2eimarg(1+z)hasabranchpointatz=1.Acutlineisdrawn
from1toalongthenegativerealaxis,and|z|<1istheconvergenceregion.Anadditionalphasee2imnispresentforbranchesotherthanthe
standardbinomialexpansionofExercise11.5.2(naninteger).11.6.9.Theextraphasee2imnmentionedinthesolutionofExercise11.6.8mul
tiplieseachcoecientoftheTaylorexpansion.11.6.10.(a)f(z)=n=1(1)n+1(z1)n,0<|z1|<1.(b)f(z)=n=2(1)n(z1)n,|z
1|>1.11.6.11.(a)Thisrepresentationoff(z)divergeswhen(z)0.However,f(z)canbeanalyticallycontinuedtoalltheremainderofthenitez
planeexceptforsingularitiesatz=0andallnegativeintegers.(b)f1(z)=0eztdt=1zeztt=0=1z,provided(z)>0.(c)1z=1zi+i
=1i11i(zi)=in=0[i(zi)]n,|zi|<1.11.7CalculusofResidues11.7.1.(a)z0=ia,simplepolesa1=12ai.(b)z0=ia,
secondorderpolesa1=14a3i.(c)z0=ia,secondorderpoles
135.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS132a1=14ai.(d)z0=ia,simplepolesa1=sinh(1/a)2a.(e)z0=ia,simplepolesa1=
1/2ea.(f)z0=ai,simplepolesa1=i/2ea.(g)z0=a,simplepolesa1=12aeia.(h)z0=1,simplepolesa1=eikforz=ei.z0=

0isabranchpoint.11.7.2.Startbymakingapartialfractionexpansionontheintegrand:cotzz(z+1)=cotzzcotzz+1.Forthe
residueatz=0,notethatbecausecotzisaoddfunctionofz,thersttermwhenexpandedinpowersofzwillcontainonlyevenpowersand
thereforehaszeroresidue.Insertingthepowerseriesexpansionofcotzintothesecondterm,wegetz+11z+O(z),withresidue1.Atz=
1,weusetheperiodicityofthecotangenttoreplacecotzbycot(z+1),afterwhichwenotethatifexpandedaboutz=1thesecondtermwill
haveonlyevenpowersofz+1andhavezeroresidue.Thersttermexpandstoz1(z+1)+O(z+1),alsowithresidue1.11.7.3.Dividethe
principalvalueintegralintothreepartsandcombinethelasttwointoasingleintegral(possiblebecausebothinvolvethesamevalueof):Ei(x)=x
ettdt+xettdt+xettdt=xettdt+xetettdt.
136.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS133Inthelastmemberofthisequationboththeintegralsareconvergent(theintegrandofthesecond
integralhasaTaylorseriesexpansionint).11.7.4.Breaktheintegralintoitstwopartsandforeachpartmakeabinomialexpansionofthe
denominatorinaformthatwillconvergefortheregionofintegration:xp1xdx=lim010xp1xdx+1+xp1xdx=lim0
10n=0xnpdx1+n=0xnp1dx=lim0n=0(1)np+1np+1(1+)np1n+p.Combiningtermsappropriately
andtakingthelimit,wenallyarriveatxp1xdx=1pn=12pp2n2=cotp,wherethenalstepiscarriedoutbyinvokingEq.
(11.81)withpsubstitutedforzinthatequation.11.7.5.AnattempttousesinzdirectlyinEq.(11.88)cannotbecarriedoutbecausewewould
needtoinsertf(0)=0intothatequation.However,ifourfunctionissinz/z,thenwecanproceedwithf(0)=1,f(0)=0,andwiththezerosoffatn
(n=0).11.7.6.TheobservationswearestartingfromaresucienttoenabletheapplicationofRouchestheoremtoconcludethatevery
polynomialnm=0amzmhasnzeroswithintheregionboundedbysomesucientlylarge|R|.11.7.7.Westartbynotingthatf(z)=z6+10hasallits
sixzerosonacircleaboutz=0ofradius101/6,whichisbetween1and2.Nextwenotethat|f(z)|>|4z3|forallzwithinthecircle|z|=2.
ThereforeF(z)=z64z3+10has,likef(z),nozerosinsidethecircle|z|=1andsixzerosinside|z|=2,andthereforealsooutside|z|=1.11.7.8.
ApplyingEq(11.79)tof(z)=secz,wenotethatf(0)=1,andthatf(z)haspolesat(n+12)forallintegern.Theresidueoff(z)at(n+12)islim
z(n+12)z(n+12)cosz=1sin[(n+12)]=(1)n+1.Thus,secz=1+n=(1)n+11z(n+12)+1(n+12).
137.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS134Thetermsofthesummationnotcontainingzcanbebroughttotheform(1)n+1(n+12)
=4113+15=44=1.Thiscancelsthe+1fromf(0)thezcontainingtermsof+nandncanbecombinedoveracommon
denominatortoobtainthesuccessivetermsofthesummationinEq.(11.82).Treatingnowcscz,itisconvenienttoconsidertheexpansionoff(z)=
csczz1,whichisregularatz=0,withthevaluef(0)=0.Thefunctionf(z)haspolesatz=nforallnonzerointegersn,withresidues(1)n.
Thepoleexpansionoff(z)isthereforef(z)=cscz1z=0+n=1(1)n1zn+1n+1z+n1n=n=1(1)n2zz2(n)2,aresult
clearlyequivalenttoEq.(11.83).11.7.9.Itisclearthatthefunctionfhasasimplepoleatz=0andzerosatz=1andz=2.Fromf=(z23z+2)/z
=z3+(2/z),wendf=1(2/z2)and(makingapartialfractiondecomposition)ff=z22z(z2)(z1)=1z+1z2+1z1.
Therefore,theintegraloff/fonanycontourthatenclosesz=0willhavefromthatsourceacontribution2i,whiletheintegralwillhave
contributions2iforeachofz=1andz=2thatareenclosed.Theseobservationsareconsistentwiththeformulaf(z)f(z)dz=2i(NfPf).
11.7.10.Integratingovertheupperhalfcircleweobtain(zz0)mdz=0ireidrmeim=r1m1mei(1m)0=r1m1m(1)1m1
=

0,modd,=12r1m1m,meven.Form=1,i0d=i=1220d.
138.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS13511.7.11.(a)Thisfollowsfor0,fromx0+x0dxxx0++x0x0+dxxx0
=ln(xx0)x0+x0+ln(xx0)+x0x0+=ln+ln=0andx0+x0dx(xx0)3++x0x0+dx(xx0)3=12(xx0)2
x0+x012(xx0)2+x0x0+=122+122122+122=0.(b)C(x0)dzzx0=0ireidrei=i,C(x0)dz(zx0)3=0
ireidr3e3i=e2i2r20=0.11.7.12.(a)Theintegralshouldnothavebeendesignatedasaprincipalvalue.Irrespectiveofthesignofs,the
integrandwillhaveapoleintheupperhalfplane,witharesiduethatforsmallwillapproachunity.Ifs>0,integrateovertheentirerealaxisand
closethecontourwithalargesemicircleintheupperhalfplane,wherethecomplexexponentialbecomessmall.Thesemicircledoesnotcontribute
totheintegral,andthecontourenclosesthepole,soourformulaforu(s)willbeequaltotheresidue,namelyunity.However,ifs<0,closethe
contourwithasemicircleinthelowerhalfplane,therebycausingthesemicirclenottocontributetotheintegral.Butnowthepoleisnotwithinthe
contour,soourexpressionforu(s)willevaluatetozero.(b)Ifs>0,consideracontourintegralthatincludestheprincipalvalueintegral,alarge
semicircleintheupperhalfplane,andasmallclockwisesemicirclethatconnectsthetwopiecesoftheprincipalvalueintegralbypassingabovethe
poleatz=0.Thiscontourenclosesnosingularitiesandthereforeevaluatestozero.Thus,theprincipalvalueintegralwillbeequaltothatoverthe
smallsemicircle(traversedcounterclockwise).Theintegraloverthesmallsemicirclewillcontributeitimesthe(unit)residueatthepole,sou(s)=1
2+12ii=1.Ifs<0,wemustclosethecontourinthelowerhalfplane.Ifwestillconnectthepiecesoftheprincipalvalueintegralbyasmall
semicircle
139.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS136passingabovethepoleatz=0,ourcontourintegralwillnowencircle(inthenegativedirection)
thepole(withunitresidue),andthesumofallthecontributionstotheprincipalvalueintegralwillnowbei2i,leadingtou(s)=0.11.8
EvaluationofDeniteIntegrals11.8.1.ThisisacaseofExample11.8.1tomakethecorrespondenceexact,bringafactor1/aoutsidetheintegraland
notethat1a20da(b/a)cos=2a1b2/a2=2a2b2.Theintegralcontainingthesineinsteadofthecosinecanberegardedashaving
thesameintegrand,butforanintervaloflength2rangingfrom/2to3/2.Sincetheintegrandisperiodic(withperiod2),thisshiftedinterval
yieldsthesamevaluefortheintegral.If|b|>|a|,therearesingularitiesontheintegrationpathandtheintegraldoesnotexist.11.8.2.Forthespecial
caseb=1,dierentiatetheformulaofExercise11.8.1withrespecttoa.Changingtheupperlimitoftheintegralfrom2toandthereforedividing
theresultby2,wehaveddaada+cos=(a21)1/20d(a+cos)2=a(a21)3/2,equivalenttotherequiredresult.11.8.3.
Fora=1+t2,b=2twehave0(1t)2=aband1+t22tcos=abcosinExercise11.8.1witha2b2=(1t2)2.Hencetheresult.If
|t|>1,thentheintegralequals2/(t21).Ift=1thedenominatorhasasingularityat=0and2ift=1thereisasingularityat=.Inboth
thesecasestheintegraldoesnotexist.11.8.4.Introducethecomplexvariablez=eiintegrationfrom0to2incorrespondsinztoaclosed
counterclockwisecontouraroundtheunitcircle.Thenwritecos=(z+z1)/2,cos3=(z3+z3)/2,d=dz/iz,and0cos3d54cos=1
2z3+z3dziz[52(z+z1)]=i2(z6+1)dzz3(2z25z+2)=i2(z6+1)dzz3(z2)(2z1).
140.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS137Theintegrandofthiscontourintegralhasapoleoforder3atz=0andsimplepolesatz=1/2and
z=2.Thepolesat0and1/2areenclosedbythecontour.Theresidueatthepoleoforder3is12!limz0d2dz2z6+1(z2)(2z1)=12!lim
z0d2dz213(z2)23(2z1)=12!limz013(z2)383(2z1)3=218.Intheaboveanalysiswetookadvantageofthefactthatz6
doesnotgetdierentiatedenoughtopermitittocontributetotheresidueatz=0,andwesimpliedthedierentiationbyrstmakingapartial
fractiondecomposition.Theresidueatthepoleatz=1/2is26+1(2)3(12+2)2=6524,so0cos3d54cos=i22i21865
24=12.11.8.5.20cos2nd=20cos2nd=idzz12(z+1z)2n=22nidzz2n+1(z2+1)2n=22ni2nn2i=222n2nn=
2(2n)!22nn!2=2(2n1)!!(2n)!!,using(z2+1)2n=2nm=02nnz2minconjunctionwithCauchysintegral.11.8.6.Substitutinge2i/3=1
2i3/2andsolvingforI,theresultfollowsimmediately.11.8.7.Atlarge|z|,theintegrandofthecontourintegralofExample11.8.8asymp
toticallyapproaches1/z2p.Since0<p<1,thispowerofzismorenegativethan1sothelargecirclemakesnocontributiontotheintegral.At
small|z|,thedenominatoroftheintegrandapproachesunity,sotheintegrandisbasicallyoftheformzp.Writingtheintegraloverthesmallcirclein
polarcoordinates,itbecomes02(rei)p(irei)d,
141.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS138whichhasrdependencerp+1andvanishesinthelimitofsmallr.ToreconcileEqs.(11.115)and
(11.116),multiplyEq.(11.115)throughbyei,reachingafterminorrearrangementepiepi2i2iI=2iepi/2epi/22i.Thequantitiesin
largeparenthesescannowbeidentiedas(minus)thesinefunctionsthatappearinEq.(11.116).11.8.8.Theintegralhasnosingularityatx=0
becausecosbxcosaxx2=12(a2b2)+O(x2).Nextwritetheintegralasshownbelow,notethatitsintegrandisanevenfunctionofx,and

breaktheintegralintotwoparts,inoneofwhichreplacebxbyxandintheotherreplaceaxbyx:I=(cosbx1)(cosax1)x2dx=2(b
a)0cosx1x2dx.Nowreplacecosx1by2sin2(x/2)andcontinueasfollows:I=4(ab)0sin2(x/2)x2dx=2(ab)0sin2xx2dx
.Thisintegral,whichisthetopicofExercise11.8.9,hasvalue/2,soI=(ab).11.8.9.Theanswerinthetextisincorrectthecorrectvalueofthe
integralinthetextis.Theintegralhasvalue2I,whereI=0sin2xx2dx.Integratingbyparts,I=sin2xx0+02sinxcosxxdx=0
sin2xxdx=0sinxxdx=2.11.8.10.Writesinx=(eixeix)/2i,andwritetheintegralwerequireasfollows:I=0xsinxx2+1dx=1
2i0xeixx2+1dx12i0xeixx2+1dx=12i0xeixx2+1dx+12i0(x)eix(x)2+1(dx)=12izeizz2+1dz.
142.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS139Figure11.8.10.Contourenclosespoleatz=i.Becausetheaboveintegralhasanintegrandthat
containsacomplexexponentialandapproacheszeroforlarge|z|asz1,wedonotchangeitsvalueifwecloseitscontourbyalargesemicirclein
theupperhalfplane(wherethecomplexexponentialbecomesnegligible).Thus,weconsiderI=12izeizz2+1dz,wherethecontouristhatofFig.
11.8.10ofthismanual.Theintegrandhastwopoles,atz=iandz=i,bothofrstorder,butonlythepoleatz=ilieswithinthecontour.Writing
z2+1=(z+i)(zi),weidentifytheresidueatz=iasiei(i)/2i=1/2e.Therefore,I=12i(2i)12e=2e.11.8.11.Using0sinxtdx=cosxtt
0weintegratebyparts:1cost2d=1cost+tsintd=tsind=t.Notethattheintegrated
termvanishes.11.8.12.(a)Usingcosx=(eix+eix)/2weintegrateeixalongtherealaxisandoverahalfcircleintheupperhalfplaneandeix
overahalfcircleinthelowerhalfplanegetting,bytheresiduetheorem,12iu.h.c.eizz2+a2dz=ea2ia,eixx2+a2dx=aea,
143.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS140and12il.h.c.eizz2+a2dz=ea(2ia),eixx2+a2dx=aea.Combiningthe
above,weobtaintheanswerinthetext.Forcoskxwerescale:coskxx2+a2dx=kcosxdxx2+k2a2.(b)Thisresultisobtained
similarly.11.8.13.Becausetheintegrandiseven,changethelowerlimitoftheintegraltox=0andmultiplytheresultby2.Thensubstitutesinx=
(eixeix)/2iandrearrangetoaprincipalvalueintegral:sinxxdx=0+eixdxix+0+eixdxix=0+eixdxix+0eixdxix=1
ieixdxx.Considernowtheintegralofeiz/zoverthecontourofFig.11.28.Thesmallsemicirclepassesabovethepoleatz=0,atwhichthe
residueisunity.Thus,thecontourenclosesnosingularities,sothecontourintegralvanishes.Sincetheclosureoftheintegralintheupperhalfplane
makesnocontribution,theprincipalvalueintegral(alongtherealaxis)plusthecontributionfromthesmallclockwisesemicircle(namely,i)must
addtozero.Thus,1ieixdxx=1ii=.11.8.14.Forp>1weintegrateovertherealaxisfromRtoRandahalfcircleintheupperplane,
whereept|sint|0forRandtheintegraloverthehalfcirclevanishes.Sincetherearenosingularities,theresiduetheoremgiveszerofor
theloopintegral.Thussintteiptdt=0.For0<p<1weuseeipt=cospt+isinptandnoticethattheintegralovertheimaginarypart
vanishesassin(pt)=sinpt.Finally,weuse2sintcospt=sin(1+p)t+sin(1p)t.Eachintegralincludingsin(1p)tyields.11.8.15.
Dierentiating0dxa2+x2=1aarctanxa0=2awegetdda0dxa2+x2=0(2a)dx(a2+x2)2=2a2,equivalenttotheanswerin
thetext.
144.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS141Figure11.8.17.Contoursurroundsbranchcutandtwopoles.11.8.16.Wefactor1+x4=(x2i)
(x2+i)andusethepartialfractionexpansionx21+x4=121x2i+1x2+i.ApplyingExercise11.8.15foreachtermwitha=e/4weobtain
fortheintegral24ei/4+ei/4=cos4=2.11.8.17.Weapproachthisproblembyconsideringtheintegralzplnzz2+1dzonan
appropriatecontour.TheintegrandhasabranchpointattheoriginandwechooseacontouroftheformshowninFig.11.8.17ofthismanual,
correspondingtomakingthebranchcutalongthepositiverealaxisandassigning=0astheargumentofpointsontherealaxisjustabovethecut.
Pointsonthepositiverealaxisjustbelowthecutwillthereforehaveargument2.Thecontourconsistsoffourpieces:(1)Alinefrom0+toinnity
abovethecuttheintegralonthislineisequaltotheintegralwewishtoevaluate:I=0xplnxx2+1dx.(2)A360counterclockwisearcatlarge
|z|toreachx=+justbelowthecut(thismakesnocontributiontotheintegral)(3)Alinefromx=+tox=0+belowthecut,whosecontribution
tothecontourintegralwillbediscussedshortly,and(4)Aclockwise360arcatsmall|z|toclosethecontour(thisalsomakenocontributionbecause
limz0zplnz=0).Onthelinebelowthecut,zp=(xe2i)p=xpe2ip,andlnz=lnx+2i.
145.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS142Takingtheseobservationsintoaccount,0+izplnzz2+1dz=0xpe2ip[ln(x)+2i]
x2+1dx=e2ipI2ie2ip0xpx2+1dx.TheintegralonthelastlinewasthetopicofExample11.8.8,whereitwasshowntohavethe
value/2cos(p/2).Puttingallthisinformationtogether,wehavezplnzz2+1dz=Ie2ipIi2e2ipcos(p/2),Wenowevaluatethecontour
integralusingtheresiduetheorem.Theintegrandhasrstorderpolesati=ei/2andi=e3i/2,andwemustusetheserepresentationstoobtain
thecorrectargumentsforthepolelocations.BothpolesliewithinthecontourtheresiduesareResidue(z=i)=eip/2(i/2)2i,Residue(z=i)=
e3ip/2(3i/2)2i.Settingthecontourintegraltoitsvaluefromtheresiduetheorem,I1e2ipi2e2ipcos(p/2)=i22eip/23e3ip/2.
Multiplyingthroughbyeipandrearrangingslightly,Isinp=243eip/2eip/22eipcos(p/2).Writingallthecomplexexponentialsin
theaboveequationastrigonometricfunctionsandusingidentitiestomakeallthetrigonometricfunctionshaveargumentp/2,theaboveequation
reducesto2Isin(p/2)cos(p/2)=242sin2(p/2)cos(p/2),orI=2sin(p/2)4cos2(p/2).11.8.18.(a)SeesolutionofExercise12.4.3.(b)It
isusefultoformtheintegralIC=ln3z1+z2dzoverthecontourofFig.11.8.17ofthisManual.Theintegrandhasabranchpointatz=0andwe
aremakingacutalongthepositivereal
146.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS143axis.Italsohassimplepolesatz=i=ei/2andatz=i=e3i/2wemustusetheseexponential
formswhencomputingtheresiduesatthetwopoles.Thesmallandlargearcsofthecontourdonotcontributetotheintegralforthesegmentfromx
=0+toinnityaboethebranchcutln3zcanberepresentedasln3xforthesegmentfrominnitytox=0+wemustwriteln3z=(lnx+2i)3.
Keepinginmindthatlni=i/2andthatln(i)=3i/2,wenotethattheresidueoftheintegrandatz=iis(i/2)3/2iandthattheresidueatz=iis
(3i/2)3/(2i).NowwewriteIC=0ln3x1+x2dx0(lnx+2i)31+x2dx=2ii231332i=13i44.Expandingthelefthandsideof
theaboveequation,6i0ln2x1+x2dx+1220lnx1+x2dx+83i0dx1+x2=13i44.Ourpresentinterestisintheimaginarypart
ofthisequation,whichis60ln2x1+x2dx+830dx1+x2=1344.Therstofthetwointegralsonthelefthandsideisthatwhose
valueweseekthesecondisanelementaryintegralwithvalue/2.Theequationthereforereducesto0ln2x1+x2dx=83(/2)+134/46
=38.11.8.19.Usethesymmetryoftheintegrandtoextendtheintegralfromto,andwritethelogarithmasasumoftwoterms:I=0ln(1
+x2)1+x2dx=12ln(x+i)x2+1dx+ln(xi)x2+1dx.Therstintegrandhasabranchpointatx=ianditsintegralcanbe
evaluatedbytheresiduetheoremusingacontourthatisclosedintheupperhalfplane(causingthebranchpointtolieoutsidethecontour).The
secondintegrandhasabranchpointatx=ianditsintegralcanbeevaluatedusingacontourthatisclosedinthelowerhalfplane.Wemustchoose
branchesforthelogarithmsthatareconsistentwiththeirsumbeingrealasimplewaytodothisistoassignbranchesinawaysuchthatthe
argumentsofbothxiandx+iapproachzeroatlargepositivex.
147.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS144Thecontourfortherstintegralenclosesarstorderpoleatz=itheresiduethereisln(2i)/2i,
withthelogarithmonthebranchsuchthatlni=i/2.Theresiduethereforeevaluatesto(ln2)/2i+/4.Thecontourforthesecondintegralenclosesa
rstorderpoleatz=i,withresidueln(2i)/(2i),withthelogarithmonthebranchsuchthatln(i)=i/2.Thisresidueistherefore(ln2)/2i+
/4.Notingthatthecontourforthesecondintegralcirclesthepoleintheclockwise(mathematicallynegative)direction,applicationoftheresidue
theoremleadstoI=122iln22i+4+ln22i4=ln2.11.8.20.UsethecontourofFig.11.26.Thesmallandlargecirclesdonotcontribute
totheintegralthepathelementAevaluatestoI,ourintegral,whilethepathelementBcontributese2iaI.Thecontourenclosesasecondorder
poleatz=1,atwhichtheresidueisddzzaz=1=aei(a1)=aeia.Therefore,1e2iaI=2iaeia,oreiaeia=2ia,orIsina=
a,equivalenttotheresultwearetoprove.11.8.21.Startbyndingthezerosofthedenominator:z2=cos2cos221=e2i.Fromthiswe
ndz=ei.Thustheintegrandhas(formostvaluesof)fourrstorderpoles,twointheupperhalfplaneandtwointhelowerhalfplane.For
simplicityweconsideronlythecasethateiandeiaredistinctandintheupperhalfplane,andwetakeacontourthatincludestherealaxisanda
largesemicircleintheupperhalfplane.Thelargesemicircledoesnotcontributetotheintegral.WritingourintegralintheformI=z2dz(zei)(z
+ei)(z+ei)(zei),applicationoftheresiduetheoremyieldsI=2ie2i(ei+ei)(2ei)(eiei)+e2i(eiei)(ei+ei)

(2ei)=2iei8isincos+ei8isincos=2sin.
148.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS145Figure11.8.22.Sectorcontour.11.8.22.IfLdenotesthetriangularpathofFig.11.8.22ofthis
manualwiththeanglesetto2/n,wendforR,IL=Ldz1+zn=(1e2i/n)0dx1+xn.Thecontourenclosesasimplepoleatz0=
ei/nwecanndtheresiduethereasthelimitResidue=limzz0zz01+zn.UsinglHopitalsruletoevaluatethelimit,wendtheresidue
tobez1n0/n,or,sincezn0=1,theresidueisei/n/n.Thus,IL=(1e2i/n)0dx1+xn=2iei/nn,whichrearrangesto0dx1+xn=
n2iei/n(1e2i/n)=nsin(/n).11.8.23.ThisproblemissimilartoExercise11.8.21exceptfortheabsenceofthefactorx2inthenumerator
oftheintegrand.ThischangecausesthelastlineofthesolutionofExercise11.8.21tobechangedtoI=2iei8isincos+ei8isincos=
2sin,whichisthesameanswerasthatfoundforExercise11.8.21.11.8.24.UsethecontourinFig.11.8.17ofthismanual.LettingIbethe
integralwewant,pathelementAcontributesItothecontourintegral,whilepath
149.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS146Figure11.8.25.Lowerlineisonrealaxisupperlineisaty=.elementBcontributese2iaI
tothecontourintegral.Thevalueofthecontourintegralis2itimestheresidueoftheintegrandatz=1=ei,whichiseia.Therefore,I1e
2ia=2ieia,whichrearrangestoI=/sina.11.8.25.Writecoshbx=(ebx+ebx)/2,soI=0coshbxcoshxdx=120ebxcoshxdx+
120ebxcoshxdx=12ebxcoshxdx.Evaluatethisintegralbyconsideringitonacontourthattakesaccountoftheperiodicityofcoshz
(ithasperiod2intheimaginarydirection).TakethecontourtobethatshowninFig.11.8.25ofthismanual.Thiscontourconsistsoffourline
segments:(1)FromRtoRalongtherealaxis,inthelimitoflargeRtheintegralofthissegmentisI(2)FromRtoR+ithissegmentmakesno
contributiontotheintegral(3)FromR+itoR+ionalineparalleltotherealaxisthetravelistowardnegativexbutthedenominatoriscosh(x
+i)=coshx,and(notingthatthenumeratoriseb(x+i))thissegmentevaluatesto+Ieib(4)FromR+itoRtheintegralonthissegmentis
zero.Combiningtheabove,12ebzcoshzdz=I1+eib.Wenowevaluatethecontourintegralusingtheresiduetheorem.Theintegrandhaspoles
atthezerosofcoshztheonlypolewithinthecontourisatz=i/2,withresidue(evaluatedbylHopitalsrule)limzi/2(zi/2)ebzcoshz=
eib/2sinh(i/2)=ieib/2.WethereforehaveI1+eib=12(2i)ieib/2.
150.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS147Figure11.8.27.ContoursforExercise11.8.27.SolvingforI,I=eib/21+eib=2cos(b/2).
11.8.26.Considertheintegralez2dzonthesectorcontourinFig.11.8.22ofthismanual,withsetto/4(45).Thiscontourenclosesno
singularities,andthearcatinnitydoesnotcontributetotheintegral.Wethereforehaveez2dz=0ex2dx0eir2ei/4dr=0.Thex
integrationevaluatesto/2,andwecanwritetheintegrandofthelastintegralintermsofitsrealandimaginaryparts:20cosr2isinr2
1+i2dr=0.LettingIcandIsrespectivelystandfor0cos2rdrand0sin2rdr,therealandimaginarypartsoftheaboveequationtakethe
forms2Ic2Is2=0,Ic2Is2=0,fromwhichwededuceIc=Isand/2=2Ic/2,whichreducetothestatedanswers.11.8.27.
Considerdzz2/3(1z)1/3,withthecontourthetwoclosedcurvesshowninFig.11.8.27ofthismanual.Notethattogetherthesecurvesenclosea
regioninwhichtheintegrandisanalytic,sothelineintegralsonthetwocurvesareequaland
151.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS148opposite.Wepickabranchoftheintegrandwhichisrealandpositiveabovethebranchcut,sothe
integralonthestraightlineabovethecutfrom0to1istheintegralweseek,I=10dx(x2x3)1/3.Thesmallcirculararcsaroundz=0andz=1
donotcontributetotheintegralinpolarcoordinatesabouttheserespectivepointsthesingularfactorsareoforderr2/3andr1/3,whiledz=irei
d.Onthestraightlinefrom1to0belowthebranchcut,westillhavez2/3=x2/3,butinsteadof(1x)1/3wehavee2i/3(1x)1/3,theminus
signintheexponentarisingbecausethebranchpointatz=1wascircledclockwise.Onthislinebelowthecut,theintegrandisthereforee2i/3/(x2
x3)1/3,andthissegmentoftheintegralcanbeidentiedase2i/3I(thenewminussignbecausetheintegrationistowardnegativex).Onthe
largecircletheintegrandbecomes1/(1)1/3z,andwemustselecttheproperbranchfor(1)1/3.Todoso,notethatatlargerealpositivez,z2/3
remainsx2/3,but(1x)1/3becomes|1x|1/3ei/3,sotheentireintegrandasymptoticallybecomes1/ei/3z.Sincetheintegralof1/zaroundany
circle(counterclockwise)is2i,ourintegraloverthelargecirclewillhavethevalue2iei/3.Combiningtheabove,dzz2/3(1z)1/3=Ie2i/3I
+2iei/3=0,whichwecansolveforItoobtainI=2iei/31e2i/3=sin(i/3)=23.11.8.28.Thekeytothisproblemistheevaluation
ofthedierencebetweenthevaluesoftan1azonthetwosidesofitsbranchcutintheupperhalfplane.ReferringtoFig.11.8.28aofthismanual
andEq.(1.137),dener1=|za1i|,r2=|z+a1i|,1=arg(za1i),2=arg(z+a1i),writetan1az=12ilnr1+i1lnr2i2+i,
andnotethatforzjusttotherightofthecutintheupperhalfplanethevaluesof1and2areboth+/2,whileforacorrespondingvalueofzjustto
theleftofthecut1=3/2and2remains+/2.Wethereforeseethattan1az(leftofcut)tan1az(rightofcut)=.Wearenowreadyto
evaluatetheintegraltan1azz(z2+b2)dz
152.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS149Figure11.8.28a.Argumentsandmoduliofsingularfactors.forthecontourofFig.11.8.28bofthis
manual.Thesmallarcaroundthebranchpointata1andthelargearcsatinnitydonotcontributetotheintegralthelinealongtherealaxis
evaluatestoI,theintegralweseek.Writingz=iyonsegmentsBandBofthecontour,andcombiningthesesegmentssothatthedierenceofthe
arctangentscanbereplacedby,wereachtan1azz(z2+b2)dz=Ia1idyiy(b2y2)=I2b2ln(1a2b2),wherewehave
evaluatedtheyintegral,whichiselementary.Thecontourintegralenclosesaregioninwhichtheintegrandisanalyticeverywhereexceptforarst
orderpoleatz=ib,atwhichitsresidueis1ib(2ib)12iln1+i(iab)1i(iab)=i4b2ln1ab1+ab.Finally,fromI2b2ln(1a2b2)=2ii
4b2ln1ab1+abwesolveforI,gettingtherelativelysimpleresultI=(/b2)ln(1+ab).Thereisnosingularityatz=0becauseforsmallz,tan
1azaz.11.9EvaluationofSums11.9.1.Hereg(z)has,aboutz0,theLaurentexpansionb0(zz0)1+c0+c1(zz0)+,whilef(z)hasa
Taylorseriesf(z0)+f(z0)(zz0)+.Multiplyingtheseexpansions,theonlytermsingularatz=z0isb0f(z0)(zz0)1,whichcorresponds
toasimplepolewithresidueb0f(z0).
153.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS150Figure11.8.28b.Contouravoidingbranchcut.11.9.2.ThelimitingbehaviorforINthatisneeded
forthecontourintegralevaluationofsumsisproducedbythebehavioroff(z)forlarge|z|,whichinapplicablecasesbecomessmallrapidlyenough
thattheintegrandofINbecomesnegligibleonitsentirecontourandthereforeevaluatestozero.Toseethatcotzremainsoforderofmagnitude
unityforlarge|z|anddoesnotaectthisanalysis,writeitintermsofexponentials:|cotz|=eiz+eizeizeiz.Becauseeachofthese
exponentialsoccursinboththenumeratoranddenominator,thisexpressionwillremainoforderunityexceptwherethedenominatorapproacheszero
(i.e.,nearthepolesofcotz).11.9.3.DeningS=113133+153,notethat18n=(1)n(n+12)3=2S.Therefore2S=18
(residueofz3seczatz=0).Thisresidueis12!d2dz2seczz=0=32,andS=11632=332.11.9.4.Thissummationismosteasily
donebydecomposingthesummandintopartialfractions:S=n=11n(n+2)=12n=11n1n+2=121+12=34.
154.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS151Ifitisdesiredtousethecontourintegralmethodforthissummation,consider(fornonzeroa)S(a)
=n=11(n+a)(n+a+2),S(a)=n=11(na)(na+2)=3n=1(n+a)(n+a+2),n=1(n+a)(n+a+2)=S(a)+S(a)+1(2
+a)a+1(1+a)(1+a)+1a(a+2).Thesummationinthelastoftheaboveequationscannowbeevaluatedasminusthesumoftheresiduesof
cotz/[(z+a)(z+a+2)]atz=aandz=a2.Theseresiduesarerespectivelycot(a)/2andcot(a2)/(2).Invokingtheperiodicityof
thecotangent,theseareseentoaddtozero.Finally,settingtherighthandsideofthelastaboveequationtozeroandthentakingthelimita0,we
nd2S1+lima01a1a2+1a+2=2S32=0,orS=34.11.9.5.OursummationSisminustheresidueofcsczatz=a.This
residueisddzcscza=2cos(a)sin2(a),soS=2cosasin2a.11.9.6.(a)NotethatoursummationSis1/2timestheresultof
extendingtheindicatedsummationto.WritingS=181(n+12)2=18residueoftanzz2atz=0.Thisresidueis2cos2zz=0=
2,soS=28.(b)WriteS=n=11n2n=11(2n)2=(2)14(2)=34(2)=3426=28.11.9.7.ThesummationisoftheformS=
n=0(1)n2n+11cosh(n+12)=12(1)n2n+11cosh(n+12).
155.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS152Thus,2S=residuesofsecz2zcoshzatthesingularitiesof12zcoshz.Thesesingularities
occuratz=0andandzn=(n+12)i,forallintegernfromto.Theresidueatz=0is/2.Theresiduesatz=zncanbecalculatedusing

lHopitalsrule:residueatzn=limzzn(zzn)2zcoszcoshz=2zncosznsinhzn=1(2n+1)icos[(n+12)i][i(1)n]=(1)n(2n
+1)cosh(n+12).Whentheseresiduesaresummedovern,theresultis2S,sowenallyreach2S=2S+2,orS=8.11.9.8.The
summandofoursumSiseven,son=(1)nsinnn3=2S,wheretheprimeindicatesomissionofthetermn=0.Therefore,sincesinz/z3has
onlyapoleatz=0,2S=(residueofcsczsinz/z3atz=0).Thepoleatz=0isofthirdorder,sotheresidueweseekislimz02!d2dz2
sinzsinz=2limz0(22)sinzsinz+2coszsin3z(sinzcoszcoszsinz)=(22)6.FromthisresultwegetS
=12(22).11.10MiscellaneousTopics11.10.1.f(z)=f(z)isequivalenttou(x,y)iv(x,y)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y),whichinturn
implies(a)u(x,y)=u(x,y)and(b)v(x,y)=v(x,y).
156.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15311.10.2.Giventhatf(z)=nanzn,withanreal,thenf(z)=nan(z)n=nanzn.(a)Iff(z)=
zn,thenf(z)=(z)n=(zn),aspredicted.(b)Iff(z)=sinz=n=0zn(2n+1)!,thenf(z)=[f(z)].Butiff(z)=iz,thenf(z)=iz
while[f(z)]=iz.11.10.3.(a)f(x)=f(x)implies(if(x))=i(f(x))=if(x),i.e.,thatif(x)isrealanditspowerseriesexpansionwillhave
realcoecientsan.Thus,if(z)meetstheconditionsofExercise11.10.2,so(if(z))=if(z)andthereforealsof(z)=f(z).(b)f(z)=iz=ix
y,f(z)=iz=ix+y,andf(z)=(iz)=i(xiy)=ixy.11.10.4.|z|2=r2=x2+y2.(a)w1(z)=z+1zyieldsw1=u1+iv1=z+1z=x
+iy+xiyx2+y2=x1+1r2+iy11r2.Parameterizingthecircleasx=rcos,y=rsinweobtainu1=rcos1+1r2,v1=rsin11
r2.Forr=1,u21r21+1r22+v21r211r22areellipsescenteredattheorigin.Forr1,v10,theellipsesattentotheu1axis.(b)This
mapleadstoz1z=x11r2+iy1+1r2=u2+iv2.Thecurvesu2=r11r2cos,v2=r1+1r2sinareellipsesforr=1andattentothe
v2axisforr1becauseu20.
157.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15411.10.5.(a)x>0.(b)y>0.11.10.6.(a)From1/z=(xiy)/(x2+y2),oru=x/(x2+y2),v=
y/(x2+y2),weobtainx=u/(u2+v2),y=v/(u2+v2).Substitutingtheseexpressionsintotheequation(xa)2+(yb)2r2=0,weinitially
haveuu2+v2a2+vu2+v2b2r2=0.Expandingthisexpression,clearingthedenominatorsbymultiplyingthroughby(u2+v2)2,
cancellingcommonfactors,andcompletingthesquaresonthetermsinvolvinguandthoseinvolvingv,weultimatelyreach(uA)2+(vB)2=R2
,withA=ar2a2b2,B=br2a2b2,R=rr2a2b2.(b)ThetransformationproducedacirclewhosecenterisatA+iB.Thecenter
beforetransformationwasata+ib.Thetransformationofa+ibisto(aib)/(a2+b2),whichisnotatA+iB.11.10.7.Iftwocurvesinthezplane
passthroughapointz0,oneinthedirectiondz1=ei1dsandtheotherinthedirectiondz2=ei2ds,theanglefromtherstcurvetothesecondwill
be21.Ifthesecurvesaremappedintothewplane,withw=f(z),thendw1=f(z0)ei1dsanddw2=f(z0)ei2ds.Writingf(z0)inpolarform
as|f(z0)|ei,weseethatdw1=|f(z0)|ei(1+)ds,dw2=|f(z0)|ei(2+)ds,and,becausef(z0)wasassumednonzero,theanglefromtherst
curvetothesecondinthewplanewillalsobe21.Thatiswhymappingsbyananalyticfunctionaretermedconformal.
158.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15512.FurtherTopicsinAnalysis12.1OrthogonalPolynomials12.1.1.Weexpressthederivativein
theRodriguesformulaforHnasacontourintegral,andthenformthesumg(x,t)=Hn(x)tn/n!,g(x,t)=n=0Hn(x)tnn!=n=0(1)nex2n!2i
ez2(zx)n+1tnn!dz.Thecontourmustenclosethepointz=xtherearenoothersingularitiesatniteztobeavoided.Nextweinterchangethe
summationandintegrationandevaluatethesum,whichisn=0(1)ntn(zx)n+1=1zx+t.Insertingthisresult,g(x,t)=ex22iez2dzz
x+t=ex2e(xt)2=et2+2xt.12.1.2.(a)SincetheLaguerreODEhastheformxy+(1x)y+ny=0,wecalculatetheweightfunctionwasw=
1xexpx1ttdt=ex.ThenformLn(x)=constant1wddxn(xnw)=constantexddxnxnex.Theconstantisassigedthevalue1/n!to
producetheLaguerrepolynomialsattheconventionalscaling.(b)Weobtainthegeneratingfunctionbyusingacontourintegraltorepresentthe
dierentiationintheRodriguesformula:g(x,t)=n=0Ln(x)tn=n=0exn!n!2izneztn(zx)n+1dz.Thecontourmustenclosethepointz
=xtherearenoothernitesingularities.Wenowinterchangethesummationandintegrationandevaluatethesum:n=0(zt)n(zx)n+1=1z(1
t)x.Thenwehaveg(x,t)=ex2iezdzz(1t)x=ex1tex/(1t)=etx/(1t)1t.
159.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15612.1.3.ThethreetermsonthelefthandsideofEq.(12.11)respectivelycorrespondto(1)
Applyingalln+1dierentiationstowpn,(2)Applyingndierentiationstowpnandonetop,and(3)Notethatn1dierentiationsofwpnandtwo
ofpthetworighthandtermsrespectivelycorrespondto(i)alln+1dierentiationstowpn,and(ii)ndierentiationsofwpnandoneof(n1)p+
q.ToreachEq.(12.12),wecombinedorcanceledsimilartermsandinsertedynfromEq.(12.9)intheterminvolvingnfolddierentiationofwpn.
NotethatwearenotassumingthatynisasolutiontoourODEatthispointwetreatitsolelyasadenedquantity.12.1.4.Theunnumberedidentity
followingEq.(12.12)isconrmedbyregardingitslefthandsideasinvolvingatwofolddierentiationofthenthderivativeofwpn.Equation
(12.13)isobtainedbyrecognizingynandusingEq.(12.6)toevaluatethederivativesofw1.Equation(12.15)canbeinterpretedasinvolvinga
singledierentiationofthenfoldderivativeofwpn.12.1.5.UsingtheCauchyintegralforthepowerseriesforthegeneratingfunctionsyieldsthe
results.12.1.6.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.12.1.7.Dierentiatethegeneratingfunctionformulawithrespecttot:2x2t(12xt+t2)2=
n=0nUn(x)tn1.Multiplybothsidesofthisequationby12xt+t2,thenidentifythelefthandsideas2x2ttimesthegeneratingfunction
expansion.Theresultingequationhastheform2xn=0Un(x)tn2n=0Un(x)tn+1=n=0nUn(x)tn12xn=0nUn(x)tn+n=0
nUn(x)tn+1.Combiningsimilartermsandcollectingthecoecientofeachpoweroft,wendUn1(x)2xUn(x)+Un+1(x)=0.
160.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15712.2BernoulliNumbers12.2.1.Eq.(12.32):Multiplynumeratoranddenominatorofthefraction
ontherighthandsidebyetandthenputbothrighthandtermsoveracommondenominator.Eq.(12.46):Multiplynumeratoranddenominatorofthe
righthandsidebyet.12.2.2.Usingthepowerseriesforxex1exswegetn=0Bn(s)xnn!=1x21+xs+x2s22++n=1B2nx2n
(2n)!1+xs+x2s22+=1+xsx2+12x2s2s+16+.Readingocoecientsofxn/n!wendB0(s)=1,B1(s)=s12,B2(s)=
s2s+16,etc.12.2.3.Checkingrsttheidentitywethenuseittogetfromthepowerseriesxtanx=xcotx2xcot2x=n=0(1)nB2n
(2x)2n(2n)!122n.12.3EulerMaclaurinIntegrationFormula12.3.1.(a)nm=1m=n0mdm+n0(x[x])dx=12n2+n1m=0m+1mx
[x]dx=12n2+12n=12n(n+1),becausem+1m(xm)dx=10ydy=12.(b)nm=1m2=n0m2dm+2n1m=0m+1m(xm)xdx
161.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS158=13n3+2n1m=0m+1m(xm)2+m(xm)dx=13n3+2n1m=010y2dy+m10y
dy=13n3+23n+12n(n1)=16n(n+1)(2n+1).(c)Omittingstepsbutworkingasbeforeweobtainnm=1m3=n0m3dm+3n0x[x]
x2dx=14n4+3n1m=010y3dy+2m10y2dy+m210ydy=n24(n+1)2.(d)nm=1m4=n0m4dm+4n0x[x]x3dx=n30(n+1)
(2n+1)(3n2+3n1).12.3.2.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.12.4DirichletSeries12.4.1.Simplifyingtheformulagivenintheexercise,wehave
(2n)=2n22n1(2n)!|Bn|.TheBncanbereadoutofTable12.2.12.4.2.Makethesubstitution1x=et.Thelimitsx=0andx=1correspond
respectivelytot=0andt=.TheintegralbecomesI=0[lnet]21etetdt=0t2et1etdt.Nowexpandthedenominatorasa
geometricseriesandmakethefurtherchangeofvariabletou=nt:I=n=10t2entdt=n=11n3u2eudu=n=12!n3=2(3).
162.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS15912.4.3.Forconvergence,wesplituptheintegral0=10+1andsubstitutey=1/x,dy=
dx/x2intherstintegral.Thisgives10ln2y1+y2dy=1ln2x1+x2dxx2=1ln2x1+x2dx.Uponsubstitutingx=et,dx=etdtand
usingthegeometricseriesfor(1+e2t)1,weobtain0ln2x1+x2dx=20t2dtet(1+e2t)=2n=0(1)n0t2e(2n+1)tdt=2n=0
(1)n(2n+1)30t2etdt=4n=0(1)n(2n+1)3,using0t2etdt=(3)=2.12.4.4.Startingfromthedenition,rearrange(2)as
follows:(2)=1132+152172+192=21+152+192+1+132+152+172+=2k=11(4k3)228,where
wehavereecognizedthelastsumastheknownseries(2).12.4.5.(a)Insertaseriesexpansionforln(1+x):I=10ln(1+x)xdx=n=110
(1)n+1xn1ndx=n=1(1)n+1n2=112222+132=112+222+2122+142+=(2)2122(2)=12(2).(b)
Notethattheanswerinthetextismissingaminussign.Usetheseriesexpansionforln(1x):I=10ln(1x)xdx=n=110xn1xdx=

n=11n2=(2).
163.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16012.4.6.Startingfromthesummation(froms=2tos=n)of2s(s),inserttheexpansionofthe
zetafunction(usingpastheexpansionindex)andthenperformthesummationovers.Aconvenientwaytoorganizetheprocessistowritetheterms
of2s(s)inatwodimensionalarray:+122+142+162+182+123+143+163+183+12n+14n+16n+18nNow
sumtheentriesineachverticalcolumntheyformnitegeometricseries:12212n+111214214n+111416216n+11161821
8n+1118Collectingnowthersttermofeachofthesecolumnsums,weget1/22112+1/42114+=112+134+156+=
1112+1314+1516+=ln2.Thesecondtermsofthecolumnsumscanbeidentiedas12n+1(112)14n+1(114)
=p=1(2p)n1112p1.Puttingeverythingtogether,wegetns=22s(s)=ln2p=1(2p)n1112p1,equivalenttothestated
answerfortheexercise.12.4.7.ThisproblemcanbeapproachedinawaysimilartothesolutionofExercise12.4.6.If(2s)isexpanded(with
expansionindexp)andthetermsofeachparesummedovers,wendns=142s(2s)=1421+1821+p=1(4p)2n211(4p)2
1.
164.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS161Thesummationinsquarebracketsexpandsinto121315+17=1/42,leadingto
thestatedanswerfortheexercise.12.5InniteProducts12.5.1.WritinglnP=n=1ln(1an),insertthepowerseriesexpansionofthelogarithm.
Asanbecomessmall(anecessaryconditionforconvergence),onlytheleadingterm(linearinan)remainssignicant.Thus,Pwillbeniteonlyif
thesumoftheanconverges.12.5.2.Expand1/(1+b/n)andexaminetheleadingtermsof(1+a/n)/(1+b/n),whichareoftheform1+(ab)/n+
O(n2).Thetestsseriesforconvergencewillbethe(divergent)harmonicseriesunlessa=b.12.5.3.Form2sinxcosx,usingforeachitsinnite
productformula.Theresult(withfactorsoftwoinsertedinawaythatdoesnotchangethevalueoftheexpression)is2sinxcosx=2x14x2
(2n)2214x2(2n1)22.Eachtermoftheaboveinniteproductcorrespondstotwoconsecutivetermsoftheexpansionofsin2x,consistent
withtherelationsin2x=2sinxcosx.12.5.4.1.12.5.5.n=2{12/[n(n+1)]}=n=2(11)/n[1+1/(n+1)]=n=2n1nn+2n+1=2
23n=2n1nnn1=13uponshiftingninthesecondproductdownton2andcorrectingforthetworstterms.12.5.6.n=2(11/n2)
=n=2(11/n)(1+1/n)=n=2n1nn+1n=12n=2n1nnn1=12aftershiftingninthesecondproducttermdownton1and
correctingfortherstmissingterm.
165.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16212.5.7.Write1+zp=1z2p1zp.Whenthisisinsertedintotheinniteproductthe
numeratorscancelagainsttheevenpowersinthedenominator,leaving1(1z)(1z3)(1z5),asfoundbyEuler.12.5.8.Expandthe
exponentialinpowersofx/r.Theleadingtermsthataresignicantforlargerare1x2/2r2.Sincerx2/2r2convergesforallx,soalsodoesthe
inniteproduct.12.5.9.Findtheindeniteintegralofcott,byintegratingtheexpansiongiveninEq.(12.35)and,alternatively,asitsclosedform
expression:xcottdt=lnx+n=1(1)n22nB2n(2n)!x2n2n+C=lnsinx.Theconstantofintegrationiszero,sincelimx0(sinx/x)=1andln
1=0.Thus,theexplicitformforthecoecientsanisa0=0,a2n+1=0,a2n=(1)n22nB2n2n(2n)!,n1.12.5.10.Thekeytothisproblemisto
recognizethatdlnsinx/dx=cotx.Takingthelogarithmoftheinniteproductformulaforsinxandexpandingthelogarithm,wegetlnsinx=lnx
m,n=11mxn2m.Dierentiating,andthenmultiplyingbyx,wereachxcotx=1m,n=12xn2m.12.6AsymptoticSeries12.6.1.(a)
C(x)=12+S1cosx22S2sinx22.(b)S(x)=12+S1sinx22+S2cosx22
166.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS163withS1=1xn=0(1)n+1135(4n+1)(x2)2n+1,S2=1xn=0(1)n+113
5(4n1)(x2)2n.Hint:C(x)+iS(x)=C()+iS()xexp[iu2/2]du.12.6.2.Considertherepeatedapplicationofanintegrationbyparts
totheintegralrepresentationofCi(x)+isi(x).LettingI0=eitandD0=1/t,therstintegrationbypartsyieldsxeittdt=D0(x)I1(x)+x
D1(t)I1(t)dt,whereIn=In1(t)dtandDn=dDn1/dt.Continuing,xeittdt=D0(x)I1(x)D1(x)I2(x)+,whereIn=(i)neitandDn=
(1)nn!/tn+1.ProceedingthroughNsteps,wereachCi(x)+isi(x)=eixNn=0(i)n+1n!xn+1.Writingeix=cos(x)+isin(x)andidentifyingthe
realandimaginarypartsoftheeighthandsideoftheaboveequation,wegettheformulasinEqs.(12.93)and(12.94).12.6.3.Assuggestedinthe
Hint,weconsidertheintegralxet2dt.Tofacilitaterepeatedintegrationbyparts,wemultiplythefactoret2bytdtandthenintegrate,thereby
requiringthatwedividetheremainderiftheintegrandbytbeforedierentiatingit.OurschemeisthereforetodeneI0=et2andD0=1,withIn
=tIn1dtandDn=d[Dn1/t]/dt.Thispartialintegrationschemecorrespondstoxet2dt=I1(x)D0(x)x+I2(x)D1(x)x,whereIn(x)=
(1)n2net2,Dn(x)=(1)n(2n1)!!t2n.Substitutionofthesequantitiesleadstotheexpectedresult.
167.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16412.6.4.Inthelimitoflargen,theratioofthe(n+1)thtermofPtoitsnthtermis(inrelevantpart)
termn+1termn(4n+3)2(4n+1)2(2n+1)(2n+2)(8z)2,thevalueofwhichapproachesconstantn2/z2.Sincethisratioincreaseswithout
limit,theseriescanonlybeasymptotic.AsimilaranalysisappliestothefunctionQ.12.6.5.For|x|>1,11+x=1x(1+1/x)=n=0(1)nxn+1
converges,soisnotanasymptoticseries.12.6.6.Writing=n1dxxns=11s+ndxxs=n+11s,andapplytheEulerMaclaurinformula
tothequantityinthesecondsetofsquarebrackets.NotingthatthederivativesintheEulerMaclaurinformulavanishatx=andthatf(2k1)(n)=
(1)2k1(2k1)!n2k,thesecondbracketedquantityisidentiedasndxxs=n+11s=12n+Nk=1B2k(2k)!f(2k1)(n)=12nNk=1
B2k(2k)n2k,equivalenttothedesiredresult.12.6.7.Theanswergiveninthetextisincorrectitapplieswhenthedenominatoroftheintegralis1+
v2,notthespecied(1+v2)2.Applyingabinomialexpansiontothedenominator,theintegralisasymptoticallyrepresentedbytheseriesNn=0
2n0v2nexvdv=Nn=0(1)n(n+1)(2n)!x2n+1.12.7MethodofSteepestDescents12.7.2.Substitutingz=x/s,dz=dx/swehaves0cos
x2dx=s10cos(s2z2)dz,
168.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS165andthecorrespondingresultisvalidforthesineintegral.Nowwereplaces2sandapplythe
saddlepointmethodtoI=10eisz2dz=10cos(sz2)+isin(sz2)dz.Withf(z)=iz2,f(z)=2iz,f(z)=2i,wehaveasaddlepointatz=0and=
/2/4.ThusI=2ei/4|2is|1/2=2s(i+1).Thisimpliess0cosx2dx2s0sinx2dx.12.7.3.Eq.(12.109)isvalidfor(s)>0and,
therefore,thisasymptoticresultisvalidforlarge(s)>0.12.8DispersionRelations12.8.1.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.12.8.2.Theintegralover
thesmallsemicircleevaluatestof(x0)/2,sowehavef(x0)2=12if(x)xx0dx,equivalenttotheanswerweseek.
169.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16613.GammaFunction13.1Denitions,Properties13.1.1.(z+1)=0ettzdt=ettz0+z
0ettz1dt=z(z).13.1.2.(a)Intermsoffactorials,(s+n)!(n+2s)!(2n+1)!s!n!n!(2s+2n+1)!.(b)UsingPochhammersymbols,this
expressioncanbewritten(n+1)2s(s+1)n(2n+2)2s(1)n.13.1.3.Substitutingt2=u,2tdt=duwegetfore(z)>0(z)=20eu2u2z1du.(b)
Substitutingln(1/t)=u,dt=euduweget(z)=10ln1uz1du.Notethatt=0correspondstouandt=1tou=0.13.1.4.The
expectationvalueofvn,vn,isgivenbyvn=4m2kT3/20emv2/2kTvn+2dv=4m2kT3/2m2kT(n+3)/20eu2un+2du.
Makingachangeofvariableintheuintegraltox=u2,thatintegralbecomes0eu2un+2du=120exx(n+1)/2dx=12n+32.Tobring
thisexpressiontotheformgivenastheanswerinthetext,replace2/by1/(3/2).13.1.5.Fork>1,10xklnxdx=0e(k+1)ttdt=(k+
1)20ettdt=(2)(k+1)2=1(k+1)2,usingthesubstitutionx=et,dx=etdt.
170.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16713.1.6.0ex4dx=140ett3/4dt=(1/4)4=(5/4),wherewehavemadethe
substitutiont=x4,dt=4x3dx.13.1.7.Write(ax)=(1+ax)axand(x)=(1+x)x,afterwhichbothgammafunctionsapproachthelimit
unity,andweareleftwiththeeasilyreducibleformx/ax.13.1.8.ThedenominatorofEq.(13.1)showsthat(z)hassimplepolesatz=0,1,2,
.Tondtheresidues,dividetheEulerintegralintotwoparts,integratingfrom0to1,andfrom1to.Fortheintegralfrom0to1insertthepower
seriesexpansionofet.(z)=0ettz1dt=10n=0(t)nn!tz1dt+1ettz1dtTheintegralfrom1toexhibitsnosingularitiesand
weneednotconsideritfurther.Evaluatingtheintegralfrom0to1,weget10n=0(t)nn!tz1dt=n=0(1)nn!(z+n),whichdisplaysrst
orderpolesatallnegativeintegersz=nwithrespectiveresidues(1)n/n!.13.1.9.FromFig.13.1weseequalitativelythat,fornegativez,the
lobesof(z)moveclosertothehorizontalaxisaszincreasesinmagnitude.Toprovethatthelinerepresentinganynonzerovalueofkwillhavean
innitenumberofintersectionswiththecurvefor(z),weneedtoshowthatitspositiveminimaandnegativemaxima(nearthehalfintegervalues

ofz)becomearbitrarilysmallforlargenegativevaluesofz.UsingEq.(13.23)forz=2n+12,withnapositiveinteger,wendthat(2n+12)
=(2n+12)0asnandispositivebecausesin(/2)=+1,while,forx=2n+32,(2n12)=(2n+32)0asnandis
negativebecausesin(3/2)=1.SeealsoExercise13.1.14(a).13.1.10.Inbothpartsofthisexercise,makeachangeofintegrationvariabletoax2=
u,withdx=du/2u1/2.Then,
171.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS168(a)0x2s+1eax2dx=12as+10useudu=s!2as+1.(b)0x2seax2dx=12as+1/2
0us1/2eudu=(s+12)2as+1/2=(2s1)!!2s+1asa.13.1.11.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.13.1.12.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.
13.1.13.Thecoecientofcos(n2k)intheexpansionhastheform2(2n1)!!(2n)!!13(2k1)12kn(n1)(nk+1)(2n
1)(2n3)(2n2k+1)=2(2n1)!!(2n)!!(2k1)!!k!n!(2n2k1)!!(nk)!(2n1)!!.Cancellingwherepossible,andchanging
notationtosandm,wheren=2s+1andn2k=2m+1(sok=sm),wegetP2s+1(cos)=sm=0(2s2m1)!!(2s+2m+1)!!22s(sm)!(s
+m+1)!cos(2m+1).13.1.14.Usingtheidentities(12+n)=(12)1232(2n1)2,(12n)=(12)12322n12,
weform(12+n)(12n)=(12)2(1)n=(1)n.13.1.15.WithintheregionofconvergenceoftheEulerintegral,0tx+iy+1etdt=
0txiy+1etdt.Byanalyticcontinuationthisrelationextendstoallnonsingularvaluesof(z).
172.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS16913.1.16.Lettingzandzrespectivelystandfor+iandi,andusingtheinniteproduct
formula,Eq.(13.15),1(z)(z)=zze(z+z)n=11+zn1+zne(z+z)/n.Writingz+z=2andzz=2+2andidentifying
muchoftheaboveequationassimilartotheproductformof1/()2,wend1(z)(z)=1()22+22n=11++in1+in1+
n2.Theargumentoftheinniteproductsimpliestotheformgivenintheexercise,sowereach1(z)(z)=1()22+22n=11+2
(n+)2.Wenownoticethatthefactorprecedingtheinniteproductisexactlywhatwewouldgetifweevaluatedtheproductargumentforn=0.
Wethereforeremovethisfactorandchangetheproductlowerlimitton=0.Ourformulaisthenentirelyequivalenttothatintheexercise.13.1.17.
Asarststep,examine|(1+ib)|.UsingExercise13.1.16,|(1+ib)|2=n=01+b2(n+1)2.Comparingwiththeinniteproductrepresentation
ofsinx,Eq.(12.77),theaboveproductisidentiedassin(ib)/ib=sinh(b)/b,so|(1+ib)|2=bsinhb.Wenowusethefunctionalrelation
(z+1)=z(z)foreachofthetwofactorsin|(1+ib)|2=(1+ib)(1ib),therebyreaching|(n+1+ib)|2=[(1+ib)(2+ib)(n+ib)][(1
ib)(2ib)(nib)]|(1+ib)|2=(1+b2)(22+b2)(n2+b2)bsinhb,equivalenttotheresultweseek.
173.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17013.1.18.ReferringtothesolutionofExercise13.1.16,weseethat(x+iy)isreachedfrom(x)
bymultiplyingthelatterbyaninniteseriesoffactorseachofwhichissmallerthanunity.13.1.19.UsingtheformulaofExercise13.1.16with=
1/2,|(12+iy)|2=1n=01+y2(n+12)2.ComparingwiththeinniteproductexpansionofcosxinEq.(12.77),weidentifytheproduct
hereascosiy=coshy.Insertingthisandtakingthereciprocal,weconrmthedesiredanswer.13.1.20.(a)Themeanisobtainedfromtheintegral
xf(x)dx.Writingthisintegralandmakingachangeofvariabletoy=x,wegetx=1(2)1/2xe(x)2/22dx=1(2)1/2
(y+)ey2/22dy.Theyintheintegrandcanbedroppedbecause,bysymmetry,itmakesnonetcontributiontotheintegral.Theremainderofthe
expressionnowcontainsanintegraloftheformtreatedinExercise13.1.10(b)itsimpliestox=.(b)Tocontinue,weneedtoevaluatex2=1
(2)1/2x2e(x)2/22dx=1(2)1/2(y+)2ey2/22dy.Wenowexpand(y+)2,dropthelinear(odd)term,andevaluatethe
integralsusingExercise13.1.10(b).Theresultisx2=2+2.Therefore,x2x2=(2+2)2=2,so(x2x2)1/2=.13.1.21.(a)Here
x=0x()ex/dx=()0ueudu=(+1)()=.(b)For2,weneedx2=0x+1(),whichbythesame
techniqueasusedforpart(a)isfoundtohavethevaluex2=2(+2)()=(+1)2.Thus,x2x2=(+1)222=2.
174.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17113.1.22.ReferringtotherstpartofthesolutiontoExercise13.1.17,wehave|(1+i)|2=
sinh.Multiplyingbyeandwritingsinhasexponentials,theresultisimmediate.13.1.23.Thisproblemwouldbespeciedmoreprecisely
if,insteadof(t),ithadcontainedeit.StartingfromEq.(13.30),consideracontourthatstartsat++i,continues(segmentA)nearlyto
theorigin,whichitcirclescounterclockwise(B),thenreturning(segmentC)to+i.Forsuitablevaluesof,partBofthecontourwillmakea
negligiblecontribution,whilepartAwillcontribute(+1).OnpartC,argt=2,andthatsegmentwillmakeacontributione2i(+1).All
together,thesecontributionstoEq.(13.30)conrmitsrighthandside.Then,multiplyingbothsidesofthatequationbyei,itsrighthandside
becomes2isin,anditslefthandsideisconsistentwiththevaluewithwhichwereplaced(t).13.2DigammaandPolygammaFunctions13.2.1.
Theanswerisgiveninthetext.13.2.2.(a)UseEq.(12.38)torewrite(2n)intermsoftheBernoullinumbers:ln(x+1)=x+n=2(1)n(n)n
xn=xn=1(2n+1)2n+1x2n+1+n=1(1)n1B2n4n(2n)!(2x)2n.ThesuminvolvingtheBernoullinumberscloselyresemblesthe
expansionforcotx,Eq.(12.35),dieringtherefromprimarilybythefactor4ninthedenominator.ThisobservationindicatesthatourBernoullisum
willberelatedtocotxdx=1lnsinx.Thepreciserelationshipneededhereisn=1(1)n1B2n4n(2n)!(2x)2n=12lnxsinx,which
canbeveriedbydierentiatingbothsidesandinvokingEq.(12.35).SubstitutingthisexpressionfortheBernoullisum,wereachtheanswerinthe
text,inwhichthereisaremainingsummationofthezetafunctionsof
175.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS172oddargument.Thatserieshastherangeofconvergence1<x<1.(b)Thisformulaexhibits
betterconvergencethanthatofpart(a).Thereplacementof(2n+1)by(2n+1)1isequivalenttoaddingtheseriesn=1x2n+12n+1=12ln1+
x1xx.Wethereforealsosubtracttherighthandsideofthisequationfromtheformulaofpart(a).Theinniteseriesofpart(b)willconverge
for2<x<2butthetermssinx,ln(1+x),andln(1x)stilllimitxto1<x<1.13.2.3.Forx=napositiveinteger,(n+1)=r=1(1r1r+
n)=+nr=11r.13.2.4.Expanding1z+n=1n=0zninageometricseriesweobtainddzlnz!=(z+1)=+n=11n1z+n
==1(z)n=11n+1=n=2(z)n1(n).Interchangingthesummationsisjustiedbyabsoluteanduniformconvergencefor|z|
1,with>0arbitrarilysmall.13.2.5.(a)Usingln(1+z)=n=1(1)n1znn,weaddln(1+z)tobothsidesofEq.(13.44):ln(z+1)+ln(1
+z)=z+n=2(1)nznn(n)+zn=2(1)n,znn=z(1)+n=2(1)m(m)1znn.Thisistherelationwewereaskedtoconrm.
(b)Since(n)11/2nforntheradiusofconvergenceisR=2.
176.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17313.2.6.UsingEq.(13.44),ratherthantheequationsuggestedintheHint,weobtainln(1+z)(1
z)=n=2(1)n(n)znn+(z)nn=2n=2(2n)z2n2n.But,fromEq.(13.23),multipliedbyztochange(z)to(1+z),ln(1+z)(1z)
=zsinz,therebyestablishingtherelationtobeproved.13.2.7.ThelogarithmoftheWeierstrassinniteproductform,aftercombiningzand(z)
tomake(z+1),isln(z+1)=z+n=1znln1+zn.Nowexpandln1+zninpowersofz,reachingln(z+1)=z+n=1=2
(1)zn=z+=2(1)zn=11n=z+=2(1)z(),whichisEq.(13.44).13.2.8.Firstform,usingEq.(13.38)and
expandingintopartialfractions,mosttermsofwhichcancel,(z+2)(z+1)=m=1z+1m(m+z+1)m=1zm(m+z)=m=11m1
m+z+11m+1m+z=1z+1.Nowdierentiatethisresultmtimes:dmdzm(z+2)(z+1)=dmdzm1z+1=(1)mm!(z+1)m+1.
177.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17413.2.9.(a)Wehave(a)n=(a+n1)!(a1)!=(a+n)(a).(b)d(a)nda=1(a)d(a+n)da
(a+n)(a)2d(a)da=(a+n)(a)(a+n)(a)=(a)n(a+n)(a).13.2.10.Settingz=0inthesolutiontoExercise13.2.4weconrm
(1)=.Settingz=0inEq.(13.41),thesummationinthatequationbecomes(m+1),asalsowritteninEq.(13.43).Evaluationfromthat
equationgivestheresultsfor(1)(1)and(2)(1).13.2.11.(a)Onewaytoproceedistostartbyintegratingthesubjectintegralbyparts.Theintegral
isconvergentatr=0buttoavoiddivergencesinsomeofthestepstobetakenwechangeitslowerlimittoandlatertakethelimit0.Thus,
erlnrdr=erlnr+errdr=eln+E1().InsertingtheexpansionforE1fromEq.(13.83)andnotingthattheentiresummationin
thatequationisO(),wehaveerlnrdr=elnln+O().Expandinge=1+,weseethatinthelimit0theonly
nonvanishingcontributionis.(Notethatlim0ln=0.)(b)Thispartismosteasilyapproachedaftersolvingpart(c).(c)Introducethe
notationIn=0rnerlnrdr.IntegrateInbyparts,dierentiatingrnlnrandintegratinger.In=rnlnrer0+0rn1er(nlnr+1)dr=

0+nIn1+0rn1erdr=nIn1+(n1)!.Frompart(a)wehaveI0=.Thentheintegralofpart(b)isI1=0!+1I0=1.
178.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17513.2.12.Deningx=2Z2andz=2(1x)1/2,weneedtherstfewtermsintheMaclaurin
series(inpowersofx)of(z+1).Tostart,whenx=0,z=2,so(z+1)=(3)=2.Fromthedenitionofthedigammafunction,wealsohaved(z
+1)dz=(z+1)(z+1),d(z+1)dx=(z+1)(z+1)dzdx=(z+1)(z+1)(1x)1/2,whichatx=0hasthevalue(3)(3)=2(+
32).Continuingtothesecondderivative,d2(z+1)dx2=ddz[(z+1)(z+1)](1x)1/22+(z+1)(z+1)ddx(1x)1/2=(z+1)
[(z+1)]2+(1)(z+1)(1x)1/22+(z+1)(z+1)(1x)3/22.Atx=0,z=2,(1)(z+1)=(2)54,andd2(z+1)dx2=22
52+(2)+14.FormingtheMaclaurinseries,[2(12Z2)1/2+1]=2+(23)2Z2+252+(2)+144Z4+.13.2.13.Onewayto
obtaintheargumentofacomplexquantityistoidentifyitastheimaginarypartofitslogarithm.UsingEq.(13.44)forz=ib,wehaveln(1+ib)=
ib+n=2(1)n(ib)nn(n).Theimaginarypartofthisexpressionisb+(3)b33.13.2.14.FromEqs.(13.38)and(13.40),(n+1)=
+m=1nm(n+m)=+nm=11m.
179.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS176(a)Takingn=1intheaboveequation,theinnitesumisthatwhosevalueissoughtweidentify
itsvalueasthatofthenitesumontherighthandside,here,1.(b)Writingn21=(n1)(n+1),thissummationisequivalentton=11n(n+2)
,whichis(1/2)timesthesummationassociatedwith(2),andtherebyhasthevalue(1+12)/2=3/4.13.2.15.(a+1)(b+1)=n=11b+n
1a+n=(ab)n=11(a+n)(b+n).13.3TheBetaFunction13.3.1.Expandingallthebetafunctions,andusingEq.(13.2)tomakethegamma
functionshavesimilararguments,wereducetheseexpressionstoidentities:(a)(a)(b)(a+b)=a(a)(b)(a+b)(a+b)+b(a)(b)(a+b)(a
+b).(b)(a)(b)(a+b)=a+bbb(a)(b)(a+b)(a+b).(c)(a)(b)(a+b)=a(a)(b1)1(b)(a+b).(d)(a)(b)(a+b)(a+
b)(c)(a+b+c)=(a)(b)(c)(a+b+c.Thisissymmetricina,b,andc,sothepresumedrelationmustbecorrect.13.3.2.(a)Thisisacaseof
Eq.(13.50)the2inthatequationcompensatesfortherangeofintegration,inthisexercise(1,+1).Thevaluesofpandqintheequationarep=n
12,q=12,sotheintegralhasthevalueB(n+12,32)=(n+12)(32)(n+2)=(2n1)!!2n21(n+1)!,equivalenttothe
desiredanswer.(b)Thisproblemissimilar,reducingtoB(n+12,12).13.3.3.ThisisacaseofEq.(13.50),withp=12,q=n,andthereby
reducestoB(12,n+1)=(12)(n+1)(n+32)=n!(2n+1)!!/2n+1=2(2nn!)(2n+1)!!.
180.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS17713.3.4.Settingx=cos,weidentify1+xas2cos2and1xas2sin2,where=/2.We
thenwritedxassind=4sincosd.Theintegrationrange,from1to1inx,is/2to0in.Withthesechanges,theintegralunderstudy
becomes11(1+x)a(1x)bdx=2a+b+2/20cos2a+1sin2b+1d,whichisacaseofEq.(13.47)withp=a+1andq=b+1.Theintegral
thereforehasvalueB(a+1,b+1)/2whenthepowerof2multiplyingtheintegralistakenintoaccount,weobtaintheanswerinthetext.13.3.5.
Makeachangeofthevariableofintegrationtomaketheintegrationlimitszeroandone:u=(xt)/(zt).Thenxt=(zt)u,zx=(zt)(1u),dx=(z
t)du,andtheintegralbecomesztdx(zx)1(xt)=10du(1u)1u,whichisacaseofEq.(13.49)withp=and=1.Therefore,
usingEq.(13.23),ztdx(zx)1(xt)=B(1,)=(1)()(1)=sin.13.3.6.Writingthisintegralwithlimitsdeningthe
triangularintegrationregion,andusingEq.(13.49),10dxxp1x0yqdy=10dxxp(1x)q+1q+1=1q+1B(p+1,q+2)=B(p+1,q+1)p
+q+2,wherethelaststepusestheidentityofExercise13.3.1(b).13.3.8.TheintegralsatissueherearecasesofEq.(13.47),whichfortheintegral
ofpart(b)withgeneralnhasp=(n+1)/2,q=1/2,and/20cosnd=12Bn+12,12=(n+12)(12)(n2+1).(a)Forn=1/2,/20
cos1/2d=2(3/4)(5/4),whichcanbeconvertedintothelistedanswerusingthereectionformula,Eq.(13.23).
181.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS178(b)Fornodd,thegammafunctioninthedenominatorcanbewrittenn2+1=2n!!
2(n+1)/2,andthenetoverallpowerof2canbeusedtoconvertn12!to(n1)!!,therebyreachingthelistedanswer.Forneven,asimilarprocess
canbeusedtoconvertthegammafunctionofhalfintegerargumenttothemoreconvenientformgivenasthelistedanswer.13.3.9.Makethe
substitutionx2=y,sodx=dy/2y1/2,andtheintegralbecomes10(1x4)1/2dx=1210(1y2)1/2y1/2dy.ThisisacaseofEq.(13.50)
withp=3/4andq=1/2,andtheintegralhasthevalueB(14,12)/4.ThiscanbebroughttotheforminthetextusingEq.(13.23)thepotential
advantageindoingsoisthatthen,onlyonegammafunctionoffractionalargumententersanumericalevaluation.13.3.10.Thisproblemcanbe
approachedbyexpandingcos(zcos)inpowersofz,resultinginaserieseachtermofwhichcontainsatrigonometricintegralin.Theexpansion
yieldsJ(z)=21/2(+12)z2n=0(1)nz2n(2n)!/20sin2cos2nd.ThisintegralisacaseofEq.(13.47)withvalue/20sin2
cos2nd=12B(+12,n+12)=12(+12)(n+12)(n++1).Whenthisiscombinedwiththeotherfactorsintherepresentationof
J(z),thestandardBesselseriesdenitionisobtained.13.3.11.TheseintegralsarecasesofEq.(13.50)sincethepresentintegrandsareeven
functionsofx,thefactthattheintegrationrangeisfrom1to1insteadof0to1iscompensatedbythefactorof2multiplyingtheintegralinEq.
(13.50).(a)Thisintegralis(2m1)!!2B(12,m+1)=(2m1)!!2(12)(m+1)(m+32)=(2m1)!!22m+1m!(2m+1)!!=(2m
1)!!2(2m)!!2m+1=2(2m)!2m+1.
182.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS179(b)Thisis(2m1)!!2B(12,m).Areductionsimilartothatofpart(a)leadstothelisted
answer.13.3.12.TheseintegralsarecasesofEq.(13.50).(a)10x2p+1(1x2)1/2dx=12B(p+1,12)=(p+1)(12)2(p+32),which
reducestothelistedanswer.(b)10x2p(1x2)qdx=12B(p+12,q+1).Thisreducesinawaysimilartopart(a).13.3.13.Changethe
integrationvariabletoy=Axn/E,sodx=(x/ny)dy,andtherebymaketheintegralacaseofEq.!(13.49):=22mE10(x/ny)dy(1y)1/2=2n
2mEEA1/n10y(1/n)1(1y)1/2dy=2n2mEEA1/nB(1/n,1/2).Thisbetafunctionhasvalue1n1n+12wheninsertedwe
conrmtheanswergivenfor.13.3.14.(a)Writethepotentiallysingularpartofthendependenceofas1n(1/n)(1n+12)=(1+1/n)(1n
+12)(1)(1/2)=1.Combiningwiththeotherfactors,thelimitsimpliesto22mE.(b)Inthelimitoflargenthepotentialiszero
betweentheturningpoints(whicharethenatx=1)andinniteelsewheretheintegralforreducesto=22m10E1/2dx=22mE.(c)At
innitentheparticlewillbemovingwithkineticenergymv2/2=E,sov=2E/m.Atthisvelocity,thetimetotravel4unitsofdistance(oneperiod)
willbe4/v=4m/2E=22m/E.
183.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18013.3.15.FollowingtheHint,letsinh2x=u,2sinhxcoshxdx=du,andtheintegralbecomes
(usingtheidentitycosh2x=sinh2x+1)0sinhxcoshxdx=0u/2(1+u)/2du2[u(1+u)]1/2=120u(1)/2du(1+u)(+1)/2.This
isacaseofEq.(13.51)withp=(1)/2,p+q+2=(+1)/2,correspondingtoq=()/21.Theintegralofthisexercisethereforehasthe
value0sinhxcoshxdx=12B+12,2.13.3.16.TheintegralsoccurringherearecasesofEq.(13.49).(a)x=10xf(x)dx=(+)
()()10x(1x)1dx=(+)()()(+1)()(++1)=+.(b)x2=(+)()()10x+1(1x)1dx=(+
)()()(+2)()(++2)=(+1)(+)(++1).Wenowform2=x2x2=(+1)(+)(++1)2+)2=(
+)2)(++1).13.3.17.TheintegralsofthisexercisearecasesofEq.(13.47)bothareforp=1/2thenumeratorhasq=n+12,whilethe
denominatorhasq=n+1.TheratioofthetwointegralsisB(12,n+12)B(12,n+1)=(12)(n+12)(n+1)(n+32)(12)(n+1)=
[(n+12)]2(n!)2(n+12).ToreachtheWallisformula,write(n+12)as(2n1)!!/2nandwriten+12=(2n+1)/2.ThenB(12,n+12)
B(12,n+1)=2(2n1)!!(2n+1)!!2nn!2nn!=2(2n1)!!(2n+1)!!(2n)!!(2n)!!.Wenowsetthisresult(inthelimitofinniten)equalto
unityandsolvefor/2.
184.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18113.4StirlingsSeries13.4.1.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.13.4.2.UseEq.(13.60)withz=52
itisnotnecessarytokeepanyofthetermswithnegativepowersofz.Computethelogarithm,thenexponentiate.Theresultis8.11067.13.4.3.
Keepingonlytermsthatdonotvanishinthelimitoflargez,thelogarithmofthegammafunctionrecurrenceformulacanbewrittenln(z+1)lnz
ln(z)=C2+(z+12)lnz+(C11)zlnzC2+(z12)ln(z1)+(C11)(z1)=0.Theabovesimpliesimmediatelyto(z12)ln
z(z12)ln(z1)+C11=0.Notingnowthatln(z1)=lnz+ln11z=lnz1zO(z2),ourequationfurthersimpliesinthelimitof
largezto(z12)lnz(z12)lnz1z+C11=0C1=0,conrmingtheassertedvalueC1=0.Wenowpreparetousetheduplication
formulabywritingln(z+1)C2+(z+12)lnzzln(z+12)C2+zln(z12)(z12)ln(2z+1)C2+(2z+12)ln2z2z

SubstitutetheaboveintotheLegendreduplicationformulaln(z+1)+ln(z+12)=12ln2zln2+ln(2z+1).Manytermsnowcancelto
completethecancellationweneedtoexpandln(z12)inawaysimilartoourearliertreatmentofln(z1).Afterthisfurthersimplicationweget
C2=12ln2,theotherrequiredresult.
185.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18213.4.4.Becauselnxisamonotoneincreasingfunction,lnn<n+1nlnxdx<ln(n+1).Since
ln(n!)=ln1+ln2++lnn,ln(n!)willliebetweenthetwointegralsofthepresentexercise.13.4.5.UsingStirlingsasymptoticformulawendthat
(p+1/2)(p+1)ep+1/2p+1p+1/2/p+1constantpforp1.Hencetheseriesdiverges.13.4.6.Asnisincreased,theasymptotic
formulagivenbyStirlingsseries(truncatedbeforesomenegativepoweroftheexpansionargument)canbebroughtarbitrarilyclosetotheinnite
nlimit.Includingallthetermsthatdonotgotozeroatlargen,ourcurrentexpressionhastheasymptoticlimitlnxba(x+a+1)(x+b+1)
(ba)lnx+(x+a+12)ln(x+a)(x+a)(x+b+12)ln(x+b)+(x+b)=(ba)lnx+(ab)lnx.Tosimplifythis,writeln(x+a)=lnx+
ln1+axlnx+ax+,andthesameforln(x+b).Wecanthenverifythatallthetermsthatsurviveatlargexaddtozero,sothelimitweseek
isexp(0)=1.13.4.7.WritethisexpressionintermsoffactorialssothatStirlingsformulacanbeused.Itisconvenienttoworkwithlogarithmsofthe
factors.L=(2n1)!!(2n)!!n1/2=(2n)!n1/222n[n!]2.ThenlnLln(2)2+(2n+12)ln(2n)2n+lnn22nln2ln(2)2(n+12)lnn
+2n+.Thissimpliestoln/2,consistentwiththelistedanswer.13.4.8.(a)UsingStirlingsformula,droppingalltermsofscalinglower
thanN,wehaveN!NlnNNandthen(forarbitrarynibutsubjecttotheconditionthatini=N)S=klnW=kNlnNNMi=1(nilnni
ni)=kMi=1ni(lnNlnni).
186.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS183Introducingthenotationpi=ni/N,thisequationbecomesS=NkMi=1pilnpi.Ifthenumber
ofstatesMisxed,thisexpressionscalesasNandisthereforeextensive.NotethattheindividualtermsofscalinggreaterthanNhavecombinedina
waythatmakesSanextensivequantity.(b)WemustmaximizeSsubjecttotheconstraintP=ipi=1.Weproceedbyobtaininganunconstrained
maximumofSP,afterwhichweset(calledaLagrangemultiplier)toavalueconsistentwiththeconstraint.Fordetails,seeSection22.3.We
haveforeachstateipiWP=lnpi1=0,indicatingthattheextremumofSisreachedwhenallthepiarethesamesincethereareMpi,
eachmusthavethevalue1/M.InsertingthesepivaluesintotheformulaforS,wegetS=NkMi=11Mln(1/M)=NklnM.13.5RiemannZeta
Function13.5.1.Startingfromtheequationgivenasastartingpoint,dividebothsidesby2ieiz,convertingtheparenthesizedquantitiescontaining
complexexponentialsintosinefunctions.Thenreplaceeachsinefunctionbyitsequivalentasgivenbythereectionformula.Eq.(13.23).These
stepsproceedasfollows:e2iz12ieiz=sinz=(z)(1z)e3iz/2eiz/22ieiz=sin(z/2)=(z/2)(112z)(z)(1z)(z)=2z
z(z)(z/2)(112z)(1z).Next,usetheLegendreduplicationformulatoreplace(1z):(1z)=1z21z22z1/2Afterthis
resultisinsertedintotheequationprecedingit,arearrangementwithoutfurtheranalysisyieldsthedesiredformula.
187.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18413.5.2.Integratingbyparts,usingddx1ex1=ex(ex1)2,weobtain0xnex(ex1)2
dx=xnex10+n0xn1ex1dx.HeretheintegratedtermvanishesandthesecondtermcontainstheintegralofEq.(13.62)andhas
valuen!(n).13.5.3.WetreatonlythelimitingcasesTandT0.(a)ForT,weneedthevalueoftheintegralwhentheupperlimitis
small.Expandingthedenominatorandkeepingonlytheleadingterms,x0x5dx(ex1)(1ex)x0x5dx(x)(x)=x0x3dx=x44.Settingx=
/T,wegetCT5614T4=C4T2.(b)Theupperintegrationlimitisnowinnity.Startwithanintegrationbyparts,tobringthe
integrandtoaformthatcanbeidentied,usingEq.(13.62),asleadingtoazetafunction.I=0x5exdx(ex1)2=x5ex10+05x4dx
ex1=5(5)(5)=5!(5).Therefore,5!(5)CT56.13.5.4.Thedenominatoroftheintegrand(withafactortinthenumerator)isthe
generatingfunctionfortheBernoullinumbers,sowecanintroducethatexpansionandintegratetermwise.x0tndtet1=x0tn1dtp=0Bptp
p!=p=0xn+pn+pBpp!.UsingthefactsthatB0=1,B1=1/2,andthattheBpofoddp>1vanish,wecanbringtheaboveexpansiontothe
formgiveninthetext.13.5.5.TheintegralinthisexpressionisacaseofEq.(13.62)withz=4.Itthereforehasthevalue(4)(4)=3!(4).13.5.6.
Summing0enxxs1dx=(s)nsoverthepositiveintegersnweobtainn=10enxxs1dx=(s)(s)=0xs1ex1dxfore(s)>1.
188.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18513.5.7.Makeabinomialexpansionofthedenominatoroftheintegrandasgivenintheexercise:1
ex+1=ex1+ex=n=1(1)n+1enx.Insertthisintotheintegralofthisexerciseandintegratetermwise:0xsdxex+1=n=1(1)n+1
0xsenxdx=n=1(1)n+11ns+1(s+1).ReferringtoEq.(12.62),weidentifythesumovernastheDirichletseries(s+1),withsum(12s
)(s+1),so0xsdxex+1=(12s)(s+1)(s+1),equivalenttotheresulttobeproved.13.5.8.Changingtheintegrationvariabletot=
x/kT,=4(kT)4h30x3dxex+1.ThisintegrationisacaseofExercise13.5.7,andthereforehasthevalue=4(kT)4h33!(123)
(4)=4(kT)4h378490=7530h3(kT)4.13.5.9.Usethebinomialtheoremtoexpandthedenominatoroftheintegrandandthenintegrate
termwise.(1)n+10tneztdt1et=(1)n+10tneztp=0eptdt=(1)n+1p=00tne(z+p)tdt=(1)n+1p=0n!(z+p)n+1.
Toidentifythissummationasapolygammafunctionweneedtochangetheindexingtomovethelowersummationlimitfrom0to1.Wethenhave
(1)n+1n!p=11(z1+p)n+1,whichcorrespondstoEq.(13.41)forz1.
189.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18613.5.10.Thealternatingseriesfor(z),Eq.(13.68),convergesforallez>0,andprovidesa
denitionforthatentireregionexceptatz=1,wherethefactormultiplyingtheseriesbecomessingular.Thereectionformula,Eq.(13.67),extends
theanalyticitytoez0(exceptforthepointz=0).Returningtothepointz=1,weshowittobeasimplepolewithresidue+1bytakingthelimit,
applyinglHopitalsrule:limz1(z1)121zn=1(1)n1nz=1ln2n=1(1)n1n=1ln2ln2=1.Finally,weestablish(0)as
regularbytakingthelimit(0)=limz0z1/2((1z)/2)(z/2)(1z)=1/2(1/2)limz0(1z)(z/2)=limz01(1z)11
(z/2)=limz01z(z/2)=limz012(1+z/2)=12.13.6OtherRelatedFunctions13.6.1.Integratebypartstheintegraldening(a,
x):(a,x)=x0ta1etdt=taa(et)x0+1ax0taetdt=xaexa+1ax0taetdt.Furtherintegrationsbypartsleadstotheseries(a,x)=
xaexa+xa+1exa(a+1)+=exn=0xa+n(a)(a+n+1).Whenaisaninteger,thisreducestotheanswerinthetext.13.6.2.(a)
Startingwiththecasem=1,ddxxa(a,x)=axa1(a,x)+xaxa1ex.
190.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS187UsingtheformulaofExercise13.6.3(a),theabovesimpliestoddxxa(a,x)=xa1(a+
1,x).Applyingthisresultmtimesinsuccessionyieldstheformulatobeproved.(b)Startwithddxex(a,x)=ex(a,x)+xa1ex.Substitutethe
formulaofExercise13.6.3(a),withachangedtoa1,therebyreachingddxex(a,x)=(a1)ex(a1,x).Applyingthisresultmtimesin
succession,wegetdmdxmex(a,x)=(a1)(a2)(am)ex(am,x),equivalenttotheformulagiveninthetext.13.6.3.(a)The
integrationbypartsexhibitedastherstequationinthesolutiontoExercise13.6.1isequivalenttotheformulatobeproved,asitcanbewritten(a,
x)=xaexa+(a+1,x)a.(b)Thisresultcanbeprovedviaanintegrationbyparts.Itcanalsobeconrmedbyaddingtogethertheformulasof
parts(a)and(b)ofthisexercise.ApplyingEq.(13.74),theadditionyieldsthefamiliarfunctionalrelation(a+1)=a(a).13.6.4.InEq.(13.73)
dening(a,x),changetheintegrationvariabletou,witht=u+xandtheintegralnowforufromzerotoinnity.Then(a,x)=0(u+x)a1eu
xdu=xa1ex01+uxa1eudu.Wenowintroducethebinomialexpansionfor()a1becausetheexpansiondoesnotconvergefor
allu(fornonintegrala),furtherstepswillleadtoanasymptoticformula.Weget(a,x)xa1exn=0a1n1xn0uneudu.Theintegral
evaluateston!andyieldstherequiredanswerwhencombinedwiththebinomialcoecient.ThealternateforminvolvingaPochhammersymbol
followsimmediatelyfromtheformula(a)=(an)n(an).
191.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS18813.6.5.Theratioofsuccessivetermsistermn1termn=nxnqp+np+n1.Thisratio
approachesxasalimitforlargen,sotheseriesconvergesforx<1.Forx=1theratiotestisindeterminate,andweresorttotheGausstest.The
expansionofthisratioinpowersof1/nis1+(q+1)/n+sincethecoecientof1/nislargerthanunitythisseriesconvergesatx=1.13.6.6.
StartingfromE1(z)=zettdt,notethatE1(ix)=ixettdt=xeititd(it)=xeittdt=xcostisinttdt=Ci(x)+isi(x).Thisis
theanswertopart(c).Replacingibyiinthisformula,togetE1(ix)=Ci(x)isi(x),wecanformE1(ix)E1(ix)toobtaintheanswertopart

(a)oraddthesequantitiestoprovetheresultofpart(b).13.6.7.(a)Forsmallx,theleadingtermintheseriesexpansionof(a,x)is,fromEq.
(13.76),xa/a.Usethisinitialtermfor(3,2r)andrewrite(2,2r)as(2)(2,2r)sothatwecanusetheinitialtermof(2,2r).Wethenhave(3,
2r)2r+(2,2r)=(3,2r)2r+(2)(2,2r)=(2r)23+1(2r)22=12r23.Thisresultcorrespondstotheanswerwerequire.(b)Forlarger,
(2,2r)becomesnegligible,while(3,2r)approaches(3)=2!.Therefore,asrequired,(3,2r)2r+(2,2r)2!2r=1r.13.6.8.(a)Forsmallx,
theleadingtermintheseriesexpansionof(a,x)is,fromEq.(13.76),xa/a.Usethisinitialtermfor(5,r)and(7,r)andrewrite
192.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS189(4,r)=(4)(4,r)andr2(2,r)=r2(2)r2(2,r).Wethenhave(totermsthroughorderr2
)1r(5,r)+(4,r)=O(r4)+3!O(r4)6,1r3(7,r)+r2(2,4)=O(r4)+1!r2+O(r4)r2.Whentheseexpressionsaresubstitutedinto
theformforV(r)werecovertheanswerinthetext.Atlargex,(a,r)(a)and(a,r)goestozeroaser.Therefore1r(5,r)+(4,r)4!r=24
r,1r3(7,r)+r2(2,4)6!r3=1206r3.WhentheseexpressionsaresubstitutedintotheformforV(r)werecovertheanswerinthetext.
13.6.9.ThisisshowninEqs.(13.81),(13.82)and(13.73).13.6.10.WritetheformulagivenintheexerciseasE1(z)=0ez(1+t)1+tdtandmake
achangeofvariabletou=z(t+1),withdt=du/z.Therangeofuis(z,),andourformulabecomesE1(z)=zeuudu,correspondingtothe
deningequationforE1,Eq.(13.79).13.6.11.Integratingbyparts,En(x)=1exttndt=extxtn1nx1exttn+1dt=exxnx
En+1(x).Rearranging,wereachthedesiredexpression:En+1(x)=exnxnEn(x).13.6.12.En(0)=1dttn=t1n1n1=1n1,n>1.
193.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS19013.6.13.(a)Bringtheintegralrepresentationofsi(x)toamoreconvenienttermforourpresent
purposebywritingitassi(x)=xsinttdt=x0sinttdt0sinttdt=x0sinttdt2.NowintroducetheMaclaurinseriesforsintand
integratetermwise.Theresultistheanswerinthetext.(b)InserttheexpansionofE1(x),Eq.(13.83),intotheexpressionforCi(x)inEq.(13.87):
Ci(x)=12ln(xei/2)n=1(ix)nnn!12ln(xei/2)n=1(+ix)nnn!=+lnx+p=1(1)px2p2p(2p)!.13.6.14.
Expandingcostintheintegralandintegratingtermwise,wegetx01costtdt=n=1(1)nx2n(2n)(2n)!,Thesummationintheabove
equationisthatfoundinpart(b)ofExercise13.6.13,andcanthereforebeidentiedas+lnxCi(x).13.6.15.Inserttherelationconnectingthe
incompletegammafunctionstotheidentityofpart(a)ofExercise13.6.2.Wehaveinitiallydmdxmxa(a)dmdxmxa(a,x)=(1)mxa
m(a+m)(1)mxam(a+m,x).Iftheidentityofpart(a)isalsotoapplyfor(a,x),itisthennecessarythatdmdxmxa(a)=(1)mx
am(a+m).Thedierentiationofxaprovidesthefactorsnecessarytoconvert(a)into(a+m),sotheformulaisproved.Asimilarapproach
canbeusedtoverifythatpart(b)ofExercise13.6.2alsoappliesfor(a,x).
194.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS19113.6.16.Theformulaindicatesthatnmustbeanonnegativeinteger.Startbyexpandingthe
denominatorintheintegrand:1et1=k=1ekt.Thenmakethesubstitutiont=u+xafterthesestepswehavextndtet1=k=10e
k(u+x)(u+x)ndu.Nextintroducethebinomialexpansionfor(u+x)n.Wegetxtndtet1=k=1ekxnj=0njxnj0ujekudu.Theu
integralevaluatestoj!/kj+1insertionofthisvalueintotheaboveequationleadsdirectlytotheproblemanswer.
195.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS19214.BesselFunctions14.1BesselFunctionsoftheFirstKind14.1.1.Theproductg(x,t)g(x,t)=
e(x/2)(t1/tt+1/t)=1=m,nJm(x)tmJn(x)(t)nhaszerocoecientsoftm+nform=n=0.Thisyields1=n=J2n(x)=J20(x)+2n=1
J2n(x),using(1)nJn=Jn.Forrealxtheinequalitiesfollow.14.1.2.TheBesselfunctiongeneratingfunctionsatisestheindicatedrelation.(a)
Therefore,usingEq.(14.2),n=Jn(u+v)tn==J(u)t=J(v)t.Equatingthecoecientsoftnonthetwosidesofthisequation,
whichfortherighthandsideinvolvestermsforwhich=n,soJn(u+v)==J(u)Jn(v).(b)Applyingtheaboveformulaforn=0,
notethatfor||=0,thesummationcontainsthetwotermsJ(u)J(v)andJ(u)J(v).Butbecauseforanyx,J(x)=(1)J(x),boththeseterms
areequal,withvalue(1)J(u)J(v).Combiningthemyieldstheanswertothispartoftheexercise.14.1.3.Thegeneratingfunctionremains
unchangedifwechangethesignsofbothxandt,andthereforen=Jn(x)tn=n=Jn(x)(t)n=(1)nJn(x)tn.Forthisequationtobe
satiseditisnecessarythat,foralln,Jn(x)=(1)nJn(x).14.1.4.(a)ddx[xnJn(x)]=nxn1Jn(x)+xnJn(x)=xn22nxJn(x)+2Jn(x).
196.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS193Replace(2n/x)Jn(x)usingEq.(14.7)and2Jn(x)usingEq.(14.8):ddx[xnJn(x)]=xn2[Jn1(x)
+Jn+1(x)+Jn1(x)Jn+1(x)]=xnJn1(x).(b)ddxxnJn(x)=nxn1Jn(x)+xnJn(x)=xn22nxJn(x)+2Jn(x).Replace(2n/x)Jn(x)
usingEq.(14.7)and2Jn(x)usingEq.(14.8):ddxxnJn(x)=xn2[Jn1(x)Jn+1(x)+Jn1(x)Jn+1(x)]=xnJn+1(x).(c)StartfromEq.
(14.8)withnreplacedbyn+1,anduseEq.(14.7)toreplaceJn+2(x)byitsequivalentintermsofJn+1andJn:2Jn+1(x)=Jn(x)Jn+2(x)=Jn(x)
2(n+1)xJn+1(x)+Jn(x).Collectingtermsanddividingthroughby2yieldsthedesiredresult.14.1.5.InthegeneratingfunctionfortheJnas
giveninEq.(14.2),makethesubstitutiont=iei,leading(withxreplacedby)totheformulae(/2)(iei1/iei)=eicos=m=Jm()
ieim,equivalenttotherequiredexpansion.14.1.6.Set=0intheplanewaveexpansionofExercise14.1.5andseparateintorealandimaginary
parts.Thisyields(a)eix=m=imJm(x),cosx=J0(x)+2m=1(1)mJ2m(x)(b)sinx=2m=0(1)mJ2m+1(x),usingJ2m1=
J2m+1,i2m1=(1)mi.14.1.7.Followingtheprocedureoutlinedinthehint,wehaveafterstep(b)tn=tn1Jn1(x)+t1n=
tn+1Jn+1(x)=n=2nxtnJn(x).
197.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS194Writingasinpart(c)andseparatingvariablesintheresultingODE:dgg=x2(1+t2)dt,with
solutionlng=x2t1t+C0(x)g=C(x)e(x/2)(t1/t),whereC(x)=exp(C0(x))isanintegrationconstant.Thecoecientoft0canbefound
byexpandingext/2andex/2tseparately,multiplyingtheexpansionstogether,andextractingthet0term:ext/2ex/2t=n=0x2ntnn!m=0x2
mtmm!n=0)1)nn!n!x22nt0+.ThisistheseriesexpansionofJ0(x),sowesetC(x)=1.14.1.8.Writeoutthetermcontainingx
+2s+1inJ1(x),(2/x)J(x),and2J(x):J1(x)=+(1)s+1(s+1)!(s++1)x2+2s+1+J+1(x)=+(1)ss!(s++1)x2
+2s+1+2xJ(x)=+(1)s+1(s+1)!(s++2)x2+2s+1+2J(x)=s=0(1)s(+2s)s!(s++1)x2+2s1=+
(1)s+1(+2s+2)(s+1)!(s++2)x2+2s+1+Notethatinseveraloftheaboveformulasweredenedthesummationindexssothat
correspondingpowersofxwereassociatedwiththesameindexvalue.Combiningthecorrespondingpowersofx,therecurrenceformulasareeasily
conrmed.14.1.9.IntroducethepowerseriesexpansionsoftheBesselfunctionsandthenintegrateover.Therstintegralassumestheformsinxx
=n=0(1)nn!n!x2n22n/20cos2n+1d=n=0(1)n2nn!2nn!(2n)!!(2n+1)!!x2n.
198.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS195Thissimpliestosinxx=n=0(1)nx2n(2n+1)!,whichisthepowerseriesexpansionofsin
x/x.Thesecondintegralcanbewritten1cosxx=n=0(1)nn!(n+1)!x2n+122n+1/20cos2n+1d=n=0(1)n2nn!2nn!(2n+2)
(2n)!!(2n+1)!!x2n+1.Thissimpliesto1cosxx=(1)nx2n+1(2n+2)!,whichisthepowerseriesexpansionofthelefthandside.14.1.10.
Tousemathematicalinduction,assumetheformulaforJnisvalidforindexvaluenandthenverifythat,underthatassumption,itisalsovalidfor
indexvaluen+1.ProceedbyapplyingEq.(14.11)withtheJnonitslefthandsidegiventheassumedform:xnJn+1(x)=ddxxnJn(x)=(1)n
ddx1xddxnJ0(x)=(1)nx1xddx1xddxnJ0(x).ThisequationeasilyrearrangestoJn+1(x)=(1)n+1xn+11xddxn+1J0(x),conrming
theverication.Tocompletetheproofbyinduction,wemustshowthattheformulaofthisexerciseisvalidforn=0forthatcaseitistrivial.
14.1.11.WeconsiderfornowonlythezerosofJn(x)forx>0.Othercasescanbetreatedbyobviousextensionsofthemethodtobeusedhere.There
mustbeatleastonezeroofJn(x)betweentwoconsecutivezerosofJn(x),and,byEq.(14.10)thisimpliesthatatleastonezeroofJn1(x)liesinthis
interval.FromEq.(14.11)wemayinasimilarfashionconcludethatatleastonezeroofJn(x)liesbetweentwoconsecutivezerosofJn1.Forthese
observationstobemutuallyconsistentthezerosofJnandJn1mustalternate,i.e.,theremustbeexactlyonezeroofJn1betweentwoconsecutive
zerosofJn.
199.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS19614.1.12.Rewritetheintegralofthisexerciseintermsoftheintegrationvariablex=ur:I=1u2u
01x2u2xJ0(x)dx.ThennotethatbyEq.(14.10)xJ0(x)=[xJ1(x)],andintegratebyparts.Theintegrationthatremainscanalsoberewritten
usingEq.(14.10):I=1u2xJ1(x)1x2u2u0+1u2u02xu2xJ1(x)dx=0+2u4u0x2J2(x)dx=2u4u2J2(u),equivalenttotheanswerwe
seek.14.1.13.Writef()asf()=ik2R0d20dcos(ksinsin)+isin(ksinsin).FromEqs.(14.18)and(14.19)withn=0,note
thattheintegralofthecosinehasvalue2J0(ksin),andtheintegralofthesinevanishes.Wenowmakeachangeofvariablefromtox=ksin

,andthennote,applyingEq.(14.10),thatxJ0(x)=[xJ1(x)],sof()=iksin2kRsin0xJ0(x)dx=iksin2xJ1(x)kRsin0=iRsin
J1(kRsin).Wenowform|f()|2,obtainingthedesiredresult.14.1.14.(a)WeperformoperationssimilartothoseusedtoobtainEq.(14.13).Todo
soitwillbeconvenienttohaveaformulasimilartothatofEq.(14.12).Addingorsubtractingthetworecurrenceformulasofthisexercise,we
establishCn(x)=Cn1(x)n1xCn1(x).Nowweformx2Cnasx2/2timesthederivativeofthesecondrecurrenceformulaofthisexercise,
xCnfromthatsecondrecurrenceformulatimesx/2,andn2Cnbymultiplyingtherstrecurrenceformulabynx/2.Inthiswaywereachx2Cn+xCn
n2Cn=x22Cn1n1xCn1+Cn+1+n+1xCn+1.
200.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS197Usingtheformuladerivedearlierinthisproblemsolution,therighthandsideoftheabove
equationsimpliestox2Cn,sowehavex2Cn(x)+x2Cn(x)(x2+n2)Cn(x)=0.ThisisthelinearODEweseek.(b)TheODEfoundinpart(a)
becomestheBesselequationifwemakethechangeofvariablet=ix.Thissubstitutioncausesx2(d2/dx2)t2(d2/dt2)andx(d/dx)t(d/dt),
butx2t2,sot2d2dt2Cn(it)+tddtCn(it)+(t2n2)Cn(it)=0.14.1.15.(a)UsingtheSchlaeiintegralrepresentationandwritingonlythe
integrand,wehaveJ(x)12t1te(x/2)(t1/t)t+1,J(x)14t1t2e(x/2)(t1/t)t+1,x2J(x)+xJ(x)+(x22)J(x)x24t
1t2+x2t1t+x22e(x/2)(t1/t)t+1x24t+1t2+x2t1t2e(x/2)(t1/t)t+1.EvaluatingthederivativeinEq.(14.38),again
writingonlytheintegrand,ddte(x/2)(t1/t)t+x2t+1t=e(x/2)(t1/t)tt+x2t+1t+x211t2+x21+1t2+x2t+1tThese
twoexpressionsarenoweasilyshowntobeequal,permittingustoproceedtotheanalysisfollowingEq.(14.38).Therepresentationgiveninthetext
asanintegraloverscanbereached
201.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS198fromtheSchlaeiintegralbychangingtheintegrationvariabletos=xt/2.Thends=(x/2)dt.The
contourinsisthesameasthecontourfort.(b)Makethechangeofvariablet=ei.Thendt=ieibecausenisintegral,thereisnocutandthe
integralisacounterclockwisetraverseoftheunitcirclethelimitsonare0and2.Theexponentialnowbecomes(x/2)(eiei)=ixsin.
Also,dt/tn+1=ieind.Withthesechanges,werecovertherstintegralofpart(b)forJn.Makenowafurtherchangeofvariableto=(/2)
thensin=cosandn=n(/2)+n.Notingthaten/2=in,weobtainthenalformulaofpart(b).14.1.16.Thecontourconsistsofthree
parts:(1)z=ei+u,withurangingfrom+tozero(2)z=ei,withrangingfromtoand(3)z=ei+u,withurangingfromzeroto+.
TherstcontourintegralofExercise14.1.15isthereforethesumofthefollowingthreeintegrals:Range(1):12i0e(x/2)(ei+ueiu)(ei
+u)+1ei+udu,Range(2):12ie(x/2)(eiei)ei(+1)ieid,Range(3):12i0e(x/2)(ei+ueiu)(ei+u)+1ei+udu.
Introducingtrigonometricandhyperbolicfunctionswhereappropriate,andaddingtogetherthethreecontributionstotheoverallcontourintegral,
designatedI,wereachI=ei2i0exsinhuudu+12eixsinid+ei2i0exsinhuudu.Therstandthirdintegrals
cannowbecombinedtoyield10evuxsinhuei+ei2idu,whichreducestosin()0evuxsinhudu.Thesecondintegral
canbeexpandedintorealandimaginaryparts.Recognizingsymmetry,theimaginarypartisseentovanish,whilethereal
202.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS199partcanbewrittenastwiceanintegraloverhalftheoriginalrange:12[cos(xsin)+i
sin(xsin)]d=10cos(xsin)d.Puttingtogethertheaboveresults,weobtainBesselsintegral.14.1.17.(a)Expandcos(xsin):
J(x)=21/2(+12)x2k=0(1)kx2k(2k)!/20sin2kcos2d=21/2(+12)x2k=0(1)kx2k(2k)!(k+12)(+12)
2(k++1).Writing(k+12)=1/2(2k1)!!/2k,substitutingforthedoublefactorialfromEq.(1.76)andsimplifying,J(x)=k=0(1)kk!
(k++1)x2+2k,theseriesexpansionofJnu(x).(b)Changetheintegrationvariableto=/2andthereforechangesinandcos
respectivelytocosandsin.Theintegrandisnowsymmetricabout/2sotheintegrationrangecanbeextendedto(0,)andtheresultthen
dividedby2.Thisestablishestherstformulaofpart(b).Thesecondformulafollowsbecausetherealpartofeixcosiscos(xcosandthe
integraloftheimaginarypart,sin(xcos),vanishesbysymmetry.Thelastformulaofpart(b)followsdirectlyfromthechangeofintegration
variabletop=cos,takingnotethatdp=sind.14.1.18.(a)Dierentiatetheintegralrepresentationofthisexercisewithrespecttox.
Dierentiationofthefactor(x/2)returnstheoriginalintegral,butmultipliedby/x.Dierentiationofthexdependencewithintheintegralcauses
theintegrandtobemultipliedbyx/2t.ThatfactorcausestheexpressiontorepresentJ+1.(b)Dierentiationoftheintegralrepresentationwith
respecttoxcausesustoreachJ(x)=12iC12t1tt1e(x/2)(t1/t)dt.
203.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS200Expandingtheintegrandintoitstwoterms,weidentifythemrespectivelyasJ1/2andJ+1/2,
conrmingthedesiredresult.14.1.19.DierentiatingtheintegralrepresentationofJn(x),wegetJn(x)=10sin(nxsin)sind.Inthe
integralrepresentationsofJn1(x),introducethetrigonometricformulascos[(n1)xcos]=coscos(nxsin)sinsin(nxsin).
WhenweformJn1Jn+1,thecostermscancelandthesintermsadd,givingthedesiredresult.14.1.20.WriteJ0(bx)asitsseriesexpansion,
andintegratetermwise,recognizingtheintegralsasfactorials.Consideringforthemomentthecasea>b>0,wehave0eaxJ0(bx)dx=n=0
(1)nb2n22nn!n!0eaxx2ndx=n=0(1)nb2n22nn!n!(2n)!a2n+1=1an=0(1)n(2n)!(2n)!!(2n)!!b2a2n=1an=0(1)n(2n
1)!!(2n)!!b2a2n.Wenowidentifythenalformofthesummationasthebinomialexpansion1+b2a21/2=n=01/2nb2a2n,where,from
Eq.(1.74),thebinomialcoecienthasthevalue1/2n=(1)n(2n1)!!(2n)!!.Insertingthevalueofthesummationandmultiplyingitby1/a,we
obtain0eaxJ0(bx)dx=1(a2+b2)1/2.Thisresultcannowbeanalyticallycontinuedtotheentireregionforwhichtheintegralrepresentation
converges.14.1.21.Expandtheintegrand:F()=cos(xsinn)=cos(xsin)cos(n)+sin(xsin)sin(n).Comparetheabovewiththeresultif
isreplacedby2:F(2)=cos(xsin[2])cos(n[2])+sin(xsin[2])sin(n[2]).
204.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS201Nownotethatsin(2)=sin,cos(n[2])=cos(n),andsin(n[2])=sin(n),so
theaboveequationbecomesF(2)=cos(xsin)cos(n)sin(xsin)sin(n)=cos(xsin)cos(n)+sin(xsin)sin(n)=F().This
relationcausestheintegralfromto2tobeequaltotheintegralfrom0to,therebyconrmingthedesiredresult.14.1.22.(a)Theminimaoccurat
thezerosofJ1[(2a/)sin].ThersttwozerosofJ1(x)arex=3.8317and7.0156.SeeTable14.1.(b)ThecontributiontotheintensityforBessel
functionargumentxintheregion(0,x0)is(becausetheapertureiscircularandtheelementofareaisproportionaltox)Intensity(0,x0)x00
J1(x)x2xdx=x00J1(x)2dxx.Thetotalintensityistheintegralof2overtheentirediractionpattern,whichifa/issmallcanbe
approximatedbysettingx0=.Theintegralinquestioniselementary,withvaluex00[J1(x)]2dxx=12J0(x)2+J1(x)2x001J0(x0)2
J1(x0)2.Usingtheaboveexpression,thetotalintensityofthediractionpatterncorrespondstounity,whilethatouttotherstzeroofJ1will
correspondto1J0(3.8317)2=0.838.This,therefore,isthefractionoftheintensityinthecentralmaximum.14.1.23.Intherstintegral,replace
J2(x)/xby(J1(x)/x):22ka0J2(x)xdx=2J1(x)x2ka0=J1(2ka)ka+1,wherethe+1resultsfromthelowerlimitbecauselimx0J1(x)/x=
1/2.Wenowrewritethesecondintegralas12ka2ka0J2(x)dx=12ka2ka0[J0(x)2J1(x)]dx=12ka2ka0J0(x)dx+J1(2ka)ka.
Combiningtheseformsofthetwointegrals,theJ1termscancel,leavingtheresultgivenforpart(b)oftheexercise.Toreachtheresultforpart
205.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS202(a),replaceJ0intheintegrandoftheanswerforpart(b)by2J1+J2,thenreplaceJ2by2J3+J4,
andcontinueindenitely,toreachT=11ka2ka0[J1(x)+J3(x)+]dx.TheintegralsevaluatetoJ1(2ka)J1(0)+J3(2ka)J3(0)+
sincealltheseJn(x)vanishatx=0,werecovertheanswergivenforpart(a).14.1.24.Solvebythemethodofseparationofvariables,takingU=
P()()T(t).Theseparatedequationsare1v2d2Tdt2=k2,d2d2=m2,d2Pd2+1dPdm22P=k2P.Thetequationhas
solutionb1eit+b2eit,withk2=2/v2.Theequationhassolutionc1eim+c2eim,withmanintegertoassurecontinuityatall.The
equationisaBesselODEinthevariablek,withsolutionJm(k)thatisnonsingulareverywhereonthemembrane.ThefunctionJm(k)mustvanish
at=a,sothepointskamustbezerosofJm.Theexerciseasksfortheallowablevaluesofk,towhichtheforegoingprovidesananswer.More
relevantisthatthesevaluesofkdeterminethevaluesofthataretheoscillationfrequenciesofthemembrane.IfmnisthenthzeroofJm,thenkn
=mn/aandn=mnv/a.14.1.25.Thisproblemseeksperiodicsolutionsatangularfrequency,withtimedependenceetwethenhave2=
2/c2.Solvingbythemethodofseparationofvariables,writeBz=P()()Z(z).Theseparatedequationsared2Zdz2=g2,d2d2=m2,

d2Pd2+1dPd+(2g2)m22P=0.ThezequationhassolutionCsin(p/l),wherepmustbeapositiveintegerinordertosatisfythe
boundaryconditionsatz=0andz=l.Thecorrespondingvaluesofg2arep22/l2.Theequationhassolutionseim,withmanintegerto
assurecontinuityatall.TheequationcanbewrittenasaBesselODEoforderminthevariablek,wherek2=2g2itwillonlyhave
solutionswithdP/dzeroonaniteboundaryifk2>0,andazeroderivativewillthenoccurat=aifka=mn,wheremnisthenthpositivezero
ofJm.Withthesevaluesofk,wecansolvefor,gettingtheresultgiveninthetext.14.1.26.Inorderforawaveguidetotransmitelectromagnetic
wavesitmustbeconsistentwithsolutionsofMaxwellsequationsthatdonotdecayexponentiallyinthezdirection(theaxialdirectionofthewave
guide).From
206.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS203Example14.1.2weseethattheboundaryconditionsonthecylindricalsurfaceofthewaveguide
(atradiusa)requirethatthetravelingwaveTMsolutionsbeoftheformEz=Jm(mj/a)eimeilzeit,with(2/c2)l2=(mj/a)2andmj
thejthpositivezeroofJm.ItisnecessarythatlberealtoavoidadecayofEzaszincreases,sotheminimumpossiblevalueof/cconsistentwithan
oscillatorysolutionintheTMmodecharacterizedbymandjis/c=mj/a.Since=2,whereisthefrequencyoftheelectromagnetic
oscillation,wehavemin(m,j)=mj/2a.14.1.28.Rewritetheintegrandasxmn1[xn+1Jn(x)]andintegratebyparts,differentiatingtherst
factorandusingEq.(14.10)tointegratethesecondfactor.Theresultisa0xmJn(x)dx=xmn1xn+1Jn+1(x)a0(mn1)a0xm1Jn+1(x)dx
.Whetherornotmn,thisprocesscanbecontinueduntiltheonlyintegrationisthatofJm+n(x).WemaythenuseEq.(14.8)towritea0Jn+m(x)
dx=2a0Jn+m1(x)dx+a0Jn+m2(x)dx=2Jn+m1(x)a0+a0Jn+m2(x)dx,continuinguntiltheonlyunintegratedquantityiseitherJ0
orJ1.(a)Ifn+misodd,thenalintegrationisa0J1(x)dx=a0J0(x)dx=1J0(a).(b)Ifn+miseven,thenalintegrationisa0J0(x)dxthis
integralcannotbewrittenasanitelinearcombinationofapJq(a).14.1.29.WriteyJ0(y)=[yJ1(y)]andintegratebyparts,simplifyingtheresult
usingthefactthattheupperintegrationlimitisazeroofJ0,thenreplacing
207.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS204J1byJ0andintegratingbypartsasecondtime.001y0J0(y)ydy=1y0yJ1(y)00+
1000yJ1(y)dy=1000yJ0(y)dy=yJ0(y)000+1000J0(y)dy=1000J0(y)dy.14.2Orthogonality14.2.1.Writethe
Besselequationoforder,withsolutionsJ(k)andJ(k)asdddJ(k)d+k22J(k)=0,dddJ(k)d+k22J(k)=
0,andforma0Jv(k)dddJ(k)dd=k2a0J(k)J(k)d+2a0J(k)J(k)1d,a0Jv(k)dddJ(k)dd=k2a0
J(k)J(k)d+2a0J(k)J(k)1d.Subtracttherstofthesetwoequationsfromthesecond,reaching(k2k2)a0J(k)J(k)d
=a0Jv(k)dddJ(k)dda0Jv(k)dddJ(k)dd.
208.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS205Therstofthetwointegralsontherighthandsidecanbeconvertedviatwointegrationsbyparts
into(plus)thesecondintegral,sotheycancel,leavingonlytheintegratedboundaryterms,whichareJ(k)dJ(k)ddJ(k)dJ(k)a0=
[J(k)kJ(k)kJ(k)J(k)]a0.Notethefactorskandkthatarisebecausenowthederivativesaretakenwithregardtothefunction
arguments(kork).Thetermsfromtheboundary=0vanishthosefrom=aconstitutethevalueoftherstLommelintegral.Toevaluatethe
secondLommelintegral,startfromtheequationatthebottomofpage662ofthetext,whichistheresultofapplyinglHopitalsruletothe
indeterminateformobtainedwhenwedividetherstLommelformulabyk2k2andtakethelimitkk.NotethatddkkJ(ka)=1addkk
dJ(ka)dk=1aa2k2kJ(ka),aresultofthesametypeastherstformulasofthisexercisesolution(butnowwithkthevariable).
Substitutingintotheequationonpage662,andsettingk=k,weobtaina0[J(k)]2d=J(ka)a2k+2kJ(ka)ka2[J(ka)]22k.This
expressionreducestothevaluegivenforthesecondLommelintegral.14.2.2.(a)FromExercise14.2.1,withk=m/aandk=n/a,wehave(for
m=n,andthereforek=k)a0J(ka))J(ka)d=ak2k2[kJ(ka)Jv(ka)kJ(ka)J(ka)].Butka=mandthereforeJ(ka)=0,andka=
nandthereforeJ(ka)=0,sotherighthandsideoftheaboveequationvanishes,establishingtheresultofpart(a).(b)Thisnormalization
integralisacaseofthesecondLommelintegralofExercise14.2.1.Inthevaluegivenforthatintegral,theJ(ka)termvanishesbecauseka=m,
leavingonlythesecondterm,whichisthedesiredanswer.14.2.3.ThisresultisprovedinExercise14.2.1.
209.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS20614.2.4.TheequationreferencedinthisexerciseshouldhavebeenEq.(14.44).Pureimaginary
rootscanbeexcludedbecausewhenzispureimaginary,alltermsofthepowerseriesexpansionhavethesamesignandthereforecannotsumto
zero.Becauseallcoecientsinthepowerseriesexpansionarereal,complexrootsmustoccurincomplexconjugatepairs.Ifthereweresuchapair,
theorthogonalityintegralwouldinvolve|J|2andcouldnotbezerohenceacontradiction.14.2.5.(a)Thisisanexpansioninfunctionsthatare
orthogonal,butnotnormalized.Thecoecientsarethereforegivenascm=J(m/a)|f()J(m/a)|J(m/a).Thenormalizationintegralin
thedenominatorhasthevaluegiveninEq.(14.46).(b)Thisisalsoanexpansioninfunctionsthatareorthogonal,butnotnormalizedseeExercise
14.2.2.Aformulasimilartothatofpart(a)applies,buttheBesselfunctionargumentsarem/a.Thenormalizationintegralinthedenominator
hasthevaluegiveninthesolutiontoExercise14.2.2.14.2.6.Takeourcylindertohaveradiusaandtohaveendcapsatz=h.Thepotentialsatises
Laplacesequation,whichhastheseparatedvariableformgiveninExample14.2.1,atEqs.(14.49)(14.51).Asintheexample,theODEforP()has
solutionsthatareBesselfunctionsJm(l),withlchosentomakeJm(la)=0thus,lmusthaveoneofthevaluesmj/a,wherejreferstothejth
positivezeroofJm.ThegeneralsolutionforZlisalinearcombinationofelzthatconsistentwiththesymmetryofthepresentproblemiscoshlz.
ThemostgeneralsolutionthatvanishesonthecurvedsurfaceandsatisestheproblemsymmetryismjcmjJm(mj/a)eimcosh(mjz/a).Wemust
nowchoosethecoecientscmjsoastoreproducethepotential(,)atz=h(and,bysymmetry,alsoatz=h).Thisrequirementcorrespondsto
(,)=mjcmjJm(mj/a)eimcosh(mjh/a).Exploitingtheorthogonalityofthem()andoftheBesselfunctions(as
210.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS207inExample14.2.1),wendcmj=a2cosh(mjh/a)J2m+1(mj)120da0(,
)Jm(mj/a)eimd.14.2.7.SubstitutetheBesselseriesforf(x)intotheintegralfortheParsevalrelationandinvokeorthogonalityoftheBessel
functions:10[f(x)]2dx=n=1n=1anan10Jm(mn)x)Jm(mnx)xdx=n=1a2n10[Jm(mn)]2dx.NowinvokingEq.(14.46)witha=
1,werecoverthedesiredresult.14.2.8.Followingthehint,wewritexm=n=1anJm(mn(x).Wenowevaluatethecoecientsan:an=10xm
Jm(mn(x)xdx12[Jm+1(mn)]2.TheintegrandofthenumeratorcanbeidentiedasaderivativeusingEq.(14.10),whichinthepresentcontext
canbewrittendd(x)(x)m+1Jm+1(x)=(x)m+1Jm(x)1ddxxm+1Jm+1(x)=xm+1Jm(x).Insertingthisexpressionandthereby
evaluatingtheintegral,wegetan=Jm+1(mn)/mn[Jm+1(mn)]/2=2mnJm+1(mn).
211.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS208Next,alsoassuggestedbythehint,weformtheParsevalintegral10xmxmxdx=12m+2=
n=1n=1anan10Jm(mnx)Jm(mnx)xdx=n=1a2n10[Jm(mnx)]2xdx=12n=1a2n[Jm+1(mnx)]2.Finally.weinsertthe
expressionpreviouslyfoundforan,reaching12(m+1)=12n=142mn,equivalenttotheanswerweseek.14.3NeumannFunctions14.3.1.
Usetherecursionrelations,Eqs.(14.7)and(14.8),whichareobeyedforbothpositiveandnegative.Changingto,wehaveJ1(x)+J
+1(x)=2xJ(x),J1(x)J+1(x)=2xJ(x).HenceY+1+Y1=cos(+1)J+1J1sin(+1)+cos(1)J1J+1
sin(1)=cos(J+1+J1)sin+J1+J+1sin=cos(2/x)Jsin+(2/x)Jsin=2xY.Thesecondrecursionis
provedsimilarly.14.3.2.ProceedbymathematicalinductionusingtherecursionformulaYn1(x)+Yn+1(x)=2nxYn(x),whichisvalidforboth
positiveandnegativen.AssumethatYk(x)=(1)kYk(x)
212.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS209fork=nandk=n1.ThenusetheaboverecurrenceformulatoformYn1(x)fromYn(x)
andYn+1(x):Yn1=(2n)xYnYn+1=(2nx(1)nYn(x)(1)n1Yn1=(1)n+12nxYnYn1=(1)n+1Yn+1.Tocomplete
theproofweneedtoestablishthetwostartingvaluesY0(x)=(1)0Y0(x)(whichistrivial),andY1(x)=Y1(x),whichfollowsdirectlyfromthe
recurrenceformularstmentionedabovewithn=0.14.3.3.FromExercise14.3.2weknowthatY1(x)=Y1(x).Usingthisresult,thesecond
formulainExercise14.3.1withn=0yields2J1(x)=2J0(x),equivalenttotheresultweseek.14.3.4.Thelefthandsideoftheformulaofthis
exerciseistheWronskianWofthetwosolutions.ForanODEintheformy+P(x)y+Q(x)y=0,wefoundinSection7.6thatitsWronskianhasthe
formW(x)=AexpxP(x1)dx1,whereAisindependentofx.ApplyingthisformulatoBesselsequation,forwhichP(x)=x1,wehavexP(x1)

dx1=lnx,exp(lnx)=1x,andtheconstantAintheWronskianformulamaydependuponthespecicsolutionsXandZandontheindex.
14.3.5.Inprincipleweneedtobeginbyverifyingthatthelefthandsideoftherstofthetwoformulasgivenforthisexerciseisactuallya
Wronskian.FromEq.(14.12),with(1)n=+1andtheminussignofthesymbol,and(2)n=1andtheplussignofthesymbol,weget(1)
J+1=J+xJ,(2)J1=J+xJ.Insertingtheseexpressionsintotherstformulaoftheexerciseandnotingthattwotermscancel,
wehaveJJ+1+JJ1=JJJJ,whichisindeedaWronskian,asJandJaresolutionsofthesameBesselequation.
213.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS210WenowcontinuebyobservingthatfromExercise14.3.4weknowthattheseWronskianformulas
musthaverighthandsideswhosexdependenceis1/x.Wemaydeterminethecoecientof1/xbyexaminingtheleadingterminapowerseries
expansionofthelefthandside.Fortherstformula,weneedJ(x)=x2(+1)+.SincetheleadingpowerofxinJ(x)isx,theleading
powerforsmallx(thelowestpower)willcomeonlyfromthesecondtermoftheWronskianwegetJ(x)J1(x)=x2(+1)x12
1()=2x()(1).Wenowreplacetheproductofgammafunctionsusingthereectionformula,Eq.(13.23),reachingtheresultgivenin
thetext.InsertingthedenitionofYintothesecondWronskianformulaoftheexerciseandnotingthattwotermscancel,wegetJYJY=
JJ+JJsin,whichcanbefurthersimpliedbyusingEq.(14.67)toreplacethenumeratorby2sin/x.Theresultistheanswergiven
inthetext.14.3.6.SincethepowerseriesexpansionsofJ(x)involvepowersofxthatincreaseinstepsof2andtheleadingpowerisx1,the
coecientofx0willvanishandweneedonlytoconrmthevanishingofthecoecientofx1.Toconrmthiswewillneedtokeeptwotermsinthe
expansionsoftheJandJ,andkeeponlythesecondtermsoftheirproducts.TheexpansionsofJandJareJ(x)=(x/2)(+1)(x/2)+21!
(+2)+,J(x)=x(x/2)(1)+2x(x/2)+21!(2)+.Showingexplicitlyonlythex1termintheproductofthese
functions,JJ=+x41(+1)2(2)+(1)1(+2)+.TheotherproductintheWronskiancanbeobtainedby
replacingintheaboveexpressionby,yieldingJJ=+x41(1)2(+2)(+1)1(2)+.
214.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS211Thex1contributiontotheWronskianbecomesJJJJ=+x422(+1)(2)
+2+2(1)(+2)+.Thecoecientofx1reducestozero.14.3.7.Letydenotetheintegralofthisexercise.WewishtoverifythatI=x2
y+xy+x2y=x20cos(xcosht)cosh2tdtx0sin(xcosht)coshtdt+x20cos(xcosht)dt=0.Integratebypartsthesecondtermofthe
aboveexpression,dierentiatingsin(xcosht)andintegratingcosht.Theintegratedboundarytermsvanish,andwehavex0sin(xcosht)cosht
dt=x0cos(xcosht)(xsinht)(sinht)dt=x20cos(xcosht)sinh2tdt.Combiningthisresultwiththeothertwoterms,wehavex20cos(x
cosht)cosh2t+sinh2t+1dt.Theintegrandisidenticallyzero.14.3.8.StartingfromthepowerseriesexpansionofJ(x),wegetJ=s=0
(1)ss!(+s+1)x22s+lnx2s=0(1)ss!x22s+W,whereWisshorthandforanexpressionthatcanbewrittenintermsofthegamma
anddigammafunctions:W=1[(+s+1)]2d(+s+1)d=(+s+1)(+s+1).Thetermoftheaboveequationcontainingln(x/2)isjust
J(x)ln(x/2),andinthelimitthatisapositiveinteger,therstequationabovesimpliestoJ=n=Jnln(x/2)s=0(1)s(n+s+1)s!(s
+n)!x22s+n.
215.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS212Similarprocessingof(J/producesJ=n=Jnln(x/2)+s=0(1)ss!x22snlim
ksn(k+1)(k+1).Theratio/iswrittenasalimitbecauseitisanindeterminateformfornegativek.Toproceedfurtherwedividethe
summationinJ/intopartss<nandsn,inthelatterpartchangingthesummationindextot=snandtheassociatedrangetot=[0,].For
therstpartofthesummationweinserttherelationship(givenintheHint)(m)/(m)(1)m+1m!.Inaddition,wewriteJn=(1)nJn.With
theseadjustments,wereachJ=n=(1)n+1Jnln(x/2)+n1s=0(1)ss!x22sn(1)ns(ns1)!+t=0(1)t+n(t+n)!x22t+n(t+
1)t!,whichcanbefurthersimpliedto(1)n+1J=n=Jnln(x/2)n1s=0(ns1)!s!x22sns=0(1)s(s+1)s!(s+n)!x2
2s+n.Wenowaddournalderivativeexpressionsanddivideby,therebyobtainingEq.(14.61).14.3.9.Weneedboththeequationgiveninthe
exerciseandasimilarformulaforJwhichwecanobtainbydierentiatingthesolutionJtoBesselsODE:x2d2dx2J+xddxJ+
(x22)J=2J.Ifwenowformthesumoftheequationgivenintheexerciseand(1)n+1timestheequationgivenabove,wegetx2d2
dx2Yn+xddxYn+(x2n2)Yn=2nJn+(1)n+1Jn.TherighthandsideofthisequationvanishesbecauseJn=(1)nJn,showingthatYn
is,asclaimed,asolutiontoBesselsODE.
216.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS21314.4HankelFunctions14.4.1.Parts(a)through(e)ofthisexerciseareeasilyprovedusingthe
Wronskianformula,Eq.(14.70):J(x)Y(x)J(x)Y(x)=2x,togetherwiththedenitionsoftheHankelfunctions,Eqs.(14.76)and(14.77).As
anexample,theformulaofpart(a)canbewrittenJ(J+iY)J(J+iY)=i(JYJY)=i2x.Similarprocessesproveparts(b)through
(e).Forparts(f)and(g)weneedtherelationshipinEq.(14.71).Asanexample,writetheformulaofpart(g)asfollows:J1(J+iY)J(J1+
iY1=i(J1YJY1)=i2x.Theformulaofpart(f)isprovedsimilarly.14.4.2.Thesolutionstobothpartsofthisproblemarejustied
bythediscussiononpages676and677ofthetext.14.4.3.Thesubstitutions=ei/tmapst=0+intos=ei,t=iintos=i,andt=eiintos=
0+.Thus,thesandtcontoursareidenticalexceptthattheyaretraversedinoppositedirections,whichcanbecompensatedbyintroducingaminus
sign.SubstitutingintoEq.(14.90),wehaveH(1)(x)=1iC1e(x/2)(s1/s)ds/s2(ei/s)+1=eiiC1e(x/2)(s1/s)dss+1=eiH(1)
(x).14.4.5.Changingtheintegrationvariablebythesubstitutiont=e,theintegralsofthisproblemhavetheintegrandshown.(a)Thepointt=
0,approachedfromtherstquadrant,canbetransformedinto=e+i,and(forpositivex)theintegrandbecomesnegligibleatthatintegration
limit.Thepointt=eitransformsinto=++iandtheintegrandofthecontourintegralwillremainanalyticifwegettothatendpointonthe
pathintheplaneshownasC3inFig.14.11.(b)Heret=0isapproachedfromthefourthquadrant,andt=eitransformsinto=+i,so
thepathintheplaneisC4.
217.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS21414.4.6.(a)InEq.(14.90)forn=0,makeachangeofvariabledenedbyt=ies=es+i/2,
causing(x/2)(tt1tobecome(x/2)(iet1/iet)=ixcosht.Thennotethatdt/t=iesds/ies=ds,sotheintegrationassumestheformH(1)0(x)=1
iCeixcoshsds.TodeterminethecontourC,notethatt=0(approachedfrompositivet)correspondstos=i/2,whilet=correspondsto
s=+i/2.Thecontourisintheupperhalfplanebecauses=0correspondstot=i.(b)Sincecoshs=cosh(s)andeachpointsofthecontourinthe
righthalfplanecorrespondstoapointsonthecontourofthelefthalfplane,wecanrestricttheintegraltotherighthalfplaneandmultiplyby2.
14.4.7.(a)SinceJ0istherealpartofH(1)0(whenxisreal),weneedonlytaketherealpartoftheintegralgivenforH(1)0.(b)Makeachangeof
variabletot=coshs,dt=sinhsds.Butsinhs=cosh2s1=t21,andweobtaintheintegralrepresentationrequiredhere.14.4.8.(a)Y0(x)isthe
imaginarypartoftheintegralrepresentationgivenforH(1)0(x).WritingH(1)0(x)=2i0[cos(xcoshs)+isin(xcoshs)]ds,weidentifythe
imaginarypartastheformulagiveninpart(a).(b)Changetheintegrationvariabletot=coshs.Thendt=sinhsds.Sincesinh2s=cosh2s1=t2
1,wehaveds=dt/t21.Thissubstitutionleadstotheintegralofpart(b).Thelowerlimitt=1correspondstos=0.14.5ModiedBessel
Functions14.5.1.Inthegeneratingfunctionformula,changextoixandttoitthatformulathenbecomese(x/2)(t+1/t)=n=Jn(ix)(it)n=
n=inJn(ix)tn=n=In(x)tn.14.5.2.(a)UsingtheexpansionofExercise14.1.5with=/2,wehave,setting=ix,excos(/2)=1=
n=imJm(ix)eim/2=n=(1)mJm(ix).
218.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS215BecauseJm(ix)=(1)mJm(ox),thesummandsfor+mandmcancelwhenmisoddbutare
equalwhenmisevenandnonzero,sowehave1=J0(ix)+2m=1J2m(ix)=I0(x)+2m=1(1)mI2m(x).(b)Aprocesssimilartothatforpart
(a),butwith=0and=ix,yieldstheexpansioninthetextforex.(c)Insertingxforxinpart(b)andnotingthatInhastheparityof(1)n,the
resultisimmediate.(d)UsingtheresultofExercise14.1.6,with=ix,wehavecosix=coshx=J0(ix)+2n=1(1)nJ2n(ix)=I0(x)+2n=1
I2n(x).(e)Aprocessforsinix=isinhxsimilartothatemployedinpart(d)leadstotheanswerinthetext.14.5.3.(a)Theintegrandoftheintegralof
thisexercisehasapoleatt=0whoseresidueisthecoecientoftnintheexpansionoftheexponential,namelyIn(x).Thusthecontourintegraland
thefactorprecedingit,1/2i,yieldtherequiredresult.(b)AproceduresimilartothatdevelopedatEqs.(14.38)(14.40)conrmsthattheintegral
representationisthatofI.14.5.4.ExpandtheexponentialintheintegrandoftherstexpressionforI(z)inapowerseriestheoddpowersvanish

uponintegrationtheevenpowersleadtoI(z)=11/2(+12)k=0z2+2k0cos2ksin2d.TheintegralisthebetafunctionB(k+12
,+12),soI(z)=11/2(+12)k=0z2+2k(k+12)(+12)(+k+1).Ifwenowwrite(k+12)=(2k)!22kk!,theright
handsideoftheequationforI(z)reducestoitspowerseriesexpansion.ThesecondexpressionforI(z)canbeobtainedfromtherstbythesub
stitutionp=cosintheintegralthensin=(1p2)1/2.
219.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS216ThethirdexpressionforI(z)canbeobtainedfromtherstexpressionifwerememberthatinthe
rstexpressionwecoulddroptheoddpowersofzfromthepowerseriesexpansion.Thatcorrespondstoreplacingexp(zcos)bycosh(zcos).
Aftermakingthisreplacementwenotethattheintegralfrom/2toisequaltothatfrom0to/2,sowecanusethelatterintegrationrangeand
appendafactor2,therebyconrmingthegivenresult.14.5.5.(a)WhenLaplacesequationiswritteninseparatedvariableformincylindrical
coordinates,theequationhasperiodicsolutionsamsinm+bmcosm,withmrequiredtobeanintegersothatthesolutionswillbecontinuous
anddierentiableforall.Theseparationconstantoftheequationism2.Thesolutionsthatareneededforthezequationmustbezeroatz=0
andz=hthesesolutionsareoftheformsinnz/h,withnapositiveintegertheseparationconstantofthezequationisthereforen22/h2k2
n.Withtheseseparationconstants,theequationbecomes2P+P(2k2n+m2)P=0,showingthatPmustbeasolutionofthemodied
Besselequation,oftheformIm(kn).WemustchoosethesolutiontobeImsothatitwillberegularat=0.Themostgeneralsolutionofthe
Laplaceequationsatisfyingtheandzboundaryconditionsisthereforealinearcombinationofthesolutionswehavefound,i.e.,theformshownin
theexercise.(b)Theuniquesolutionalsosatisfyingtheboundaryconditionat=acanbefoundusingthefactthatthesetofsinknzareorthogonal,
asisthesetoffunctionssinmandcosm.Thus,ifweregardV(,z)astheexpansionV(,z)=m=0n=1Im(kna)(amnsinm+bmncos
m)sinknz,thecoecientsamnandbmnareobtainedbythetypeofexpressionwrittenastheanswertothisproblem.Becausethefunctionsofz
andarenotnormalized,wemustdividetheintegralintheanswertopart(b)bythenormalizationintegralforsinknz(whichish/2)andbythatof
{sin/cos}m,whichisform=0and2form=0.Afterthisdivision,wegettheanswershowninthetext(aftermakingatypographical
correctiontochangelintoh).14.5.6.WritethedenitionofKfromEq.(14.106)andinsertthedenitionof
220.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS217YfromEq.(14.57):K(x)=2i+1J(ix)+iY(ix)=2i+1J(ix)+icossinJ(ix)
iJ(ix)sin=2sini+1ieiJ(ix)iJ(ix)=2sinI(x)+i+2eiI(x).Notingthatei=i2,weobtaintherequired
result.14.5.7.HereusetherecurrencerelationsforIv,Eq.(14.104)and(14.105),andnotethatsin(1)=sin.Thevericationisthen
straightforward.14.5.8.TheKrecurrenceformulasdierfromthoseforIonlyinthesignsoftheirrighthandmembers.Iftheseformulasare
rewrittenintermsofK,therighthandsideswillacquireafactoreiwhilethetermsonthelefthandsideswillhaveadditionalfactorse(1)i=
ei.Theseadditionschangeonlytherelativesignsofthetwosidesoftheequations.14.5.9.WehaveK0(x)=i2H(1)0(ix)=i22iln(ix)+
1+2i(ln2)+=lnxlni+i2(ln2)+.AgreementwithEq.(14.110)isonlyachievedifweusetheprincipalbranchoflnx
andtakelnitobeonthebranchwithvaluei/2.14.5.10.ProofofthesecondformulaforK(z)isthetopicofthesubsectionthatstartsonpage690
ofthetext,wherethevalidityofthatintegralrepresentationisdiscussedindetail.TherstformulaforK(z)canbeobtainedfromthesecondby
thesubstitution=cosht.14.5.11.WriteK(x)=(/2)i+1H(1)(ix),I(x)=iJ(ix).Thus,I(x)K(x)I(x)K(x)=i2J(ix)iH(1)(ix)
iJ(ix)H(1)(ix).Notethefactorsithataccompanythederivatives.BecausenotationslikeJ(ix)refertoderivativeswithrespecttotheBessel
functionargument(hereix),aderivativewithrespecttoxgeneratesanadditionalfactori.Now,usingtheWronskianformulaforJandH(1)from
Exercise14.4.1(a)
221.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS218replacethequantitywithinsquarebracketsbyi[2i/(ix)],obtainingthenalresultI(x)K(x)
I(x)K(x)=i22ix=1x.14.5.12.ThecoecientintheaxialGreensfunctionisaconstant,andwecanevaluateitusinganyconvenientvalue
ofitsargumentk.LetstakeksmallenoughthatwecanusethelimitingformsgiveninEq.(14.100)forImandinEqs.(14.110)and(14.111)for
Km.Forpositiveintegersm,wehave(forsmallx)Im=xm2mm!+,Im=xm12m(m1)!+,Km=2m1(m1)!xm+,Km=
2m1m!xm1+.FromtheabovedatawegetKmImKmIm=x1takingx=kandmultiplyingbyp=k,wendthecoecienttobe
1.Theindexvaluem=0isaspecialcase.TheformulaforImstillapplieswegetI0=1+,I0=0+.ButK0=lnx+andK0=x
1.WestillgetK0I0K0I0=x1,leadingtothecoecientvalue1.14.5.13.Startfromtheintegralrepresentation,Eq.(14.113)multiplyby
cosxuandintegratewithrespecttox.SimplicationoccursbecausetheintegraloverxdenesaDiracdeltafunction.Thus,0cos(zu)K0(z)dz=
0cos(zu)du0cos(zt)dtt2+1=0dtt2+10cos(zu)cos(zt)dz=0dtt2+12(tu)=21u2+1.Nowsetu=x/yandz=yt,
sozu=xtanddz=ydt.Thentherstandlastmembersoftheaboveequationsettranslateinto0cos(xt)K0(yt)ydt=2yx2+y2,whichis
equivalenttotherelationtobeproved.14.5.14.Inthisexercisenisassumedtobeaninteger.StartingfromthegeneratingfunctionforIngivenin
Exercise14.5.1,dividebytn+1andintegrateint(regardedasacomplexvariable)overtheunit
222.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS219circle,therebyobtainingaSchlaeiintegralrepresentationforIn.Thenwritet=eiandtakethe
rangeofas(,).ThesestepsleadtoIn(x)=12ie(x/2)(t+1/t)tn+1dt=12ie(x/2)(ei+ei)e(n+1)iieid=12excoseni
d=12excos(cosnisinn)d.Expandingtheintegrandintotwoterms,thatinvolvingsinnvanishesduetoitsoddsymmetry,and
theintegrationrangeofthecosntermcanbechangedto(0,)withinsertionofafactor2.Thesestepsleadtotheclaimedresult.14.5.15.
SubstitutingintothemodiedBesselequationandcarryingouttheindicateddierentiations,weget,lettingystandforK0(z),0=z2y+zyz2y
=0ezcoshtz2cosh2tzcoshtz2dt=0ezcoshtz2sinh2tzcoshtdt.Nowintegratebypartsthezcoshttermoftheintegral,
dierentiatingezcoshtandintegratingzcosht.Theintegratedtermsvanish,andtheresultantintegrationcancelsthez2sinh2ttermoftheoriginal
integral.Wetherebyattainthedesiredzeroresult.14.6AsymptoticExpansions14.6.1.Thefunctionrelevantforthesaddlepointbehaviorisw=
(x/2)(t+1/t).Saddlepointsarewherew=0,namelyt=x.Wecannotgothrought=1becausethereisacuttherewethereforeconsideronlythe
saddlepointatt=+1.Here,w=xandw=x.Assumingxtobepositive,arg(x)=0,andtheangleneededforthesteepestdescentsformulais,from
Eq.(12.106),/2.Theslowlyvaryingquantityg(t)ist1att=1,g(t)=1.Insertingthesedataintothesteepestdescentsformula,Eq.(12.108),
wendI(x)12iexei/22x=ex2x.14.6.2.Thisproblemcanbesolvedbydeformingtheintegrationcontourasneededtopassthrougha
saddlepointandusethesteepestdescentsmethod.Takingw=(x/2)(s+1/s),thereisasaddlepointats=1,wherew=xandw=x/s3=x.
Assumingxtobepositive,arg(x)=,andtheangleneededforthesteepestdescentsformulais,fromEq.(12.106),
223.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS220zero.Theslowlyvaryingquantityg(s)iss1ats=1,g(s)=1.Insertingthesedataintothe
steepestdescentsformula,Eq.(12.108),wendK(x)12ex2|x|=2xex.14.6.3.ThemodiedBesselODEoforderfory(z)isx2y
+xy(z2+2)y=0.LettingyrststandfortheintegralrepresentationofIn(z)andnotingthat,thoughnotstatedintheexercise,nisassumedtobea
nonnegativeinteger,writez2yz2y=z20ezcost(cos2t1)cos(nt)dt=z20ezcostsin2tdtzy=z0ezcostcostcos(nt)dt.
TheremainingtermoftheODEisprocessedbycarryingouttwosuccessiveintegrationsbyparts,withcosntorsinntintegratedandtheremainder
oftheintegranddierentiated.theresultisn2y=n20ezcostcos(nt)dt=n2sin(nt)nezcost0nz0ezcostsintsin(nt)dt=
nzcos(nt)nezcostsint0z0ezcostcostzsin2tcos(nt)dt=z0ezcostcostzsin2tcos(nt)dt.Inwritingtheseequations
wehaveusedthefactthattheintegratedendpointtermsallvanish.Hereiswhereitisnecessarythatnbeaninteger.Bothintegralsinthenal
expressionforn2ycancelagainsttheothertermsoftheODE,indicatedthattheODEissatised.Thedemonstrationfortheintegralrepresentation
ofK(z)proceedsuponentirelysimilarlines.Becausetheupperintegrationlimitisinnity,theendpointtermsintheintegrationsbypartsvanish
whetherornotisaninteger.Thevanishingoccursbecause(fornonzeroz)thefactorezcoshtapproacheszerofasterthannitepowersofthe
hyperbolicfunctionsdiverge.

224.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS22114.6.4.(a)DierentiatetheintegralrepresentationforK0(z),Eq.(14.128),toobtaindK0(z)dz=
1xezx(x21)1/2dx.Integratethisexpressionbyparts,integratingx/(x21)1/2anddierentiatingezx.Theintegratedtermvanishes,and
theintegralcanbeidentiedastheintegralrepresentationofK1(z).(b)TondthesmallzbehaviorofK1,changetheintegrationvariablefromx
tou=zx,afterwhichtheintegralrepresentationforK1takestheformK1(z)=1/2(3/2)z2zeuu2z211/2duz=1zzeu(u2z2)1/2
du.Inthelimitofsmallz,theintegralbecomes1!,andK1(z)1/z.InthislimittheindeniteintegralofK1isthereforelnz+C,andK0(z)ln
z+C,whichisthescalingidentiedinEq.(14.110).14.6.5.Whenr=0,thequotientoftwofactorialsoccurringinEq.(14.132)is(+r12)(+r
32)(+12)(12)(r+32)(r+12)=(+r12)(r+12)(+r32)(r+12)(+12)(12)=42(2r
1)2442(2r3)244214.Thetermofanygivenrwillthereforecontaininitsdenominator4rwhichcombineswiththeremaining
factorsofthesummationinEq.(14.132),1/[r!(2z)r],togivetheresultshowninEq.(14.133).14.6.6.(a)ThemodiedBesselODEoforderfor
y(z)isL(y)=z2y+zyz2y2y=0.Insertingtheformgivenfory(z),wegetinitiallyz2y=(+1)y+2z+1tezt(t21)1/2dt+z+2
t2ezt(t21)1/2dt,zy=y+z+1tezt(t21)1/2dt,and,aftercancellationsandminorrearrangement,weobtainL(y)=z+2ezt(t2
1)+1/2dt(2+1)z+1eztt(t21)1/2dt.
225.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS222WenowintegratetherstintegralofLbyparts,integratingeztanddierentiatingtheremainder
oftheintegrand.ThenewintegralobtainedinthiswaycancelsagainstthesecondintegralofL,leavingonlytheendpointtermeztz(t21)+1/2
z2z1.Ifthistermiszero(i.e.,hasthesamevalueatbothendpoints),BesselsmodierdODEwillbesatised.14.6.7.Weonlyneedtheinitialterm
ofeachasymptoticexpansion.(a)FromEq.(14.144),J(x)2xcosx+122,wegetthefollowingproductsofcosinefunctionswhichare
simpliedusingtrigonometricidentities:JJ1+JJ+12xcosx+122cosx++122+2xcosx+122cosx+32
21xcos2x+cos+12+cos(2x)+cos+122sinxusingthecosineadditiontheorem.InPart(b),Nshouldbereplaced
byY.Parts(b),(c),(d)and(e)areprovedsimilarly,usingtheasymptoticformsforKandH(2)inEqs.(14.126)and(14.127),andforIandY
theleadingtermsofEqs.(14.141)and(14.143):I12zez,Y2zsinz+122.WealsoneedthederivativesIandK,obtainedby
keepingthemostdivergenttermwhentheleadingtermsofIandKaredierentiated:II,KK.14.6.8.TheGreensfunctionforan
outgoingwavewithnoniteboundarymusthavetheformCH(1)0(k(|12|),becausethisfunctionisanoutgoingwavesolutionofthe
homogeneousHelmholtzequationthatiscircularly
226.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS223symmetricin12andsatisedwherever1=2.TondtheproportionalityconstantC,we
evaluatetheintegral(in1)of(21+k2)G(1,2)overtheareaenclosedbyacircleofradiusacenteredat2.Transformingtheintegralof21toa
lineintegraloverthecircularperimeterandlettingrstandfor|12|,ourcomputationtakestheforma0(21+k2)CH(1)0(kr)(2r)dr=2aC
ddrH(1)0(kr)r=a+k2Ca0H(1)0(kr)(2r)dr.BecauseatsmallrH(1)0(kr)=2ilnkr+constant+,theintegralofH(1)0(kr)overthe
circularareavanishes,buttheradialderivativetermhasthefollowingsmallrlimit:2aC2ia=4iC,correspondingtoC=i4.14.6.9.Substitute
ixforzinEq.(14.134),writingix=ei/2xsoastobeonthesamebranchofKasthattakenforrealargumentsasitsdenition.Then2(ix)
=2xei/4andthevericationofEq.)14.138)becomesimmediate.14.6.10.(a)Thisisveriedbydirectsubstitution.(b)an+1=i2(n+1)v2(2n
+1)222an.(c)FromEq.(14.125),wehavea0=2ei(+1/2)(/2).14.6.11.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.14.6.13.Theanswerisgiveninthe
text.14.7SphericalBesselFunctions14.7.1.HereweessentiallyreversetheprocessthatwasusedinsolvingExercise14.6.5,writingforthetermin
PorQwhoselargestoddintegersquared
227.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS224was(2s1)2,(4212)4(4232)4=(+12)(12)=(+s+12)(
s+12).Sincethesequantitiesareneededfor=n+12,theratioofgammafunctionsbecomesaratiooffactorials:(n+s)!/(ns)!.Thesign
alternationinPandQandthepresenceoftheimultiplyingQarebothaccountedforbythefactorisinEq.(14.162).14.7.2.Usingthedenitionsin
Eqs.(14.57)and(14.151),yn(x)=2xYn+1/2(x)=2xcos(n+1/2)Jn+1/2(x)Jn1/2(x)sin(n+1/2)=(1)n+12xJn1/2(x),wherewe
havesimpliedtheformulausingtherelationshipssin(n+12)=(1)nandcos(n+12)=0.14.7.3.StartfromEq.(14.140)fortheexpansionof
J(z).Applicationtojn(z)isasfollows:jn(z)=2zJn+1/2(z)=1zPn+1/2(z)cosz(n+1)2Qn+1/2(z)sinz(n+1)2=1zPn+1/2(z)sin
zn2+Qn+1/2(z)coszn2.TheexpansionofPn+1/2(z)isthatgiveninEq.(14.135),butforhalfintegertheseriesterminates.The
individualfactorsinthenumeratorsofthetermsofPinvolve=(2n+1)2andareofforms(2n+1)2(2j+1)2,whichfactorinto(2n2j)(2n+2j+
2).WenowseethattheseriesforPterminateswhen2jreaches2n.Takingalltheaboveintoaccount,andnotingthateachtermhasfourmorelinear
factorsthanitspredecessor,theseriesforPn+1/2canbewrittenPn+1/2(z)=k(1)k(2n+4k)!!(2k)!(2z)2k24k(2n4k)!!=k(1)k(n+2k)!(2k)!
(2z)2k(n2k)!.Thesecondlineoftheaboveequationisreachedbywritingthedoublefactorials(2p)!!=2pp!.Thelowerlimitoftheksummation
isk=0the
228.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS225upperlimitisthelargestvalueofkforwhichthetermisnonzerofromthedenominatorofthe
nalexpressionitisclearthatcontributionsarerestrictedtoksuchthatn2k0.AsimilaranalysisyieldstheformulaforQn+1/2,which,written
rstusingdoublefactorials,isQn+1/2(z)=k(1)k(2n+4k+2)!!(2k+1)!(2z)2k+124k+2(2n4k2)!!=k(1)k(n+2k+1)!(2k+1)!
(2z)2k+1(n2k1)!,therebycompletingtheformulaforjn(z).Notethatthesecondtermoftheformulainthetext(arisingfromQn+1/2)is
incorrectthepowerof2zshouldbe2s+1.14.7.4.Since=n+1/2,theintegralcontainsanintegerpowerof(1p2)andthereforeitwillexpand
intointegralsofforms11p2k(cosxpisinxp)dp.Theimaginarypartsoftheseintegralsvanishduetosymmetryviarepeatedintegrationsby
parts(dierentiatingp2k)therealpartswillhaveintegratedtermsdependentoncosxand/orsinx.Whentheintegrationsbypartshavereducedthe
powerofptozero,thenalintegralwillalsoinvolveatrigonometricfunction.14.7.5.ThefunctionsJ,Y,andH(i)allsatisfythesamerecurrence
formulas,andallarerelatedtothecorrespondingsphericalBesselfunctionsinidenticalways,soaproofforjncanbeextendedtoynandh(i)n.
FromtheJrecurrenceformula,Eq.(14.7),writtenfor=n+12,2xjn1(x)+2xjn+1(x)=2(n+12x2xjn(x),whicheasilysimpliesto
therstrecurrenceformulaofthisexercise.Thesecondrecurrenceformulaisabitlesstrivial,sincejn(x)=12xjn(x)+2xJn+12(x).Using
Eq.(14.8),withJn12andJn+32writtenintermsofjn1,andalsousingthenewlyfoundrecurrenceformulatorewritejnintermsofjn1,our
formulaforjnreducestotheresultshownintheexercise.
229.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS22614.7.6.Assumethevalidityoftheformulagivenforjn(x)withn=k,andthenuseEq.(14.172)to
obtainaformulaforjk+1(x).Wehavejk+1(x)=xkddxxkjk(x)=xkddx(1)k1xddxksinxx=(1)k+1xn+11xddx1xddxksinxx,
whichistheassumedformulafork+1.Tocompletetheproofbymathematicalinduction,weneedastartingvalue.Fork=0theassumedformula
issimplytheexplicitformforj0(x).14.7.7.SinceeachsphericalBesselfunctionisproportionaltoaconventionalBesselfunctiondividedbyx1/2
andsinceWronskianformulasarequadraticintheBesselfunctions,allsphericalBesselWronskiansmustbeproportionaltoconventionalBessel
Wronskiansdividedbyx,i.e.,proportionalto1/x2.Wecandeterminetheproportionalityconstantmosteasilyfromthebehavioratx0oratx
.Forsmallx,thelimitingbehaviorofjnandynisgivenbyEqs.(14.177)and(14.178).Dierentiatingtheseexpressionsgivesvaluesforjnandyn.
Thefourresultsweneedarejn(x)xn(2n+1)!!,jn(x)nxn1(2n+1)!!,yn(x)(2n1)!!xn+1,yn(x)(n+1)(2n1)!!xn+2.Thenour
Wronskiantakestheformjn(x)yn(x)jn(x)yn(x)xn(2n+1)!!(n+1)(2n1)!!xn+2+nxn1(2n+1)!!(2n1)!!xn+1=1x2n+12n+1+n
2n+1=1x2,theresultinthetext.14.7.8.WritingtheWronskianinthenotationW(y1,y2)=y1y2y1y2,wenotethatfromExercise14.7.7,
W(jn(x),yn(x))=1/x2.Moreover,W(y2,y1)=W(y1,y2)andW(y,y)=0.
230.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS227Therefore,suppressingargumentsx,W(h(1)n,h(2)n)=W(jn+iyn,jniyn)=2iW(jn,yn)=
2ix2.14.7.9.Introduceapowerseriesexpansionofcos(zcos)intheintegrandofPoissonsrepresentationofjn:jn(z)=zn2n+1n!k=0(1)k

z2k(2k)!0cos2ksin2n+1d.TheintegralcannowberecognizedasthebetafunctionB(k+12,n+1).(Tomakethisidentication,wecan
startfromEq.(13.47),removethefactor2,andextendtheupperintegrationlimitto,becauseinthepresentcasethecosineoccurstoaneven
integerpower.)ThebetafunctioncanbewrittenB(k+12,n+1)=(2k)!22kk!n!(n+k+32).Substitutingthisformfortheintegral,we
reachjn(z)=2zk=0(1)kk!(n+k+32)z2n+2k+1/2.Thisisthecorrectpowerseriesexpansionofjn(z).14.7.10.Fromthedenition,form
kn(x)=2n+1n!xn+10cosxt(t2+1)n+1dt.Integratethetintegralbyparts,integratingthefactorcosxtanddierentiatingthefactor(t2+
1)n1.Wethenhavekn(x)=2n+1n!xn+102(n+1)tsintxx(t2+1)n+2dt=2n+2(n+1)!xn+10t2j0(tx)(t2+1)n+2dt.14.7.11.Write
BesselsODEinselfadjointformforJ(x)andJ(x),andmultiplytheJequationbyJandtheJequationbyJ:J(x)[xJ(x)]+xJ(x)J(x)=2
xJ(x)J(x),J(x)[xJ(x)]+xJ(x)J(x)=2xJ(x)J(x).Subtractthesecondoftheseequationsfromtherstandintegratefromx=0tox=:
(22)0J(x)J(x)dxx=0J[xJ]dx0J[xJ]dx.
231.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS228Integrateeachrighthandsideintegralbyparts,integratingtheexplicitderivativeand
dierentiatingtheotherBesselfunction.Theresultantintegralsareequalinmagnitudebutoppositeinsignallthatremainsaretheendpointterms:
(22)0J(x)J(x)dxx=xJ(x)J0xJ(x)J(x)0.Theendpointatzeromakesnocontributiontoeithertermthatatinnityisnite
becausetheasymptoticlimitofeachBesselfunctioncontainsafactorx1/2.FromtheasymptoticformsJ(x)2xcosx(+12)2,J(x)
2xsinx(+12)2,wehave(22)0J(x)J(x)dxx=2cosx(+12)2sinx(+12)2+cosx(+12)2sin
x(+12)2=2sinx(+12)2x+(+12)2=2sin[()/2].Thisequationrearrangestotheanswerinthetext.14.7.12.The
integralunderconsiderationvanishesduetosymmetryifmnisodd.Ifmniseven,thenweidentifytheintegralasproportionaltothatevaluated
inExercise14.7.11:0Jm+1/2Jn+1/2dxx=2sin[(mn)/2]m2n2.Becausemniseven,thesinefunctionintheaboveformulaiszero,
conrmingthedesiredresult.14.7.13.ConsidertheresultinExercise14.7.11inthelimit.Introducingtheleadingterminthepowerseries
expansionofsin[()/2],wegetlim0J(x)J(x)dxx=lim2()/2()(+)=12.Usetheaboveresulttoevaluate
0[jn(x)]2dx=20Jn+1/22dxx=2(2n+1).Extendingtheintegrationrangeto(andtherebymultiplyingtheresultby2),wereachthe
resultgiveninthetext.
232.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS22914.7.14.Theintegralsgivenforx(s)andy(s)followdirectlyfrommakingthesubstitutionv2=u
intox(t)andy(t),andthenidentifyingu1cosuasj1(u)andu1sinuasj0(u).RewritetheexpansionformulasintermsofJnandcancelthe
constantfactors/2.Wethenhaves0J1/2(u)du=2n=0J2n+1/2(s),s0J1/2(u)du=2n=0J2n+3/3(s).Nowdierentiatebothsidesofthese
equationswithrespecttos,reachingJ1/2(s)=2n=0J2n+1/2(s),J1/2(s)=2n=0J2n+3/2(s).NowuseEq.(14.8)toreplace2J(x)byJ1(x)
J+1(x).Whenthesumsareevaluated,everythingcancelsexcepttheinitialinstanceofJ1,conrmingtheseequations.14.7.15.Forastanding
wavesolutionwithtimedependenceeit,thewaveequationbecomesasphericalBesselequationwithradialsolutions(regularattheorigin)
jm(r/v).Heremcanbeanynonnegativeintegerandvisthevelocityofsound.ThesolutionssatisfyingaNeumannboundaryconditionatr=awill
haveavanishingvalueofjm(a/v),andtheminimumvalueofthatmeetsthisconditionwillcorrespondtothesmallestzeroofjmforanym.
ConsultingthelistofzerosofjgiveninTable14.2,weseethatthesmallestzeroisform=1,whichoccursatb11=2.0816.Notethatthesmallest
zeroofj0islargerthatisbecausej0hasamaximumatr=0whilej1hasnoextremaatargumentssmallerthanb11.Writing=2,whereisthe
oscillationfrequency,wend2av=b11,or=b112va.Notealsothatthewavelengthgivenintheanswertothisproblemcorrespondsto
unconstrainedwavesoffrequency.14.7.16.(a)Thepowerseriesexpansionofx1/2Jn+12(ix)willstartwith(ix)nandcontinuewithpowersn+
2s.Therefore,in(x)willhaveparity(1)n.(b)IrisclearfromtheexplicitformsshowninEq.(14.196)thatkn(x)hasnodeniteparity.
233.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23014.7.17.Wechecktheformulaforn=0.Therelevantquantitiesarei0(x)=sinhxx,i0(x)=cosh
xxsinhxx2,k0(x)=exx,k0(x)=ex1x+1x2.InsertingtheseintotheWronskian,i0(x)k0(x)i0(x)k0(x)=sinhxex1x2+1x3e
xcoshxx2+exsinhxx3=exx2(coshx+sinhx)=1x2.
234.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23115.LegendreFunctions15.1LegendrePolynomials15.1.1.DierentiateEq.(15.25),obtaining(1
x2)Pn(x)2xPn(x)=nPn1(x)nPn(x)nxPn(x).UseEq.(15.24)toreplacenPn1xbyn2Pn(x)+nxPn(x).Afterremovingcanceling
terms,whatremainsistheLegendreODE.15.1.2.Expand(2xt+t2)ninEq.(15.12),obtainingg(x,t)=n=01/2nnj=0njt2j(2xt)nj.Now
changethesummationvariablentom=n+jtherangeofmwillbefromzerotoinnity,buttherangeofjwillnowonlyincludevaluesnolarger
thanm/2.Alsowritingthebinomialcoecientinvolving1/2usingaPochhammersymbol,wereachg(x,t)=m=0[m/2]j=0(12)mj(mj)!
(mj)!(m2j)!j!tm(2x)m2j.Thecoecientoftminthisexpressionforg(x,t)isPm(x).Inserting(12)mj=(1)mj(2m2j)!22m2j(m
j)!,weobtaintherequiredformula.15.1.3.StartbywritingPninseriesform,usingthenotationofExercise15.1.2.Itisconvenienttochangethe
summationindextok,withkreplacedbyk1,sothatthepowerofxinthesummandwillben2k.ThischangecausesPntotaketheformPn(x)=
[n/2]k=0(1)k(2n2k)!xn2k22nk!(nk)!(n2k2)!=k(1)k(2n2k)!xn2k2n(k)!(nk)!(n2k)!2k(2n2k+1).Wehave
organizedtheksummationinawaythatretainsthefactorspresentintheoriginalsummationforPn.Formallytheksummationrangesfromk=1to
k=[n/2]+1,butthepresenceofanextrafactorkenablesustoextendthelowerlimittok=0andthefactorial(n2k)!inthedenominatorcauses
thecontributionatk=[n/2]+1tovanish.
235.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS232Whenweusetheaboveformintheworkthatfollowswewillremovetheprimefromthe
summationindex.WearenowreadytowriteallthetermsintheLegendreODE.Onlythetermwehavealreadyprocessedcausesachangeinthe
indicatedpowersofx.Pnx2Pn2xPn+n(n+1)Pn=[n/2]k=0(1)k(2n2k)!xn2k2nk!(nk)!(n2k)!2k(2n2k+1)(n2k)(n
2k1)2(n2k)+n(n+1).Thequantityinthelastsetofsquarebracketsvanishes,conrmingthattheexpansionsatisestheLegendreODE.
15.1.4.IfwesetP(x)=P(y),wherey=2x1then10Pn(x)Pm(x)dx=1211Pn(y)Pm(y)dy=1222n+1nm.Thisequationconrms
theorthogonalityandnormalizationofthePn(x).(a)Replacingxby2x1inthePnrecurrenceformula,Eq.(15.18),wend(n+1)Pn+1(x)
(2n+1)(2x1)Pn(x)+nPn1(x)=0.(b)ByexaminationoftherstfewPn,weguessthattheyaregivenbythegeneralformulaPn(x)=
nk=0(1)nknkn+kkxk.Thisformulaiseasilyprovedbymathematicalinduction,usingtherecurrenceformula.First,wenotefromthe
explicitformulaforPnthatitgivescorrectresultsforP0(x)andP1(x).Forn>1,therecurrenceformulaforPn+1(x)yieldsPn+1(x)=
1n+1(2n+1)(2x1)nk=0nkn+kk(1)nkxknn+1n1k=0n1kn+k1k(1)n1kxk.Collectingthecontributionsforeach
powerofx,weconrmthattheformulaforPn+1(x)iscorrect,therebycompletingtheproof.Finally,theformoftheexplicitformulaforPn
showsthatthecoecientsofallthexkareproductsofbinomialcoecients,whichreducetointegers.
236.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23315.1.5.Aeven= 11/37/3533/23102/320/35110/231008/3572/23100016/231
Beven= 11/23/85/1603/230/8105/160035/8315/16000231/16 Aodd= 13/527/63
143/42902/528/63182/429008/6388/42900016/429 Bodd= 13/215/835/1605/270/8315/160063/8693/16
000429/16 .15.1.6.2tg(t,x)t+g=1t2(12xt+t2)3/2=n=0(2nPntn+Pntn)=n=0(2n+1)Pntn.15.1.7.(a)
SubstitutingnPn1(x)=(2n+1)xPn(x)(n+1)Pn+1(x)fromEq.(15.18)intoEq.(15.25)yields(1x2)Pn(x)=(2n+1)xPn(x)(n+1)Pn+1(x)
nxPn(x)=(n+1)Pn(x)(n+1)Pn+1(x),i.e.Eq.(15.26).(b)(15.24)nn+1+x(15.23)(15.26).15.1.8.Forn=1,weestablishP1(1)=(12)/2=
1astherststepofaproofbymathematicalinduction.NowassumingPn(1)=n(n+1)/2andusingEq.(15.23),Pn+1(1)=(n+1)Pn(1)+Pn(1)=(n
+1)+n2(n+1)=12(n+1)(n+2),whichprovesourassumedformulaforn+1.
237.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23415.1.9.ForaproofbymathematicalinductionwestartbyverifyingthatP0(x)=P0(x)=1and

thatP1(x)=P1(x)=x.WethenneedtoshowthatifPm(x)=(1)mPm(x)form=n1andm=n,therelationshipalsoholdsform=n+1.
ApplyingEq.(15.18)withxreplacedbyxwehave(2n+1)xPn(x)=(n+1)Pn+1(x)+nPn1(x)(1)n+1(2n+1)xPn(x)=(n+
1)Pn+1(x)+(1)n1nPn1(x).WehaveusedourassumedrelationshipforPnandPn1.SincethislastequationhastoagreewithEq.(15.18)we
concludethatPn+1(x)=(1)n+1Pn+1(x).Thiscompletestheproof.15.1.10.P2(cos)=3cos2+14.15.1.11.Derivationofthisformulais
presentedinthefootnotereferencedjustafterEq.(15.22).15.1.12.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.Thereisamisprintintheanswer:Forn=2s+1
acorrectversionofthesecondformoftheansweris(1)s(2s1)!!/(2s+2)!!.15.1.13.Thesumcontainsonlypowersxiwithi<n.Ifniseven,the
smallestvalueofris(n/2)+1ifnisodd,itis(n1)/2+1=(n+1)/2.Ineithercase,imax=2n2rmin<n.15.1.14.Expandxm=lmalPl(x).Now
orthogonalitygives11xmPndx=0,m<n.15.1.15.FollowingthedirectionsintheexercisetouseaRodriguesformulaandperformintegrations
byparts,Fn=11xnPndx=12nn!11xnddxn(x21)ndx=12nn!xnddxn1(x21)n1111nxn1ddxn1(x21)ndx.The
integratedtermsvanishasecondintegrationbyparts(forwhichtheintegratedtermsalsovanish)yieldsFn=+12nn!11n(n1)xn2ddxn2
(x21)ndx.
238.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS235Furtherintegrationsbypartsuntilthedierentiationwithintheintegralhasbeencompletely
removedleadtoFn=(1)n2nn!11n!(x21)ndx=2n210(1x2)ndx.Thisintegral(includingthepremultiplier2)isoftheformgiven
inEq.(13.50),whereitisidentiedasthebetafunctionB(1/2,n+1),withvalueB(1/2,n+1)=2n+1n!(2n+1)!!,causingFtohavethevalue
claimed.15.1.16.IntroducetheRodriguesformulafortheLegendrepolynomialandintegratebyparts2ntimestoremovethederivativesfromthe
Rodriguesformula.Theboundarytermsvanish,soI=11x2rP2n(x)=122n(2n)!11x2rddx2n(x21)2ndx=(2r)!22n(2n)!(2r2n)!11
x2r2n(1x2)2ndx.Theintegralisabetafunctionwithvalue11x2r2n(1x2)2ndx=24n+1(2n)!(r+n)!(2r2n)!(rn)!(2r+2n+1)!.
SubstitutingthisintoI,wegetaftercancellationI=22n+1(2r)!(r+n)!(rn)!(2r+2n+1)!.15.1.17.Usingintegrationbyparts,orthogonalityand
mathematicalinductionasinExercise15.1.15,weobtainthesolutionsgiveninthetext.15.1.18.Acontinuousanddierentiablefunctionthatiszero
atbothendsofanintervalmusthaveaderivativethatiszeroatsomepointwithintheinterval.Acontinuousanddierentiablefunctionthatiszero
atbothendsofanintervalandatpintermediatepointsmusthaveaderivativewithp+1zeroswithintheoverallinterval.Applyingthese
observationsto(x21)nwithn>0,itsrstderivativemusthaveonezeroatapointintermediateto1.Ifn>1,thisderivativewillalsobezeroat
theendpoints,sothesecondderivativeof(x21)nmusthavetwointermediatezeros.Continuingtothe(n1)thderivative(whichwillbezeroat
theendpointsandatn1intermediatepoints),wendthatthenthderivative(thatrelevantforPn)willhavenzerosbetween1and+1.
239.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23615.2Orthogonality15.2.1.Forn>m11PmPndx=12m+nm!n!11ddxm(x21)mddxn
(x21)ndx=0becauseddxn+m(x21)m=0and,uponintegratingbyparts,theintegratedtermsvanish.Forn=m,therepeatedintegrationsby
partsyield(1)n22nn!n!11(x21)nddx2n(x21)ndx=(2n)!22nn!n!11(1x2)ndx=(2n)!22nn!n!B(1/2,n+1)=(2n)!22nn!n!2n+1
n!(2n+1)!!=22n+1.ThebetafunctionentersthesolutionbecausetheintegralcanbeidentiedasacaseofEq.(13.50).15.2.2.Thespace
spannedby{xj},j=0,1,,nisidenticalwiththespacespannedby{Pj(x)}forthesamevalueofn.IftheGramSchmidtprocessasdescribed
inthisproblemhasproducedfunctionsj(x)thatarerespectivelyproportionaltoPj(x)throughj=n1,thentheremainderofthespace(known
formallyastheorthogonalcomplement)isonedimensionalandn(x)mustbeproportionaltoPn(x).Tocompletetheproof,weneedonlyobserve
thatifn=0wehaveP0(x)=x0.15.2.3.(x)=l=0(1)l(4l+1)(2l1)!!2(2l)!!P2l(x),1x1.15.2.4.Inserttheexpansionstobeveried,
andthennotethattheexpansionoff(x)inLegendrepolynomialstakestheformf(x)=nanPn(x),wherean=2n+1211f(x)Pn(x)dx.11
f(x)(1x)dx=n=02n+1211f(x)Pn(x)dx=n=0an=n=0anPn(1)=f(1).11f(x)(1+x)dx=n=0(1)n2n+1211f(x)Pn(x)dx=
n=0(1)nan
240.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS237=n=0anPn(1)=f(1).15.2.5.(A2+2Acos+1)1/2=1A1+2Acos+1A21/2=1
An=0Pn(cos)1Ancos=12An=01An0(Acos+1)Pn(cos)sind=12A223=23A.15.2.6.ThisfollowsfromEq.
(15.40).15.2.7.5Iff(x)=n=0anPn,then11[f(x)]2dx=m,n=0aman11PmPndx=n=02a2n2n+1.15.2.8.(a)Expandf(x)ina
Legendreseriesn=0anPn(x).Thisgivesan=2n+1211f(t)Pn(t)dt=2n+1210Pn(t)dt01Pn(t)dt.Forneven,an=0butforn=2s+1
a2s+1=(4s+3)10P2s+1(t)dt=(4s+3)P2s(0)2s+2=(4s+3)(1)s(2s1)!!(2s+2)!!SeeExercise15.1.12.WenowusetheresultofExercise
15.2.7toobtaintheanswergiveninthetext.(b)UsingStirlingsasymptoticformulafortheratio(2n1)!!(2n+2)!!=(2n1)!22n(n1)!(n+1)!
12nn,weseethatthetermsoftheseriesapproachzeroas1/n2.(c)Thesumofthersttentermsoftheseriesis1.943,ascomparedto
theexactvalue,2.
241.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS23815.2.9.BecausePnisapolynomialofdegreen1withtheparityofn1,theintegralIofthis
problemwillvanishunlessnmisanoddinteger.Choosentobethelargerofthetwoindices.ThenuseEq.(15.26)towriteI=11x(1x2
)PnPmdx=11xPm[(n+1)xPn(n+1)Pn+1]dx.Fromthisequationwenotethatintheintegrand,Pnismultipliedbyapolynomialinxof
degreem+1andthatPn+1ismultipliedbyoneofdegreem.TheintegralIwillvanishbyorthogonalityifnm>1,andifn=m+1onlythePn
termoftheintegrandwillcontributetotheintegral.Toevaluatethenonzerocaseofthisintegralwethereforesetm=n1andcontinuebyreplacing
Pn1usingEq.(15.24).WiththesechangeswenowhaveI=11Pn2+(n1)Pn1(n+1)xPndx.Intheintegrandofthisexpressiontheterm
arisingfromPn2consistsofapolynomialofdegreen2multiplyingPnandthereforedoesnotcontributetotheintegral.WeareleftwithI=(n2
1)11Pn1xPndx,whichwecanevaluateinvokingorthogonality,usingEq.(15.18)toexpressxPnintermsofPn+1andPn1andgettingthe
normalizationconstantfromEq.(15.38).Thus,I=(n21)11Pn1(n+1)Pn+1+nPn12n+1dx=n(n21)2n+122n1.Theanswer
givenform=n+1canbeobtainedfromthatalreadygivenbythesubstitutionnn+1.15.2.10.BecauseP2n(x)isanevenfunctionofx,
P2n(cos[])=P2n(cos)=P2n(cos),sodatafor>/2addnonewinformation.15.2.11.Withtheconductingspherecenteredatr=0,the
previouslyuniformelectriceldE0(assumedtobeinthezdirection)willbethevalueforlargerofV/z,whereVistheelectrostaticpotential.
Thechargedensityontheconductingsphere(ofradiusr0)isgivenby0V/randtheinduceddipolemomentofthesphereisthecoecientof
cos/40r2intheregionexternaltothesphere.
242.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS239ThepotentialVmustbeasolutiontoLaplacesequationwithsymmetryaboutthezaxis,andit
canthereforebedescribedbyanexpansionoftheformV=a0+n=1anrn+bnrn+1Pn(cos).Thevalueofa0isirrelevantwesetittozero.At
larger,VapproachesE0z=E0rcos=E0rP1(cos),therebyshowingthata1=E0andallotheran=0Thebntermsbecomenegligibleat
largersotheyarenotdeterminedbythelargerlimitofV.Theconditionthatthespherebeanequipotentialleadstotheconclusionthatallthebn
otherthanb1vanish,andthata1r0+b1/r20=0,sob1=E0r30.ThepotentialisthereforeV=E0r30r2rcos.(a)Theinducedchargedensity
is=0E0cosddrr30r2r=0E0cos(21)=30E0cos.(b)Thecoecientofcos/40r2is40b1=40(E0r30).15.2.12.For
theregionr<a,thepotentialmustbedescribedbyaseriesoftheformV(r,)=n=0cnrnPn(cos).Thecoecientscncanbedeterminedby
makingthemyieldapotentialthatiscorrectonthepolaraxis=0,wherethepotentialiseasytocalculate.Ontheaxis,r=zandPn(cos)=Pn(1)=
1,soV(z,0)=n=0cnzn.Thepointzonthepolaraxisisatthesamedistancez2+a2fromeverypointonthechargedring.Lettingqbethe
totalchargeonthering,bydirectcomputationwendV(z,0)=q401z2+a2=q40an=01/2nza2n=q40an=0(1)n(2n1)!!
(2n)!!za2n,
243.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS240wherewehavewrittenV(z,0)asitspowerseriesexpansionvalidforz<aandusedEq.(1.74)to
obtainanexplicitformulaforthebinomialcoecients.ComparingthisexpansionwiththatfromtheLegendreseries,wenotethatcn=0forallodd
n,andc2n=q40(1)n(2n1)!!(2n)!!a2n+1.15.2.13.ComputeEr=(/r),E=(sin/r)(/cos).(a)Forr>a,Er(r,)=q40r2
s=0(1)s(2s+1)!!(2s)!!ar2sP2s(cos),E(r,)=q40r2s=0(1)s(2s1)!!(2s)!!ar2ssindP2s(cos)dcos.(b)Forr<a,Er(r,)=
q40a2s=1(1)s1(2s1)!!(2s2)!!ra2s1P2s(cos)E(r,)=q40a2s=1(1)s(2s1)!!(2s)!!ra2s1sindP2s(cos)dcos.

ThederivativeofP2sleadstoassociatedLegendrefunctions,Section15.4.15.2.14.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.2.15.Writingthepotentialin
aformvalidforr<a,V=n=0cnranPn(cos),.determinethecoecientscnbyrequiringthatatr=atheyyieldV=V0for</2andV=
V0for>/2.BecausethedistributionofVisanoddfunctionofcos,allc2nmustvanish,andc2n+1canbefoundusingtheformulasfor
orthogonalexpansions.Settingcos=x,wehavec2n+1=2(2n+1)+12V010P2n+1(x)dxV001P2n+1(x)dx=(4n+3)V010P2n+1(x)
dx.
244.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS241Thisintegral,whichwasthetopicofExercise15.1.12,hasthevalueP2n(0)/(2n+2),soV=V0
n=04n+32n+2P2n(0)ra2n+1P2n+1(cos).ThesecondformoftheanswerisobtainedusingEq.(15.11)tointroduceanexplicitformulafor
P2n(0).15.2.16.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.2.17.If|f=nan|n,thenprojectingyields|ss|f=as|s.15.2.18.TheanswerisgiveninAMS
55.15.2.19.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.2.20.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.2.21.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.2.22.Theansweris
giveninthetext.15.2.24.Theexpansioneikrcos=n=0anjn(kr)Pn(cos)involvestheangularsolutionsPn(cos)andradialsolutionsjn(kr)of
HelmholtzsPDEforwhichtheplanewaveonthelefthandsideoftheequationisalsoasolution.Settingcos=xandusingorthogonalitywehave
11eikrxPn(x)dx=2an2n+1jn(kr),whichimplies,settingk=1,ddrn11eirxPn(x)dx=anddrnjn(r)=11(ix)neirxPn(x)dx.UsingEq.
(14.177)ddrnjn(r)r=0=n!(2n+1)!!,wehave2an2n+1n!(2n+1)!!=in11xnPn(x)dx=2inn!(2n+1)!!.Thisgivesan=in(2n+1).
245.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24215.2.25.DierentiatingtheRayleighequationwithrespecttokr,wegeticoseikrcos=i
n=0anjn(kr)cosPn(cos)=n=0anjn(kr)Pn(cos).Now,replacingcosbyx,insertEq.(15.18),(2n+1)xPn(x)=(n+1)Pn+1(x)+nPn1(x),
inthelefthandmemberofthedierentiatedequationandEq.(14.170),(2n+1)jn=njn1(n+1)jn+1,intherightmember,therebyreachingi
n=0anjn(kr)n2n+1Pn1(x)+n+12n+1Pn+1(x)=n=0ann2n+1jn1(kr)n+12n+1jn+1(kr)Pn(x).Shiftingtheindexdenitionsin
thelefthandsideofthisequation,itcanbewrittenin=0an+1n+12n+3jn+1(kr)Pn(x)+in=0an1n2n1jn1(kr)Pn(x)=n=0ann2n+
1jn1(kr)n+12n+1jn+1(kr)Pn(x).Comparingcoecientsofliketermsyieldsthetwoequationsian+1n+12n+3=ann+12n+1,ian
1n2n1=ann2n+1.Theseequationsaremutuallyconsistent,indicativeofthevalidityoftheRayleighexpansion,andcorrespondtothe
explicitformulaan=in(2n+1)a0.Settingkr=0intheRayleighformula,wecompletethevericationbynotingthatjn(0)=n0andthattherefore
a0=1.
246.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24315.2.26.StartingfromthesolutiontoExercise15.2.24(withcosrenamed),multiplyby
Pm()andintegrate,therebytakingadvantageoforthogonality.Weget11eikrPm()d=n=0in(2n+1)jn(kr)11Pn)Pm(d=im(2m
+1)jm(kr)22m+1.Thisequationrearrangesintotherequiredanswer.15.2.27.WritetheintegralIthatisthestartingpointforthisproblemusing
theRodriguesformulafortheLegendrepolynomialandwitht=cos:I=(i)n211eizt12nn!ddtn(t21)ndt.Integratebypartsntimes,
therebyremovingtheindicatedderivativesanddierentiatingtheexponential.Theboundarytermsvanish,sowegetI=(i)n2(iz)n2nn!11eizt
(t21)ndt.Nextwewriteeizt=coszt+isinztandnotethatthepartoftheintegralcontainingthesinevanishesduetoitsoddparity.Thus,I=zn
2n+1n!11coszt(1t2)ndt=zn2n+1n!0cos(zcos)sin2n+1d.ThislastformisPoissonsintegralrepresentationofjn(z),whichwas
derivedinExercise14.7.9.15.3PhysicalInterpretation,GeneratingFunction15.3.1.V=q401|r+az|2r+1|raz|=q40r12arcos
+ar21/22+1+2arcos+ar21/2=q40rl=0Pl(cos)arl2+l=0Pl(cos)arl=q20rl=1P2lar2l.
247.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24415.3.2.V=q40r1+4arcos+2ar21/2+14arcos+2ar21/2+21+2arcos+
ar21/221arcos+ar21/2=q40rl=0Pl(cos)2arl+l=0Pl(cos)2arl+2l=0Pl(cos)arl2l=0Pl(cos)arl
=q40r2l=0P2l+12ar2l+14l=0P2l+1ar2l+1=q0rl=1P2l+1(cos)ar2l+1(22l1).15.3.3.V=q40r22arcos+a2
1/2=q40al=0Pl(cos)ral.15.3.4.E==2aq40cosr2.UsingthegradientinpolarcoordinatesfromSection3.10givestheresult
giveninthetext.15.3.5.Usingz=cosrsinr,weobtainzPlrl+1=l+1rl+2cosPl+sin2rl+2Pl(cos)=l+1rl+2
Pl+1(cos),inconjunctionwithEq.(15.26),(1x2)Pn(x)(n+1)xPn(x)=(n+1)Pn+1(x).15.3.6.Adipoleatz=amaybegeneratedby
oppositechargesqatz=afor0.ExpandingthedierenceofCoulombpotentialsinLegendrepolynomialsyieldsq40rl=0a+rl
a+rlPl(cos).
248.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS245For0,thisbecomes2q40rl=1aarlPl(cos)p(1)40ral=1larlPl(cos
),with2qapproachingthenitelimitp(1).Forsmallatheleadingterm,p(1)40P1(cos)r2cancelsagainstthepointdipoleattheorigin.The
nextterm,2ap(1)40P2(cos)r3,isthepointquadrupolepotentialattheorigincorrespondingtothelimita0butwith2ap(1)approachingthe
nonzerolimitp(2).15.3.7.(3)=48a3q40r4P3(cos)+.15.3.8.AchargeqanditsimagechargeqareplacedasshowninFig.15.3.8of
thismanual.TherespectivedistancesbetweenthechargesandapointPonasphereofradiusr0arer1andr2whenPisattheangleshowninthe
gure.Thechargeqisatadistanceafromthecenterofthesphere,itsimageqisatthedistancea=r20/afromthespherecenter,andq=qr0/a.
OurtaskistoshowthatthepotentialsproducedatPfromthetwochargesaddtozero.Whatweneedtoproveisthatq/r1=q/r2,i.e.,q2r22=q2
r21,equivalenttoa2r22=r20r21.NowusethelawofcosinesandthegeometryofFig.15.3.8towriter21=r20+a22r0acos,r22=r20+
a22r0acos.Thenformr20r21anda2r22,replacingabyr20/a.Theresultsarer20r21=r40+a2r202r30acos,a2r22=a2r20+a2
r20a22a2r0r20acos.Thesetwoexpressionsareclearlyequal,completingourproof.
249.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24615.4AssociatedLegendreEquation15.4.1.AssumingapowerseriessolutionP=jajxk+jtoEq.
(15.72),weobtain(1x2)j=0aj(k+j)(k+j1)xk+j22x(m+1)j=0aj(k+j)xk+j1+[m(m+1)]j=0ajxk+j=0.Forthisequation
tobesatisedforallxthecoecientofeachpowerofxmustindividuallyvanish.Fromthecoecientofxk2weobtaintheindicialequationk(k
1)a0=0.Sincea0wasassumednottovanish,theindicialequationhassolutionsk=0andk=1.Takingk=0andshiftingthesummationindicesto
exhibitequalpowersofj,theaboveequationtakestheformj=0(j+2)(j+1)aj+2j(j1)aj2(m+1)jaj+[m(m+1)]ajxj=0.Sincethecoecient
ofeachxjmustvanish,wehavetherecurrenceformulagivenasEq.(15.73).JustasfortheLegendreequation,thisrecurrencerelationleadstoan
inniteseriesthatdivergesatx=1,sowemustchooseavalueofthatcausestherighthandsideofEq.(15.73)tovanishforsomej.Thevalue
neededforis(j+m)(j+m+1),asiseasilyveried.Itiscustomarytoidentifyj+m=l,sowecanwrite=l(l+1).15.4.2.Westartfromthe
recurrenceformula,Eq.(15.87),thatconnectsassociatedLegendrefunctionsofthesamelbutdieringm:Pm+1l(x)+2mx1x2Pml+(l+
m)(lm+1)Pm1l(x)=0.Figure15.3.8.Imagechargegeometry.
250.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS247UsingexpressionsforP22andP11fromTable15.3,weproperlyreproduceP2(x)=(3x21)/2.
Continuing,wegetP12=x1x2/2andP22=(1x2)/8.Thesearerelatedtothecorrespondingfunctionswith+masrequiredbyEq.
(15.81).15.4.3.TakingPmlrst(withm0),andtakingnoteoftheHint,wewillneedtoevaluateddxlm(x1)l(x+1)l.Leibnizsformula
givesthisderivativeasasum(overj)ofallthewaysjofthedierentiationscanbeappliedtotherstfactor,withlmjdierentiationsappliedto
thesecondfactor.AppendingtotheLeibnizformulatheremainingfactorsinPml,wehavePml=(x1)m/2(1)m/2(x+1)m/2lmj=0
lmjl!(lj)!(x1)ljl!(m+j)!(x1)m+j=(1)m/2lmj=0(lm)!l!l!(x1)ljm/2(x+1)j+m/2j!(lmj)!(lj)!(m+j)!.We
nowapplyasimilarproceduretoPml.However,thistimethetotalnumberofdierentiationsexceedsl,sothejsummationmustreectthefactthat
neitherfactorcanbedierentiatedmorethanltimes.WehavePml=(x1)m/2(1)m/2(x+1)m/2lj=ml+mjl!(lj)!(x1)ljl!(jm)!(x
1)jm=(1)m/2lj=m(l+m)!l!l!(x1)lj+m/2(x+1)jm/2j!(l+mj)!(lj)!(jm)!.Nextwereplacethesummationindexjbyk+m
thiscausesPmltoassumetheformPml=(1)m/2lmk=0(l+m)!l!l!(x1)lkm/2(x+1)k+m/2(m+k)!(lk)!(lmk)!k!.Comparing
thenalformsoftheexpressionsforPmlandPml,weconrmthatPml(x)=(1)m(lm)!(l+m)!Pml(x).
251.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS24815.4.4.(a)FromEq.(15.88)withx=0andm=1,P1l+1(0)=l+1lP1l1(0).Startingfrom
P11(0)=1,wehaveP13(0)=+3/2,P15(0)=35/24,oringeneralP12l+1(0)=(1)l+1(2l+1)!!/(2l)!!.ThefunctionsP12l(0)vanish

becausetheyhaveoddparity.(b)Atx=0,thegeneratingfunctionform=1hastheformg1(0,t)=1(1+t2)3/2=s=03/2st2ss=0P1
2s+1(0)t2s.FromthisequationweseethatP12s+1(0)=3/2s=(1)s+1(2s+1)!!(2s)!!.15.4.5.Usingthegeneratingfunction,gm(0,t)=
(1)m(2m1)!!(1+t2)m+1/2=(1)m(2m1)!!s=0m1/2st2s=s=0Pm2s+m(0)t2s,wereadoutPm2s+m(0)=(1)m(2m1)!!m
1/2s=(1)m(2m1)!!(1)s(2s+2m1)!!(2s)!!(2m1)!!,whichsimpliestothegivenanswerforl+meven.Pml(0)vanishesduetoits
oddparitywhenl+misodd.15.4.6.Theeldhasonlyrandcomponents,withEr=/randE=(1/r)/.Thus,Er=2q40P1(cos)
2ar3+P3(cos)4a3r5+,inagreementwithEq.(15.130).Then,E=2q40r2ardP1(cos)d+a3r3dP3(cos)d+=2q
40r2arP11(cos)+a3r3P13(cos)+,
252.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS249inagreementwithEq.(15.131).Thesecondlineoftheaboveequationwasobtainedby
substitutingdP1/d=sin=P11(cos)anddP3/d=P13(cos).15.4.7.UsingtheRodriguesformulaandnotingthatthe2lthderivativeof(x2
1)lis(2l)!,wehavePll(x)=(1)l(1x2)l/2(2l)!2ll!=(1)l(2l1)!!(1x2)l/2,equivalenttothegivenanswerwhenx=cos.15.4.8.There
aremanywaystoprovethisformula.AnapproachthatreliesontheRodriguesformulasandthefactthatPmlsatisestheassociatedLegendreODE
isthefollowing,inwhichDisusedasshorthandfortheoperatord/dx.FromtheODE,writteninselfadjointform,wehaveinitiallyD(1x2)D(1
x2)m/2DmPl+l(l+1)m21x2(1x2)m/2DmPl=0.EvaluatingallthederivativesexceptthosethatapplyonlytoPn,wereach(1x2
)m/2+1Dm+2Plm(1x2)m/2DmPl2(m+1)x(1x2)m/2Dm+1Pl+m2x2(1x2)m/21DmPl+l(l+1)m21x2(1x2)m/2Dm
Pl=0.RewritingthisequationusingtheRodriguesformulas(rememberingthattheycontainafactor(1)m),wegetPm+2lmPml+2(m+1)x(1
x2)1/2Pm+1l+m2x21x2Pml+l(l+1)m21x2Pml=0.CombiningthePmlterms,wehavePm+2l+2(m+1)x(1x2)1/2Pm+1l+
[l(l+1)m(m+1)]Pml=0.Ifmisreplacedbym1werecovertheformulaaspresentedinthetext.15.4.9.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.
15.4.10.Theformulagivenhereneedsaminussigntobeconsistentwiththesignconventionsusedthroughoutthetext.15.4.11.Theseintegralscan
berewrittenusingtherelationdP(cos)d=sindP(x)dx=(1x2)1/2dP(x)dx,
253.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS250wherex=cos.Moreover,0sind11dx.(a)Therstintegralthenassumes
theformI=11(1x2)dPml(x)dxdPml(x)dx+m21x2Pml(x)Pml(x)dx.Integratethersttermbyparts,dierentiating(1x2)dPml
/dxandintegratingdPml/dx.TheboundarytermsvanishandwegetI=11ddx(1x2)dPml(x)dx+m21x2Pml(x)Pmldx.Therst
termoftheintegrandisthedierentialoperatorpartoftheassociatedLegendreODE,sowereplaceitbytheproperlysignedremainderofthat
ODE:I=11l(l+1)m21x2Pml(x)+m21x2Pml(x)Pmldx.Wenowcancelthem2termsandidentifywhatisleftasanorthogonality
integral,withtheresultI=l(l+1)22l+1(l+m)!(lm)!ll.(b)Thisintegralassumestheform11P1l(x)dP1l(x)dx+P1l(x)dP1l(x)dx
dx=11ddxP1l(x)P1l(x)dx.ThisintegratestoP1l(x)P1l(x),aquantitythatvanishesatx=1,sothevalueoftheintegraliszero.15.4.12.
RewritethisintegralusingPmlwithm=1:I=11x(1x2)Pn(x)Pm(x)dx=11xP1n(x)P1m(x)dx.UseEq.(15.88)tobringItotheformI=
11n2n+1P1n+1(x)+n+12n+1P1n1(x)P1m(x)dx.Ifm=n+1thersttermisnonzerowiththehelpofEq.(15.104)wegetn2n+11
1P1n+1(x)P1n+1(x)dx=n2n+122n+3(n+2)!n!.Theonlyothernonzerocaseiswhenm=n1asimilaranalysisconrmstheanswer
giveninthetext.
254.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25115.4.13.43n,1.15.4.14.Usethenotationtodenoteascalarproductwithunitweight,andwrite
theselfadjointODEasLPml=l(l+1)m21x2Pml.WethenwritePml|LPkl=Pmll(l+1)k21x2Pkl,PklLPml=Pkll(l+1)
m21x2Pml.BecauseLisselfadjointandtheLegendrefunctionsarereal,Pkl|LPml=Pml|LPkl,andtheaboveequationscanberewritten
Pml|LPkl=Pmll(l+1)k21x2Pkl,Pml|LPkl=Pmll(l+1)m21x2Pkl.Ifwenowsubtractthesecondoftheseequationsfromthe
rst,weget(m2k2)Pml11x2Pkl=0,showingthatfunctionswithm=kareorthogonalon(1,1)withweight1/(1x2).15.4.15.The
answerisgiveninthetext.15.4.16.(a)Br(r,)=n=0d2n+1(2n+1)(2n+2)r2na2n+1P2n+1(cos).B(r,)=n=0d2n+1(2n+2)r2n
a2n+1P12n+1(cos)withd2n+1=(1)n0I2(2n1)!!(2n+2)!!.15.4.17.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.4.18.Theanswerisgiveninthe
text.
255.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25215.4.19.Letbetheangularvelocityoftherotatingsphere,itssurfacechargedensity,andathe
radiusofthesphere.(a)Bisinthezdirection,withBz=203a43z3.(b)A(r,)=03a4r2P11(cos),Br(r,)=203a4r3P1(cos
),B(r,)=03a4r3P11(cos).15.4.20.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.15.5SphericalHarmonics15.5.1.StartingfromtherelationsPml
(cos)=(1)l+mPml(cos),eim(+)=(1)meim,wendYml(,+)=(1)lYml(,).15.5.2.SinceYml(,)containsthe
factorsinm,Yml(0,)=0form=0.AlsoY0l(,)=2l+14Pl(cos)withPl(1)=1.HenceYml(0,)=2l+14m0.15.5.3.Yml2,
0=Pml(0)2l+14(lm)!(l+m)!1/2.UsingEq.(15.4.5)tosubstituteforPml(0),wegetthevaluezerounlessl+miseven.Forevenl+m,
wegetYml2,0=(1)(l+m)/2(l+m1)!!(lm)!!2l+14(lm)!(l+m)!1/2,whichcanbebroughttotheformshowninthetextasthe
answertothisproblem.15.5.4.Substitutingthedeltafunctionformula:f(2)(12)d2=m=eim112f(2)eim2d2=m
cmeim1withcm=12f(2)eim2d2.
256.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS253Sincethecmarethecoecientsintheexpansionoff()intheorthogonalfunctionsm()=eim
,thissumreducestof(1).15.5.5.Wecandemonstratethevalidityoftheclosurerelationbyverifyingthatitgivescorrectresultswhenusedwithan
arbitraryfunctionf(,).Multiplyingtheassumedrelationbyf(1,1)andintegrating,l=0+lm=lYml(1,1)f(1,1)d1Yml(2,
2)=l=0+lm=lalmYml(22)=f(2,2),wherewehaveobservedthatthatthe1integralisthatwhichdenesthecoecientsalmofthe
sphericalharmonicexpansion.Sincethisresultobtainsforarbitraryf(,)andisthatrequiredofthedeltafunction,ourvericationiscomplete.
15.5.6.Ye04=P4(cos)=35cos230cos2+38Ye24=P24(cos)cos2=15(7cos21)sin2cos22Ye44=105sin4cos4
15.5.7.TheangularaverageofYmlvanishesexceptforl=m=0byorthogonalityofYmlandY00=1/4.Thus,whenf(r,,)iswrittenas
itsLaplaceexpansion,onlytheterma00Y00willcontributetotheaverage.Thisimpliesfsphere=14f(r,,)dcosd=a004=a00Y00.
Butsettingr=0intheLaplaceseries,wealsohavef(0,0,0)=a00Y00,sofsphere=f(0,0,0).15.6LegendreFunctionsoftheSecondKind
15.6.1.First,notethatQ0(x)isoddchangingthesignofxinterchangesthenumeratoranddenominatorofthelogarithmdeningQ0.Next,notethat
Q1(x)iseven.Then,therecurrenceformulayieldingQnforn2causesQn+2(x)tohavethesameparityasQn(x).Thus,ingeneralQnhasaparity
oppositetothatofn.15.6.2.FirstverifybyexplicitcomputationthattheformulasgivecorrectresultsforQ0andQ1.ForQ0,therstsummation
containsasingletermequal
257.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS254tox,whilethesecondsumstartswiths=1.TogethertheyyieldQ0=x+s=1x2s+12s+1,
whichisthepowerseriesexpansionofQ0(x).AsimilarcheckconrmsQ1(x).Wenextcheckthattheformulasofparts(a)and(b)areconsistent
withtherecurrenceformula.Weneedtoexamineboth2nQ2n(4n1)xQ2n1+(2n1)Q2n2=0and(2n+1)Q2n+1(4n+1)xQ2n+2nQ2n
1=0.Eachcheckinvolvesthreeparts:(1)Coecientsofpowersofxthatarisefromtherst(nite)summationsonly(2)Coecientsthatarise
fromthesecond(innite)summationonlyand(3)coecientsforvaluesofsnearnthatdonotfallintotheprevioustwocases.Thevericationis
straightforwardbuttedious.ItmaybeusefultoorganizethetermsinafashionsimilartothatillustratedinthesolutiontoExercise15.6.3.15.6.3.We
usetheformulascaledasinpart(b)sothatacheckofQ0,Q1,andtherecurrenceformulaveriesboththegeneralformulaanditsscaling.ForQ0,
wegetQ0(x)=s=0(2s)!x2s1(2s)!!(2s+1)!!=s=0x2s12s+1=12ln1+x11x1=12lnx+1x1,whichistheformforQ0
whichisstandardfor|x|>1.ThevericationofQ1=xQ01issimilar.Tocompletetheproofwenowwritethethreetermsoftherecurrence
formulaassummationsandequatethecoecientsofindividualpowersof
258.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS255x.Wehave(2l+1)xQl=s=0(l+2s)!x2sl(2s)!!(2l+2s+1)!!(2l+1),lQl1=ls=0(l+
2s1)!x2sl(2s)!!(2l2s1)!!=s=0(l+2s)!x2sl(2s)!!(2l+2s+1)!!l(2l+2s+1)l+2s,(l+1)Ql+1=(l+1)s=0(l+2s+1)!x2sl

2(2s)!!(2l+2s+3)!!.Tomaketheexponentscorrespondforthesameindexvalueswereplacesbys1intheQl+1summationformallythes
sumthenstartsfroms=1butthesummandvanishesfors=0sowecanwithouterrorusezeroasthelowersummationlimit.Withthesechanges,we
have(l+1)Ql+1=s=0(l+2s)!x2sl(2s)!!(2l+2s+1)!!(l+1)(2s)l+2s.Formingnow(l+1)Ql+1(2l+1)xQl+lQl1,wendthatthe
coecientofeachpowerofxevaluatestozero.15.6.4.(a)Applytherecurrenceformula,Eq.(15.18),tobothPnandQn:n[Pn(x)Qn1(x)]=(2n
1)xPn1(x)Qn1(x)(n1)Pn2(x)Qn1(x),n[Pn1(x)Qn(x)]=(2n1)xPn1(x)Qn1(x)(n1)Pn1(x)Qn2(x).Usingtheabove,wendn
[Pn(x)Qn1(x)Pn1(x)Qn(x)]=(n1)[Pn1(x)Qn2(x)Pn2(x)Qn1(x)].Applyingrepeatedly,wenallygetton[Pn(x)Qn1(x)Pn
1(x)Qn(x)]=[P1(x)Q0(x)P0(x)Q1(x)].(b)FromP0=1,P1=x,Q0=12ln1+x1x,Q1=x2ln1+x1x1,wedirectlyverifyP1Q0
P0Q1=1.
259.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25616.AngularMomentum16.1AngularMomentumOperators16.1.1.(a)and(b)areEqs.(16.30)
and(16.31)appliedtoj=L,m=M.16.1.2.ThisproblemisinterpretedasrequiringthattheformgivenforLbeshowntoconvertYllasgivenby
Eq.(15.137)intoYmlasgivenbythatequation(andnotbytheuseofgeneraloperatorformulas).WeconsiderexplicitlyL+.TheprocedureforL
issimilar.ApplyingL+toYml,notingthatdPml(cos)d=sin(Pml),icotddeim=mcoteim,andusingEqs.(15.87)and
(15.91),writtenhereasmcotPml=12Pm+1l+(l+m)(lm+1)2Pm1l,sin(Pml)=12Pm+1l(l+m)(lm+1)2Pm1l,we
obtainL+Yml=2l+14(lm)!(l+m)!+icotPmleim=(lm)(l+m+1)2l+14(lm1)!(l+m+1)!Pm+1le(m+1)=
(lm)(l+m+1)Ym+1l.ThecorrespondingresultforLisLYml=(l+m)(lm+1)Ym1l.Continuingnow,(a)ApplyLktimestoYll
.Weget(L)kYll=(2l)(2l1)(2lk+1)(1)(2)(k)1/2Ylkl=(2l)!k!(2lk)!Ylkl.Settinglk=m,werecovertheanswerto
part(a).(b)ApplyingL+ktimestoYll,wegetbyasimilarproceduretheexpectedresult.
260.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25716.1.3.Theequationofthisexercise,writteninDiracnotation,isYMLLL+YML=L+YML
L+YML.ThisequationisvalidbecauseLxandLyareHermitian,so(L)=L+.16.1.4.(a)InsertJ+=Jx+iJyandJ=JxiJyintotheformula
forJ2andexpand,maintainingtheoperatororderinallterms.AftercancellationwereachJ2x+J2y+J2z.(b)Onewaytoproceedistostartby
buildingtheoperatorL+L:L+L=ei+icoteiicot=22cotcot222i.ThenLL+is
obtainedfromtheabovebychangingthesignofi,so(L+LLL+)/2issimplytherstthreetermsoftheaboveexpression.Wealsoneedan
expressionforL2z=2/2,andcanthenwriteL2=22cotcot22222=22cot1sin222,
wherethesecondlineoftheaboveequationresultsfromapplicationofatrigonometricidentity.Nowwecanapplythisoperatortotheand
dependenceofthesphericalharmonicsofl=2fromTable15.4.Y22:L2sin2e2i=(2cos2+2sin2)e2icot(2sincos)e2i+4e2i
=(2sin24cos2+4)e2i=6sin2e2iY12:L2sincosei=4sincoseicot(cos2sin2)eisincossin2(ei)=
sincos4cos2sin2+1+1sin2ei=6sincoseiY02:L2(3cos21)=6(cos2sin2)+6cot(cossin)=12cos26
sin2=6(3cos21).TheevaluationsforYM2aresimilartothoseforthecorresponding+M.
261.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25816.1.5.Thisproblemisinterpretedasreferringtogeneralangularmomentumeigenfunctions,with
L2LM=L(L+1)LMandLzLM=MLM,andwiththeeectofL+andLasshowninEq.(16.25).Fromtheseequationsweproceedasin
Exercise16.1.2,getting(inthepresentnotation)theformulasofthatexercise.16.1.6.Usemathematicalinduction,assumingtheequationsofthis
exercisetobevalidforn1.WeapplyL+tothe(L+)n1equation.TreatingthetwotermsofL+individually,Term1:ei(1)n1sinM+n1
ddcosn1sinMLMei(M+n1)=ei(M+n)(1)n1(M+n1)sinM+n2cosddcosn1sinMLM+ei(M+n)(1)n1
sinM+n1(sin)ddcosnsinMLM,Term2:(M+n1)ei(M+n)(1)n1cotsinM+n1ddcosn1sinMLMTerm2
cancelsagainsttherstpartofTerm1,leaving(1)nsinM+nddcosnsinMLMei(M+n).Thisistheformulafor(L+)n.Sincethe
formulaisclearlyvalidforn=0,theproofbymathematicalinductioniscomplete.Asimilarproofcanbedevelopedforthe(L)nequation.16.1.7.
StartfromY00andcomparetheresultofapplying(L+)Mandthatobtainedbyapplying(L)M,usingtheformulasinExercise16.1.6.(L+)MY
0L=(1)MeiMsinMdMY0LdcosM,(L)MY0L=eiMsinMdMY0LdcosM.TheserepeatedapplicationsofLproduceYM
LandYMLwithequalscalefactors,ascanbeseenbyexaminationoftheformulasinExercise16.1.1.Wealsonotethattheexpressionsdier
onlybyafactor(1)MandthesignoftheexponentineiM,asrequiredtoobtainthedesiredanswer.
262.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS25916.1.8.(a)L+Y01=ei+icot34cos=34ei(sin)=2Y11.(b)LY0
1=eiicot34cos=34ei(sin)=2Y11.16.2AngularMomentumCoupling16.2.1.WeapplyJ+=J1++J2+to
thestate|(j1j2)JMusingtheJ+matrixelementthatweknow.ThisyieldsJ+|JM=[(JM)(J+M+1)]1/2m1m2C(j1j2J|m1,m2,M+1)|j1m1|j2m2=
m1m2C(j1j2J|m1m2M)[(j1m1)(j1+m1+1)]1/2|j1,m1+1|j2m2+[(j2m2)(j2+m2+1)]1/2|j1m1|j2,m2+1,fromwhichweprojectwith
|j1,m1+1|j2m2toget[(JM)(J+M+1)]1/2C(j1j2J|m1+1,m2,M+1)=C(j1j2J|m1m2M)[(j1m1)(j1+m1+1)]1/2+C(j1j2J|m1+1,m21,
M)[(j2m2+1)(j2+m2)]1/2.Toavoidintroducingadditionalindexingsymbolswehaveusedthefactthattheprojectioncorresponds,fortherst
righthandterm,toreducingthesumtoasingleterminwhichm1andm2havetheindexvaluesshowninthesum,whileforthesecondterm,the
sumbecomesasingletermwithm1replacedbym1+1andwithm2replacedbym21.UsingthisrecursionwecheckthatC(111|000)=0,
C(111|101)=1/2,etc.Projecting|j1m1|j2,m2+1givesasimilarrecursion.UsingJ2J(J+1)=j1(j1+1)+j2(j2+1)+2m1m2+J1+J2+J1J2+in
conjunctionwiththematrixelementsofJigiveninEqs.(16.30)and(16.31)yieldsathirdrecursionrelation.16.2.2.Theformulaofthisexerciseis
thatforangularmomentumcoupling,sotheresultmustbeasphericaltensorofrankJ.16.2.3.Denotethepstatesp+,p0,pandthespinstates,.
Notethatj+=l++s+andj=l+s,sowewillneed,applyingEqs.(16.30)and
263.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS260(16.31):l+p+=0,l+p0=2p+,l+p=2p0,lp+=2p0,lp0=2p,lp=0,s+=0,
s+=,s=,s=0.Theml,msstateofmaximumm=ml+msisp+,sothisisastatewithj=m=3/2.Applyingj,weformthe(32,m)
statesofsmallerm:j=32,m=12:(l+s)p+=2p0+p+,j=32,m=12:(l+s)(2p0+p+)=2p+2p0+2p0=2(p
+2p0),j=32,m=32:2(p+2p)=6p.Thesestatesarenotyetnormalized.Eachstatewithj=12willbeorthogonaltothej=3
2stateofthesamem,sowehave(alsounnormalized)j=12,m=12:p02p+,j=12,m=12:p02p.Normalizingallthese
statesandusingtheconventionallabeling:2p3/2:m=32,p+,m=12,2/3p0+1/3p+,m=12,2/3p0+1/3p,m=32,p,2p1/2:
m=12,1/3p02/3p+,m=12,1/3p02/3p.16.2.4.ThepstatesaredesignatedasinExercise16.2.3andthespinstatesaregiventhe
(nonstandard)designations[32],[12],etc.ThedenitionsofjareasinExercise16.2.3andthebehavioroflisaslistedthereweneedthe
additionalrelationshipss[32]=3[12],s[12]=2[12],s[12]=3[32],s[32]=0.Thelargestpossiblevalueofm=ml+msis5
2,sothatthe(j,m)state
264.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS261oflargestjandmis(52,52)=p+[32].Applyingj,wereachj=52,m=32,2p0[32]+
3p+[12],j=52,m=12,2p[32]+26p0[12]+23p+[12],j=52,m=12,63p[12]+66p0[12]+6p+[32]j=52,
m=32,242p0[32]+243po[12]j=52,m=52,120p[32].Wenextneedtoidentifythestate(32,32)asthatofm=32that
isorthogonalto2p0[32+3p+[12].Itis(32,32)=3p0[32]2p+[12].Applyingj,wenowgeneratethestatesofj=32ofsmaller
m:j=32,m=12,6p[32]+p0[12]22p+[12],j=32,m=12,42p[12]2p0[12]26p+[32],j=32,m=32,6
2p[12]63p0[32].Finally,weconstructthestateswithj=12,startingfromthestate(12,12)thatisorthogonaltoboth(52,12)
and(32,12).Writingthisstateasp[32]+bp0[12+cp+[12],theorthogonalityrequirementisp[32]+bp0[12]+cp+[12]p[32]+
6p0[12]+3p+[12]=1+6b+3c=0,p[32]+bp0[12]+cp+[12]6p[32]+p0[12]22p+[12]=6+b22c=
0.Theseequationshavesolutionb=2/3,c=1/3,so(12,12)=p[32]2/3p0[12]+1/3p+[12].Operatingonthiswithj,weget(12,
12)=p+[32]2/3p0[12]+1/3p0[12].
265.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS262Collectingtheaboveresultsandnormalizing,ournalresultis:4p5/2:m=52,p+[32],m=3

2,2/5p0[32]+3/5p+[12],m=12,1/10p[32]+3/5p0[12]+3/10p+[12],m=12,3/10p[12]+3/5p0[12]+1/10p+[32],m=
32,2/5p0[32]+3/5p[12],m=52,p[32],4p3/2:m=32,3/5p0[32]2/5p+[12],m=12,2/5p[32]+1/15p0[12]8/15
p+[12],m=12,8/15p[12]1/15p0[12]2/5p+[25],m=32,2/5p[12]3/5p0[32],4p1/2:m=12,1/2p[32]1/3
p0[12]+1/6p+[12],m=12,1/2p+[32]1/3p0[12]+1/6p[12].16.2.5.(a)Writingthethreeparticlestatesinthemp,mn,mebasis,
puttingthestatesofthesameM=mp+mn+meinthesamerow,weconstructthediagramM=3/2pneM=1/2pnepnepneM=
1/2pnepnepneM=3/2pneThediagramshowsthatthereisonesetofstateswithJ=3/2(aquartet)andtwoadditionalsetsof
stateswithJ=1/2(doublets).(b)Findingthestatesreachedbycouplingtheprotonandneutronspinsisthesameastheproblemdiscussedin
Exercise16.2.2writingtheresultsofthatexerciseinanotationreectingthecurrentsituation,wehaveanucleartriplet,(pn)+=pn,(pn)0=1/2
(pn+pn),(pn)=pn,andanuclearsinglet:(pn)s=1/2(pnpn).Couplingthetripletnuclearstatewiththeelectronspinproducesa
quartetstateandadoubletstate.Findingthequartetanddoubletstatesisthesameproblemas
266.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS263Exercise16.2.3theresultsare(32,32):(pn)+e,(32,12):2/3(pn)0e+1/3(pn)+e,(32,
12):2/3(pn)0e+1/3(pn)e,(32,32):(pn)e,(12,12):1/3(pn)0e2/3(pn)+e,(12,12):1/3(pn)0e2/3(pn)e.The
singletnuclearstatehasnospinangularmomentum,socouplingitwiththeelectronspinproducesthedoublet(whichwemarkwithaprime)(12,1
2):(pn)se,(12,12):(pn)se.Allthesestatescannowbeexpandedintoweightedsumsofthe(mp,mn,me)states.Weget(32,32):pne
(32,12):1/3(pne+pne+pne)(32,12):1/3(pne+pne+pne)(32,32):pne(12,12):1/6(pne+
pne)2/3pne(12,12):1/6(pne+pne)2/3pne(12,12):1/2(pnepne)(12,12):1/2(pnepne.
(c)Thispartoftheexerciseisthesameaspart(b)exceptthattherolesoftheneutronandelectronareinterchanged.Thus,replacethe(pn)statesby
corresponding(pe)statesandchangeeandetonandn.Afterthesechanges,onecanexpandtheresultingstates.Thequartetstatesarethesame
inbothcouplingschemes,butthedoubletsfoundhere,markedwithmultipleprimes,(12,12):1/6(pne+pne)2/3pne(12,12):
1/6(pne+pne)2/3pne(12,12):1/2(pnepne)(12,12):1/2(pnepne.
267.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS264dierfromthoseofpart(b).(d)Thedierenceinthetwocouplingschemesisonlyinthedoublet
statesthoseassociatedwiththetripletnuclearstateofpart(b)arethestatesofmostinterestsincetheycorrespondtoobservedstatesofthe
deuteriumatom.Onewaytoshowthatthesedoubletsspanthesamespaceistowritethosefrompart(c)aslinearcombinationsofthosefrompart
(b).WeillustrateforM=+12:(12,12)=12(12,12)32(12,12),(12,12)=32(12,12)+12(12,12).16.3Spherical
Tensors16.3.2.ThesetofYmlforgivenlisclosedunderrotation.Thismustbethecase,becauseL2,ascalar,hasavaluethatisindependentof
theorientationofthecoordinatesystem.16.3.3.ThisproblemisaspecialcaseofEq.(16.53)with1=2.ThequantityAisshowninEq.(16.55)
toberotationallyinvariant(i.e.,sphericallysymmetric).16.3.4.ThisformulaisderivedatEq.(16.66).16.3.5.Notethatthisproblemusesahybrid
unitsystemandisneitherinMKSunits(itlacksthefactor1/4)norinthehartreeunitsystemcommoninelectronicstructurecomputations(having
avalueofenotsettounity).Tosolvetheproblem,usetheLaplaceexpansion,Eq.(16.66),andnotethattheonlytermthatsurvivesuponintegration
isthatwithl=0,forwhichtheproductofthetwosphericalharmonicsbecomes1/4.Therefore,afterperformingtheangularintegrationsforboth
r1andr2,whatremainsisE=3e4R32(4)2R0r21dr1R0r22dr21r>,wherer>isthelargerofr1andr2.Toevaluatetheintegral,breakitinto
thetworegionsr1<r2andr1>r2:E=9e2R6R0r1dr1r10r22dr2+R0r2dr2r20r21dr1=18e2R6R0r1dr1r10r22dr2.Notethatwe
havewrittentheintegrationsinawaythatshowsthemtobeequal.ThedoubleintegralevaluatestoR5/15,soE=6e2/5R.
268.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS26516.3.6.NotethatthisproblemusesahybridunitsystemandisneitherinMKSunits(itlacksthe
factor1/4)norinthehartreeunitsystemcommoninelectronicstructurecomputations(havingavalueofenotsettounity).Thisproblemproceeds
inawaysimilartoExercise16.3.5.Itisconvenienttochangetheintegrationvariablestox=2Zr1/a0andy=2Zr2/a0,andtheintegralweseekcan
thenbewrittenV=e2Za00x2exdxxyeydy.Theyintegralhasthevalue(x+1)ex,sowehaveV=e2Za00e2x(x3+x2)dx=
e2Za03!24+2!23=5e2Z8a0.16.3.7.ThisproblemispresentedinMKSunits,withqdenotingtheelectroncharge.AsinExercises16.3.5and
16.3.6,onlythesphericallysymmetrictermoftheLaplaceexpansionsurvivestheintegration,andwehaveV(r1)=q401a304r10r22r1e
2r2/a0dr2+4r1r2e2r2/a0dr2.Changingtheintegrationvariabletox=2r2/a0,wegetV(r1)=q404a30a0231r12r1/a00x2exdx
+a0222r1/a0xexdx=q4012r1(3,2r1/a0)+1a0(2,2r1/a0).Wehaveidentiedtheintegralsasincompletegammafunctions.Alter
natively,becausetherstargumentsofthesefunctionsareintegers,theycanbewrittenentirelyintermsofelementaryfunctions.16.3.8.(r1)=1
401241r15,r1a0+1a04,r1a04Y00(1,1)1401120a20r317,r1a0+r21a302,r1a045Y02(1,1).16.3.9.
(a)Placethisallegeddeltafunctionintotheintegralofanarbitraryf(2)=f(2,2):l=0lm=lYml(1)Yml(2)f(2)d2=l=0lm=
lYml(1)clm,
269.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS266wherewenowrecognizeclmasthecoecientofYmlintheLaplaceexpansionoff().The
summationswillthereforeyieldYml(1)thisresultisthedeningpropertyofthedeltafunction.(b)UseEq.(16.57)toreplacethesummation
overmwithitsequivalentintermsofPl(cos),whereistheanglebetween1,i.e.,(1,1),and2,i.e.,(2,2).16.3.10.(a)ReplaceY00by1/
4thereremainsonlyanormalizationintegral.(b)ReplaceY01by3/4cosanduseEq.(15.150),afterwhichtheintegralreducesduetothe
orthonormalityoftheremainingfactors.(c)and(d)ReplaceY11by3/8sineianduseEq.(15.151).16.3.11.(a)Usetherecurrenceformula
fortheLegendrepolynomials,Eq.(15.18),toconvertxPLintoalinearcombinationofPL+1andPL1.Theninvokeorthogonalityandusethe
normalizationofPN,giveninEq.(15.38).(b)Applytherecurrenceformulatwice,convertingx2PLintoalinearcombinationofPLandPL2and
simplifyusingorthogonalityandnormalization.16.3.12.(a)Fromtherecurrenceformula,Eq.(15.18),xPnisalinearcombinationofonlyPn1and
Pn+1,sothesearetheonlynonvanishingcoecientsinitsexpansion(whichisunique).16.4VectorSphericalHarmonics16.4.1.Theanswersare
giveninthetext.16.4.2.Theparityisthesameasthatofthesphericalharmonic,whoseparityiscontrolledbyitsvalueofthelowerindexL(which
isthesecondindexofthevectorsphericalharmonic).ThereforetheparityofYLLMis(1)L,whileYL,L+1,MandYL,L1,Mhaveparity(1)L+1
.16.4.3.TheorthogonalityintegralisYJLMJYJLMJd=m,C(L1J|mMJ)C(L1J|mMJ)(YL)YLd=m,C(L1J|mMJ
)C(L1J|mMJ)LL.AtleastoneoftheClebschGordancoecientsiszerounlessMJ=MJ,wemusthave=Mjm,andthesumofthesquares
oftheClebsch
270.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS267GordancoecientsisJJ.Thus,YJLMJYJLMJd=JJLLMJMJ.16.4.5.WriteM
YLLMYLLM=mMC(L1L|mM)2(YL)YL.Wehaveusedthecondition+m=MontheClebschGordancoecientstosetequal
theupperindicesoftheYL.ThesumoverMofthesquaresoftheClebschGordancoecients(foranyxed)yieldsunity,andweareleftwith
MYLLMYLLM=(YL)YL=2L+14,wherewehaverecognizedthenalsumoverasaspecialcaseofEq.(16.57)for1=2
(therebymakingitacaseforwhichcos=1).16.4.6.Thecrossproductisorthogonaltobothitsvectors,sothedotproductintheintegrandyields
zero.
271.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS26817.GroupTheory17.1IntroductiontoGroupTheory17.1.1.FromTable17.2ofthetext,wesee
thatforanyelementRoftheVierergruppe,R2=I,sowecannotreachallelementsofthegroupaspowersofanyoneelementthatmeansthe
groupisnotcyclic.Moreover,thetableshowsthatforanyelementsRandR,RR=RR,sothegroupisabelian.17.1.2.(a)Thegroupoperationhere
isthesuccessiveapplicationoftwopermutations.(1)Successivepermutationsresultinapermutation,sothesetofpermutationsisclosedunderthe
groupoperation.(2)Wegetthesameresultifwecarryoutthreepermutationsinorder,i.e.,asc(ba),orrstidentifythepermutation(cb)and

makethesuccessivepermutationscorrespondingto(cb)a.(3)TheidentityIisthepermutationthatdoesnotchangetheorderingofthe
objectsIaandaIarebothA.(4)Theinverseofapermutationisclearlyalsoapermutationitrestorestheoriginalorder.(b)Namethe
permutationsI(noreordering),P12(interchangeobjects1and2,leaving3initsoriginalposition),P13,P23,P123(move1totheoriginalposition
of2,2totheoriginalpositionof3,3totheoriginalpositionof1),soP123abc=cab,andP321(move3totheoriginalpositionof2,2totheoriginal
positionof1,1totheoriginalpositionof3),soP321abc=bca.ThenbuildthegroupmultiplicationtableshowninTable17.1ofthismanualby
notingthat,forexample,P12P13abc=P12cba=bca=P321abc,soP12P13=P321.Fromthisandothersuccessiveoperations,wecanidentifyall
elementsofthegroupmultiplicationtable.(c)ThemultiplicationtableforthisgroupS3canbeputintooneonecorrespondencewiththatinTable
17.1ofthetextforD3,ifweidentifyP12withC2,P13withC2,P23withC2,P321withC3,andP123withC3.Sincethecorrespondenceisoneto
one,thegroupsareisomorphic.TheTable17.1Multiplicationtable,permutationsofthreeobjectsS3IP12P13P23P123P321IIP12P13P23
P123P321P12P12IP321P123P23P13P13P13P123IP321P12P23P23P23P321P123IP13P12P123P123P13P23P12P321IP321P321
P23P12P13IP123
272.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS269correspondence,however,isnotuniquewecouldhaveassociatedanyoneofP12,P13,orP23
withC2,withpossiblechangesintheidenticationsofP123andP321.17.1.3.Supposethatbandcaredierentelementsofourgroup,andthatab=
ac.Multiplyeachsideofthisequationontheleftbya1(whichmustexist,sinceaisamemberofagroup).Wethengetb=c,whichcontradictsour
initialassumption.Thus,alltheelementsaI,a2,ab,...mustbedistinct,andthereforeconstituteapermutationofthegroupelements.17.1.4.We
needtoverifythatthesetofxhix1satisfythegroupconditions.1.Theproductoftwoelementsisagroupmember:(xhix1)(xhjx1)=xhihjx1=
xhkx1,wherehk=hihjisamemberoifH.2.Sinceallthemultiplicationsinvolvedareassociative,theinsertionofxandx1cannotaectthe
associativity.3.xIx1istheunitelementofourconjugatesubgroup.4.Directmultiplicationshowsthatxh1ix1istheinverseofxhix1.17.1.5.
(a)Becauseourgroupisabelian,ab=cimpliesba=c.Takingtheinverseofthislastexpression,wehavea1b1=c1,showingthatthesetof
inversesofthegroupelementsformsagroupisomorphicwiththeoriginalgroup.(b)Ifthetwogroupsareisomorphicwithaa1,thenab=c
impliesa1b1=c1takingtheinverseofthisequation,wereachba=c,showingthattheoriginalgroupisabelian.Theisomorphismfurther
impliesthatthegroupofinversesmustalsobeabelian.17.1.6.(a)A90positiverotationofthecubiccrystal(aboutthezaxisofarighthanded
system)causesxyandyx.Applyingthistransformationtotheatomat(la,ma,na)causesittonowbelocatedat(ma,la,na),whichisa
pointthatcontainedanotheratombeforetherotation.(b)Thepositivexaxisofthecrystalcanbeplacedinanyoneofsixorientations(thex,y,or
zdirectionsofaxedspaceaxialsystem).Thenthepositiveyaxisofthecrystalcanbeplaced(applyingarotation)inanyoneofthefour
directionsperpendiculartothedirectionchosenforthecrystalxaxis.Finally,thepositivezaxisofthecrystalcanbeplacedinoneofthetwo
directionsperpendiculartothecrystalxandyaxes(applyingareectionifnecessary).Thus,thenumberofpossibleorientationsis642=48,
andthatwillbethedimensionofthecubicpointgroup.
273.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS27017.1.7.(a)PointAofthehexagonaltilingisathreefoldaxis(rotation2/3,whichis120).The2
2matrixtransformingapoint(x,y)bythisrotationisC3=1/23/23/21/2.(b)PointBusasixfoldaxis(rotation/3,whichis60).Its
22matrixisC6=1/23/23/21/2.17.2RepresentationofGroups17.2.1.BecausetheUK(a)aremembersofarepresentation,UK(aa1)
mustbeequaltoUK(a)UK(a1).ButUK(aa1)=UK(I),whichisaunitmatrix,whichinturnmeansthatUK(a1)=UK(a)1.17.2.2.Since
thematrixofIisaunitmatrix,thegroupoperationsIa,aI,Ib,bI,Ic,andcIareconsistentwiththecorrespondingmatrixproducts.SinceA=I,itis
easytoverifythatAB=BA=B=CandthatAC=CA=C=B,allofwhichareconsistentwiththegroupmultiplicationtable.Bymatrix
multiplicationwealsondthatBC=CB=A,completingourcheckoftherepresentation.17.2.3.ThematrixU=1/21/21/21/2
transformsBandCtoB=1001,C=1001.ThetransformationdoesnotchangeIorA.Becauseallfourrepresentationmatricesarenow
blockdiagonal(thetwoblocksare11),theelementsU11ofthetransformedmatricesformaonedimensionalrepresentation,asdotheU22
elements.17.2.4.(a)Applythedeterminantproducttheorem:IfAB=C,thenalsodet(A)det(B)=det(C).
274.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS271(b)FromtherepresentationU(I)=1001,U(C3)=1/23/23/21/2,U(C23)=1/2
3/23/21/2,U()=1001,U()=1/23/23/21/2,U()=1/23/23/21/2,wetakedeterminants:U(I)=U(C3)=U(C23)=
1,U()=U()=U()=1.17.2.5.Toverifytherepresentationpropertywenoterstthatrepeatedapplicationofr,startingfromr0=1,produces
1,r,r2,etc.Itisalsonecessarythatrn=1.Fromtheformgivenforr,wehavern=exp(2is)which,becausesisaninteger,evaluatestounity.
Finally,notethatrmrk=rm+kandthatifm+knwecandividetheresultbyunity(intheformrn)toobtainaelementrmwithmintherange(0,
n1).17.2.6.Thisgroup,D4,haseightelements,whichwedenoteI,C4,C2,C34,x,y,d,andd.Iistheidentity,C4,C2=C24,andC34
arerotations,xisthereectionxx,yiayy,disareectionaboutthelinex=y,whiledisareectionaboutthelinex=y.The
groupmultiplicationtableisD4IC4C2C34xyddIIC4C2C34xyddC4C4C2C34IddxyC2C2C34IC4yxdd
C34C34IC4C2ddyxxxdydIC2C4C34yydxdC2IC34C4ddydxC34C4IC2ddxdyC4C34
C2I
275.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS272A22irreduciblerepresentationofthisgroupisU(I)=1001,U(C4)=0110,U(C2)=10
01,U(C34)=0110,U(x)=1001,U(y)=1001,U(d)=0110,U(d)=0110.17.3SymmetryandPhysics17.3.1.Referring
toFig.17.2ofthetext,thebasisfunctionsofthepresentproblemareporbitalscenteredateachvertexofthetriangleandorientedperpendicularto
theplaneofthetriangle.Sincealltheseorbitalsareofoppositesignaboveandbelowthisplane,theycannotbeusedtoconstructarepresentation
thatdoesnotchangesignwhenthetriangleisturnedover.Denotingtheindividualorbitalsi,wecanformthelinearcombination0=1+2+3,
anditisclearthat1willbeinvariantwithrespecttoIandtherotationsC3andC3,butwillchangesignundertheoperationsC2,C2,andC2,and
willthereforeformabasisfortheonedimensionalrepresentationwecallA2.Therearenootherlinearcombinationsofthebasisfunctionsthat
remaininvariant(exceptforapossiblesignchange)underalltheoperationsofD3,sothetwomembersofourbasisspaceindependentof0mustbe
associatedwithanirreduciblerepresentationofdimension2.Example17.3.2providesaclueastohowtoproceed.Wetry1=(13)/2,2=
(1+223)/6,andwithFig.17.2athand,developrelationshipssuchasthefollowing,whichmaybehardtondbutareeasilychecked:
C31=(21)/2=121+322,C32=(2+231)=321122.Theserelationshipscanbeexpressedasthematrix
equationU(C3)12,withU(C3)=1/23/23/21/2.Someoftheoperationsyielddiagonalmatrices,suchasI1=1,I2=2,C21=
1,C22=2,
276.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS273withU(I)=1001,U(C2)=1001.ThisistherepresentationofD3calledEanddiscussedin
Example17.2.1.17.4DiscreteGroups17.4.1.(a)SincetheVierergruppeisabelian,allexpressionsoftheformgag1reducetoa,soeveryelement
isinaclassbyitself.Therearethereforefourclasses.(b)Therearefourirreduciblerepresentations.Theonlywaythedimensionalitytheorem,Eq.
(17.10),canbesatisedisforeachirreduciblerepresentationtobe11.(c)Therewillbeoneirreduciblerepresentationwhosecharactersareall
unity(usuallycalledA1).Theorthogonalitytheoremandthefactthatallelementsaretheirowninversesmeansthatallotherrepresentationsmust
havetwoclasses(here,elements)withcharacter+1andtwowithcharacter1.Therearethreedistinctwaystoassigntheminussigns(whichcannot
beassignedtoI),leadingtothefollowingcharactertable:IABCA11111A21111A31111A4111117.4.2.(a)Denotingthe
permutationintheproblemstatementP123,indicatingthatitisthecycle1231,andwritingPijforthepermutationthatinterchangesiand
j,thesixmembersoftheD3grouphavethe33representationU(I)= 100010001 ,U(P123)= 010001100 ,U(P132)
= 001100010 ,U(P12)= 010100001 ,U(P13)= 001010100 ,U(P23)= 100001010 .
277.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS274(b)Thereductionistothedirectsumofa11anda22representation.Thereductionis
accomplishedbyapplyingthesametransformationVU(P)VTtoallmembersoftherepresentation,whereVisaunitarymatrixandalltheV

U(P)VThavethesameblockstructure.AmatrixVthataccomplishesthereductionisV= 1/31/31/31/62/61/61/20
1/2 .Wecheckbytransformingsomeofthegroupelements:VU(P12)VT= 10001/23/203/21/2 ,V
U(P13)VT= 100010001 ,VU(P123)VT= 10001/23/203/21/2 .Allthetransformed
matriceshavetheformofa11blockfollowedbya22block.Theblockofdimension1istheA1irreduciblerepresentationthatofdimension2is
theErepresentation.Notethatdierenttransformationscanproducethisrepresentationwithdierentassignmentsofthematricestogroupoperations
ofthesameclass,andpossiblyevenwiththerowsandcolumnsinapermutedorder.ComparingwiththesolutiontoExercise17.2.4,weseethatthe
VwehaveusedmakesP123correspondtoC23,withP13correspondingto.17.4.3.(a)Thereareveclasses,henceveirreducible
representations.Thegrouphaseightelements,sothesquaresofthedimensionsoftheirreduciblerepresentationsmustaddto8.Theonlypossibility
istohavefourrepresentationsofdimension1andoneofdimension2.(b)SincethecharactersofC4fortherepresentationsofdimension1areall
1,thoseofC2canonlybe+1.ThecharactersforImustallbeequaltothedimensionoftherepresentation,andonerepresentation,usuallycalled
A1,musthaveallitscharactersequalto1.Then,applyingEq.(17.9),thecharacterofC2forrepresentationEmustbe2andtheremaining
278.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS275charactersforrepresentationEmustallvanish.Thisleavesusneedingtoassignone+1andtwo
(1)stotheremainingitemsinthecolumns2C4,2C2,and2C2thiscanbedoneinthreedierentways.Theresultisthefollowingcharactertable
(inwhichtwooftherepresentationsare,forreasonswedonotdiscuss,conventionallylabeledB1andB2.(Thelastrowisnotpartofthetablebutis
relevanttoExercise17.4.4.)D4IC22C42C22C2A111111A211111B111111B211111E220008004017.4.4.We
startbyndingthecharactersoftherepresentationspannedbytheeightfunctionswedosobydetermininghowmanyoftheeightfunctions
remainunchangedwhenweperformanoperationonamemberofeachclass.FortheclasscontainingIalleightbasisfunctionsremainunchanged,
so(I)=8.TakingnextC4,underwhichxyandyx,nobasisfunctionremainsunchanged,so(C4)=0.ForC2underwhichxxandx
y,nofunctionremainsunchanged,so(C2)=0.ForC2,x2y,x2y,y3,andy3remainunchanged,so(C2)=4.AndforC2,nofunction
remainsunchanged,so(C2)=0.ThesedataareappendedtotheD4charactertablegeneratedinthesolutiontoExercise17.4.3.ApplyingEq.
(17.12)successivelyforeachirreduciblerepresentation,wend=2A12B12E.Thisresultcanbecheckedbyadding(withappropriate
coecients)entriesfromthecharactertable.17.4.5.(a)Denotethefourorbitalsx,y,x,y,wherethesenamesindicatethelocationsoftheir
centers.Weidentifytherowsandcolumnsofourrepresentationmatricesascorrespondingtothebasisintheabovegivenorder.Thus,thematrixof
C4,inwhichxy,yx,xy,yx,isC4= 0001100001000010 .ThematrixofI,inwhichallbasis
functionsremainunchanged,andthatofC2,inwhichxxandyy,areI= 1000010000100001 ,C2=
0010000110000100 .
279.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS276Nextwetakethememberofthevclassthatcorrespondstoreectionabouttheyaxis.Forthis
operation,yyandyy,butxx.Andnally,wetakethedoperationthatisareectionoveraplanecontainingthelinex=y.Forthis
operation,xyandxy.Theseoperationsarerepresentedbyv= 0010010010000001 ,d= 0100
100000010010 .Takingthetracesoftheabovematrices,wehave(I)=4,(C4)=(C2)=(d)=0,and(v)=2.(b)Applying
Eq.(17.12),usingtheaboveandthecharactersinthetableincludedinthisexercise,wend=A1B1E.(c)Atarbitraryscale,A1=(x)+
(y)+(x)+(y).WenotethatB1mustchangesignonapplicationofC4andd,butnotv,andthereforewillhavetheformB1=(x)(y)+
(x)(y).ThetwodimensionalspaceorthogonaltothesebasisfunctionswillbespannedbyabasisforE.Onechoiceis1=(x)+(y)(x)
(y),2=(x)(y)(x)+(y).17.4.6.(a)Labelthebasisfunctionslocatedat(x,0)px(x),py(x),wherethesubscriptdenotestheorientationofthe
porbitalandtheparenthesizedargumentdenotesitslocation.Weassumethatthepositivelobeofthepxorbitalpointstowardpositivex,nomatter
whereitislocated.Similarremarksapplytothepyorbitals.Notethatifpx(x)issubjectedtotheC4operationthatbringsittolocationy,pxis
therebytransformedtopy,soC4px(x)=py(y).Asanotherexample,theoperationvthatisreectionabouttheyaxisconvertspx(x)intopx(x)
butchangespy(x)intopy(x).thissamevconvertspx(y)intopx(y)butleavespy(y)unchanged.Usingtheprinciplesillustratedbytheabove,and
designatingtherowsandcolumnsoftherepresentationmatricestocorrespond,inorder,topx(x),py(x),px(y),py(y),px(x),py(x),px(y),py(y),
wedeveloptherepresentationI= 100000000100000000100000000100000000100000000
1000000001000000001 C4= 00000001000000100100000
01000000000010000001000000000010000001000
280.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS277C2= 0000100000000100000000100000000
110000000010000000010000000010000 v= 0000100
000000100001000000001000010000000010000000000001000000001 d=
0001000000100000010000001000000000000001000000100000010000001000
(b)Fromtheabovematrices,thecharactersofthereduciblebasisare(I)=8,(C4)=(C2)=(v)=(d)=0.
UsingEq.(17.12),wend=A1A2B1B22E.(c)Alltherepresentationsofdimension1havebasisfunctionsthatareinvariantunder
C2.ThosenamedAmustalsobeinvariantunderC4,whilethosenamedBmustchangesignunderC4.Theseobservationssucetoidentifythe
followingsymmetrybases:A1=px(x)+py(y)px(x)py(y)A2=py(x)px(y)py(x)+px(y)B1=px(x)py(y)px(x)+py(y)
B2=py(x)+px(y)py(x)px(y)BothmembersofeachEbasismustchangesignunderC2andbetransformedintoeachotherunderC4.
Therearetwoindependentsetsofbasisfunctionsthatsatisfythisrequirement.Denotingoneset(1,2)andtheother(1,2),theycanbe1=
px(x)+px(y)+px(x)+px(y)2=py(x)+py(y)+py(x)+py(y)1=px(x)px(y)+px(x)px(y)2=py(x)py(y)+py(x)py(y)
281.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS27817.5DirectProducts17.5.1.(a)SquaringthecharactersforE,wehave(I)=(C2)=4,(C4)=
(v)=(d)=0.ApplyingEq.(17.12)successivelyforeachirreduciblerepresentation,usingTable17.4ofthetext,EE=A1A2B1
B2thereisnoErepresentationinthisdirectproduct.(b)Someoperations(denedasinFigure17.6ofthetext):C41=2,C42=1,C21=
1,C22=2,v1=1,v2=2,d1=2,d2=1.(c)A1=x1x2+y1y2,A2=x1y2y1x2,B1=x1x2y1y2,B2=x1y2+
y1x2.17.6SymmetricGroup17.6.1.(a) 0001100000100100 (b)even.17.6.2.(a)ThefourmembersofC4areC4,C24
=C2,andC34.Byconsideringthecyclicpermutationsofafourcomponentvector,wegettherepresentationU(I)= 10000100001
00001 ,U(C4)= 0100001000011000 ,U(C2)= 0010000110000100 ,U(C3
4)= 0001100001000010 .(b)TheNoteprovidesananswertothisquestion.17.6.3.(a)Becausethegroupmustbe
symmetricinthetreatmentofitselements,allpermutationsofthesamecyclestructurewillbeinthesameclass.Thebasiccombinatorialfactwe
needisthatthenumberofdistinctpermutationscorrespondingtoacycleofnobjects(linkedinanyorder)is(n1)!.Thepossiblecyclestructures
are:(1)(i)(j)(k)(l),theidentitypermutation,whichformsaonememberclass.(2)(i,j)(k)(l),whichdescribesasinglepermutation.But(i,j)canbe
choseninsixways,sothisisasixmemberclass.
282.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS279(3)(i,j)(k,l).Thisalsodescribesasinglepermutation,butwecanassignfourobjectstothiscycle
structureinthreedierentways,sowehaveathreememberclassnotethat(i,j)(k,l)isthesameas(k,l)(i,j).(4)(i,j,k)(l)thiscyclestructure
describes2!permutations,andcanbesetupfromfourobjectsinfourdierentways(thatisthenumberofwaystochoosetheobjecttobeleftout).
Thisclassthereforehaseightmembers(5)(i,j,k,l)thiscyclestructuredescribes3!permutationsandcanbesetupinonlyoneway,deningasix
memberclass.Sincethereareveclasses,thereareveirreduciblerepresentations.(b)A1isthecompletelysymmetricrepresentation,
correspondingtoallpermutationsleavingasinglebasisfunctionunaltered.Itscharactersareall+1.A2isthecompletelyantisymmetric

representation,withcharactersof+1fortheevenpermutationsand1fortheoddpermutations.(c)Wenowknowthatthreeoftheveirreducible
representationshavedimensions1,1,and2,whosesquaressumto6.ThegroupS4has24elements,sothetworemainingirreduciblerepresentations
mustbeofdimensionsn4andn5,withn24+n25=18.Thisequationcanonlybesatisedifn4=n5=3.Representationsofdimension3are
customarilylabeledT,soourrosterofirreduciblerepresentationsisA1,A2,E,T1,andT2.(d)Settingupacharactertableandinsertingthe
informationwepresentlyhave(thecompletecharactersofA1andA2,thecharactersofIinallrepresentations,andthezerosfromtheHint),the
partiallycompletetableisthefollowing:D4I6P123P12P348P1236P1234A111111A211111E200T13T23Theremainderofthe
tablecannowbelledinwithsignedintegersthatcausetheorthogonalityconditionstobesatised.Thecolumn8P123canonlybecompletedby
addingasingle1theorthogonalitycanonlybemaintainedifinthatcolumn(E)=1and(T1)=(T2)=0.Thecolumns6P12and6P1234can
onlybecompletedproperlyifT1andT2areassigned+1and1(inoppositeorderinthetwocolumns).Whichcolumngetsthe+1forT1isnot
materialbecausethechoiceonlydeterminestherelativemeaningsofT1andT2.Thereisnowonlyoneconsistentchoice
283.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS280fortheremainingcharactersthecompletetabletakestheformD4I6P123P12P348P1236P1234
A111111A211111E20210T131101T23110117.7ContinuousGroups17.7.1.Itisconvenienttousethegeneratorsofthe
SU(2)andSU(3)groupstoidentifythesubgroupstructureofthelatter.AspointedoutwhenwritingEq.(17.54),thePaulimatricesiformasetof
generatorsforSU(2),andtheyremaingeneratorsiftheyareexpandedto33matricesbyinsertingazerorowandcolumnbefore,after,orbetween
thetworowsandcolumns.WenowsearchforSU(2)generatorsthatcanbeformedfromtheeightgeneratorsofSU(3).Onesuchsetconsistsof1,
2,and3.Asecondsetconsistsof4,5,and(38+3)/2.Athirdsetis6,7,and(383)/2.17.7.2.ToprovethatthematricesU(n)
formagrouponeneedstoverifythattheysatisfythegrouppostulates:(1)Theyformasetthatisclosedunderthegroupoperation(matrixmul
tiplication),i.e.,thattheproductoftwounitarymatricesisalsounitary.LetUandVbeunitary,soU=U1andU=U1.Then(UV)=VU
=V1U1=(UV)1,showingthatUVisalsounitary.(2)Thegroupoperationisassociative.Matrixmultiplicationsatisesthisrequirement.(3)
Thereisanidentityelementitistheunitmatrix1n.(4)Eachelementhasaninversewehaveanexplicitruleforconstructingititisthematrix
adjoint.SU(n)isthesubsetofU(n)hosemembershavedeterminant+1toidentifythatitisasubgroupweneedtoverifythatitsatisesthegroup
postulates:(1)Fromthedeterminantproducttheorem,ifUandVhavedeterminant+1,sodoesUV.Wehaveaclosedsubset.(2)Matrix
multiplicationisassociative.(3)SU(n)includestheidentityelement.(4)Againinvokingthedeterminantproducttheorem,ifUhasdeterminant+1,
sodoesU1.
284.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS28117.7.3.WiththeEuleranglesdenedasinSection3.4,thecoordinaterotation(,,)isdened
byamatrixproductoftheformgiveninEq.(3.36),butwiththematricesthosedenedbyEq.(17.56).Thus,U(,,)=ei3/2ei2/2ei3/2
UsingEq.(17.57)towriteexplicitformsforthesematrices,wegetU(,,)=ei/200ei/2cos(/2)sin(/2)sin(/2)cos(/2)ei/200ei/2
Performingthematrixmultiplications,U(,,)=ei(+)/2cos(/2)ei()/2sin(/2)ei()/2sin(/2)ei(+)/2cos(/2)17.7.4.(a)Starting
from(I,Y)=(32,1)=uuu,repeatedlyapplyI=I(1)+I(2)+I(3)untilafurtherapplicationwouldproduceazeroresult.Thisoperator
decreasesIby1andchangesutod.Thus,(I,Y)=(32,1):uuu(12,1):duu+udu+uud(12,1):2(ddu+dud+udd)(32,1):6ddd
Returningtouuu,(1)applyonceV,whichdecreasesIby1/2,decreasesYby1,andchangesutos,andthen(2)applyIrepeatedlyuntilazerois
produced:(I,Y)=(1,0):suu+usu+uus(0,0):sdu+sud+dsu+usd+dus+uds(1,0):2(sdd+dsd+dds)Wecontinue,applyingV,thenI,
andnallyV,afterwhichthethreequarksubspaceisexhausted.Thesestepscorrespondto(I,Y)=(12,1):2(ssu+sus+uss)(12,1):
2(ssd+sds+dss)(0,2):6sss(b)Thethreequarksubspacewith(I,Y)=(12,1)isspannedbyuud,udu,andduu.Onevectorinthissubspaceisa
memberoftherepresentation10vectorsorthogonaltothememberof10mustbelongtootherrepresentations.Thevectors1and2are
orthogonalbothtouud+udu+duuandtoeachother.
285.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS282(c)Thefollowingchartshowshow,startingfrom1,wecanmaketheveadditionalmembersof
8listedinthispartoftheexercise.1(12,1):ududuuI1(12,1)=1(12,1):udddudV1(12,1)=1(1,0):sdddsdU1(1,
0)=1(12,1):sdsdssI+1(12,1)=1(12,1):susussV+1(12,1)=1(1,0):suuusu(d)Eachofthefollowingoperations
producesafunctionwith(I,Y)=(0,0):V1(12,1)=V(ududuu)=sdu+udsdsudusU1(12,1)=U(udddud)=usd+udssud
dusI+1(1,0)=I+(sdddsd)=sud+sduusddsuV+1(12,1)=V+(sdsdss)=uds+sdudusdsuU+1(12,1)=U+(sususs)
=dus+sududsusdI1(1,0)=I(suuusu)=sdu+suddsuusdThefourthoftheaboveexpressionsisthesameastherstthefthis
(1)timesthesecondthesixthisthesameasthethird,andthethirdisequaltotherstminusthesecond.Sotherearetwomembersoftheoctetat
(Y,I)=(0,0),namelysdu+udsdsudusandusd+udssuddus.Thesefunctionsarenotorthonormal,butcanbemadeso:inorthonormalform,they
are(sdu+udsdsudus)/2and(sduudsdsu+dus2usd+2sud)/12.(e)Repeatingthestepsofparts(c)and(d)with2,wend2(12,
1)=2uudududuu2(12,1)=dud+udd2ddu2(1,0)=dsd+sdd2dds2(12,1)=2ssdsdsdss2(12,1)=2ssusus
uss2(1,0)=usu+suu2uusThetwo(0,0)membersofthe2octetare(afterorthonormalization)(uds+dusdsusdu)/2and(uds2usd+dus+dsu
2sud+sdu)/12.Itisobviousbyinspectionthatthe1and2functionsarelinearlyindependent.(f)Thesubspace(Y,I)=(0,0)isspannedby
thesixquarkproductsuds,usd,dus,dsu,sud,sdu.Intheearlierpartsofthisexercisewefoundone
286.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS283(0,0)functioninrepresentation10,andtwofromeachoftherepresentations8.Innormalized
form,theyare1=(uds+usd+dus+dsu+sud+sdu)/62=(udsdusdsu+sdu)/23=(uds+2usddus+dsu2sudsdu)/124=
(uds+dusdsusdu)/25=(uds2usd+dus+dsu2sud+sdu)/12.Thefunctionfromthe(Y,I)=(0,0)subspacethatisorthgonaltoall
thesefunctionsbelongstorepresentation1,andcanbefoundfromtheabovebytheGramSchmidtprocess.Carryingoutthatprocess,wend6=
(udsusddus+dsu+sudsdu)/6.Theorthogonalitytoi,i=1to5,iseasilychecked.17.8LorentzGroup17.8.1.Areferenceframemoving
atinnitestimalvelocitycatananglefromthexaxisinthexyplanewillcausethex,y,andx0(=ct)coordinatestotransformlinearlytox=x
cos()x0,y=ysin()x0,x0=x0a()xb()y,whereaandbaredeterminedbyrequiringx2+y2x20toremainconstanttorstorder
in.Writing2xdx+2ydy2x0dx0=0andinsertingthedierentials,wehave2xcos()x02ysin()x0+2x0a()x+2x0b()y=0,
fromwhichwenda=cos,b=sin.The44matrixequationforthislineartransformationis x0xyz = 1cos
sin0cos100sin0100001 x0xyz .Ifthematrixintheaboveequationiswritten14+()iS,
Scanbeidentiedasthegeneratorofaboostinthedirectiondenedbyandwillhavetheformgivenintheexercise.17.8.2.(a)U=eiS=eM
,whereMisthematrixSofExercise17.8.1withouttheprefactori.IfwecalculatepowersofMwendM= 0cossin0cos000sin
0000000 ,M2= 10000cos2cossin00cossinsin200000 ,
287.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS284andM3=M,soalloddpowersofMareequaltoM,whileallevennonzeropowersofMare
equaltoM2.ThisenablesustoreduceeMasfollows:eM=14+M1!33!+M222!+44!+=14Msinh+M2cosh
1.InsertionoftheexplicitformsforMandM2leaddirectlytoUasgivenintheexercise.(b)Rotationtoaligntheboostwiththexaxis,
followedbyanxboost,andthentheinverserotationcorrespondstoformingR1UxR,whereR1=RTandR= 10000cossin00
sincos00001 ,Ux= coshsinh00sinhcosh0000100001 .Usingtheabovedatatocarryout
thenecessarymatrixmultiplications,theconrmationofpart(a)isimmediate.17.8.3.ThetransformationmatricesareUx= coshsinh
00sinhcosh0000100001 ,Uy= cosh0sinh00100sinh0cosh00001 Thesuccessive
boostscorrespondtothematrixproductUyUx:UyUx= coshcoshcoshsinhsinh0sinhcosh00sinhcoshsinh
sinhcosh00001 .Thismatrixisnotsymmetric,andunlesseitheroriszeroitcannotcorrespondtoanycaseofthematrixof
Exercise17.8.2,andcannotrepresentapureboost.17.9LorentzCovarianceofMaxwellsEquations17.9.1.Formthetransformedelectromagnetic
tensorasthematrixproductF=UFU,andbringtonalformbyusingtheidentitiesc=vand2(12)=1.ThenF21=Ex,F31=Ey,F41=
Ez,

288.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS285inagreementwithEq.(17.82).ThetransformedcomponentsofBareobtainedfromBx=c1
F43,By=c1F24,Bz=c1F32theyagreewithEq.(17.83).17.9.2.Itisconvenienttointroducethedirectioncosinesofvdenotetheangles
betweenvandthecoordinateaxes1,2,3.ThenthegeneralizationofMandM2(seethesolutiontoExercise17.8.2)toanarbitrarydirectionofv
areM= 0cos1cos2cos3cos1000cos2000cos3000 ,M2= 10000cos21cos1cos2
cos1cos30cos1cos2cos22cos2cos30cos1cos3cos2cos3cos23 .Fromthese,formU=14Msinh+M2
(cosh1),andusethenotationscosh=,sinh=.Thesumicos2i=1isalsousedtosimplifyU.Theresultis cos1
cos2cos3cos11+(1)cos21(1)cos1cos2(1)cos1cos3cos2(1)cos1cos21+(1)cos22(
1)cos2cos3cos3(1)cos1cos3(1)cos2cos31+(1)cos23 .Finally,formthematrixF=UFU.This
operationproducesarelativelycomplicatedmatrixthatcanbesimpliedtogivethedesiredresult.Itbecomeseasiertondsimplicationstepsif
oneidentiesthesubexpressionscorrespondingtoEvandBv(themagnitudesoftheprojectionsofEandBonv)theformulasforthesequantities
areEv=cos1Ex+cos2Ey+cos3Ez,Bv=cos1Bx+cos2By+cos3Bz.Anotherhelpfulhintistorecognizethat2(12)=1andatsome
pointtowrite=v/c.17.10SpaceGroups(noexercises)
289.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS28618.MoreSpecialFunctions18.1HermiteFunctions18.1.1.Itisconvenienttousetheformulain
Eq.(18.4)forHn,butitwasnotoneoftherelationshipswhosevaliditywastobeassumed.However,Eq.(18.4)canbederivedfromtheODE,
assumingthevalidityforallxofthebasicrecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.3).Proceedbyforming(Hn+12xHn+2nHn1)2x(Hn+12xHn+2nHn
1)+2n(Hn+12xHn+2nHn1)=0,thenexpandtheparenthesizedderivativesandusetheHermiteODEtocancelasmanytermsaspossible.In
thiswaywereach2Hn+1+4xHn+4nHn14Hn=0,equivalent,againusingEq.(18.3),toHn=2nHn1.(a)Nowdierentiateg(x,t)with
respecttoxandusetheabovederivativeformula:gx=n=0Hn(x)tnn!=n=02nHn1tnn!=2tg(x,t).(b)Thisisaseparablerstorder
equationwithsolutiong(x,t)=e2txf(t).(c)Findf(t)bysettingx=0andusingH2n(0)=(1)n(2n)!/n!andH2n+1(0)=0.Wegetg(x,0)=f(t)=
n=0(1)nt2nn!=et2.(d)Thenalresultisg(x,t)=e2xtt2.18.1.2.Theconnectionofthesestartingpointscan,ofcourse,beaccomplishedin
manyways.StartingwiththeODE,onecanderiveaRodriguesformulaasshowninEq.(18.8),andtherefrom,asinEq.(12.18),aSchlaeiintegral
representation.ApplyingEq.(12.18),wecanusetheSchlaeiintegraltoobtainageneratingfunction,whichcaninturnbeapplied,e.g.,by
developingrecurrenceformulasandthenusingthemasinthetextafterEq.(18.7),torecovertheHermiteODE.Sincethesestepsformaclosedloop,
wecan
290.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS287regardanyofthefourrelationshipsasavalidstartingpoint.FromtheRodriguesformulawecan
also,byrepeatedintegrationsbyparts,establishtheorthogonalityoftheHermitepolynomialson(,)andnotetheassociatedweightingfactor
conversely,theweightingfactorsufcestodeterminetheODEthatyieldstheorthogonalpolynomials.Theselastrelationshipsmeanthatwecan
beginananalysisfromanyofthevelistedstartingpoints.18.1.3.FromEq.(18.9)weseethatin(2x)nHn(ix)=[n/2]s=0n!(4x2)s(n2s)!s!
[n/2]s=0(1)sn!(4x2)s(n2s)!s!=(2x)nHn(x)becausetherstsumhasonlypositiveterms.Takingtheabsolutevaluesoftherstandlast
membersoftheaboverelationandmultiplyingthroughby|(2x)n|weobtainthedesiredinequality.18.1.4.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.18.1.5.
Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.18.1.6.Theanswersinthetextareincorrect.Ineachanswer,replace2by(2)1/2.(a)Usingthegenerating
function,formex2/2g(x,t)dx=et2+2txx2/2dx=n=0ex2/2Hn(x)tnn!dx.Nowconvertthecentralmemberofthis
equationtoobtainapowerseriesint,byrstcompletingthesquareintheexponentandperformingthexintegration,andthenexpandingthe
resultantfunctionoft.Settingy=x2twegetet2+2txx2/2dx=e(x2t)2/2+t2dx=et2ey2/2dy=(2)1/2et2=(2)1/2
m=0t2mm!.Wenowequatethecoecientsofequalpowersoftinthelasttwoequations,notingfromthesecondoftheseequationsthatthe
integralsinvolvingHnofoddnvanish,andthatthoseofevenncorrespondtothe
291.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS288equationex2/2H2m(x)(2m)!dx=(2)1/2m!.Thisformulaisequivalenttothecorrected
formoftheanswer.(b)Thispartoftheexercisecanbetreatedinawaysimilartothatofpart(a).Therelevantequationsetisn=0tnn!ex2
/2xHn(x)dx=e(x2t)2/2+t2xdx=et2ey2/2(y+2t)dy=(2)1/2m=02t2m+1m!.Thetermoftheintegralcontainingalinear
factoryvanishesduetoitsoddsymmetry.Thelefthandsideofthisequationmusthavezerocoecientsforevenn,whileforoddn(setto2m+1)
weget1(2m+1)!ex2/2xH2m+1(x)dx=(2)1/22m!=(2)1/22(m+1)(m+1)!,whicheasilyrearrangesintothecorrectedformofthe
answer.18.1.7.(a)Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.(b)Deningz+x=w,z2x2=w22xwwehaveHn(x)=n!2iew2+2xwwn+1dw,
Hn(x)=2n!2iew2+2xwwndw,Hn(x)=4n!2iew2+2xwwn1dw,andHn(x)2xHn(x)+2nHn(x)=n!2iew2+2xwwn+1(2n4xw
+4w2)dw=2n!2iddwew2+2xwwndw=0,whereazerovalueisobtainedbecausethestartandendpointsofthecontourcoincideandthe
quantitybeingdierentiatedisanalyticatallpointsofthecontour.
292.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS28918.2ApplicationsofHermiteFunctions18.2.1.CombiningtherecursionformulasinEqs.(18.3)
and(18.4),wehaveHn+1(x)=(2xddx)Hn(x).Thisformulasuggeststhatweusemathematicalinduction,sinceitshowsthatiftheformulaof
thisexerciseistrueforHn(x),itisalsotrueforHn+1(x).Tocompleteaproofweneedtoverifythattheformulaisvalidforn=0,i.e.,thatH1(x)=
2xH0(x)H0(x).SinceH0(x)=1andH1(x)=2x,thisequationisclearlysatised.18.2.2.Introducetheexpansionxm=mi=1aiHi(x).Then,form
<n,usingorthogonalitywehaveex2xmHn(x)dx=.18.2.3.UsingEq.(18.3)toreplacexHn(x)by12Hn+1(x)+nHn1(x),theninvok
ingorthogonalityandinsertingthenormalizationintegralfromEq.(18.15),ex2xHn(x)Hm(x)dx=12ex2Hn+1(x)Hm(x)dx+n
ex2Hn1(x)Hm(x)dx=12n+1,m+nn1,m1/22mm!=2nn!1/2(n+1)m,n+1+12m,n1.18.2.4.UsingHn+1(x)=2xHn(x)
2nHn1(x)wegetI2=x2[Hn]2ex2dx=14[Hn+1+2nHn1]2ex2dx.Expanding,discardingtermsthatvanishdueto
orthogonality,andusingthenormalizationintegral,Eq.(18.15),I2=14[Hn+1]2ex2dx+n2[Hn1]2ex2dx=2n1n!(n+1+
n)=2n1n!(2n+1).
293.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29018.2.5.ApplyingEq.(18.3)twice,wegetx2Hn(x)=14Hn+2(x)+2n+12Hn(x)+n(n1)Hn
2(x).Substitutingthisformintotheintegralofthisexercise,invokingorthogonalityandusingthenormalizationintegral,Eq.(18.15),x2e
2Hn(x)Hm(x)dx=141/22n+2(n+2)!n+2,m+2n+121/22nn!nm+n(n1)1/22n2(n2)!n2,m,equivalenttotheanswerinthe
text.18.2.6.TheproductxrHn(x)isapolynomialofdegreen+randthereforeitsexpansioninHermitepolynomialscannotinvolveanyHmwith
indexm>n+r.Ifn+r<n+p(i.e.,ifp>r),theintegralofthepresentexercisemustvanishduetoorthogonality.Theothercaseunder
considerationhereisp=r,forwhichweneedtoprovexrex2Hn(x)Hn+r(x)dx=2n1/2(n+r)!.Usingmathematicalinduction,westartby
assumingtheaboveequationtobevalidforsomer1and,subjecttothatassumption,proveitsvalidityforr.Writexrex2Hn(x)Hn+r(x)dx=
xr1ex2Hn(x)(n+r)Hn+r1(x)+12Hn+r+1(x)dx,wherewehaveusedtherecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.3),toconvertxHn+rintoalinear
combinationofHn+r1.Thesecondtermoftheintegrandleadstoavanishingintegralbecauser+1>r1,whilethersttermcorrespondstothe
integralunderstudyforr1.Insertingtheassumedresult,wegetxrex2Hn(x)Hn+r(x)dx=(n+r)2n1/2(n+r1)!,whichisthecorrect
formulaforindexvaluer.Tocompletetheproof,wemustverifytheformulaforr=0,whichisjustthenormalizationformula,Eq.(18.15).
294.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29118.2.7.Thesignsoftheoperatorsipintheseequationsshouldbereversed,andthequantityn(x)
shouldbeinsertedimmediatelyfollowingtheoperators(xip)/2.Notingrstthat(d/dx)ex2/2=xex2/2,theexpressionsofthisexercise
reducetoan(x)=ex2(2n+1n!1/2)1/2Hn(x),an(x)=ex2(2n+1n!1/2)1/2[2xHn(x)Hn(x)].WenowreplaceHn(x)by2nHn1(x)by
applyingEq.(18.4),andinthesecondofthetwoaboveequationswealsousetherecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.3),toreplace2xHn2nHnbyHn+1.
WhenwewritethecoecientsofHn1informsthatincludetheconstantfactorsinthedenitionsofn1,weobtaintherequiredanswers.18.2.8.
(a)Sincepisconventionallytakentobeid/dx,therstmemberofthisequationshouldreadxip.Toverifyanoperatoridentitywemustshow
thatthetwooperatorsinvolvedproduceidenticalresultswhenappliedtoanarbitraryfunction.Applyingtheoperatorontherighthandsidetoan

arbitrarydierentiablefunctionf(x),wehaveex2/2ddxex2/2f(x)=xddxf(x),andnotethattheresultisidenticaltothatofapplyingtheleft
handsideoperatortof(x).(b)UsingthesecondequationofExercise18.2.7ntimes,wenotethata0(x)=11/21(x),a20(x)=[12]1/2
2(x),,oran0(x)=(n!)1/2n(x).Notingthat0(x)=1/4ex2/2and[a]n=2n/2xddxn,weconrmtheformulagiveninthe
text.18.3LaguerreFunctions18.3.1.UsingLeibnizrule,(uv)(n)=nm=0nmu(m)v(nm),
295.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS292wegetLn=exn!dndxn(xnex)=exn!nm=0nmn!(nm)!xnm(1)nmex=nm=0
(1)nmn!xnmm!(nm)!(nm)!,whichisEq.(18.53).18.3.2.(a)ThevalueofLn(0)isthecoecientofxinthepowerseries,andLn(0)is
twicethecoecientofx2.(b)Dierentiatingtherecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.51)andrearranging,weget(thensettingx=0andLn(0)=1)(n+1)
Ln+1(0)Ln(0)=nLn(0)Ln1(0)1.Usingthisequationiterativelytofurtherreducetheindexvaluesonitsrighthandside,wereach(n+1)
Ln+1(0)Ln(0)=1[L1(0)L0(0)]n=[10]n=(n+1).Therefore,forallnwehaveLn+1(0)Ln(0)=1sinceL0(0)=0,thisprovesthat
Ln(0)=n.AsimilarprocesscanbeappliedforLn(0).18.3.3.ItisconvenienttosolvethisproblemusingageneratingfunctionforLknthatis
obtainedbydierentiatingthatforLn+k(x)ktimeswithrespecttox.ReferringtoEq.(18.49)forthegeneratingfunctionandEq.(18.58)forthe
denitionofLkn,wehavetkext/(1t)(1t)k+1=nLkn(x)tn+k,equivalenttoext/(1t)(1t)k+1=n=0Lkn(x)tn.Wenextuseaproduct
oftwogeneratingfunctionsofthistypetoformorthogonality/normalizationintegralsforassociatedLaguerrefunctions.LetJ=0xkexe
xt/(1t)(1t)k+1exu/(1u)(1u)k+1dx=nmtnum0xkexLkn(x)Lkm(x)dx.WenowevaluateJasgivenintermsofthegenerating
functions,startingthisprocessbycollectingtheexponentialsintotheformeAx,withA=1+t1t+u1u=1tu(1t)(1u).
296.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS293Wethenchangetheintegrationvariabletoy=Ax,obtainingJ=Ak1(1t)k+1(1u)k+10
ykeydy=k!(1tu)k+1.ThenweexpandJasabinomialseries:J=k!pk1p(tu)p=p(k+p)!p!(tu)p.FromthisexpressionforJwegetp
(k+p)!p!(tu)p=nmtnum0xkexLkn(x)Lkm(x)dx.Comparingthecoecientsoflikepowersoftandu,wend0xkexLkn(x)Lk
m(x)dx=(k+n)!n!mn.18.3.4.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.18.3.5.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.18.3.6.Whenthehintisinsertedinthe
integral,eachtermcanbeevaluatedusingEq.(18.71).Thisyields0exxk+1Lkn(x)Lkn(x)dx=(2n+k+1)(n+k)!k!.18.3.7.(a)Forx,
wherethex2,x1termsarenegligible,solveyy/4=0andobtainasasolutionthenegativeexponentialy=ex/2=A(x).(b)For0<x1,solvey
k214x2y=0,whichhastheregularsolutiony=x(k+1)/2=B(x).ThenC(x)=Lkn(x)willfollow.18.3.8.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
18.3.9.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.18.3.10.Usemathematicalinduction.Todevelopanappropriateformula,writeHn(xy)=12(n+1)
Hn+1(xy)=12(n+1)ydHn+1(xy)dx,
297.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS294whichwenowinsertintoourintegralandintegratebyparts.Theresultisxnex2Hn(xy)
dx=12(n+1)yxnex2dHn+1(xy)dxdx=(nxn12xn+1)ex2Hn+1(xy)dx.Nowconvertthetermcontainingxn1toamore
usefulformusingtheHermiterecurrenceformula:nxn1ex2Hn+1(xy)=2nxnyex2Hn(xy)2n2xn1Hn1(xy).Makingthissubstitution,
afterminorrearrangementwereach(2n+1)yxnex2Hn(xy)dy=n2xn1ex2Hn1(xy)dy+xn+1ex2Hn+1(xy)dy.We
nowsubstituteintotheaboveequationtheassumedidenticationoftheseintegralswithPn,ndingthattheseintegralsobeytheLegendre
polynomialrecurrenceformula,Eq.(15.18).Theyarethereforevalidrepresentationsofthesepolynomialsiftheyalsogivecorrectresultsforn=0
andn=1.Forn=0ourintegralreducestoanerrorintegralofvalue,consistentwiththeassumedintegralrepresentation.Forn=1,ourintegral
hastheformxex2(2xy)dx=y=P1(y),alsoconsistentwithourassumedformula.Thiscompletestheproof.
298.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29518.4ChebyshevPolynomials18.4.1.Forx=1,x=1,andx=0thegeneratingfunctiong(x,t)
forTnbecomesg(1,t)=1t212t+t2=1+t1t=1+2(t+t2+t3+)=1+12tn,g(1,t)=1t21+2t+t2=1t1+t=1+2(t+
t2t3+)=1+1(1)n2tn,g(0,t)=1t21+t2=1+2(t2+t4t6+)=1+1(1)n2t2n.Comparingtheabovewithg(x,t)=
T0(x)+n=12Tn(x)tn,weseethatTn(1)=1,Tn(1)=(1)n,T2n(0)=(1)n,T2n+1(0)=0.18.4.2.Forx=1,x=1,andx=0thegenerating
functiong(x,t)forUnbecomesg(1,t)=112t+t2=1(1t)2=ddt11t=ddt(1+t+t2+t3+)=0+1+2t+3t2+=n=0(n+
1)tn,g(1,t)=11+2t+t2=1(1+t)2=ddt11+t=ddt(1t+t2)=0+12t+3t2=n=0(1)n(n+1)tn,g(0,t)=11+
t2=n=0(1)nt2n.Comparingwithg(x,t)=n=0Un(x)tn,weseethatUn(1)=n+1,Un(1)=(1)n(n+1),U2n(0)=(1)n,U2n+1(0)=0.
18.4.3.Xn(x)=Tn(x).18.4.4.UsingEq.(18.109),evaluatethetermsoftheODEforVnintermsofUn1anditsderivatives,withtheaimof
showingthattheODEsuggestedfor
299.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS296Vnisautomaticallysatised,giventheODEgivenforUn1.Specically,wehaveVn(x)=(1
x2)1/2Un1(x),Vn(x)=(1x2)1/2Un1(x)x(1x2)1/2Un1(x),Vn(x)=(1x2)1/2Un1(x)2x(1x2)1/2Un1(x)1(1x2)3/2
Un1(x).Usingtheabove,form(1x2)Vn(x)xVn(x)+n2Vn(x)=(1x2)3/2Un1(x)3x(1x2)1/2Un1(x)+(n21)(1x2)1/2Un
1(x)=(1x2)1/2(1x2)Un1(x)3xUn1(x)+(n1)(n+1)Un1(x).Theexpressionwithinthesquarebracketsvanishesbecauseofthe
equationsatisedbyUn1(x),conrmingthatVnsatisesthesuggestedODE.18.4.5.WritingtheODEforTnandVninselfadjointform,we
obtain(callingthedependentvariabley)(1x2)1/2y+n2y(1x2)1/2=[p(x)y]+q(x)y=0,weusethefactthattheWronskianofanytwo
solutionstothisODEhasthegeneralformA/p(x),inthiscaseW(Tn,Vn)=Tn(x)Vn(x)Tn(x)Vn(x)=An(1x2)1/2.TondthevalueofAn,
evaluatetheWronskianatx=0,whereitsvaluewillbeAn.FromEq.(18.95),wenotethatTn(0)=nTn1(0).FromEq.(18.109)weidentifyVn(0)
=Un1(0)dierentiatingEq.(18.109)wealsondVn(0)=Un1(0),whichusingEq.(18.96),canbewrittenVn(0)=nUn2(0).OurWronskian
cantherefore(forx=0)bewrittenTn(0)Vn(0)Tn(0)Vn(0)=nTn(0)Un2(0)Tn1(0)Un1(0)=An.Allthefunctionvaluesonthelefthand
sideofthisequationaregiveninEq.(18.100)thequantityinsquarebracketsevaluatesto1forbothevenandoddn,soW(Tn,Vn)=An(1
x2)1/2=n(1)(1x2)1/2.
300.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29718.4.6.WeknowthatTn(x)satisestheODE(1x2)Tn(x)xTn(x)+n2Tn=0,andthe
exercisegivesWn(x)intermsofTn+1.WecanverifytheassertedODEforWnbyrewritingitasanequationinTn+1andcomparingwiththeabove
ODE.Todoso,weneedWn(z)=(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x),Wn(x)=1(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x)+x(1x2)3/2Tn+1(x),Wn(x)=1(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x)
+2x(1x2)3/2Tn+1(x)+1+2x2(1x2)5/2Tn+1(x).Usingtheabove,form(1x2)Wn(x)3xWn(x)+n(n+2)Wn(x)=(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x)
x(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x)+1+n(n+2)(1x2)1/2Tn+1(x)=(1x2)1/2(1x2)Tn+1(x)xTn+1(x)+(n+1)2Tn+1(x).Theexpressionin
squarebracketsvanishesbecauseoftheequationsatisedbyTn+1(x),conrmingtheODEproposedforWn.18.4.7.Comparewiththemethodof
solutiontoExercise18.4.5.TheODEforUnandWnis,inselfadjointform,(1x2)3/2y+n(n+2)(1x2)1/2y=0,sotheWronskianhasthe
functionalformW(Un,Wn)=Un(x)Wn(x)Un(x)Wn(x)=An(1x2)3/2.Atx=0,Un(0)=(n+1)Un1(0),andUn(0)isgiveninEq.(18.100).
Inaddition,Wn(0)=Tn+1(0),Wn(0)=(n+1)Tn(0),withTn(0)alsogiveninEq.(18.100).ThusUn(0)Wn(0)Un(0)Wn(0)=(n+1)Un(0)Tn(0)Un
1(0)Tn+1(0)=n+1.Notethatwegetthesameresultforbothevenandoddn,andthatitxestheconstantAnasn+1.Therefore,W(Un,Wn)=n
+1(1x2)3/2.
301.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29818.4.8.WorkwiththeODEforT0intheformgiveninEq.(18.104),butwrittenasy=0toimply
thatwewillsearchforthegeneralsolution.Thus,d2yd2=0,withsolutionsy=c0andy=c1.Thesolutiony=c0isjustc0T0(x)sincex=cos
,thesolutiony=c1isequivalenttoy=c1arccosx.Since/2arccosxisalinearcombinationofthesetwosolutions,itisalsoasolution,more
compactlywrittenasarcsinx.18.4.9.WritetheproposedrecurrencerelationforVnwithVnwrittenintermsofUn1accordingtoEq,(18.109).
BecauseUnandTnsatisfythesamerecurrenceformula,anditisindependentofn,soalsodoesVn.18.4.10.ForTn(x),usingtheexpansioninEq.
(18.114),wewritersttheentireODEexceptthesingleterm1Tn(x),andthenthatremainingterm:x2Tn(x)xTn(x)+x2Tn(x)=n2[n/2]m=0
(1)m(nm1)!m!(n2m)!(2x)n2m(n2m)(n2m1)(n2m)+n2,Tn(x)=n2[n/2]m=0(1)m(nm1)!m!(n2m)!
(2x)n2mx2(n2m)(n2m1).Toobtainanalexpressionasasinglepowerseries,werewritethesecondofthetwoaboveequationswiththe
summationindexmchangedtom1,therebyobtainingTn(x)=n2[n/2+1]m=1(1)m1(nm)!(m1)!(n2m)!(2x)n2m+2x2(n2m+2)(n

2m+1).WhenthisformofTnisaddedtotheremainderoftheODE,thecoecientofeachpowerofxisfoundtovanish,therebyshowingthatthe
seriesforTnsatisestheODE.Toverifyitsscale,setx=0,therebycausingtheentiresummationtobezeroifnisodd,andtothesingletermm=
n/2ifniseven.Thatsingletermofthesumevaluatesto(1)n/2(n/21)!(n/2)!=(1)n/22n,consistentwithT2n(0)=(1)n,thevaluegivenin
Eq.(18.100).TheseriesexpansionofUn(x)isveriedinasimilarfashion.18.4.11.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.
302.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS29918.4.12.Theanswerisgiveninthetext.18.4.13.(a)TheequationsforTnandTmcanbewritten
(1x2)1/2Tn(x)=n2Tn(x)(1x2)1/2,(1x2)1/2Tm(x)=m2Tm(x)(1x2)1/2.Multiplyingtherstoftheseequationsbym2Tm(x)
andthesecondbyn2Tn(x),thensubtractingtherstfromthesecondandintegratingfrom1to1,wereachn211Tn(x)(1x2)1/2Tm(x)dxm2
11Tm(x)(1x2)1/2Tn(x)dx=0.Notethattherighthandsideintegralsareconvergentandtheircancellationisthereforelegitimate.Now
integratetheintegralsintheaboveequationbyparts,integratingtheexplicitderivativesanddierentiatingtheotherChebyshevpolynomials.The
presenceofthefactor(1x2)1/2causesalltheendpointtermstocancel,andweareleftwith(m2n2)11Tm(x)Tn(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0.The
lefthandsideofthisequationiszerowhetherornotm=n,butonlyifm=ndoesitshowthattheintegralvanishes.(b)DierentiatingEq.(18.105),
weget,notingthatx=cosandcomparingtheresultwithEq.(18.107),dTn(x)dx=dTn(dddx=(nsinn)1sin=nsinnsin=nUn
1(x).18.4.14.Notethatallinstancesofxanddxintheorthogonalityintegralshouldhavebeenprimed,i.e.,writtenxordx.Theshiftcompresses
theoriginalTnintohalftheoriginalrangethiswoulddecreasetheorthogonalityintegralbyafactorof2.However,1(1x2)1/212x(1x),
sotheweightfactorgivenintheexerciseistwicethatoftheoriginalTn.Thesefactorsof2cancel,sotheorthogonalityconditiongivenforthe
shiftedTnhasthesamevalueasthatgivenfortheTn.
303.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS30018.4.15.(a)TheexpansionofxmcannotincludeanyChebyshevpolynomialofdegreehigherthan
m.Thereforeifn>mthisintegralmustvanishduetoorthogonality.(b)TheChebyshevpolynomialTmhastheparityofmi.e.,theTm(x)ofevenm
areevenfunctionsofxthoseofoddmareoddfunctionsofx.Thereforetheintegralwillvanishduetosymmetryunlessnandmhavethesame
parity,meaningthattheintegralwillvanishifm+nisodd.18.4.16.(a)IntroducingtheRodriguesformulaforTn,Imn=(1)n1/22n(n+12)1
1xmddxn(1x2)n+1/2dx.Integratingbypartsntimes,andnotingthattheendpointintegratedtermsvanish,wereachImn=1/22n(n+12
)m!(mn)!11xmn(1x2)n+1/2dx=1/22n(n+12)m!(mn)!Bmn+12,n+12.HereBisabetafunctiontheintegralwas
evaluatedusingEq.(13.50).InsertingthevalueofBintermsofgammafunctions,wereachImn=1/2m!2n(mn)!mn+12mn2!,
whichwhenwrittenintermsofdoublefactorialscanbeseenequivalenttotheanswerinthetext.(b)FromEq.(18.105),writeImnintermsofas
Imn=0cosmcosnd.Thisintegralcanbeevaluatedbywritingitentirelyintermsofcomplexexponentials,expandingthemthpowerbythe
binomialtheorem,andnotingthatnearlyalltheresultingintegralscancel.Alternatively,itcanberecognizedasacaseofFormula3.631(9)in
Gradshteyn&Ryzhik,TableofIntegrals,Series,andProducts,6thed.(AcademicPress,2000).Theresultcanbebroughttothesameformasinpart
(a).18.4.17.(a)UsethetrigonometricformofUngiveninEq.(18.107),andexpandsin(n+1):|Un|=sin(n+1)sin=sinncossin+cosn
sinnsin+1=|Un1|+1.
304.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS301ApplyingthisresultsuccessivelytoUn1,Un2,,weconcludethat|Un||U0|+n=n+1,
asrequired.(b)FromtheresultofExercise18.4.13(b),weknowthatddxTn(x)=n|Un1|.Applyingtheresultfrompart(a),n|Un1|n2,as
giveninthetext.18.4.18.(a)FromEqs.(18.107)and(18.109),writeVn=sinn.Thisformisclearlyboundedby1.(b)Equation(18.110)shows
thatWnbecomesinniteatx=1,soitisclearlyunboundedonthespeciedrange.18.4.19.(a)Writingastrigonometricintegrals,withx=cos,
dx=sind,andTngivenbyEq.(18.105),11Tm(x)Tn(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0cosmcosnd.Evaluatingtheseintegralsleadstothe
resultsgiveninEq.(18.116).(b)UsingEq.(18.106),11Vm(x)Vn(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0sinmsinnd,consistentwiththeformulasinEq.
(18.117).(c)UsingEq.(18.107),11Um(x)Un(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0sin(m+1)sin(n+1)d.Notethatthenegativepowersofsincancel
againsttheweightingfunctionandtherepresentationofdx.ThisintegralleadstotheformulasinEq.(18.118).(d)UsingEq.(18.108),11
Wm(x)Wn(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0cos(m+1)cos(m+1)d,consistentwithEq.(18.119).18.4.20.(a)Usingthetechniquesinparts(a)and(b)of
Exercise18.4.19,weget11Tm(x)Vn(x)(1x2)1/2dx=0cosmsinnd,
305.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS302whichformanyvaluesofm=nisnonzero.(Theinterval(0,)isnotanintervaloforthogonality
forthisfunctionset.)(b)OrthogonalityisnotobtainedforallUmandWn.Seethesolutiontopart(a).18.4.21.(a)UsingEq.(18.105),this
recurrenceformulaisequivalenttocos(n+1)+cos(n1)=2coscosn.Writingcos(n1)=coscosnsinsinn,thevericationis
immediate.(b)Sincetheequationofthispartcanbewrittencos(m+n)+cos(mn)=2cosmcosn,itcanbeconrmedbytheapproachof
part(a)usingtheformulasforcos(mn).18.4.22.Equation(18.91),thegeneratingfunctionfortheTn,canalsobeusedtodevelopaformula
involvingtheUn.Inparticular,1t212xt+t2=T0+2n=1Tn(x)tn,=(1t2)n=0Un(x)tn.Equatingthecoecientsofequalpowersoft
inthesetwoexpansions,weget,forn2,Un(x)Un2(x)=2Tn(x).Toreachtheformgiveninthetext,usetherecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.93),
toreplaceUn2(x)by2xUn1(x)Un(x),andthendividethroughby2.Toderivethesecondformulaofthisexercise,startfromEq.(18.95):(1
x2)Tn(x)=nxTn(x)+nTn1(x),andusetheresultfromExercise18.4.13(b)toreplaceTnbynUn1.Thisyields(1x2)Un1(x)=xTn(x)+
Tn1(x)=xTn(x)Tn+1(x),wherethelastequalitywasobtainedusingtherecurrenceformulaforTn,Eq.(18.92).Replacingnbyn+1leadsto
theformulainthetext.
306.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS30318.4.23.(a)DierentiatethetrigonometricformforVn,Eq.(18.106).TheresultisdVn(x)dx=
dVn()dddx=(ncosn)1sin=nTn(x)1x2.(b)UsingEq.(18.109),wewritetheRodriguesformulaforVnbymultiplyingthatfor
Un1iEq.(18.103)by(1x2)1/2.Thus,Vn=(1)n1n1/22n(n+12)dn1dxn1(1x2)n1/2.Dierentiating,multiplyingby(1x2
)1/2,andchangingthesign,weidentifytheresultasntimestheRodriguesformulaforTn.18.4.24.Makingthebinomialexpansionofxk,and
combiningtermswiththesamevalueofthebinomialcoeient,xk=ei+ei2k=12kkn=0kneinei(kn)=12k0n<k/2knei(2nk)+
ei(k2n)+ 12kkk/2,keven,0,kodd.Theexponentialsinthesumcombinetoform2cos(k2n)=2Tk2n(x),yieldinganalresult
similartothatshowninthetext.However,thetextdidnotmakeclearthatwhenkiseven,thenaltermoftheexpansionis12kkk/2=12kkk/2
T0(x),i.e.,dierentbyafactor2fromtheothertermsoftheniteexpansion.18.4.25.(a)HereweneedtheChebyshevexpansionofsin.Lettingcl
bethecoecientofTlintheexpansion,wehavec0=10sind=cos0=2.Fornonzerol,wehavecl=20sincos(l)d.
Thisintegralvanishesforoddlforevenlitcanbeevaluatedbysubjectingittotwointegrationsbyparts,twicedierentiatingthefactorcos(l)this
resultsinanintegralproportionaltotheoriginaloneplusanendpoint
307.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS304term.Alternatively,theintegralcanbeevaluatedbytablelookup.Theresultis(forevennonzero
l)cl=41l21,whichcorrespondstotheanswerinthetextwhenlisreplacedby2s.(b)Thisfunctionisoddanditsexpansiontherefore
containsonlyChebyshevpolynomialsofoddorder.Theexpansioncoecientsclcanbecomputedascl=22/20cos(l)d=4lsin(l/2).
Thissinefunctionis+1forl=1,5,and1forl=3,7,changingtheindexfromlto2s+1wecanwritec2s+1=4(1)s2s+1,
consistentwiththeanswerinthetext.18.4.26.(a)TheLegendreexpansionof|x|isoftheform|z|=sc2sP2s(x),wherec0=10xdx=12and,for
nonzeros,c2s=(4s+1)10xP2s(x)dx=10(2s+1)P2s+1(x)+2sP2s1(x)dx=10(2s+1)[P2s+2(x)P2s(x)]4s+3+2s[P2s(x)P2s2(x)]4s
1dx.ThetwostepsintheforgoinganalysisweretheuseofthebasicLegendrerecurrenceformula,Eq.(15.18),andthederivativerecurrence,Eq.
(15.22).Thereasonfortakingthesestepsisthattheintegrationisnowtrivialtheupperintegrationlimitcancels,asallPn(1)areunitythelower
limitinvolvesvaluesofPn(0)whichcanbeobtainedeitherasacoecientinEq.(15.14)orfromtheanswertoExercise15.1.12.Theresultweneed
isP2s(0)=(1)s(2s1)!!(2s)!!.Thus,c2s=2s+14s+3(1)s+1(2s+1)!!(2s+2)!!+2s+14s+32s4s1(1)s(2s1)!!(2s)!!+2s4s
1(1)s1(2s3)!!(2s2)!!.

308.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS305ThisexpressionsimpliestotheformgivenintheExercise.Theexpansionof|x|inChebyshev
polynomialsismosteasilydoneusingtheirtrigonometricforms,inwhichthesubrangex>0correspondsto0/2.Lettingc2sbethecoecient
ofT2s,werequirec0=2/20cosd=2,andfornonzeros,c2s=4/20coscos2sd=2/20[cos(2s+1)+cos(2s1)]d=2
sin(s+12)2s+1+sin(s12)2s1=2(1)s12s+112s1=4(1)s+14s21.(b)Thelimitingratioofthecoecientsisgiven
incorrectlyinthetext.Thecorrectvalueoftheratiointhelimitoflargesis(s)1/2.Foegenerals,theratioofthecoecientofT2stothatofP2sis
Ratio=414s21(2s3)!!(2s+2)!!(4s+1)1s(2s+2)!!(2s+1)!!.Theratioofdoublefactorialscanbetreatedbywritingtheminterms
offactorialsandthenusingStirlingsformula.Wehaveln(2s+2)!!(2s+1)!!=ln22s+2[(s+1)!]2(2s+2)!=(2s+2)ln2+2ln(s+2)ln(2s
+3)=(2s+2)ln2+212ln2+s+32ln(s+1)(s+1)12ln2+2s+52ln(2s+2)(2s+2)=12ln+12ln(s+1).Thenalresultin
thelimitoflargesisthereforeRatio(s)1(s)1/2=(s)1/2.
309.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS30618.4.27.Form11|x|2(1x2)1/2dx=0cos2d=2,andthenalsocalculatethesame
quantityusingtheexpansionof|x|inChebyshevpolynomialsfromExercise18.4.26.Wehave2=11|x|2(1x2)1/2dx=112+4
s=1(1)s+114s21T2s(x)2(1x2)1/2dx.UsingtheorthogonalityoftheTnandthevaluesoftheirnormalizationintegrals,theabove
equationreducesto2=42()+162s=11(4s21)22.Whenthisequationismultipliedthroughby/4wegettheresultgiveninthetext.
18.4.28.(a)Takingx=cos,thisequationisseenequivalentto=24n=01(2n+1)2T2n+1(cos).Toconrmitwethereforeneedto
developtheChebyshevexpansionof.ThecoecientofT0,c0,isc0=10T0(cos)d=22.ThecoecientsofTlfornonzerolcanbe
developedviaanintegrationbyparts(forwhichtheintegratedendpointtermsvanish).Wehavecl=20cos(l)d=2l0sin(l)d=2
l2cos(l)0= 4l2,lodd,0,leven.Makingachangeoftheindexvariablefromlto2n+1,theexpansionbecomes=2T0(cos)
4n=01(2n+1)2T2n+1(cos),
310.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS307equivalenttotheanswerinthetext.(b)Wenotethatsin1x=sin1(cos)=/2.This
observationleadsimmediatelytotheexpansioninthetext.18.5HypergeometricFunctions18.5.1.(a)Ifcisintegralandotherthan1,either(c)nor
(2c)nvanishesforsomen,sothatoneofthetwohypergeometricserieshasinnitetermsandcannotrepresentafunction.Ifc=1,bothseries
becomeidentical,sothenthereisalsoonlyoneseriessolution.(b)Ifc=2anda=1,andtheseries2F1(1,b2x)isdeemedtoterminatewhen
thezerointhenumeratorisreached,weget2F1(1,b2x)=1+12bx,whichcanbeconrmedasasolutiontothehypergeometricODEfora=
1,c=2.Sincewestillgetx32F1(2,b+34x)asanotherseriessolution,weseethatforthesevaluesofaandcbothsolutionscanbewrittenin
termsofhypergeometricseries.18.5.2.TheserecurrencerelationsarethoseinEqs.(15.18),(18.92),and(18.93).18.5.3.Itissomewhateasierto
workbackwardfromtheanswersthantoderivethem.Aderivationcouldusethefollowingnotions:(1)Aseriesinxthatterminatesafterxncanbe
obtainedbyplacingnwithinoneofthenumeratorPochhammersymbols(2)Ifthemthtermoftheexpansioninvolvesm!,itcanbeobtainedas
(1)m(3)Ifthemthterminvolves(n+m)!/(nm)!,itcanbeobtainedas(1)m(n)m(n+1)m(4)Ifthemthterminvolves(2m)!,itcanbe
obtainedas2mm!(2m1)!!,withthedoublefactorialgeneratedfromaconstructionsuchas2m(1/2)m.(a)StartfromEq.(18.14),andwrite
T2n(x)asanascendingpowerseries:T2n(x)=(1)nnm=0(1)m22mn(n+m1)!(nm)!(2m)!(x2)m.Rearrangethecoecientwithinthe
sumtotheform22m(n)(n+1)(n+m1)(n)(n+1)(n+m1)(2mm!)2m12322m12=(n)m(n)mm!12m,
311.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS308therebyidentifyingthesummationasahypergeometricfunction.Parts(b),(c),and(d)are
transformedinasimilarfashion.18.5.4.Therepresentationofpart(a)hasaleadingfactorthatwasobtainedwhilesolvingExercise18.5.3.Toobtain
theleadingfactorsoftheotherrepresentations,itsucestocheckthecoecientofx0,whichforallthefunctions2F1isunity.FromEq.(18.114),
thecoecientofx0inx1T2n+1(x)is2n+12(1)nn!n!1!2=(1)n(2n+1).Theotherleadingfactorsarecheckedinthesameway.18.5.5.
TheformulaforQgiveninthisexerciseisincorrectthethirdargumentofthehypergeometricfunctionshouldbe+32.Theseriesininverse
powersforQl(x)isgiveninaconvenientforminExercise15.6.3itisQl(x)=xl1s=0(l+2s)!(2s)!!(2l+2s+1)!!x2s.Thehypergeometric
serieswithwhichthisexpansionistobecomparedis,fromEq.(18.121),Ql(x)=1/2l!xl1l+322l+1s=0l+12sl+22ss!l+32sx
2s.Aninitialsteptowardthevericationistomaketheidentication2l+s+1(l+32)l+32s=1/2(2l+2s+1)!!.Wealsonotethat2ss!=
(2s)!!andthatl!l+12sl+22s=22s(l+2s)!.Insertingtheserelationships,thetwoformsforQlarebroughtintocorrespondence.18.5.6.
IntroduceabinomialexpansionintheintegralforBxandperformtheintegrationinttermwise.TheresultisBx(p,q)=k=0(1)kq1kxp+kp+
k=k=0(1)k(q)k!(qk)(p+k)xp+k.
312.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS309FromEq.(18.121),theproposedhypergeometricseriesisBx(p,q)=p1xpk=0(p)k(1q)kk!
(p+1)kxk.Notingthat(p)k/(p+1)k=p/(p+k)andthat(1q)k=(1q)(2q)(kq)=(1)k(q)(qk),thevericationis
straightforward.18.5.7.Introduceabinomialexpansionfor(1tz)aandintegratetermwise,identifyingtheintegralsasbetafunctionsaccordingto
Eq.(13.49):2F1(a,bcz)=(c)(b)(cb)k=0ak(1)kzk10tb1(1t)cb1tkdt=(c)(b)(cb)k=0ak(1)kB(b+k,c
b)zk.Evaluatingthebetafunctionandusingak=(1)k(a)kk!,wearriveat2F1(a,bcz)=k=0(a)kk!(b+k)(b)(c)(c+k)zk.Since
(b+k)/(b)=(b)kand(c+k)/(c)=(c)k,thestandardexpansionofthehypergeometricfunctionisrecovered.Theintegraldivergesunlessthe
powersofbothtand1taregreaterthan1.Hencetheconditionc>b>0.18.5.8.Ifwesetz=1,wehave,usingtheintegralrepresentationof
Exercise18.5.7,2F1(a,bc1)=(c)(b)(cb)10tb1(1t)cba1dt=(c)(b)(cb)B(b,cba).Insertingthevalueofthebeta
function,weobtainthedesiredresult.
313.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS31018.5.9.UsetheintegralrepresentationofExercise18.5.7,withzreplacedbyx/(1x).Then,
notingthat(1tz)a1+tx1xa=(1x)a1(1t)xa,andchangingtheintegrationvariabletou=1t,theintegralrepresentation
assumestheform2F1a,bcx1x=(c)(1x)a(b)(cb)10(1u)b1ucb1(1ux)adu=(1x)a2F1(a,cbcx),equivalentto
whatwearetoprove.18.5.10.Toconformtothenotationadoptedinthetext,(n12)!shouldbewritten(n+12).Asimpleapproachistouse
Eq.(12.9)fortheODEsatisedbyTn,p(x)=(1x2),andtheweightfunctionfororthogonalityisw(x)=(1x2)1/2.Theseparametervalues
makewpn=(1x2)n1/2andtheRodriguesformulathereforehastheformTn(x)=cn(1x2)1/2ddxn(1x2)n1/2.Thecoecientscnmust
nowbechosentoreproducetheTnattheirconventionalscaling.ItisconvenienttousethevaluesTn(1)=1tosetthescaling.Alltermsofthen
folddierentiationintheRodriguesformulawillcontainanetpositivepowerof1x2andthereforevanishatx=1unlessallthendierentiations
areappliedtothefactor(1x2)n1/2(andnonetothefactors2xthatareproducedbyearlierdierentiations).Ifthendierentiationsareappliedin
thisway,theywillproduceanalresultcontaining(1x2)1/2,whichwillcancelagainstthefactor(1x2)1/2precedingthederivative.The
dierentiationalsoproducesacoecientn12n3212=(n+12)(1/2)=)n+12),andafactor(2x)nfromthederivativeof1
x2.Whenwesetx=1,Tn(1)=1=cn(1)n2n(n+12),fromwhichweobtainthevalueofcnshownintheexercise.18.5.11.This
summationhasaformcorrespondingtoahypergeometricfunction,exceptthattheextentofthesummationdoesnotexplicitlyextend
314.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS311toinnity.However,alltermswith>min(m,n)vanishbecauseofthevanishingofoneorboth
ofthePochhammersymbols,soformallythesummationcanbeextendedtoinnitywithoutchangingitsvalue.ReferringtoEq.(18.121),we
identifythesummationas2F1m,n1mn2a22(a21).18.5.12.Writetheformulaofthisexerciseintheform2F1(n,bc1)=(cb+
n(cb)(c)(c+n).Thisformiswhatisobtainedifweevaluate2F1(n,bc1)usingtheformulaofExercise18.5.8.18.6Conuent
HypergeometricFunctions18.6.1.Thepowerseriesexpansionoftheerrorfunction,Eq.(13.91),iserf(x)=21/2n=0(1)nx2n+1(2n+1)n!.
Theformgivenintheexercisecorrespondstotheexpansion2x1/2n=0(1)n(1/2)nx2n(3/2)nn!.Notingthat(12)n(32)n=1/2n+12=12n
+1,theconuenthypergeometricrepresentationisconrmed.18.6.2.FromthedenitionsinExercise12.6.1,wecanidentifyC(x)+is(x)=x0
eiu2/2du.Makingachangeofvariabletoy=ei/4(/2)1/2u,thisintegralbecomesC(x)+is(x)=21/2ei/4xei/4/20ey2dy=ei/4

21/2erfxei/42.
315.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS312UsingtheconuenthypergeometricrepresentationoftheerrorfunctioninExercise18.6.1,this
expressioncanbewrittenC(x)+is(x)=ei/421/221/2xei/42M12,32,xei/422=xM12,32,ix22.18.6.3.Startingfromthe
formulaforyintheexercise,y=ayx+aexx,y=ayx2ayxaexx2aexx=a(a+1)yx2a(a+1)exx2aexx,andthereforexy=
a(a+1)yxa(a+1)exxaex,(a+1)y=a(a+1)yx+a(a+1)exx,xy=ay+aex,ay=ay.Addingtheseequationstogether,weform
theODErelevanttothisexercise:xy+(a+1+x)y+ay=0.18.6.4.FromEq.(14.131),K(z)=2zez(+12)0ett1/21+t2z1/2
dt.Changetheintegrationvariabletoy=t/2z,reachingK(z)=2zez(+12)(2z)+1/20ez2zyy1/2(1+y)1/2dy.Theintegralis
nowintheformcorrespondingtotheintegralrepresentationofU(+1/2,2+1,2z)giveninEq.(18.145),andtheformulaforK(z)reducesto
thatgiveninthetext.
316.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS31318.6.5.UsingtheformulasfromSection13.6,wewriteCi(x)+isi(x)=xeittdt=ixe
yydy=E1(ix).Notenowthat,usingEq.(18.145),U(1,1,x)=1(1)0ext1+tdt=ex0ex(t+1)t+1dt=ex1exttdt=exE1(x).
Usingthisformula,wewriteE1(ix)intermsofU,obtainingthedesiredresult.18.6.6.(a)Becausetheconuenthypergeometricfunctionhas
argumentu=x2,thecorrespondingODEisud2ydu2+(cu)dyduay=0,andify=y(x)thederivativesinthisequationtaketheformdydu
=dydxdxdu=12xdydx,d2ydu2=d2ydx2dxdu2+dydxd2xdu2=14x2d2ydx214x3dydx.Now,withc=3/2,a=n,andy=
H2n+1(x)/x,wehaveay=nH2n+1x,(cu)dydu=32x212xH2n+1xH2n+1x2,ud2ydu2=14H2n+1x3H2n+1x2+3H2n+1x3.
FormingtheconuenthypergeometricODEbyaddingthesetermstogetherandthenmultiplyingthroughby4x,wereachH2n+12xH2n+1+
2(2n+1)H2n+1=0,conrmingthatH2n+1(x)/xisasolutiontothespeciedconuenthypergeometricequation(inx2)ifH2n+1isasolutionof
index2n+1totheHermiteODE.(b)Theparametervaluea=nshowsthatourconuenthypergeometric
317.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS314functionwillbeapolynomial(inx2)ofdegreen,soH2n+1mustbeapolynomial(inx)ofdegree
2n+1.SinceM(n,3/2,0)=1,thispartoftheexerciseisdesignedtoshowthatEq.(18.149)yieldsH2n+1atitsagreeduponscale.FromEq.(18.9),
changingnto2n+1andexaminingthetermwiths=n,wehaveTermcontainingx1=(1)n(2n+1)!1!n!2x,consistentwiththescaleofEq.
(18.149).18.6.7.UsetheconuenthypergeometricrepresentationofLmn(x)inEq.(18.151)torewritetheequationofthisexerciseintermsof
Laguerrefunctions.Therelevantparametervaluesarea=nandc=m+1.Weget(m+n+1)(n+1)!m!(n+m+1)!Lmn+1(2n+m+1x)
n!m!(n+m)!Lmn+n(n1)!m!(n+m1)!Lmn1=0.Dividingthroughbyn!m!/(n+m)!,wegettherecurrenceformulagiveninEq.
(18.66):(n+1)Lmn+1(x)(2n+m+1x)Lmn(x)+(n+m)Lkn1(x)=0.18.6.8.(a)UsetheintegralrepresentationinEq.(18.144)and
makeachangeoftheintegrationvariabletos=1t.WegetM(a,c,x)=(c)(a)(ca)10extta1(1t)ca1dt=(c)(a)(ca)10
ex(1s)(1s)a1sca1ds=(c)ex(a)(ca)10exssca1(1s)a1ds=exM(ca,c,x).(b)ThispartoftheexerciseusesEq.
(18.142).NotethatEq.(18.142)containsamisprintthequantity(c)initslasttermshouldbechangedto(2c).IfinEq.(18.142)wereplacea
bya=a+1candcbyc=2candinadditionmultiplybothtermswithinthesquarebracketsbyx1c,thesquarebracketwillremainunchanged
exceptforanoverallsignchange.Butthefactorsincbecomessinc=sin(2c),soitssignchangesalsoandwehavex1cU(a,c,x)=U(a,c,
x),asrequired.
318.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS31518.6.9.(a)Ontherighthandsideoftheequationofthisexercise,changebtoc(twooccurrences).
Intheintegralrepresentation,Eq.(18.144),dierentiationwithrespecttoxwillcausethepowerofttobeincremented,butdoesnotchangethe
powerof1t.Thischangecorrespondstoaunitincreaseinbothaandcintheconuenthypergeometricfunction.Sincethegammafunctionspre
cedingtheintegralhavenotchanged,weneedtoincrementtheargumentsof(a)and(c)andcompensateforthesechangesthroughmultiplication
bya/c.Asecondderivativewillcauseasimilarindexshift,butthistimethecompensationfactorwillbe(a+1)/(c+1).Thegeneralizationto
arbitraryderivativescorrespondstotheformulainthetext.(b)Thisformulacanbederivedbyaproceduresimilartothatusedinpart(a).The
negativeexponentialgeneratesasignchangewitheachdierentiation.18.6.10.Ourprocedurewillbetoverifythattheintegralrepresentations
satisfytheconuenthypergeometricODE,identifytherepresentationasMorU,andconrmitsscaleeitheratx=0orasymptoticallyatlargex.(a)
Droppingforthemomenttheconstantfactorsprecedingtheintegral,weconsidertheeectupontherepresentationoftheoperationsthatcor
respondtotheODE.ThedierentiationstoproduceMwillintroduceanadditionalfactort2intheintegrand,whilethedierentiationtoproduceM
willintroduceafactort.Then,assumingthevalidityoftheintegralrepresentation,ourODEcorrespondsto10extxta+1(1t)ca1+(cx)ta
(1t)ca1ata1(1t)ca1dt=0.Wenowperformintegrationsbypartsonthosetermsthatcontainx,integratingextanddierentiatingthe
remainderoftheintegrand.Bychoosingtheseterms,weeliminateallxdependencefromtheintegrandexceptforthesinglepositivefactorext.The
resultisthattheentirequantitymultiplyingextnowvanishes,andtheendpointintegratedtermsvanishaswell.Thus,theODEissatisedforthe
integralrepresentationofM(a,c,x).(b)AproceduresimilartothatgivenfortheintegralrepresentationofMcanalsobecarriedoutforUthemain
dierenceisthattheminussigninextandthepresenceof1+tratherthan1tcausesomesigndierences,butalltermsstillcancel.Thenegative
exponentialalsocausesvanishingoftheendpointintegratedtermsatx=,sotheODEisalsosatisedfortheintegralrepresentationofU(a,c,x).
ThedenitionofM(a,c,x)aspresentedinthetextyieldsaresultthatcanbecomelargeforlargex(forsuitablychosenparametervalues)andis
regularatx=0infact,itsvalueatx=0isunity.Thetextdoes
319.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS316notshowthattheformulagivenforU(a,c,x),Eq.(18.142),hasparticularpropertiesatx=0and
x=,butamoredetailedanalysis(seetheadditionalreadings)establishesthatUasdenedinthatequationissingularatx=0andapproacheszero
forarangeofparametervaluesatx=.Withthesefactsavailable,wecanconcludethatbecausetheintegralrepresentationgivenforMis
nonsingularatx=0,itcannotcontainanadmixtureofU.Moreover,therepresentationgivenforUcannotcontainMbecauseitvanishesatlargex
forallparametervaluesforwhichtheintegralconverges.Ournaltaskistoconrmthattheseintegralrepresentationsareproperlyscaled.The
representationforMreducesatx=0toabetafunction,andthequantitypremultiplyingtheintegralisjusttheinverseofthatbetafunction,leadingto
M(a,c,0)=1.ThefactormultiplyingtheintegralforUisthatneededforcorrectasymptoticbehaviorforaproofseetheadditionalreadings.
18.6.11.ThisprocedurewasusedtosolveExercise18.6.8.18.6.12.ThisformulawasderivedasastepinthesolutionofExercise18.6.5.18.6.13.(a)
ForM(a,c,x),changetheintegrationvariabletou=1tanddeveloptheintegrandasapowerseriesinu.Thus,formally(irrespectiveof
convergence)wehaveM(a,c,x)(c)ex(a)(ca)10exuuca1(1u)a1du=(c)ex(a)(ca)n=0a1n(1)n10euxuca
1+ndu.Changingtheintegrationvariabletov=xuandassumingthatxislargeenoughthattheupperlimitforintegrationinvcanwithout
signicanterrorbechangedtov=,wehaveM(a,c,x)(c)ex(a)(ca)xcanmaxn=0a1n(1)nxn0vca1+nevdv(c)ex
(a)(ca)xcanmaxn=0a1n(1)nxn(ca+n).Toreconcilethisanswerwiththatgiveninthetext,notethat(1)na1n=(1a)(2a)
(na)n!and(ca+n)(ca)=(ca)(ca+n1).
320.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS317(b)Atreatmentsimilartothatusedinpart(a)conrmstheanswergiveninthetext.18.6.14.When
alinearsecondorderODEiswritteninselfadjointformas[p(x)y]+q(x)y=0,theWronskianofanytwolinearlyindependentsolutionsofthe
ODEmustbeproportionalto1/p.Fortheconuenthypergeometricequationp(x)=xcexthiscanbefoundbymethodsdiscussedinChapter7
andcheckedbydirectevaluation.Theproportionalityconstant,whichmaydependupontheparametersaandc,maybedeterminedfromthe
behaviorofMandUatanyconvenientvalueofx.UsingtheasymptoticvaluesofMandUfromExercise18.6.13andtheleadingtermsoftheir
derivatives,wehaveM(a,c,x)(c)(a)exxcaM(a,c,x),U(a,c,x)xa,U(a,c,x)axa+1.NotingthatMUbecomesnegligible
relativetoMU,weidentifytheWronskianasWronskian(M,U)=MU=(c)(a)exxcaxa,equivalenttotheformulainthetext.Ifaiszero
oranegativeinteger,Mdoesnotexist,andtheWronskianevaluatestozero.18.6.15.TheCoulombwaveequationisoftheformofEq.(18.153),so

itsregularsolutionswillbeWhittakerfunctionsMkofappropriateindicesandargument.Toconverttheterm1/4ofEq.(18.153)intothe+1of
theCoulombequation,theargumentoftheWhittakerfunctionneedstobe2ir.ThiswillcausetheytermoftheODEtobemultipliedby1/4.We
alsoneedtoreplacexby2irinthecoecientofMk.TocompletethecorrespondenceofthesetwoODEs,wesetk=iand=L+1/2.Writing
MkintermsofM(a,c,x),wegetMi,L+1/2(2ir)=eir(2ir)L+1M(L+1i,2L+2,2ir).18.6.16.(a)Inserttheconuenthypergeometric
representationoftheLaguerrefunction.Thedemonstrationisstraightforward.(b)Weneedasolutionwiththeoppositesignofn2,i.e.,withn
replacedbyin.AsseeninExercise18.6.15,thisalsocorrespondstothereplacementofbyi.18.6.17.Theanswersaregiveninthetext.
321.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS31818.7Dilogarithm18.7.1.Sincethisseries,withz=1,isconvergent,withvalue(2),the
magnitudeofitssumforallzofunitmagnitudewillbenogreaterthan(2)(andequalto(2)onlyifallitstermshavethesamephase).Thus,the
seriesisconvergentforallzontheunitcircle.18.7.2.UsingEq.(18.161)withz=12,wegetLi2(1/2)=212ln222.18.7.3.Themultiple
valuesarisefromln22=(ln2+2ni)2=ln22+4niln24n22,,soLi2(1/2)=212ln222+2n222niln2,wherencanbeany
positiveornegativeintegerorzero.NotethatdierentnleadtodierentvaluesofboththerealandimaginarypartsofLi2(1/2).18.7.4.Theprincipal
branchofLi2isusuallydenedtobetheresultgivenbythepowerseriesexpansionanditsanalyticcontinuation,withabranchcutextendingjust
belowthepositiverealaxisfrom1toinnity.ThismeansthatinusingEq.(18.161)wetakeLi2(1)=(2)=2/6andseektoverifythatLi2(0)=0.
Thevericationdependsuponthefactthatlimz0lnzln(1z)=0,whichcanbeprovedbyexpandingln(1z)aszz2/2andnotingthat
theleadingtermforsmallz,zlnz,approachesthelimitzero.18.7.5.RewriteEq.(18.163),withzreplacedby(1+y1)/2.Thenzz1=y1+1
2y112=1+y1y,1z=11+y12=1y12,andwehaveLi21+y12+Li21+y1y=12ln21y12,equivalenttothe
relationshiptobeproved.18.7.6.TransformtheLi2functionstoformsinwhichtheirargumentsarerealandintherange(,+1).Thefunction
needingtransformationisLi2(j),sincejcanbelargerthan+1.UsingEq.(18.161)foreachj,thethreejvaluestogethercontribute2/2(which
cancelsthe2/2intheoriginal
322.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS319form.Withinthesummation,wereplaceLi2(j)withLi2(1j)lnjln(1j).Thenal
resultis3231233j=1Li2(j)+Li2(1j)+lnjln(1+j).18.8EllipticIntegrals18.8.1.Writingds=(dx2+dy2)1/2asthedierential
ofdistancealongthepath,wecomputefortheellipseatthepointdescribedbyparameterdsd=dxd2+dyd21/2=a2cos2+b2sin21/2.
Thepathlengthfortherstquadrantisthereforetheintegral/20a2cos2+b2sin21/2d=/20a2+(b2a2)sin21/2=a/20(1m
sin2)1/2d,wherem=(a2b2)/a2.Thisrearrangementisonlyappropriateifa>b,sincewewantourellipticintegraltobeinthestandardform
with0<m<1.Ifb>a,wecouldinterchangetherolesoftheseparametersbychangingtheintegrationvariableto/2andtakingafactorb
outsidethesquareroot.Completingtheanalysisforthecurrentcase,weidentifytheellipticintegralasE(m),therebyconrmingtheanswerinthe
text.18.8.2.ExpandtheintegrandinthetrigonometricformofE(m):E(m)=/20(1msin2)1/2d=2+n=11/2n(1)nmn/20sin2n
d.Thenusetheformulas(validforn>0)1/2n=(1)n1(2n3)!!(2n)!!,/20sin2nd=2(2n1)!!(2n)!!tobringE(m)totheformgiven
inthetext.
323.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS32018.8.3.HeretheargumentsofKandEareimplicitlyassumedtobem.FormthedierenceK=E
showingexplicitlythersttwotermsoftheirpowerseriesexpansions:K(m)=21+1!!2!!2m+,E(m)=211!!2!!2m,soK(m)
E(m)=221!!2!!2m+=4m+.Dividingbymandtakingthelimitm0,wegetthedesiredresult.18.8.4.Rewritethe
denominatoroftheintegrandoftheexpressionforAasa2+2+z22acos=a2+2+2a+z22a(cos+1).Thendene=/2,write
cos+1=2cos2,andtherebyconvertAtotheformA=a0I2(a2+2+2a+z2)1/20cosd(1k2cos2)1/2,wherek2,asdened
intheexercise,isk2=4a(a+)2+z2.FurthersimplicationandachangeoftheintegrationvariabletobringustoA=0Ik2a1/2/20(2
cos21)d(1k2cos2)1/2.Nowbringtheintegrandtoamoreconvenientformbyidentifying2cos21=2k2(1k2cos2)+2k21
,reachingA=0Ik2a1/2/20d2k2(1k2cos2)1/2+2k21(1k2cos2)1/2.
324.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS321Finally,wenotethatbecausetherangeofintegrationis(0,/2)wecanreplacecosbysin
withoutchangingthevalueoftheintegral,sothetwotermsoftheintegrandcanbeidentiedwithE(k2)andK(k2),therebyobtainingtheresultin
thetext.18.8.5.HereE(k2)andK(k2)needtobeexpandedinpowerseries,andtheanswergiveninthetextsuggeststhatwemustkeepexplicit
termsintheexpansionsthoughk4.Wethereforewritef(k2)=k2(2k2)21+k24+9k464+221k243k464The
leadingtermintheaboveexpression(thatoflowestorderink)isk2/16.18.8.6.Inthisexercise,allinstancesofEandKwithoutargumentsrefer
respectivelytoE(k2)andK(k2).(a)StartingfromthetrigonometricformforE(k2),dierentiate,gettingdE(k2)dk=/20ksin2(1k2sin2
)1/2d.Simplifybyrewritingthenumeratoroftheintegrand:ksin2=(1k2sin2)k1k,afterwhichwegetdE(k2)dk=1k/20d(1
k2sin2)1/21(1k2sin2)1/2=E(k2)K(k2)k.(b)Notethattheformulainthehintcontainsamisprint:intheintegrand,kshouldbe
replacedbyk2.Beforesolvingthisproblem,wefollowthehintandestablishtheequationitprovides.Wedosobyexpandingtheintegrandofthe
hintequationinpowerseries,thenmultiplyingtheexpansionby1k2andorganizingtheresultinpowersofk,andnallyidentifyingthatpower
seriesasE(k2).
325.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS322Thus,I=/20(1k2sin2)3/2d=/20d+n=1(1)nk2n3/2n/20sin2nd.
Usingnowtheformulas(validforn1)3/2n=(1)n(2n+1)!!(2n)!!,/20sin2nd=(2n1)!!(2n)!!2,webringItotheformI=21+
n=1k2n(2n+1)!!(2n1)!!(2n)!!(2n)!!.Nextwewrite(1k2)I,groupingtermswithequalpowersofk:(1k2)I=21+n=1k2n(2n+
1)!!(2n1)!!(2n)!!(2n)!!(2n1)!!(2n3)!!(2n2)!!(2n2)!!=21+n=1k2n(2n1)!!(2n3)!!(2n)!!(2n)!!(2n+1)(2n1)(2n)(2n)
=21n=1k2n(2n1)!!(2n3)!!(2n)!!(2n)!!,whichisequivalenttoE(k2).Proceedingnowtothesolutionofpart(b),wewritedK(k2)dk
=/20ksin2(1k2sin2)3/2d.Replacingksin2asinpart(a)ofthisproblem,wehavedK(k2)dk=1k/201(1k2sin2)1/2+1(1
k2sin2)3/2d=1k[K(k2)+I,whereIistheintegralinthehint.WritingI=E(k2)/(1k2),weretrievetheanswertothisproblem.
326.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS32319.FourierSeries19.1GeneralProperties19.1.1.Byorthogonality0=pan=220f(x)
a02n=1(ancosnx+bnsinnx)cosnxdx=220f(x)cosnxdx+2an,0=pbn=220f(x)a02n=1(ancosnx+bnsinnx)
sinnxdx=220f(x)sinnxdx+2bn.19.1.2.Substitutingncosn=an,nsinn=bnintoEq.(19.1)wehaveancosnx+bnsinnx=n(cos
ncosnx+sinnsinnx)=ncos(nxn).19.1.3.TheexponentialFourierseriescanberealonlyif,foreachn,cneinx+cneinxisreal.
Expandingthecomplexexponential,cneinx+cneinx=(cn+cn)cosnx+i(cncn)sinnx.Thisexpressionwillberealifcn+cnisrealand
cncnispureimaginary.Writingcn=an+ibnwithanandbnreal,thesetwoconditionsonthecntaketheformbn+bn=0,anan=0,
equivalenttoarequirementthatcn=cn.19.1.4.Expandf(x)inaFourierseries.Thenifa02+n=1(ancosnx+bnsinnx)2dx=12a2
0+n=1(a2n+b2n)<isabsolutelyconvergent,itisnecessarythatlimnan0,limnbn0.
327.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS32419.1.5.Byparity,an=0,n0,whilebn=120(x)sinnxdx0(+x)sinnxdx=1
2ncosnx+xncosnx012n0cosnxdx12n0cosnxdx12ncosnxxncosnx0=1nsinnx2n20sinnx
2n20=1n.19.1.6.Writingsinnxintermsofcomplexexponentials,thissummationbecomesS=n=1(1)n+1sinnxn=12in=1
(1)n+1einxnn=1(1)n+1einxn.Thesesummationscorrespondtotheexpansionofln(1+eix),soS=12iln(1+eix)ln(1+eix)=1
2iln1+eix1+eix=12ilneix.WeneedtheprincipalvalueofthislogarithmsothatS=0whenx=0.Thus,S=ix/2i=x/2.19.1.7.Byparity,an
=0whilebn=140sinnxdx0sinnxdx=14cosnxn0cosnxn0=142(1)n2=1(1)n2n=1/n,nodd0,neven.
19.1.8.(a)Write2cos/2intermsofcomplexexponentialsandrearrange:2cos/2=ei/2+ei/2=ei/21+ei.Takethelogarithmofboth
sidesofthisequationandusetheexpansionofln(1+ei):ln2cos2=i2+n=1(1)n+1einn.Sincethelefthandsideofthisequationis
real,itmustbeequaltotherealpartoftherighthandside(theimaginarypartoftherighthandmust

328.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS325bezerothisdoesnotconcernusherebutprovidesanotherroutetothesolutionofExercise
19.1.6).Thus,ln2cos2=n=1(1)n+1cosnn.(b)Herewehave2sin2=iei/2ei/2=iei/21ei.Takingthelogarithm,noting
thatthefactorprecedingtheparenthesesontherighthandsidehasthepurelyimaginarylogarithmi(+)/2,wegetln2sin2=(+)i2+
ln(1ei).Introducingapowerseriesforthelogarithmictermandequatingtherealpartsofthetwosidesofthisequation,wereachourdesired
answer:ln2sin2=n=1cosnn.19.1.9.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.19.1.10.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.19.1.11.f(1)(1
)d1=m=12eimf(1)eim1d1=mfmeim=f().19.1.12.IntegratingExample19.1.1yieldsx0xdx=12x2=2n=1
(1)nn2cosnxx0=2n=1(1)nn2(cosnx1).Forx=weobtain22=2(2)+2n=1(1)n1n2.Hence221213=n=1(1)n1
n2.19.1.13.(a)Usingorthogonalitygivesa02+n=1(ancosnx+bnsinnx)2dx=a0222+n=1(a2n+b2n).
329.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS326(b)1x4dx=x55=254=249+42(4).Hence(4)=4422529=4423
325.(c)1dx=2=42n=11(2n1)2.Thischeckswith(2)=122(2)+n=11(2n1)2=26.19.1.14.For0<x<,n=1
x0sinnxndx=n=1cosnxn2x0=26n=1cosnxn2=x02x2dx=x2x24.Hencen=1cosnxn2=14(x)2212.
For<x<0,theclaimisprovedsimilarly.19.1.15.(a)x02s1(x)dx=n=1x0cosnxn2s1dx=n=1sinnxn2sx0=n=1sinnxn2s=
2s(x).(b)x02s(x)dx=n=1x0sinnxn2sdx=n=1cosnxn2s+1x0=n=1cosnxn2s+1+n=112s+1=2s+1(x)+(2s+1).
Thisequationrearrangesintotherequiredresult.19.1.16.Makethepartialfractiondecomposition1n2(n+1)=1n+11n+1n2.
330.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS327Thenn=1cosnxn2(n+1)=n=1cosnxn+1n=1cosnxn+n=1cosnxn2=f(x)
1(x)+2(x),equivalenttotherequiredform.19.2ApplicationsofFourierSeries19.2.1.TheFourierexpansionofthepresentproblemisf(x)=h2
+2hsinx1+sin3x3+.Theexpansionsoftherstfewxcontainingtermsaresinx1=xx33!+x55!,sin3x3=x32x33!+34
x55!,sin5x5=x52x33!+54x55!.Collectingthecoecientsofx,x3,,wendCoecientofx=1+1+1+,
Coecientofx3=13!1+32+52+,etc.Theseexpressionsdiverge.19.2.2.(x)=12+1n=1cosnx,x.19.2.3.Solutionis
giveninthetext.19.2.4.0(xy)dt=012+1n=1cosn(xt)dt=121n=1sinn(xt)n0=12+111(1)nnsinnx=
12+2n=0sin(2n+1)x2n+1=1,for0<x<,1,for<x<0.
331.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS32819.2.5.Subtracttheseriesonline5ofTable19.1fromtheseriesonline4ofthattabletheresult
isn=0cosnxx[1(1)n]=2n=0cos(2n+1)x2n+1=lnsin|x|2+lncosx2=lncot|x|2.Becausethecosineisanevenfunction,
cos(x/2)=cos(|x|/2).19.2.6.Solutionisgiveninthetext.19.2.7.Thecosinetermsoftheexpansionallvanishbecausef(x)hasoddparity.bn=1
xsinnxdx=xcosnxn+1ncosnxdx=2(1)nn.19.2.8.Thecosinetermsoftheexpansionallvanishbecausef(x)hasodd
parity.bn=10+x2sinnxdx+10x2sinnxdx=20x2sinnxdx=0sinnxdx10xsinxdx.Thesecondof
theseintegralsishalftheformulaforbninthesolutiontoExercise19.2.7,whiletherstintegratesto(1cosn)/n=[1(1)n]/n.Thenalresultis
bn=1/n.19.2.9.Solutionisgiveninthetext.19.2.10.a0=2x0,an=2sinnx0n,n1,bn=0,n1.19.2.11.(r,)=4Vm=0ra2m+1
sin(2m+1)2m+1.19.2.12.(a)(r,)=E0r1a2r2cos.(b)=20E0cos.19.2.13.(a)an=10xcosnxdx=xsinnxn01n
0sinnxdx=cosnxn20=(1)n1n2,
332.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS329bn=10xsinnxdx=xcosnxn0+1n0cosnxdx=(1)n1n,a0=10xdx=
2.Thus,x,0<x<0,<x<0=42n=1cos(2n1)x(2n1)2n=1(1)nsinnxn.(b)istheaboveatx=0.19.2.14.Integrating
12+2n=1sin(2n1)x2n1=0,<x<01,0<x<yields12x0dx2n=1cos(2n1)x|x0(2n1)2=n=1(1)n1sinnxn+
2282n=1cos(2n1)x(2n1)2=0,<x<0,x,0<x<.19.2.15.(a)n(x)=12+2nm=1sin(m/2n)mcosmx.19.2.16.
f(x)n(x)dx=f(x)12+2nm=1sin(m/2n)mcosmxdx=a02+2nm=1sin(m/2n)mf(x)cosmxdxa02+m=11
f(x)cosmxdx=f(0)inthelimitn.19.2.17.(a)Thecoecientbnisgivenastheintegralbn=2LL0(xa)sinnxLdx=2LsinnaL.
(b)Integrationofthelefthandsideofthedeltafunctionformulafrom0toxyieldsunityifaiswithintherangeoftheintegrationandzeroother
wise,producingthestepfunctionshownintheexercise.Acorresponding
333.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS330integrationoftherighthandsidegivesthelistedresult:f(x)=2Ln=1sinnaLLn1cos
nxL.(c)ReferringtotherstentryinTable19.1,therstsummationofpart(b)evaluatesto2a/L2=1aL.Sincef(x)=0onthe
interval0<x<aand1elsewhere,thisexpressiongivestheaveragevalueoff(x),asclaimed.19.2.18.CalculationoftheFouriercoecientswith
thisf(x)isequivalenttointegratingwithf(x)=1overtherangeaxL.Thus,a0=2LLadx=21aL.an=2LLacosnxLdx=2nsin
naL,n>0.InsertingthisintotheformulafortheFouriercosineseries,f(x)=1aL2n=11nsinnaLcosnxL.Thecorrespondenceis
seentobeexactwhenweusetheobservationdevelopedinpart(c)ofExercise19.2.17.19.2.19.(a)Solutionisgiveninthetext.(b)Dierentiation
ofthesolutiontopart(a)leadsdirectlytothestatedresultforpart(b).19.2.20.Solutionisgiveninthetext.19.2.21.Solutionisgiveninthetext.
19.3GibbsPhenomenon19.3.2.Usingtheguidanceprovidedintheexercise,writesn(x)=2hnp=1sin(2p1)x2p1=2hx0np=1cos(2p
1)ydy=2hx0sin2ny2sinydyhx0sin2nyydy=h2nx0sind,whichreachesitsmaximumvalueat2nx=,withtheintegralthen
givenbyEq.(19.41).
334.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS33119.3.3.Solutionisgiveninthetext.
335.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS33220.IntegralTransforms20.1Introduction(noexercises)20.2FourierTransform20.2.1.(a)Iff(x)
isreal,thenf(x)=f(x),andg()=1(2)1/2f(x)eixdx=1(2)1/2f(x)eixdx=g().Wemustalsoprovetheconverse,
namelythatifg()=g(),thenf(x)isreal.So,makingnoassumptionastotherealityoff(x),theconditiong()=g()isequivalentto1
(2)1/2f(x)eixdx=1(2)1/2f(x)eixdxforall.Thatcanonlybetrueiff(x)=f(x)onewaytoseethisistomultiplythe
aboveequationbyeit,withtarbitrary,andintegrateinfromto,therebyforming2(tx).Thenthexintegrationyieldsf(t)=f(t).(b)A
proofcanbealongthelinesofthatforpart(a).Thesignchangeingoingfromg()tog()iscompensatedbythatbetweenf(x)andf(x).
20.2.2.(a)gc()=210cosxdx=2sin.(b)Theequationwrittenhereisjusttheinversecosinetransformofgcandthereforehastoyield
f(x).(c)Forallxsuchthat|x|=1theintegralofthispartis(/2)f(x),inagreementwiththeanswerinthetext.Forx=1,thepresentintegralcanbe
evaluatedas0sincosd=120sin2d=12sinuudu=122=4.TheuintegralisthatinEq.(11.107).20.2.3.(a)
Integratingbypartstwiceweobtain0eaxcosxdx=1aeaxcosx0a0eaxsinxdx=1aa1aeaxsinx0+a
0eaxcosxdx.
336.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS333Nowwecombinetheintegralontherighthandsidewiththatontheleftgiving1+2a20e
axcosxdx=1a,orgc()=20eaxcosxdx=2aa2+2.Asimilarprocessyieldstheformulaforgs().(b)Thesecondintegralof
thispartcanbewrittenashalftherealpartofanintegralinvolvingeix:I=0cosx2+a2d=12eeix2+a2dx.Wenowreplace
byacomplexvariablezandemployacontouralongtherealaxisandclosedbyanarcofinniteradiusintheupperhalfplane(onwhichthereis
nocontributiontotheintegral).Thiscontourenclosesapoleatz=iatheotherpoleoftheintegrand,z=ia,isexternaltothecontour.Therefore,I
=12eeixzz2+a2dz=e122i(Residueofintegrandatz=ia).Thisresiduehasthevalueeax/2ia,soI=2aeax.Therstintegralofthis
partcannowbeobtainedeasilybydierentiatingtheaboveresultwithrespecttox.20.2.4.g()=2ha21cosa.20.2.5.WritetheFourier
integralrepresentationofthedeltasequence:(x)=12eixdlimnn(t)eitdt=12eixd.Wehaveusedthefact
thattheintegralovertreducestounity,thevalueofeitatt=0.20.2.6.SeesolutiontoExercise20.2.5.Thesameresultwillbeobtainedforany
validdeltasequence.20.2.7.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.20.2.8.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.
337.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS33420.2.9.Theanswertothisproblemdependsuponthesignofanditisassumedherethat>0.

Theintegrandofthisproblemhasasimplepoleata=E0i/2,withresidueexp(iat),whereaislocatedinthelowerhalfoftheplane.The
integralinquestioncanbeconvertedintoonewithaclosedcontourbyconnectingthepointsbyalargearcift>0asuitablearcwillbe
clockwise,inthelowerhalfplane,aseitbecomesnegligiblewhenhasalargenegativeimaginarypart.Thecontourwillthenenclosethepolein
themathematicallynegativedirection,sothecontourintegral(andalsoouroriginalintegral)hasthevalue+exp(iat),correspondingtotheanswerfor
t>0inthetext.If,however,t<0,thecontourmustbeclosedintheupperhalfplane,thepoleisnotencircled,andboththecontourintegralandour
originalintegralwillvanish.Theseobservationsconrmtheanswerinthetextfort<0.20.2.10.(a)Anaturalapproachtothisproblemistousethe
integralrepresentationJ0(ay)=210cosayt1t2dt.However,allmentionofthisrepresentationwasinadvertentlyomittedfromthepresent
edition,soitmaybeeasierforreaderstoproceedbyrecognizingthecasen=0ofExercise20.2.11asastartingpoint.Inthattransformpair,
replacementoftbyaycausesthereplacementofxbyx/aandmultiplicationoftheexpressioninxbya1,therebyobtainingthedesiredanswer.If
weusetheintegralrepresentationprovidedabove,wewouldformtheintegralproducingthetransformandinterchangetheorderofthetwointegrals:
[J0(ay)]T(x)=12210dt1t2cosayteixydy.Replacingcosaytby(eiayt+eiayt)/2,weidentifytheyintegralintermsofdelta
functions,reaching[J0(ay)]T(x)=1222a10dt1t2(t+x/a)+(tx/a)2=2 1a2x2,|x|<a,0,|x|>a.
338.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS335(b)Theexpressioninxisincorrectthequantitywithinthesquarerootshouldbex2a2.Usethe
secondintegralrepresentationgiveninEq.(14.63)andproceedasinthesecondapproachgivenaboveforpart(a).(c)Hereusetheintegral
representationgiveninEq.(14.113),andproceedasintheearlierpartsofthisexercise.(d)I0(ay)divergesexponentiallyatlargeyanddoesnothave
aFouriertransform.20.2.11.Strictlyspeaking,theseexpressionsarenotFouriertransformsofeachother.WhileinJn(t)isthetransformofthe
expressionoppositeit,thetransformofinJnis(1)ntimestheChebyshevexpression.Toestablishthetransformrelationship,startbywritingthe
transformoftherighthandexpressionintheangularvariable,wherex=cos:2Tn(x)(1x2)1/2T=111Tn(x)eitx(1x2)1/2dx=1
0cosneitcosd=10ei(tcos+n)+ei(tcosn)2d=1220ei(tcos+n)d.Wenowidentifythisintegralastheintegral
representationofJnthatwasgiveninExercise14.1.15(b),withvalue2inJn(t),andtherefore2Tn(x)(1x2)1/2T=inJn(t).20.2.12.The
transformasgiveninthetextisimproperlyscaled.Itscorrectvalueis(2/)1/2injn(),whereisthetransformvariable.Theexercisealsoassumes
thetransformvariabletobekr.TheFouriertransformoff()isfT()=1211eiPn()d.ThisintegralwasevaluatedinExercise15.2.26,
whereitwasshowntohavethevalue2injn().Insertingthisresultintotheformulaforthetransform,weverifyitsvalue(ascorrected).20.2.13.(a)
ConsidertheintegralI=0z1/2eiztdz=0x1/2(cosxt+isinxt)dx.
339.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS336Makeachangeoftheintegrationvariabletou=iztandassumet>0therangeoftheintegration
inuis(0,i),andtheintegralbecomesI=ei/4t1/2i0u1/2eudu.Deformthecontourtogoalongtherealaxisfromzerotoinnity,and
thenalongacounterclockwiseloopatlarge|u|totheimaginaryaxis.Thelargearcdoesnotcontributetotheintegral,butthepathalongtherealaxis
evaluatesto(1/2)=.Thus,I=t1/21+i2,fromwhichweverifyboththeintegralsofthispartoftheexercise.(b)Intherstintegralof
part(a),makeachangeoftheintegrationvariabletoy2=xt,sox1/2dx=2t1/2dy,andthatintegralbecomes20x1/2cosxtdx=22t1/2
0cosy2dy=t1/2,whichrearrangesto0cos(y2)dy=122.Thesameresultisobtainedfor0sin(y2)dy.20.2.14.WemustevaluatefT
=1(2)3/2eikrr2d3r.Usesphericalpolarcoordinateswithaxisinthedirectionofk.Afterchangingtheintegrationvariableintot=cos,
integrateoverandt,reachingfT=1(2)3/220d0dr0sineikrcosd=1(2)1/202sinkrkrdr=1(2)1/2k=1k2.20.2.15.
WritetheformulaforF(u,v)inpolarcoordinates,settingx=rcos,y=rsin,u=cos,v=sin,withf=f(r)andF=F():F()=120r
dr20df(r)eir(coscos+sinsin)=0rf(r)dr1220deircos().
340.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS337Wemayreplacebywithoutchangingthevalueoftheintegral,afterwhichit(including
thepremultiplier1/2)canbeidentiedastheintegralrepresentationofJ0(r)givenasEq.(14.20).Thisreducesf()totheHankeltransformgiven
inthetext.AsimilarprocedurecanbeusedtoverifytheinverseHankeltransform.20.2.16.Changed3xinthisexercisetod3randremovethe
integrationlimitsofthed3rintegral(theyareunderstoodtobetheentire3Dspace).Writetheintegralofthisexerciseinsphericalpolarcoordinates
andmakethechangeofvariablecos=t:1(2)3/20r2f(r)dr20d11eikrtdt=1(2)1/20r2f(r)dreikreikrikr=1(2)1/20r2
f(r)2sinkrkr,whichrearrangestotheanswerinthetext.20.3PropertiesofFourierTransforms20.3.1.Thefollowingrelationshipscanbe
establishedusingthemethodsforthesolutionofExercise20.3.2.f(ta)T()=eitg(),f(t)T()=1g(1),f(t)T()=g(),f(t)
T()=g().20.3.2.(a)f(rR)T(k)=1(2)3/2f(rR)eikrd3r=1(2)3/2f(r)eik(r+R)d3r=eikRg(k).(b)f(r)T=1(2)3/2f(r)eikr
d3r=1(2)3/2f(r)eikr/3d3r=13g(1k).f(r)T(k)=1(2)3/2f(r)eikrd3r=1(2)3/2f(r)eik(r)d3r=g(k).f(r)T(k)=1
(2)3/2f(r)eikrd3r=1(2)3/2f(r)eikrd3r
341.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS338=1(2)3/2f(r)eik(r)d3r=g(k).20.3.3.ApplyingGreenstheorem,Eq.(3.85)and
recognizingthatitssurfacetermsvanishhere,theformalexpressionforthetransformoftheLaplacianbecomes2f(r)T=1(2)3/22f(r)eikrd3r=
1(2)3/2f(r)2eikrd3r.Theeasiestwaytoevaluate2eikristodosoinCartesiancoordinates,writingitas2eikxxeikyyeikzz,whichreduces
to(k2xk2yk2z)eikxxeikyyeikzz,ork2eikr.Whenthisexpressionisinsertedintotheaboveintegral,itisseentobeequivalenttok2fT
(k)=k2g(k).20.3.4.Wemanipulatethetransformoff(t)byintegratingbyparts,asfollows:f(t)T()=1(2)1/2f(t)eitdt=1(2)1/2f(t)
(i)eitdt=ifT()=ig().Higherderivativescanbereachedbymultipleintegrationsbyparts.Eachderivativegeneratesafactoriinthe
transform.20.3.5.Dierentiatingtheformulaforg()ntimeswithrespectto,dndng()=1(2)1/2f(t)dndneitdt=1(2)1/2f(t)(it)neit
dt=in(2)1/2tnf(t)eitdt=intnf(t)T().20.3.6.Lettingg(t)betheFouriertransformof(x),usingEq.(20.56)toidentify[(x)]T=t2g(t),
andnotingfromEq.(20.14)that[(x)]T=(2)1/2,ourODEtransformsintoDt2g(t)+K2Dg(t)=Q2,analgebraicequationwithsolution
g(t)=QD21t2+K2,.Torecover(x),weneedtheinversetransformofg(t).NotingfromEq.(20.13)that2KDg(t)/Qisthetransformofe
K|x|withKthenassumedtobepositive,wegettheanswergiveninthetext.
342.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS33920.4FourierConvolutionTheorem20.4.1.(a)Formtheexpressionontherighthandsideofthe
formulatobeproved,insertingthedenitionsofthesinetransforms.0Fs(s)Gs(s)cosxsds=20ds0dyg(y)sinsy0dtf(t)sinstcossx
=20g(y)dy0f(t)dt0sinsysinstcossxds.Nowapplyatrigonometricadditionformula,enablingtheidenticationofthesintegralin
termsofdeltafunctionsasshowninExercise20.2.7.0sinsysinstcossxds=0sinstsins(y+x)+sins(yx)2ds=4(tyx)+(ty
+x).Insertingthisvalueforthesintegral,wethenintegrateovertandobtaintheformulainthetext.(b)AsimilartreatmentoftheFouriercosine
convolutionformulaleadsto0Fc(s)Gc(s)cosxsds=20g(y)dy0f(t)dt0cossycosstcossxdsandtothedeltafunctionformula0
cossycosstcossxds=4(tyx)+(ty+x).Keepinginmindthatfisanevenfunction,werecovertheanswerinthetext.20.4.2.Insert
thedenitionsoftheFouriersinetransformsintothelefthandsideoftheParsevalformula,andidentifythetintegralasadeltafunction(see
343.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS340Exercise20.2.7).20dt0dxf(x)sintx0dyg(y)sinty=0f(x)dx0g(y)dy20
sintxsintydt=0f(x)dx0g(y)dy(xy)=0f(x)g(x)dx.ProofoftheParsevalformulaforthecosinetransformsissimilar.20.4.3.(a)
ComputeF(t)=12aaeitxdx=12eitaeitait=122sinatt,equivalenttotheanswerinthetext.(b)TheParsevalrelation,applied
toF(t)andF(t),witha=1,yields2sintt2dt=11[f(x)]2dx=2.Minorrearrangementshowsthatsin2tt2dt=.20.4.4.(a)Let
(k)betheFouriertransformof(r),andlet(k)betheFouriertransformof(r).UsingEq.(20.53),Poissonsequationbecomesk2(k)=(k)
0,and(k)=(k)0k2.(b)Onecouldnowcarryouttheinversetransformdirectly:(r)=1(2)3/20(k)k2eikrd3k.Itmaybemore
instructivetousetheconvolutiontheorem,withF(k)=(k)/0,f(r)=(r)/0,G(k)=1k2,g(r)=(2)3/24r,wheregwasobtainedusingEq.
(20.42).Wehave(r)=FG=1(2)3/20(r)(2)3/241|rr|d3r=140(r)|rr|d3r.ThisisaconrmationthatPoissonsequationis

consistentwithCoulombslaw.
344.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34120.4.5.(a)ComputeF(t)=12201x2eitxdx+021+x2eitxdx=12e2it2t2+
2it+12t2e2it2t22it12t2=12e2it2+e2it2t2=2sintt2.(b)FromtheParsevalrelation,2sintt2dx=22[f(x)]2
dx=2201x+x24dx=43.Thisequationsimpliestothedesiredanswer.20.4.6.Settingh(x)=f(x)g(x),wehaveH(t)=F(t)G(t),and
Parsevalsrelationgivesh(x)h(x)dx=H(t)H(t)dt,whichistheresultweneed.20.4.7.(a)UsethecosinetransformParseval
relation0[Gc()]2d=0[g(t)]2dt,withg(t)=eat,Gc()=2a2+a2.Weget2a2012+a22d=0e2atdt=12a.
Solvingfortheintegralanddoublingtheresult,astherangeaskedforinthetextis(,),weget/2a3.(b)Proceedasinpart(a),butusethe
sinetransformParsevalrelation,withg(t)=eat,Gs()=22+a2.Thisleadsto202+a22d=0e2atdt=12a,fromwhich
theintegralisfoundtohavethevalue/2a.
345.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34220.4.8.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.20.4.9.TheintentofthisproblemistouseFourier
convolutionmethodstowritethisinteractionintegralinwhatmaybeamoreconvenientform.Adirectspaceintegraldescribingtheinteraction
energyisV=140(RA)|rC|d3r=140(R)|CAR|d3r.ApplyingtheconvolutiontheoremasgiveninEq.(20.72),andnotingthat
[1/r]T=(2)3/2(4/k2),wegetV=1(2)3/20T(k)k2eikRACd3k,whereRAC=CA.20.4.10.Thisproblemassumesthatthe
momentumwavefunctionisdened(includingitsscale)as(p)=1(2)3/2(r)eirp/d3r.(a)Applyiptobothsidesoftheaboveequation.
Whenthepxcomponentofthegradientisappliedtoexp(i(xpx+ypy+zpz)/)withintheintegrand,theresultis(ix/)exp(i(xpx+ypy+zpz)/),
soapplicationoftheentiregradientcausestheintegrandtobemultipliedbyir/,therebyproducingtheresultinthetext.(b)Twosuccessive
applicationsofthegradientinmomentumspaceproducetwofactorsr,asshowninthetext.Thisresultcanbeconstruedeitherasinvolvingascalar
product(andcorrespondingly,rr),orasthecreationofadyadic(tensor)quantity.20.4.11.ApplytheFouriertransformoperator(denedasinthe
solutionofExercise20.4.10)tobothsidesoftheSchrodingerequation.Withthescalinginusehere,2T(p)=p22(p),andthetermV(r)
canbeexpandedinaMaclaurinserieswitheachtermtreatedasinExercise20.4.10.20.5SignalProcessingApplications20.5.1.Thepotentialacross
acapacitorforacurrentIthatisperiodicatangularfrequencyist(I/C)eit=I/iC.UsingKirchhosequationwehaveVin=RI+I/iCand
Vout=I/iC,so()=VoutVin=I/iCIR+I/iC=11+iRC.Since()decreasesasincreases,thisisalowpasslter.
346.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34320.5.2.ThepotentialacrossaninductorforacurrentIthatisperiodicatangularfrequencyis
LdI/dt=iLI.Thus,applyingKirchhosequation,Vin=iLI+IRandVout=IR,so()=VoutVin=IRIR+iLI=11+iL/R.Since()
decreasesasincreases,thisisalowpasslter.20.5.3.UsingthepotentialacrossacapacitorintheformgiveninthesolutiontoExercise20.5.1,we
writeKirchhosequationforeachofthetwoindependentloopsinthepresentcircuit,obtainingVin=I1+I2iC1+I1R1,I2R2+I2iC2
I1R1=0,Vout=I2iC2.BeforecomputingthetransferfunctionitisconvenienttosolveforI1intermsofI2:I1=I2R1R2+1iC2,I1+I2=
I2R1R1+R2+1iC2.Now,()=VoutVin=I2/iC2(I2/iC1R1)R1+R2+1iC2+I2R2+1iC2=iR1C11+i[R1C1+(R1+
R2)C2]2R1R2C1C2.Thisformfor()becomessmallforbothsmallandlarge.20.5.4.Thetransferfunctiondescribesthecircuit
functionalityintheabsenceofloading,i.e.,inthelimitthatnegligiblecurrentowsbetweentheoutputterminals.Forasecondcircuitelementnotto
aectthetransferfunctionoftherst,itmustnotloadtherstcircuit.HerethatmeansthatthecurrentthroughR2mustbemuchsmallerthanthe
currentthroughR1thiscanbeassuredifR2R1.20.6DiscreteFourierTransform20.6.1.Therangeofpandqforthisproblem,thoughnotstated,is
assumedtobeintegerssatisfying0p,q<N.Thesecondandthirdorthogonalityequationsasgiveninthetextare
347.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS344incorrect.Correctedversionsoftheseequationsare:N1k=0cos2pkNcos2qkN=
N,p=q=(0orN/2)N/2,(p+q=N)orp=qbutnotboth0,otherwise,N1k=0sin2pkNsin2qkN=

N/2,p=qandp+q=(0
orN)N/2,p=qandp+q=N0,otherwise.AlltheseorthogonalityequationsdependupontherelationshipsN1k=0cos2pkN=N1k=0sin
2pkN=0.TherstformulaisvalidfornonzerointegerspthatarenotmultiplesofNthesecondisvalidforallintegralp.Theserelationships
becomeobviouswhenidentiedastherealandimaginarypartsofsummationsofthetypediscussedatEq.(20.118).Alternatively,notethatwhen
plottedonacomplexplane,sumsofexp(2ipk/N)formclosedgures(Nsidedregularpolygons)andthereforetheirrealandimaginarypartseach
evaluatetozero.TherstsummationcanbewrittenN1k=0cos2pkNsin2qkN=12N1k=0sin2[q+p]kN+sin2[qp]kN.Boththese
sumsvanishforallintegralpandq.ThesecondsummationcanbewrittenN1k=0cos2pkNcos2qkN=12N1k=0cos2[q+p]kN+cos
2[qp]kN.Therstsummationtermontherighthandsideleadstoavanishingcontributionunlessq+piszeroorNinthosecasesallsummands
areunityandtheytogethercontributeNtothesum.Thesecondsummationtermmakesnocontributionunlessq=p,inwhichcaseitalsocontributes
Ntothesum.Thus,thecombinedcontributionsoftheseterms(includingthepremultiplier1/2)yieldtheorthogonalityrelations,ascorrectedabove.
ThethirdsummationcanbewrittenN1k=0cos2pkNcos2qkN=12N1k=0cos2[qp]kNcos2[q+p]kN.
348.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS345Atreatmentsimilartothatofthesecondsummationnowleadstodierentresultsthanwere
obtainedtherebecauseofthepresenceofaminussignforthelastsummationterm.Theresultscorrespondtothecorrectedorthogonalityformula.
20.6.2.Theformulasinthisexerciseareincorrect.TheylackafactorNinthedenominatoroftheexponenttheexponentialsshouldread
exp(2ipk/N).MultiplytheformulagivenforFpbye2ipj/N,wherejisanintegerintherange0j<N,andthendividebyN1/2andsumover
p.Callingtheresultgj,wehavegj=1NN1p=0e2ipj/NN1k=0fke2ipk/N=1NN1k=0fkN1p=0e2ip(kj)/N.UsingEq.(20.120),
thepsummationreducestoNkj,showingthattheformulaforgjreducestofj.20.6.3.(a)WritetheformulaforFNp,andsimplifyitsexponential
byremovingafactorunityintheforme2ikN/N:FNp=1N1/2N1k=0fke2ik(Np)/N=1N1/2N1k=0fke2ikp/N.Becausefkisreal(so
fk=fk),complexconjugationofFNpchangestheaboveexpressiononlybychangingthesignoftheexponent,therebyyieldingthestandard
expressionforFp.(b)UsingthesameexpressionforFnpasintheequationofpart(a),complexconjugationstillchangesthesignoftheexponent,
butalsoreplacesfkbyfk=fk.Thus,FNp=Fp.20.7LaplaceTransforms20.7.1.IfF(t)=n=0antn,thenf(s)=n=0an0esttndt=
n=0ann!sn+1.Hencefors,sf(s)a0,andfort0,F(t)a0.20.7.2.Thisproblemisilldened.20.7.3.FromTable20.1,wendss2+
a2ss2+b2b2a2=s(s2+a2)(s2+b2).
349.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34620.7.4.(a)TheargumentofL1hasthepartialfractionexpansion1(s+a)(s+b)=1ba1s+a
1s+b.EachtermoftheaboveexpansioncanbeidentiedasatransformcorrespondingtoFormula4ofTable20.1.Replacingeachtransform
byitsinverseleadstotheanswerinthetext.(b)TheargumentofL1forthisparthasthepartialfractionexpansions(s+a)(s+b)=1abas+a
bs+b,leadingtotheresultinthetext.20.7.5.(a)MakeapartialfractionexpansionoftheargumentofL1.Donotfurtherfactorintoquantities
linearins.Theresult,1(s2+a2)(s2+b2)=1b2a21s2+a21s2+b2,producesfactorsthatcorrespondtoFormula9ofTable20.1.(b)This
argumentofL1haspartialfractionexpansions2(s2+a2)(s2+b2)=1a2b2a2s2+a2b2s2+b2,withtermsthatalsocorrespondtoFormula
9ofTable20.1.20.7.6.Thenotationalconventionsofthetextindicatethatthetwoinstancesof(1)!inthisexerciseshouldbewritten().The
hintsuggestswritingsasthetransformintegrals=1()0etst1dt.(a)Usetheabovetoform0cosssds=1()0t1dt0
cossetsds=1()0t1tt2+1dt.Wewereabletoperformthesintegralbecause(inadierentnotationthanweusuallyuse)itisthe
integraldeningtheLaplacetransformofcoss.TheremainingintegralovertisshownattheendofthisproblemsolutiontohavethevalueI=0
tt2+1dt=2cos(/2),
350.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS347Figure20.7.6.ContourforExercise20.7.6.sotheintegralofpart(a)evaluatestoI/().This
resultagreeswiththeanswerinthetext.(b)Thisintegralcanbetreatedinawaysimilartothatofpart(a).Theonlydierenceisthattheintegral
containingsinsleadstoanoverallpowert1insteadoft.ThereforethenalresultwillbeI1/().Sincecos([1]/2)=sin(/2),thisresult

canbebroughttotheformgiveninthetext.Therestrictionsonareneededasotherwisetheintegralsweweretoevaluatewoulddiverge.The
integralIismostconvenientlyevaluatedbycontourintegration,usingthecontourshowninFig.20.7.6.SegmentAofthecontourhascontribution
I,whilesegmentBofthecontourcontributese2iI.Theremainderofthecontourmakesnocontributiontothecontourintegral.Wetherefore
writeI1e2i=2i(sumofresiduesatt=i)=2iei/22i+e3i/22i,whichcanbemanipulatedtoIeieiei=eiei/2
ei/2,afterwhichtheexponentialscanbeidentiedastrigonometricfunctions.Withuseoftheidentitysin()=2sin(/2)cos(/2),further
simplicationleadstotheresultgivenabove.
351.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34820.7.7.Makeachangeofintegrationvariablefromttou=tsin0esttndt=sn10euun
du.Sincen0,thepowerofscannotexceed1.L{(t)}=1=s0,butthisisnotinconictwithourearlierdemonstrationbecause(t)doesnot
haveapowerseriesexpansion.20.7.8.ChangethesemicolonbetweenargumentsofMtoacommatobeconsistentwiththenotationalconventions
ofthetextandmanyreferenceworks.WritetheseriesexpansionofM(a,c,x)andapplytheLaplacetransformoperatortoittermwise.L{M(a,c,x)}
=n=0(a)n(c)nn!L{xn}=n=0(a)nn!(c)nn!1sn+1.Sincethen!inthenumeratorcanbewritten(1)n,thesummationcontainsthe
Pochhammersymbolsneededfor2F1(a,1cs1).However,weneedtoappendafactor1/stomakethepowerofscorrect.20.8Propertiesof
LaplaceTransforms20.8.1.Usethefactthatd2dt2coskt=k2coskt.Usingtheformulaforthetransformofasecondderivativeandtakingthe
Laplacetransformofbothsidesofthisequation,Ld2dt2coskt=s2L{coskt}scosktt=0ddtcosktt=0=s2L{coskt}s=k2L{coskt}.
Solvingthisequation,wegetL{coskt}=ss2+k2.20.8.2.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.20.8.3.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.20.8.4.(a)
N2(t)=1N1(0)1exp[(2+2)t]2+2.(b)N2(1year)=1.21015atomsofEu154.N1(1year)=10201.210151020atoms.
ThisjustiestheassumptionN1(t)=N1(0).
352.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS34920.8.5.(a)NXe(t)=IIfNU(IXeXe)+(Xe+Xe)eItIe(rmXe+Xe)t
I(Xe+Xe)(IXeXe)+XefNU1e(Xe+Xe)tXe+Xe.(b)NXe()=(I+Xe)fNUXe+Xe.(c)NXe(t)=
NXe(0)eXet+NXe(0)IIXe(eXeteIt),dNXe(t)dtt=0IfNU,forXe/Xe.20.8.6.(a)Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.(b)
X(t)=X0e(b/2m)tcosht+b2msinht,where2=b24m2km.SeeExample20.8.5.20.8.7.(a)and(b)Solutionsaregiveninthetext.(c)
X(t)=v0e(b/2m)tsinht,2=b24m2km.20.8.8.TaketheLaplacetransformoftheequationofmotion.ms2x(s)=mgsbsx(s).Solve
forx(s),x(s)=mgs2(ms+b),andtaketheinversetransform:X(t)=mgbtm2gb21ebt/m=m2gb2bmt1+ebt/m.Dierentiating,
dX(t)dt=mgb1e(b/m)t.20.8.9.E(t)=I01Cet/2RCsin1t,21=1LC1(2RC)2.ThissolutionisbasedontheinitialconditionsE(0)
=0(becausetheidealizedinductanceLwouldhavezeroDCimpedance)andIL(0)=I0,limitedbyaresistanceinserieswiththebatteryorbythe
internalresistanceofthebattery.Finally,tobeconsistent,q0=0.
353.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS35020.8.10.StartfromEq.(14.20),J0(t)=1220eitcosd.formtheLaplacetransform,
interchangethetwointegrations,andevaluatetheintegralovert:L{J0(t)}=1220d0dtest+itcos=1220dsicos.Theintegral
overcanbeevaluatedbywritingitasacontourintegralinthevariablez=eiaroundtheunitcircle.ComparewithExample11.8.1.Usingthe
resultofthatexample,namely20d1+acos=21a2,weobtainL{J0(t)}=12s20d1(i/s)cos=12s21(i/s)2,which
simpliestotherequiredresult.20.8.11.SetL{Jn(t)}=gn(s).FromExercise20.8.10,wehaveg0(s)=1s2+1.UsingtheformulaJ1=J0ofEq.
(14.9)andEq.(20.147)totransformJ0,wealsohaveg1(s)=ss2+11=s2+1ss2+1.Nexttakethetransformoftherecurrence
formula,Eq.(14.8):gn+1=gn12L{Jn}=gn12sgn,n1,wherewehaveusedtheformulaforthetransformofaderivative,Eq.(20.147),
andrestricteditsusetonvaluesforwhichJn(0)=0.Usingtherecurrenceformulaforn=1,wegetaresultthatcanbesimpliedtog2(s)=(s2+
1s)2s2+1.Theresultsforg0,g1,andg2suggestthegeneralformulagn(s)=(s2+1s)ns2+1.Thissuggestioncanbeconrmedby
mathematicalinductionwealreadyhaveconrmeditforn=0,1,and2.Toconrmitforgeneralnweneedonlyshowittobeconsistentwiththe
recurrenceformula.Substitutionofthesuggestedformintothegnrecurrenceformulaisfoundtoleadtoanalgebraicidentity.
354.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS35120.8.12.SettingI=0ekzkJ1(ka)dk,werstnotethatI=ddz0ekzK1(ka)dk=+ddz
0ekzdd(ka)J0(ka)dk.ThelastmemberofthisequationwasreachedbytheuseofEq.(14.9).Wenextintegratebypartsandthensimplifythe
resultbyinsertingthevalueoftheLaplacetransformofJ0giveninTable20.1:I=1addzekzJ0(ka)k=0+z0ekzJ0(ka)dk=1addz1+
z(z2+a2)1/2.Evaluatingthezderivative,werecovertheanswerinthetext.20.8.13.SinceI0(at)=J0(iat),wemayobtainitsLaplacetransform
fromthesolutiontoExercise20.8.10byapplicationofEq.(20.156),withareplacedbyia.WegetL{J0(iat)}=1iasia2+11/2=1s2a2.
20.8.14.(a)UseEq.(20.184),theformulafortheintegralofatransform,takingF(t)=sinat,and(fromTable20.1)f(s)=a/(s2+a2).Lsinatat=1
aLsinatt=1asadss2+a2=1as/aduu2+1=1a2tan1sa=1acot1sa.(b)Theintegraldeningthetransformdivergesatt=0.
(c)Aproceduresimilartothatusedinpart(a)leadstoLsinhatat=sdss2a2.Makethepartialfractiondecomposition1s2a2=12a1sa
1s+a.Althoughtheinsertionofthisexpressioncreatestwodivergentintegrals,theirdivergences(ats=)cancel,andwegetLsinhatat=12
ln(sa)+ln(s+a),
355.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS352equivalenttotheanswerinthetext.(d)Theintegraldeningthetransformdivergesatt=0.
20.8.15.Letf(s)denotetheLaplacetransformofF(t).TodealwiththetransformoftheLaguerreODE,weneedthefollowingtransforms,which
involvetheuseofEqs.(20.147),(20.148),and(20.174).L{F(t)}=sf(s)F(0),L{tF(t)}=ddsL{F(t)}=f(s)sf(s),L{F(t)}=s2f(s)
sF(0)F(0),L{tF(t)}=ddsL{F(t)}=2sf(s)s2f(s)+F(0).CombiningthesetoformthetransformoftheLaguerreequation,L{tF(t)+F
(t)tF(t)+nF(t)}=s(1s)f(s)+(ns+1)f(s)=0.ThisisaseparablehomogeneousrstorderODE,whichcanbewritten,usingapartial
fractiondecomposition,asdff=ns+1s(1s)ds=n1s+n+1sds.IntegratingtheODE,andtakingtheantilogarithmofthesolution,we
reachafterafewstepsf(s)=Cs11sn.Checkingthissolutionforn=0(withC=1),wehavef(s)=s1,correspondingtoF0(t)=1,thecorrect
valueofL0(t).Continuington=1,wehavef(s)=s1s2,correspondingtoF1(t)=1t,thecorrectvalueofL1(t).20.8.16.Hereisaproofusing
mathematicalinduction.Writinggn(s)=L{Ln(at)},wendbydirectevaluation(useTable20.1ifnecessary)g0(s)=L{1}=1s,g1(s)=L{1at}
=1sas2=sas2,therebyestablishingtheformulaofthisexerciseforn=0andn=1.Wenowshowthatforn1thevalueofgn+1is
consistentwiththeLaguerrepolynomialrecurrenceformula,Eq.(18.51),usingtheassumedformulasforgnandgn1.TakingtheLaplacetransform
ofthatequation,weget(n+1)gn+1(s)=(2n+1)gn(s)ngn1(s)+L{(at)Ln(at)}.
356.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS353ThetransformoftLn(at)canbecomputedusingEq.(20.174)andtheassumedformofgn.We
getL{(at)Ln(at)}=agn=an(sa)n1sn+1(n+1)(sa)nsn+2.Substitutingtheassumedformsforallthequantitiesontherighthandsideof
therecurrenceformulaandsimplifying,weconrmthatgn+1alsohastheassumedform,therebycompletingtheproof.20.8.17.FormtheLaplace
transform,interchangethetwointegrations,andevaluatetheintegralovert:L{E1(t)}=1dx0dtexttsx=1dxx(x+s).Makeapartial
fractiondecompositionofthexintegrandthisresultsinintegralsthatareindividuallydivergentatlargexbutwithadierencethatisanitelimit.
Thus,L{E1(t)}=limRR11s1x1x+sdx=1slimRlnRln(R+s)+ln(s+1)=1sln(s+1),becauselnRln(R+s)=ln1+s
R=sR+0.20.8.18.(a)Thisisthecases=0ofEq.(20.184).(b)TakingF(t)=sint,then,fromTable20.1,f(s)=1/(s2+1),andthe
formulaofthisexerciseindicatesthat0F(t)tdt=0sinttdt=0f(s)ds=0dss2+1ds=2.20.8.19.(a)SeeExercise20.8.14(a).(b)
Writesi(x)=tsinxxdx=2+t0sinxxdx.TaketheLaplacetransformofbothsidesofthisequation,usingFormula3ofTable20.2and
theresultofpart(a)forthetransformoftheintegral.WegetL{si(t)}=2s+1scot1s=1stan1(s).
357.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS35420.8.20.TakingnoteoftheperiodicityofF(t),wehaveL{F(t)}=0estF(t,dt=n=0(n+1)a
naestF(t)dt=n=0enasa0estF(t)dt.Performingthesummation,L{F(t)}=11easa0estF(t)dt.20.8.21.Thesolutionisgiveninthe
text.20.8.22.(a)Writingcoshat=cos(iat),usingcosatcos(iat)=cos(1i)at+cos(1+i)at2andnotingthat(1+i)2=2i,(1i)2=2i,wecan
usetheformulaforthetransformofcoskttoobtainL{coshatcosat}=12ss2+(1i)2a2+ss2+(1+i)2a2=12ss22ia2+ss2+2ia2,

whichsimpliestotheformulagiveninthetext.(b)Useanapproachsimilartothatofpart(a),butheresinatcos(iat)=sin(1i)at+sin(1+i)at2.
Usingthetransformofsinkt,wenowhaveL{coshatsinat}=12(1i)as2+(1i)2a2+(1+i)as2+(1+i)2a2,whichsimpliestotheresult
giveninthetext.Parts(c)and(d)arehandledinwayssimilartothoseusedforparts(a)and(b).20.8.23.Theformulasofthisexercisecanbe
obtainedbyevaluatingthetransformsontheirrighthandsides.TermsoftheformssinatorcosathavetransformsgiveninTable20.1termsofthe
formstsinatortcosatcan
358.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS355beobtainedfromthesineandcosinetransformsbydierentiatingthem(seeFormula7,Table
20.2):L{tsinat}=2as(s2+a2)2,L{tcosat}=s2a2(s2+a2)2.Theevaluationsarestraightforward.20.8.24.Startfromtheintegral
representationofK0(z)obtainedbyspecializingEq.(14.128):K0(z)=1ezx(x21)1/2dx.Intheabove,changeztoksandchangethe
integrationvariabletot=kx.OurintegralrepresentationthenbecomesK0(ks)=kest(t2k2)1/2dt.Thisequationbecomesequivalenttothat
inthetextifweintroduceaunitstepfunctionthatpermitsourchangingthelowerintegrationlimittozero.20.9LaplaceConvolutionTheorem
20.9.1.ApplytheLaplaceconvolutiontheoremwithF(t),f(s),G(t)=1,andg(s)=1/s:f(s)g(s)=f(s)s=L{GF},whereGF=t0G(tz)F(z)
dz=t0F(z)dz.20.9.2.(a)WritetheformulaforFG,thenmoveafactorta+b+1outsidetheintegralandchangetheintegrationvariabletoz/t:F
G=t0F(tz)G(z)dz=t0(tz)azbdz=ta+b+1t01ztaztbdzt=ta+b+110(1y)aybdy,equivalenttotheanswerinthetext.(b)The
functionsFandGhavetherespectiveLaplacetransformsf(s)=(a+1)sa+1,g(s)=(b+1)sb+1.
359.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS356Wenextformtheirproductandidentifyitbyinspectionasatransform:f(s)g(s)=(a+1)(b+1)
sa+b+2=L(a+1)(b+1)ta+b+1(a+b+2).Finally,wetaketheinversetransformoff(s)g(s)andequateittotheconvolutionFGtheresult
isL1{f(s)g(s)}=(a+1)(b+1)ta+b+1(a+b+2)=ta+b+110(1y)aybdy.Thisequationisequivalenttotherelationshiptobeproved.
20.9.3.Thetwofactorsinthetransformproductandtheirrespectiveinversetransformsaref(s)=ss2+a2,F(t)=cosat,g(s)=1s2+b2,G(t)=sin
btb.Wenowapplytheconvolutiontheorem:L1{f(s)g(s)}=t0F(tz)G(z)dz=1bt0cosa(tz)sinbzdz.Usingatrigonometricidentity,this
becomesL1{f(s)g(s)}=12bt0[sin(ataz+bz)sin(atazbz)]dz=12b(ab)cos(ataz+bz)12b(a+b)(cosatazbz)tz=0=cos
btcosata2b2,equivalenttoaresultfoundbyothermethodsinExercise20.7.3.20.9.4.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.20.10InverseLaplace
Transform20.10.1.ApplicationofL1totheintegralrepresentationoff(s)canbemovedintotheintegraloverz,whereitconverts(sz)1intoezt,
therebyproducingtheBromwichformula.20.10.2.Maketheinsertionsuggestedintheproblemstatement,andinterchangetheorderofthetwo
integrations:12i+iiestf(s)ds=0F(z)dz12i+iies(tz)ds.
360.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS357Nextmakethesubstitutions=+iu,withds=iduthesintegralistherebychangedto+i
ies(tz)ds=e(tz)eiu(tz)idu=2ie(tz)(tz)=2i(tz).Wehaveidentiedtheuintegralasthedeltafunctionrepresentation
inEq.(20.20).Useofthisdeltafunctionformulabringsusto+iies(tz)ds=0F(z)(tz)dz=F(t),whichistheBromwichintegralfor
theinverseLaplacetransform.20.10.3.Letf1(s)Andf2(s)betherespectiveLaplacetransformsofF1(t)andF2(t),andusetheBromwichintegralfor
theinversetransformoftheproductf1(s)f2(s):L1{f1(s)f2(s)}(t)=12i+iietsf1(s)f2(s)ds=12i+iietsds0exsF1(x)dx
0eysF2(y)dy.Collectthefactorsthatdependupons,movethesintegraltotherightoftheotherintegrations,andmakeachangeofvariabletou,
withs=+iu,sothesintegralbecomes,withtheaidofEq.(20.20),+iie(txy)sds=e(txy)eiu(txy)idu=2i(txy).
Usingthisdeltafunctionintegral,wenowhaveL1{f1(s)f2(s)}(t)=0F1(x)dx0F2(y)(txy)dy=0F1(x)F2(tx)dx,whichisthe
Laplaceconvolutiontheorem.20.10.4.(a)Thepartialfractionexpansionrequiredhereisss2k2=121sk+1s+k.
361.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS358UsingTable20.1toinverttheindividualtermsofthisexpansion,L1ss2k2=12(ekt+ekt)
=coshkt.(b)StartingfromtheBromwichintegralL1ss2k2=12i+iisests2k2ds,closethecontourwithacounterclockwisearcat
innitesthatdoesnotcontributetotheintegral.Thecontourthenenclosessimplepolesats=kands=k,withrespectiveresiduesekt/2andekt
/2,leadingtothesameresultasinpart(a).20.10.5.(a)Thepartialfractionexpansionrequiredhereisk2s(s2+k2)=1sss2+k2.UsingTable
20.1,thiscanbeidentiedasthetransformof1coskt.(b)WeseekL1{f(s)g(s)},wheref(s)=1/xandg(s)=k2/(s2+k2)arethetransformsof
F(t)=1andG(t)=ksinkt.Usingtheconvolutiontheorem,L1{f(s)g(s)}=FG=t0ksinkzdz=coskzt0,whichevaluatestothedesired
result.(c)FormtheBromwichintegral,notingthatitsverticalpathinthecomplexplanemustfalltotherightofallsingularitiesintheintegrand,
whicharears=0ands=ik.Wecanclosethecontouroftheintegralwithanarcatinnityinthelefthalfplane,sowehaveF(t)=(L)k2s(s2+
k2)=12ik2estdss(sik)(s+ik),wherethecontoursurroundsthethreesingularitiesofs.Applyingtheresiduetheorem,F(t)=(residues)=k2
e0(ik)(ik)+k2eikt(ik)(2ik)+k2eikt(ik)(2ik),whichsimpliestotherequiredresult.20.10.6.ClosethecontourfortheBromwichintegralas
showninFig.20.23ofthetext.Thecontourenclosesnosingularities,andneitherthelargenorthesmallcirculararcmakesacontributiontothe
contourintegral.However,
362.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS359thetwohorizontalsegmentsaboveandbelowthebranchcutarenonzeroanddonotcancelin
fact,becausethebranchpointats=0isofordertwo,thesumofthecontributionofthesesegmentsistwotimesthecontributionofeitherone.
Takingthesegmentbelowthebranchcut,stherehasthevaluerei,ds=dr,ets=etr,s1/2=r1/2e+i/2=ir1/2,theintegrationisfromr=
0tor=,andL1{s1/2}=212i0(ir1/2)etr(dr)=10r1/2etrdr=1t1/2(1/2)=1(t)1/2.20.10.7.AsindicatedbyFig.
20.24inthetext,theBromwichintegralF(t)forthisproblemisequaltoacontourintegral(inthemathematicallypositivedirection)alongaclosed
paththatisadjacenttothesingularpointsandtheverticalbranchcutthatconnectsthem.Intherighthandverticalsegmentofthisclosedpath,the
integrandmust(bycontinuousdeformationoftheBromwichintegrand)beonthebranchforwhich1+s2ispositiveontheothersideofthe
branchcut,thisquantitywillbenegative.Sincethecirculararcsatidonotcontributetothecontourintegral,itsvaluemustbeF(t)=212iiiest
1+s2ds.Nowsets=iy,sods=idy,leadingtoF(t)=1i11eiyt1y2idy=110eiyt+eiyt1y2dy=210cosyt1y2dy.Thisis
anintegralrepresentationofJ0(t).SeethesolutiontoExercise20.2.10.20.10.8.(a)Carryoutabinomialexpansiononf(s)=(s2a2)1/2,then
inverttermwisetoobtainF(t).f(s)=1s1a2s21/2=n=01/2n(1)na2ns2n+1,and,usingTable20.1toidentifytheinversions,F(t)=
n=01/2n(1)na2nt2n(2n)!.Inserting1/2n=(1)n(2n1)!!2nn!,F(t)=n=0(2n1)!!a2nt2n2nn!(2n)!=n=01n!n!at22n=I0(at)
.
363.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS360Figure20.10.8.ContourforExercise20.10.8.(b)TheBromwichintegralforthisproblemisequal
toaclosedcontourintegraloftheformI=12ietzdz(za)1/2(z+a)1/2,wherethecontour,showninFig.20.10.8,surroundsabranchcutthat
connectsz=aandz=a.Whenz=x+iyisontherealaxis,withx>a,weareonthebranchoftheintegrandforwhichboth(x+a)1/2and(x
a)1/2arerealandpositive(i.e.,havezeroarguments).Abovethebranchcutbuttotherightofx=a,(x+a)1/2remainspositive,but(xa)1/2
becomes+i(ax)1/2.Belowthebranchcut,(x+a)1/2isstillpositive,but(xa)1/2=i(ax)1/2.Whenallthisistakenintoaccountandwenote
(1)thatthesesquarerootsoccurinthedenominatoroftheintegrandand(2)thedirectionoftheintegrationpath,wendI=12i2aaietxdxa2
x2=1a0(etx+etx)a2x2dx=2a0coshtxa2x2dx.Changingtheintegrationvariabletou=x/a,webringItotheformI=21
0coshatu1u2du,whichisanintegralrepresentationofI0(at).(c)Inthenewvariablez,thepointsz=icorrespondtos=a/2i,ds=
(a/2)(1z2)dz,and(s2a2)1/2=(a/2)(zz1).TheBromwichintegralforthisproblemcanthereforebewrittenF(t)=12i+ii
e(a/2)(z+1/z)t(a/2)(z1/z)a2(1z2)dz=12i+iie(a/2)(z+1/z)tzdz.Wemayclosethecontourinzbyanarcatlarge|z|intheleft
halfplane,therebycreatingaclosedcontourcontainingasitsonlysingularity
364.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS361asimplepoleatz=0.F(t)willbetheresidueatthissingularity.Toobtainit,writee(a/2)(z+1/z)t
=eazt/2eat/2z=n=0(azt/2)nn!m=0(at/2z)mm!.Thecoecientofz0,whichistheresidueweseek,isthecontributiontotheabove

expressionfromtermsforwhichm=n.Therefore,F(t)=residue=n=0(at/2)2nn!n!=I0(at).20.10.9.StartfromEqs.(12.79)and(12.80),E1(t)
=1etyydy=lntn=1(1)ntnnn!.OurtaskistoshowthatL{lnt}=LE1(t)+n=1(1)ntnnn!=L{E1(t)}+n=1(1)nn
sn+1=lnss.Wehavetakenthetransformofthepowerseriestermwise,usingaformulafromTable20.1.NowformthetransformofE1(t)usingits
integralrepresentationandinterchangethetwointegrations:L{E1(t)}=0dtets1etyydy=1dyy0et(s+y)dt=1dyy(y+s).
Applyapartialfractiondecompositiontotheyintegralthisproducestwointegralsthatareindividuallydivergent,butthedivergencescancel.We
getL{E1(t)}=1s11y1y+sdy=1ss+11dyy=ln(s+1)s.Forourpresentpurposeswewritethisresultasanexpansion:L{E1(t)}=ln(s+
1)s=lnss+1sln1+1s=lnssn=1(1)nnsn+1.InsertingthisresultintotheequationforL{lnt},wendthatthesummationsin
inversepowersofscancel,leavingthedesiredresult.
365.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36220.10.10.TheBromwichintegralcanbeconvertedwithoutchangingitsvalueintoaclosed
contourintegralwithanarcatinnityencirclingthelefthalfplane.L1{f(s)}=12isest(s2+a2)2ds,wherethecontourenclosesthe
singularitiesofestf(s),whichconsistoftwosecondorderpolesatthepointss=iaands=ia.Applyingtheresiduetheorem,L1{f(s)}=ddssest
(s+ia)2s=ia+ddssest(sia)2s=ia=eiat1+iat4a22ia(4a2)(2ia)+eiat1iat4a22ia(4a2)(2ia).Theaboveexpression
simpliestoL1{f(s)}=t2asinat.20.10.11.TheBromwichintegralisconvertedwithoutchangingitsvalueintoaclosedcontourintegralwithan
arcatinnityencirclingthelefthalfplane.Applyingtheresiduetheorem,notingthattherearesimplepolesatthezerossiofh(s),wegetF(t)=12i
+iiestg(s)h(s)ds=ig(si)h(si)esit.20.10.12.TheBromwichintegralforthisproblem,L{s2eks}=12i+iies(tk)s2ds,
yieldsthevaluezeroift<k,asunderthatconditionitscontourcanbeclosedbyanarctotherightatlarge|s|andthecontourthenincludesno
singularities.Ift>k,thecontourcanbeclosedbyanarctotheleftatlarge|s|,enclosingasecondorderpoleats=0withresiduetk(aneasyway
toobtaintheresidueistolookatthelineartermwhentheexponentialisexpandedinapowerseries).Thus,L{s2eks}=0,t<k,tk,t>k.Both
thesecasescanbeincorporatedintoasingleformulabyappendingaunitstepfunctionthatiszerofort<kandunityfort>k.20.10.13.(a)Usethe
partialfractionidentity1(s+a)(s+b)=1ba1s+a1s+b.
366.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS363Theninvertbyinspection,usingentry4ofTable20.1:F(t)=ebteatab.(b)Recognizef(s)
=(s+a)1andg(s)=(s+b)1asthetransformsofF(t)=eatandG(t)=ebt.Theproductf(s)g(s)isthetransformoftheconvolutionFG,so
thisconvolutionistheinversetransformweseek.Evaluatingit,FG=t0ea(tz)bzdz=eate(ab)zabt0=ebteatab.(c)Using
Exercise20.10.11,12i+iiest(s+a)(s+b)ds=eata+b+ebtb+a.
367.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36421.IntegralEquations21.1Introduction21.1.1.(a)Integratey=yfromx=0tox=xandsety(0)
=1:x0y(x)dx=y(x)y(0)=x0y(t)dty(x)=1+x0y(t)dt.Integrateagainfrom0tox,settingy(0)=0:y(x)y(0)=y(x)=x0du+x0
duu0y(t)dt=x+x0dty(t)xtdu=x+x0(xt)y(t)dt.(b)SameODE,butwithy(0)=1andy(0)=1.Therstintegrationyieldsy(x)=1+
x0y(t)dt.Integratingagain,y(x)1=x+x0duu0y(t)t=x+x0dty(t)xtdu=x+x0(xt)y(t)dt.Thisrearrangesintotheanswerin
thetext.21.1.2.(a)Fromtheintegralequation,y(x)=x0(xt)y(t)dt+x,weseethaty(0)=0.Dierentiating,y(x)=x0y(t)dt+1,alsoshowing
thaty(0)=1.Dierentiatingagain,y(x)=y(x).(b)Theintegralequation,y(x)=x0(xt)y(t)dtx+1,showsthaty(0)=1.Dierentiating,y(x)
=x0y(t)dt1andy(x)=y(x).Therstoftheseequationsalsoshowsthaty(0)=1.
368.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36521.1.3.(x)=sinhx.21.2SomeSpecialMethods21.2.1.LettingF(t),K(t),and(t)bethe
Fouriertransformsoff(x),k(x),and(x),theintegralequationbecomes(t)=F(t)+2K(t)(t),wherewehaveusedthefactthattheintegralis
oftheformofaconvolution.Solvingfor(t),weget(t)=F(t)12K(t).WenowtaketheinverseFouriertransformtoreach(x)=12
F(t)eixtdt12K(t).21.2.2.(a)TaketheLaplacetransformofthisintegralequation,withF(s),K(s),and(s)thetransformsoff(x),
k(x),and(x).WegetF(s)=K(s)(s),wherewehaveidentiedtheintegralasaconvolution.Solvingfor(s)andusingtheBromwichformulafor
theinversetransform,(x)=12i+iiF(s)K(s)exsdx.(b)TaketheLaplacetransformofthisintegralequation,withF(s),K(s),and(s)the
transformsoff(x),k(x),and(x).Weget(s)=F(s)+K(s)(s),wherewehaveidentiedtheintegralasaconvolution.Solvingfor(s)andusing
theBromwichformulafortheinversetransform,(x)=12i+iiF(s)1K(s)exsds.21.2.3.(a)Theintegralinthisequationisoftheform
ofaconvolutionsincethegeneralformofaLaplacetransformconvolutionisx0f(xt)(t)dt,
369.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS366wenotethatf(x)=xanditstransformF(s)is1/s2.SincetheLaplacetransformofxis1/s2,
theintegralequationtransformsto(s)=1s2(s)s2,so(s)=s21+s2=1s2+1.FromatableofLasplacetransforms,(s)isidentiedas
thetransformofsinx.(b)Atreatmentsimilartothatofpart(a)yields(s)=1s21.ThisistheLaplacetransformofsinhx.21.2.4.The
convolutionformulafortheFouriercosinetransformcanbewrittenintheform12g(y)f(xy)dy=0Fc(s)Gc(s)cosxsds,wherethe
subscriptcdenotesthecosinetransformanditisassumedthatfandgareevenfunctionsoftheirarguments.Considertheintegralequationf(x)=
k(xy)(y)dy,wherek(xy),f(x),and(y)areassumedtobeevenfunctions.Applyingtheconvolutionformula,f(x)=20Kc(s)c(s)cos
xsds,andthentakingthecosinetransform,wereachFc()=22Kc()c().Solvingfor:()=Fc()2Kc(),Takingtheinverse
transform,(x)=20Fc()2Kc()cosxd=10Fc()Kc()cosxd.21.2.5.(t)=(t).21.2.6.Followingtheprocedure
suggestedforthisproblem,z0f(x)(zx)1dx=z0dxx0(zx)1(xt)(t)dt=z0(t)dtztdx(zx)1(xt)=sinz0(t)dt.
370.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS367ThislastintegraloverxwasevaluatedusingtheformulagivenintheNoteattachedtothis
problem.Wenextneedtodierentiatetherstandlastmembersoftheaboveequationwithrespecttoztoobtainanexplicitformulafor.Theleft
handmemberbecomesanindeterminateformwhendierentiatedtheindeterminacycanberesolvedbyrstcarryingoutanintegrationbyparts:z0
f(x)(zx)1dx=f(0)z+1z0f(x)(zx)dz.Nowwedierentiatewithrespecttoz,obtaining(z)=sinf(0)z1+z0f(x)(zx)
1dx.21.2.7.UsingthesolutiontoExercise21.2.6,wehavef(0)=1,f(x)=0,so(z)hasthevaluethatwasgiven.Thesolutioncanbecheckedby
insertingintotheintegralequation.Theresultingintegraliselementary.21.2.8.UsethegeneratingfunctionformulafortheHermitepolynomialsto
identifye(xt)2=et2n=0Hn(t)xnn!.AlsowritetheMaclaurinexpansionoff(x),soourFredholmequationtakestheformn=0f(n)(0)xn
n!=n=0xnn!et2Hn(t)(t)dt,equivalenttothesetofformulas(forn=0,1,)f(n)(0)=et2Hn(t)(t)dt.Wenowrecognize
theintegralovertasproportionaltothecoecientanintheHermitepolynomialexpansionof:(x)=n=0anHn(x),an=12nn!1/2et2
Hn(t)(t)dt.Intermsoff(n)(0),thisis(x)=1n=0f(n)(0)2nn!Hn(x).
371.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36821.2.9.Thedenominatorintheintegralequationcorrespondstothegeneratingfunctionforthe
Legendrepolynomialsintroducingthatexpansion,f(x)=n=011Pn(t)(t)dtxn.InsertingtheLegendrepolynomialexpansion(t)=nanPn(t),
wehavef(x)=n=02an2n+1xn.Proceedingnowtothecasesathand,(a)Iff(x)=x2s,allanexcepta2svanish,and1=2a2s2(2s)+1,ora2s
=4s+12.Thisinturnmeansthat(x)=4s+12P2s(x).(b)Thiscaseissimilar,butwith2sreplacedby2s+1.Thenalresultis(x)=4s+32
P2s+1(x).21.2.10.1=i3/2,1(x)=1i3x.2=i3/2,2(x)=1+i3x.21.2.11.Thisintegralequationhasaseparablekernelwrite
cos(xt)=cosxcost+sinxsint,sotherighthandsideoftheequationmustbealinearcombinationofsinxandcosx.Inserting(t)=Acost+B
sintandevaluatingtheintegral,itbecomes(Acosx+Bsinx),sotheintegralequationissatiedforarbitraryAandBwith=1/.21.2.12.1=
3/4,y1(x)=x=P1(x).2=15+958,y2(x)=P0(x)+432P2(x).3=15958,y3(x)=P0(x)+433P2(x).21.2.13.Wenotethat
(x)mustbeproportionaltocosx.Butthenthetintegralhassintcostasitsintegrand.Butsintissymmetricabout/2,whilecostis
antisymmetrictheintegralvanishes,forcing(x)=0.21.2.14.1=0.7889,1=1+0.5352x,2=15.21,2=11.8685x(1=852,2=8
+52).
372.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS36921.2.15.1=0.7889,1(x)=1+0.5352x,2=15.21,2(x)=11.8685x.21.2.16.(a)
Insertingtheexpansionofthekernelintotheintegral,wendthatitcanbewrittenni=1Mi(x)baNi(t)(t)dt=ni=1Mi(x)Ci,whereCiisthe

(presentlyunknown)constantvalueofthetintegral.Wethereforehaveaninconsistencyunlessf(x)isalinearcombinationofonlythefunctions
Mi(x).(b)Theconditionthat(x)beorthogonaltoallNi(x)causesitsadditiontoasolutionnottoaectthevalueoftheintegralofcourse,any
function(x)tobeaddedmustalsobealinearcombinationoftheMi(x).21.3NeumannSeries21.3.1.(a)Solutionisgiveninthetext.(b)(x)=sin
x.(c)(x)=sinhx.21.3.2.(x)=2.21.3.3.(a)Directlyfromtheintegralequation,(0)=1.Dierentiating,(x)=2x0(t)dt,fromwhichwe
deduce(0)=0.Dierentiatingagain,(x)=2(x).ThisODEhasgeneralsolution=Asinhx+BcoshxtheboundaryconditionsrequireA
=0,B=1.(b)TheNeumannseriesforthisproblemis(x)=1+2x0(xx1)dx1+2x0(xx2)dx22x10(x2x1)dx1++2x0(xxn)dxn
xn0(xnxn1dxn1+2x20(x2x1)dx1+.Wecanndtheiteratedintegralthroughxnbymathematicalinduction.Byinspectionwe
guessthatitsvaluewillbe(x)2n/(2n)!.Assumingthis
373.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS370tobecorrectfortheintegralthroughxn1,theintegralthroughxnwillbe2x0(xxn)(xn)2n
2(2n2)!dxn=2nx0(xx2n2nx2n1n)(2n2)!dxn=2n12n1+12nx2n(2n2)!=(x)2n(2n)!.Tocompletetheproofwenote
thatthegeneralresultappliesforn=1.Thisistheseriesexpansionofcoshx.(c)TakingLaplacetransformsoftheindividualtermsoftheintegral
equation,notingthattheintegralisaconvolutioninwhichxtcorrespondstof(y)fory=xtandthatthetransformoffis1/s2,andalso
observingthatthetransformofunityis1/s:(s)=1s+2(s)s2.Solvingfor,wend(s)=1/s12/s2=ss22.Thisisthetransformof
coshx.21.3.4.AssumeU(t,t0)=U(tt0),sincetheresultisexpectedtobeindependentofthezerofromwhichtismeasured.ThenassumethatU
canbeexpandedinapowerseriesU(tt0)=n=0cn(tt0)n.SettingV(t1)=V0andinsertingtheexpansionofU(t1t0),wegetn=0cn(t
t0)n=1iV0n=0cntt0(tt0)ndt=1iV0n=0cn(tt0)n+1n+1.Equatingequalpowersoftt0intherstandlastmembersofthis
equation,wendc0=1,cn+1=iV0cn(n+1),n=0,1,.Thisrecurrenceformulacanbesolved:cn=1n!iV0n.Thesearethecoecients
intheexpansionofexpi(tt0)V0.
374.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS37121.4HilbertSchmidtTheory21.4.1.Letn(x)beaneigenfunctionwitheigenvaluen.Multiply
theFredholmequationforn(x)bym(x)andintegrate:m(x)n(x)dx=nbadxbadtm(x)K(x,t)n(t)=nmbadtmbaK
(t,x)m(x)dxn(t)=nmbadtm(t)n(t).WehaveusedtheselfadjointpropertyofK(x,t)tomakethexintegralcorrespondtothe
Fredholmequationform(t).UsingDiracnotation,theaboveequationcanbewrittenm|n=nmm|n,or(mn)m|n=0.Ifm
=n,thescalarproductmustbenonzero,sowemusthavenn=0,showingthatnisreal.Ifm=nandm=n,thenthescalarproductmust
vanish,indicatingorthogonality.21.4.2.(a)ReferringtotheanswertoExercise21.2.12,weseethaty1isorthogonaltoy2andy3bysymmetry.To
checktheorthogonalityofy2andy3,formy2|y3=P0|P0+16923P2|P2,wherewehaveomittedtermsthatvanishbecausetheLegendrepolyno
mialP0isorthogonaltoP2.UsingP0|P0=2andP2|P2=2/5andsubstitutingthevaluesof2and3,weobtainthedesiredzeroresult.(b)Referring
totheanswertoExercise21.2.14,wecancheckthat10(1+0.5352x)(11.8685x)dx=0.21.4.3.(x)=3x+12.21.4.4.1=sina,1(x)=
(a)xa+(1a)xa1,0<a<12=sina,2(x)=(a)xa(1a)xa1,
375.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS37221.4.5.(a)y(x)=xs=03s.(b)Convergentfor||<3.Eq.(21.55)assuresconvergencefor||
<1.(c)=3,y(x)=x.21.4.6.Thenormalizedeigenfunctionsofthisproblemare1(x)=cosx/and2(x)=sinx/.WritingK(x,t)=cos(x
t)=1(x)1(t)+2(x)2(t)),andnotingthat=1/1=1/2,werecovertheformulathatistobeveried.21.4.7.Solutionisgiveninthetext.
21.4.8.Expand(x)=iaii(x),f(x)=ibii(x),andwriteK(x,t)=ii(x)i(t)i.Wegetiaii(x)=ibii(x)+ii(x)bai(t)jajj(t)dt=ibi
i(x)+iiaii(x).Fromthecoecientsofiwehaveai=bi+iorai=biii,correspondingto=ibiiii(x).
376.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS37322.CalculusofVariations22.1EulerEquation22.1.1.Expandthealternateexpressionforthe
Eulerequation:fxddxfyxfyx=fxfx+fyxyxx+fyyx+yxxfyxyxddxfyx=yxfyddxfyx.Ifthe
Eulerequationinitsoriginalformissatised,thenthepartofthealternateequationwithinsquarebracketsvanishes,andthealternateformofthe
presentexerciseisalsosatised.22.1.2.Lettingyandyxstandrespectivelyfory(x,0)andyx(x,0),weneedforthersttwotermsoftheexpansion
J(0)=x2x1f(y,yx,x)dx,J(0)=x2x1fyy+fyxyxdx=0.Nowcarryoutanintegrationbypartsonthesecondtermofthe
integrandofJ,usingthefactthatdyx/d=d2y/dxd:x2x1fyxddxydx=fyxyx2x1x2x1yddxfyxdx.The
integratedtermsvanishbecauseyisxedattheendpoints.WhenthetransformedintegralisinsertedintotheexpressionforJ,wegetJ(0)=x2x1
yfyddxfyxdx=0.OurexpansionisnowJ()=J(0)+J(0)+O(2),andJwillbestationaryat=0onlyifJ(0)=0.Butsincethe
dependenceofyuponisarbitraryandy/canbenonzeroanywherewithintheintegrationinterval,J(0)canonlybemadetovanishifthe
quantitywithinsquarebracketsintheaboveequationiszero.22.1.3.GeneralizingtheprocedurecarriedoutinEqs.(22.9)through(22.12),wedene
y(x,)=(x),yx(x,)=x(x),yxx,)=xx(x),
377.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS374thenwritedJ()d=x2x1fy(x)+fyxx(x)+fyxxxx(x)dx.Wenowintegrateby
partsthextermand(twice)thexxtermoftheintegral.Alltheintegratedtermsvanish,andthenewintegralscanbecollectedintodJ()d=x2x1
fyddxfyx+d2dx2fyxx(x)dx=0.22.1.4.Iff(y,yx,x)=f1(x,y)+f2(x,y)yx,then(a)fy=f1y+f2yyx=ddxfyx=d
dxf2=f2x+yxf2yimpliesf1y=f2x.(b)ba(f1+f2yx)dx=ba(f1dx+f2dy)isindependentofthechoiceofpath,i.e.dependsonly
ontheendpointsbecauseof(a).22.1.5.Iff=f(x,y)then(a)fy=ddxfyx=0,sothatfisindependentofy.(b)Thereisnoinformationonf(x).
22.1.6.(a)Dierentiatetheequationc1cosh(x0/c1)asfollows:dc1coshx0c1+c1sinhx0c1dx0c1x0c21dc1=0.Substitutecosh(x0/c1)=
1/c1andsinh(x0/c1)=1/x0,reachingdc1c1+c1x0dx0c1x0c21dc1=0.Rearrangethisexpressiontosolvefordx0/dc1:dx0dc1=x01c1
1c1=0.(b)Dividingtheaboveexpressionsforcosh(x0/c1)andsinh(x0/c1),wendthatundertheconditionsofpart(a)wehavecosh(x0/c1)
sinh(x0/c1)=x0c1=coth(x0/c1).
378.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS375(c)Solvetheequationofpart(b)toobtainx0/c11.199679thenobtainx0fromx0=1/
sinh(1.199679)=0.662743andc1=x0/1.199679=0.5523434.22.1.7.TheconditionthattheshallowcurveandGoldschmidtsolutionhaveequal
areacorrespondstotheequationc21sinh2x0c1+2x0c1=2.Usingalsotherelation1/c1=cosh(x0/c1),theaboveequationcanbebroughtto
theformsinh(2w)+2w=2cosh2w,wherew=x0c1.Thisisatranscendentalequationinasinglevariable,withsolutionw=0.63923.Then,c1=
1/coshw=0.82551,andx0=wc1=0.5277.22.1.8.TakingthesecondderivativeofJ,2J2=x2x1fyx(x)dx=x2x12fy2x[
(x)]2dx,wherewehaveomittedtermsthatvanishbecauseinthisproblemfdoesnotdependony.Heref=(1+y2x)1/2,2fy2x=1(1+y2
x)3/2,andweseethattheintegrandintheintegralfor2J/y2xiseverywherenonnegative.Sincetheoriginalformulationofthisproblemincluded
thetacitassumptionthatx2>x1,weseethatoursecondderivativewillbepositive,indicatingthatthestationaryJwillbeaminimum.22.1.9.(a)
Assumingthaty(x1)andy(x2)arexed,onecanchooseafunctionythatassumesarbitrarilylargepositivevaluesforasignicantportionofthe
range(x1,x2),therebymakingJlargeandpositivewithoutlimit.Alternatively,onecanchooseaythatassumearbitrarilylargenegativevalues,
therebymakingJbelargeandnegativewithoutlimit.(b)Withf=y2,aminimuminJcanbeachievedbysettingftozero,withdiscontinuitiesinf
toreachthexedvaluesatx1andx2.22.1.10.(a)UsethealternateformoftheEulerequationfyx(f/yx)=constant.WehaveJ=(1,1)(1,1)ey1
+y2xdx,fyxfyx=ey1+y2xeyy2x1+y2xdx=C,orey2+y2x=C.
379.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS376Solveforyxandintegrate:yx=C2e2y1,dx=dyC2e2y1,x=tan1C2e2y1+
C.ThesymmetryoftheproblemrequiresthatC=0,andCmustbesettomakex=1wheny=1.Thisconditionisequivalentto1=tan1C2e2
1,orC2e21=2/16.Substitutingintotheformulaforx,wehavex=tan1e2(y1)1+21611/2.(b)Thisproblemisnotstraightforward.If
y0isnotsucientlylessthan1,theoptimumpathwillbediscontinuous,consistingofastraightlinesegmentfrom(1,1)to(1,y0)followedbya
straightline(requiringzerotraveltime)from(1,y0)to(1,y0)andthenastraightlinefromthereto(1,1).Thetraveltimeforthispathwillbea(1

y0)2.Thisisclearlynotaphysicallyrelevantsituation.Lookingnowforcontinuouspaths,wenotethatthetraveltimewillbeJ=a(yy0)1+y2x
dx,fyxfyx=a(yy0)1+y2x=C1,wherewehaveusedthealternateformoftheEulerequation.Solvingforyxandintegrating,wegetdx
=dyC2a2(yy0)21,x=1Cacosh1[Ca(yy0)].Wehavenotshownaconstantofintegrationthesymmetryoftheproblemrequiresthat
itbezero.Rearrangingtheequationforx,webringittotheformcoshCaxCa=yy0.Wenowattempttondasolutionthatpassesthroughthe
point(1,1).SuchasolutionmusthaveavalueofCathatsatises(Ca)1coshCa=1y0.However,forrealCathelefthandsideofthisequationis
alwaysgreaterthanapproximately1.5089,indicatingthatnooptimumcontinuouspathexistsunlessy0islessthanabout0.5089.Assumingavalue
ofy0permittinganoptimumcontinuouspath,thetravel
380.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS377timeonthatpathisgivenbyt=11a(yy0)1+y2xdx=2a10Ca(yy0)2dx=2a1ymin
Ca(yy0)2yxdy=2a1yminCa(yy0)2C2a2(yy0)21dy=2a1y02CaC2a2(1y0)21+12cosh1[Ca(1y0)]=a1y0Ca
C2a2(1y0)21+Ca.wherewehavechangedtheintegrationvariablefromxtoyandhaveintroducedymin,thevalueofyatx=0.Wewillneed
todetermineCaandyminfromtheboundaryconditionat(1,1).Letsrstmakeacomputationfory0=0.5089,forwhichCa=1.1997andymin=
y0+1/Cais0.3245.Wegett=3.098a,butthediscontinuoussolutionistdis=2.28a,sothecontinuoussolutiondoesnotyieldaglobalminimum
time.Fory0=0.60,wendt=2.706avs.tdis=2.56a.Aty0=0.70,t=3.648avs.tdis=2.89athecontinuoussolutionnowyieldstheglobal
minimumtime.Finally,aty0=1,t=2.73aandtdis=4.0a.22.1.11.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.22.1.12.Assignthehalfplaney>0indexof
refractionn1andthehalfplaney<0indexofrefractionn2.Thevelocityoflightinaregionofindexofrefractionnisc/n.Consideralightray
travelingfrom(0,1)to(d,1),intheupperhalfplaneatangle1relativetothedirectionnormaltotheboundarybetweenthehalfplanes,andinthe
lowerhalfplaneatangle2fromthatnormal.Thetimeoftravelforthelightrayist=n1ccos1+n2ccos2where1and2arerelatedbytan
1+tan2=d.Fermatsprincipleisthatthepathbesuchthattisaminimum.Fromtheequationfortandtheconstraintequation,wehavecdt=n1
sin1cos21d1+n2sin2cos22d2=0,d1cos21+d2cos22=0.Usingthesecondoftheseequationstowrited2intermsofd1,we
areleftwith(n1sin1n2sin2)d1cos21=0.Thisequationissatisedonlyifn1sin1=n2sin2
381.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS37822.1.13.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.22.1.14.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.22.1.15.Asin
freefallygt2,vgtyindt=dsv=1+y2ydx=minimum.Asthereisnoxdependence,FyFy=1/c=const.usingEq.(22.19).
Thisyields1+y2yy2y(1+y2)=1c,orc2=y(1+y2),ory2=c2yy,withparametricsolutiony=c22(1cosu),x=c2(usin
u)/2.Theseparametricequationsdescribeacycloid.22.2MoreGeneralVariations22.2.1.(a)Ldt=0,L=m(x2+y2)/2leadtomx=0=y.So
x(t),y(t)arelinearinthetime.(b)x=const.andy=const.giveLdt=0,whileastraightline(int)givesLdt=constant=0.22.2.2.AssumingT(x),V
(x)astableequilibriumwithxi=constantgivesddtLxi=0=Lxi.HenceV/xi=0fromL=TV.22.2.3.(a)mrmr2mrsin2
2=0(b)mr+2mrmrsincos2=0(c)mrsin+2mrsin+2mrcos=0Thesecondandthirdtermsof(a)
correspondtocentrifugalforce.Thesecondandthirdtermsof(c)maybeinterpretedasCoriolisforces(withtheangularvelocityoftherotating
coordinatesystem).22.2.4.llsincos2+gsin=0,ddt(ml2sin2)=0(conservationofangularmomentum).22.2.5.The
independentvariableistthedependentvariablesarethecomponentsofpositionxitheLagrangiandependsalsoonthetimederivativesofthexi,
oftenwrittenxi.Writev2=x21+x22+x23andV(r)=V(x1,x2,x3).
382.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS379TheequationsofmotioncanbederivedfromLdt=0.TheEulerequationsforthisrelativistic
Lagrangianare,foreachcomponenti,LxiddtLxi=0.WehaveL/xi=V/xi=Fi,andL/xi=m0xi/1v2/c2.Thus,theEuler
equationsbecomeFiddtm0xi1v2/c2.22.2.6.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.22.2.7.(a)FromddtLqi=Lqi,dLdt=Lqiqi+
Lqiqi,wheresumsoverrepeatedindicesareimplied,wegetddt(qiLqiL)=0.(b)qiLqiL=qipi(TV)=2TT+V=
T+V=H,H=const.followsfromdHdt=0,i.e.(a).22.2.8.FromtheLagrangedensityL=2u2t2u2x,theEulerequationyieldsL
(u)=Lu=0=tutxux.22.2.10.WerequireJ=Ldxdydzdt=0.WeneedtowriteLintermsofthedependent
variablesandtheirderivativestokeepthedevelopmentmorecompactweadoptthefollowingnonstandardnotations:xfor/xetc.,(Ai)xfor
Ai/xetc.NotethattheindexwithintheparenthesesdenotesthecomponentofAwhiletheouterindexindicatesaderivative.UsingtheequationsE
=A/tandB=A,wewriteL=022x+2y+2z+(Ax)2t+(Ay)2t+(Az)2t+2x(Ax)t+2y(Ay)t+2z(Az)t120(Az)2y+(Ay)2
z2(Az)y(Ay)z+(Az)2x+(Ax)2z2(Az)x(Ax)z+(Ax)2y+(Ay)2x2(Ax)y(Ay)x+JxAx+JyAy+JzAz.
383.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS380TheEulerequationforisLddxLxddyLyddzLz=0ddx(x
+(Ax)t)+ddy(y+(Ay)t)+ddz(z+(Az)t)=0E=0,equivalenttoE=0.TheEulerequationforAxisLAxddyL(Ax)y
ddzL(Ax)zddtL(Ax)t=Jx10ddy(Ax)y(Ay)x+ddz(Ax)z(Az)x0ddt(Ax)t+x=Jx10BzyByz+0ddtEx
=Jx10[B]x+0dExdt=0.Multiplyingthisequationthroughby0andcombiningitwithsimilarequationsforAyandAztomakea
vectorequation,wegetB=0J+00dEdt.22.3ConstrainedMinima/Maxima22.3.1.Dierentiating2mE2R2HwithrespecttoRandH
weobtain22.0482R32RH=0,22H3R2=0.EquatingfrombothequationsyieldsRH=2.0482.22.3.2.Letthe
parallelepipedhavedimensionsaac.ThelengthplusgirthisD=c+4athevolumeisV=a2c.Wecarryoutanunconstrainedminimizationof
a2c(c+4a):Dierentiatingwithrespecttoaandcweobtaintheequations2ac4=0,a2=0,fromwhichwend=a2,c=2a.From
theconstraintequationc+4a=36,wenownda=6,c=12.Themaximumvolumeis432in3.
384.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS38122.3.3.ThevolumeV=abcistobeminimizedsubjecttotheconstraint(a,b,c)=B.Wenow
carryoutanunconstrainedminimizationofV+,dierentiatingthisquantitywithrespecttoa,b,andc.Theresultisbc22a3=0,ac22
b3=0,ab22c3=0.Theseequationscanberearrangedintoa2=b2=c2=22/abc.Wethereforegettheunsurprisingresulta=b=c.
22.3.4.p=q,(p+q)min=4f.22.3.5.Ifc,darehalftherectanglesides,dierentiating4cdc2a2+d2b21withrespecttocanddyields4d2
ca2=0,4c2db2=0,ordc=2a2,cd=2b2,ca=db,fromwhichtheellipseequationimpliesca=12=db.Hence4cdab=2.
22.3.6.Iftheparallelepipedcoordinatesarex=a,y=b,z=c,dierentiateabca2a2+b2b2+c2c2withrespecttoa,b,c.This
yields8bc=2aa2,4a2bc=aandbysymmetry4b2ac=b,4c2ab=c.Takingratioswenda2b2ba=ab,orab=ab,i.e.,aa=bb=
cc.Substitutingthisintotheellipsoidequationyields3a2a2=1,a=a/3,etc.Hence8abc4abc/3=23.22.4VariationwithConstraints
22.4.1.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.22.4.2.(c)(t)=Lm(0kt)3whereListheangularmomentum.22.4.3.TheintegralsHandK,that
respectivelydescribethepotentialenergyandthelengthofthecableintermsoftheverticalpositiony(x)ofthecableatpointsx,areproportionalto
H=x2x1y1+y2xdxandK=x2x11+y2xdx.
385.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS382ThequantitytobemadestationaryisJ=H+K=x2x1f(y,yx)dx,f(y,yx)=(y)1+y2x.
TheEulerequationforthisproblemisfyxfyx=C1or(y)1+y2xy2x(y)1+y2x=C1,whichsimpliestoy=C11+y2x.
Solvingforyxandintegrating,yx=dydx=yC1211/2,C1cosh1yC1=xC2whichrearrangestoy=C1coshxC2C1.The
constants,C1,andC2mustnowbechosensothaty(x)passesthroughthepoints(x1,y1)and(x2,y2)andthattheintegralKevaluatestothecable
lengthL.Theconditionsontheendpointscorrespondtoy1=C1coshx1C2C1,y2=C1coshx2C2C1.ThecablelengthsatisesL=
x2x1yC1dx=x2x1coshxC2C1dx=C1sinhx2C2C1sinhx2C2C1.FromtheaboveweformL2(y2y1)2=C212+2
coshx2x1C1=4C21sinh2x2x12C1.ThisisatranscendentalequationinthesingleunknownC1andcaneasilybesolvednumericallyfor
anygiveninput.UsingthisvalueforC1,theequationforLthencontainsonlytheundeterminedquantityC2,whichcanbeobtainedbynumerical
methods.Finally,theequationfory1(ory2)canbesolvedfor.Thecurvey(x)solvingthisproblemisknownasacatenary.
386.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS38322.4.4.Thegravitationalpotentialperunitvolumeofwateratverticalpositionyrelativetoazero
aty0isg(yy0),whereisthemassdensityandgistheaccelerationofgravity.Thetotalgravitationalpotentialenergyofacylindricalshellof

waterofradiusr,thicknessdr,baseaty=y0,andsurfaceaty(r)isg[y(r)y0]2(2r)dr/2.Thecentrifugalforceperunitvolumeofwatera
distancerfromtheaxisofrotation,underarotationalangularvelocity,is2r,anditsrotationalpotentialenergy(relativetoapositiononthe
axisofrotation)is2r2/2.Thereforethetotalrotationalpotentialenergyofthecylindricalshelldescribedaboveis2r2(yy0)(2r)/2.
Basedontheaboveanalysis,thetotalpotentialenergyEandvolumeVofacolumnofwaterofradiusa,rotatingatangularvelocity,withabaseat
y0andsurfaceaty(r),areE=2a0drgy(r)2r2y(r)r32,V=2a0y(r)rdr.Discardingcommonfactors,wewanttominimizeEforconstant
V,correspondingtoJ=a0f(y,r)dr=0,f=gy2r2yr32yr.TheEulerequationisfy=0,or2gry2r32r=0,anditssolutionis
y=2r222g.Ifweset=0ourwatercolumnwillhaveitssurfaceaty=0attheaxis(r=0)andforr=athesurfacewillbeaty=2a2/2g.
Thesurfacewillbeaparaboloidofrevolution.22.4.5.Deneacurveparametrically,asx(t),y(t).Then,foraclosedcurve,forwhichx(t2)=x(t1)
andy(t2)=y(t1),theareaAandtheperimeterLaregivenbythefollowingintegrals:A=12t2t1(xyxy)dt,L=t2t1x2+y2dt,wherewe
havewrittenthelineintegralfortheareainamoreorlesssymmetricformandhaveusedthedotnotationforderivativeswithrespecttot,even
thoughtisnotreallyatimevariable.(a)FormaximumareaatxedperimeterwethereforeconsidervariationofJ=t2t1f(x,y,x,y)dt,withf=1
2(xyxy)+x2+y2,
387.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS384leadingtothetwoEulerequationsfxddtfx=y2ddty2+xx2+y2=0,f
yddtfy=x2ddtx2+yx2+y2=0.Integratingtheseequationswithrespecttot,yxx2+y2=C1,x+yx2+y2=
C2.MovingtheconstantsC1andC2tothelefthandsidesoftheseequations,thensquaringbothequationsandaddingthemtogether,wereach(x
C2)2+(yC1)2=2y2x2+y2+2x2x2+y2=2.Thisistheequationofacircle.(b)IfwedividetheexpressionforJby,itsvariation
canbeinterpretedasdescribinganextremumintheperimeterwithaconstraintofxedarea.Thesolutionwillbethesameasthatalreadyobtained,
sotheclosedcurveofminimumperimeterwillbeacircle.22.4.6.Inserting=+,deningS=ba2(x)dx,andusingthesymmetryofK(x,t):
(JS)=badx(x)2baK(x,t)(t)dt2(x),whereweretainonlytermsthatarerstorderin.Sincetheaboveequationmustbesatised
forarbitrary,theintegrandofthexintegralmustvanish,leadingtotherequiredintegralequation.22.4.7.(a)HereF[]referstoJasdenedinEq.
(22.100)inthenotationmostfrequentlyusedinquantummechanics,F=y|H|yy|y,wherehereH=(d2/dx2)andwecanusetheRayleighRitz
methodtondanapproximatefunctiony.Notingthatthetrialfunctionytrial=1x2satisestheboundaryconditions,weinsertitintoF,obtaining
F=10(1x2)(1x2)dx10(1x2)2dx=4/38/15=52=2.5.
388.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS385(b)Theexactvalueis(/2)2=2.467.22.4.8.UsingthenotationofthesolutiontoExercise22.4.7,
werequireF=10(1xn)(1xn)dx10(1xn)2dx=n(n1)10xn2x2n2dxn10x2n2xn+1dx=n2/(2n1)2n2/(2n+1)(n+1)
=(2n+1)(n+1)2(2n1).SettingdF/dn=0,wendn=(16)/2=1.7247or0.7247.Werejectthenegativenvaluebecauseitdoesnotsatisfy
theboundaryconditionatx=0.Fromn=1.7247weevaluateF=2.4747,muchclosertotheexactvalue2.467thanwastheapproximationof
Exercise22.4.7(whichwas2.50).22.4.9.Intheusualquantummechanicsnotation,inthisproblemH=2r22rr,H=|H||,=1
ra2.Forsphericallysymmetricfunctions,thescalarproducthasdenition|=4a0r2(r)(r)dr.WehaveH=6/a2,so|H|=24a2a0
r2r4a2dr=16a5.Also,|=4a0r22r4a2+r6a4dr=32a3105.Therefore,H=16a/532a3/105=212a2=10.5a2.Theexactis
thesphericalBesselfunctionj0(r/a)notethat2j0(r/a)=(/a)2j0(r/a),showingthattheexacteigenvalueis2/a2=9.87/a2.22.4.10.
Normalizing,andchangingtheintegrationvariabletou=x/a,N2a01x2a22dx=N2a10(1u2)2du=N2a815=1
389.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS386givesN2=15/8a.TheexpectationvalueofHisN2a01x2a2d2dx21x2a2dx+a01
x2a2x21x2a2dx=154a2101u2)du+15a2810u2(1u2)2du=52a2+a27.Dierentiatingwithrespecttoayields5a3+2a7=
0,i.e.,a=(35/2)1/4.Thisvalueofacausestheenergytohaveexpectationvalue210/7,whichisquitefarfromtheexactvalue=1.Thelargeerror
isindicativeofthefactthatwechoseatrialfunctionthatcannotforanyvalueoftheparameterabeagoodapproximationtotheexacteigenfunction.
22.4.11.Letu1beaneigenfunctionoftheentireSchrodingerequationforsomenonzerol.Notethatu1|L|u1mustbeatleastaslargeasE0,andthat
thecentrifugaloperatorwillhaveapositiveexpectationvalueforanyfunction.(Toprovethis,multiplythewavefunctionineachhalfofthescalar
productbythesquarerootofthecentrifugalterm,givingusanexpressionoftheformf|f.)ThesumofthesetwotermswillbelargerthanE0.
390.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS38723.ProbabilityandStatistics23.1Probability:Denitions,SimpleProperties23.1.1.(a)52/252=
12.(b)252=126.(c)152.23.1.2.(a)4522=1132.(b)452351=11317.23.1.3.(a)1+262=112.(b)(1+2)+2+262=762.
23.1.4.Therearethreeevents:(2,2,2),(4,1,1),(1,2,3)whoseprobabilitiessumupto1+3+3263=5362.23.1.5.P(ABC)=
P(A)P(B|A)P(C|AB)=P(A)P(BC|A)=P(B)P(C|B)P(A|BC).23.1.6.MaxwellBoltzmann:kN1++Nk,FermiDirac:ik+Ni1Ni,
BoseEinstein:ikNi.23.1.7.IfAB=,AC=,BC=thenP(ABC)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C).IfAB=,BC=,AC
=,butABC=,thenP(ABC)=P(A)+P(B)P(AB)+P(C)P(AC)P(BC).
391.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS388Ingeneral,P(ABC)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)P(BC)P(AC)P(AB)+P(AB
C).23.1.8.Toagoodapproximation1/p.Forp=3compare1/3with33/100forp=5compare1/5with20/100forp=7compare1/7with14/100
or[100/p]/1001/pwith[x]thelargestintegerbelowx.23.1.9.MaxwellBoltzmann:32,FermiDirac:32,BoseEinstein:42.23.2Random
Variables23.2.1.Theequallyprobablemutuallyexclusivetwocarddrawsare:(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4).Eachofthesepairshasan
equalprobabilityofbeingdrawnineitherorder,sowecanmakecomputationsbasedonthesixlistedpossibilities.Addingthenumbersonthecards,
3,4,6,and7eachoccuronce,5occurstwice.AsingleoccurrencecorrespondstoP=1/6,twooccurrencestoP=2/6=1/3.Themeancomputed
directlyfromthesixeventsis(3+4+5+5+6+7)/6=5.Toobtainthevariance,wecancompute(35)2+(45)2+2(55)2+(65)2+(7
5)26=106=53.23.2.2.X+c=(x+c)f(x)dx,2(X)=(xX)2f(x)dx,cX=cxf(x)dx=cX,c22(X)=(cxcX
)2f(x)dx.23.2.3.ExpandingtheintegralinEq.(23.27)andidentifyingthethreeresultantintegralsasrespectivelyX2,X,andunity,weget2=
x2f(x)dx2Xxf(x)dx+X2f(x)dx=X22X2+X2=X2X2.
392.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS38923.2.4.1NNj=1vj=v=1NNj=1xjtj=1NNj=1x+xjt+tj=xt1NNj=1
1+xjx1+tjt .Hencevxtxt1NNj=1|xj|x+|tj|txt.23.2.5.SinceXhasthesamedenitionasintheexample,
itsexpectationvalueX=10/13andvariance2(X)=80/132arethesameasfoundthere.Tocomputetheotherquantities,weneedtodevelopthe
probabilitydistribution.Wehaveforf(x,y):f(0,0)=2132=4132f(1,1)=2513613=60132f(2,0)=5132=25132f(1,0)=2513213=
20132f(0,2)=6132=36132f(0,1)=2613213=24132Thenwecancompute2(Y)=121324+25+20132+113260+24132+1413
236132=84132.Nextwecomputethecovariance:cov(X,Y)=101312134132+1613121325132+1013141336132+3131
1360132+313121320132+101311324132=10140134=60132.Finally,weobtainthecorrelation:cov(X,Y)(X)(Y)=60
8084=0.732.23.2.6.Themeanfreepathis0ex/fdx=fex/f0=f,ornormalizingtheprobabilitydensityasp(x)dx=(ex/f/f)dx,we
have0xex/fdxf=0xexdx=f.
393.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS390Forl>3f,theprobabilityis3fex/fdxf=3exdx=e3=5%.23.2.7.x(t)=Acostdx=
Asintdt,dxv=dt=dxA2x2AAdxA2x2=arcsinxAAA=.Hencetheprobabilitydensityisp(x)dx=dxA2x2.
23.3BinomialDistribution23.3.1.Theprobabilitydistributionisf(X=x)=nx12n.Thesamplespacecorrespondstox=0,1,...,n.Atypical
eventhasxheadsupandnxdown.UsingtheformulasfromExample23.3.2,X=n2,2(X)=n4.23.3.2.Plotf(X=x)=6x16x566x,x=
0,1...,6asafunctionofx.23.3.3.Computethisprobabilityasunityminusthesumoftheprobabilitiesofexactlyzero,one,andtwodefective
nails,i.e.,P=11000(0.97)1001001(0.97)99(0.03)1002(0.97)98(0.03)2=0.58(58%).23.3.4.Whenthecardsareputbackatrandom
placestheprobabilitiesareAllred:124.Allhearts:144.Allhonors:5134.Whenthecardsarenotputback,theseprobabilitiesbecomeRed:12
255124502349.Hearts:14125111501049.Honors:513195118501749.23.3.5.FormetX=(pet+q)n,tetXt=0=X=np.

394.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS39123.4PoissonDistribution23.4.1.Fromthedataortheproblemstatement,wedeterminethe
averagenumberofparticlespertimeinterval:n=ini=2608,=1niini=203+2383++10162608=3.87,yieldinge=0.0209.
FromthePoissondistribution,npi=ii!e.Evaluatingnpiandtabulating,ininpi05755.71203210.82383407.83525525.74532508.45
408393.36273253.57139140.184567.792729.1101611.323.4.2.2=X2X2.Fromthemeanvalue,X2=2.Ifwewriten2n!=1(n
2)!+1(n1)!,wecanevaluateX2asfollows:X2=en=1n2nn!=en=2n(n2)!+en=1n(n1)!=2en=2n2
(n2)!+en=1n1(n1)!=2+.Therefore,2=2+2=.23.4.3.TheparameterofthePoissondistribution(basedon5000
countsin2400seconds)is=5000/2400=2.083.Theprobabilityofncountsinaonesecondintervalisne/n!forn=2andn=5wehave
P(2)=22!e=0.270,P(5)=55!e=0.041.
395.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS39223.4.4.Takethetimeunittobe10s,therebymaking=1.Theprobabilityofthreecountsinone
timeintervalis(3/3!)e=1/6e=0.061.23.4.5.Thesolutionisgiveninthetext.23.4.6.Thisisabinomialdistributionproblem.Wecomputethe
probabilityofoneormorehitsasunityminustheprobabilitythatallveshotsmissthetarget.ThisisP=1(0.80)5=0.67.23.5GaussNormal
Distribution23.5.1.UseEq.(23.56)with=0,whichmeansthatX=0.WethereforeneedtoshowthatX2=2whenisthesymboloccurringin
Eq.(23.56).Westartbyverifyingthattheprobabilitydensityisproperlynormalized.Settingu=x/(2),werecognizetheuintegrationasanerror
function(Section13.6),sof(x)dx=12ex2/22dx=12eu2(2du)=1eu2du=1.Inasimilarway
wenowcomputeX2=x2f(x)dx=22u2eu2du=222=2,completingtheproof.Thevalueoftheuintegralcanbe
obtainedbyintegratingtheerrorfunctionintegralbyparts,dierentiatingeu2andintegratingdu.23.5.2.InEq.(23.61),write(pn+v)s+1/2=
(pn)s+1/2(1+v/pn)s+1/2,(qnv)ns+1/2=(qn)ns+1/2(1v/qn)ns+1/2,canceltheexponential(whoseargumentiszero),andcombinethe
powersofp,q,andn.WethengetEq.(23.62)whenwereplacesbypn+vandnsbyqnv.23.5.3.Bytakingthelogarithmthequantity(1+
v/pn)(pn+v+1/2)becomespn+v+12ln1+vpn=pn+v+12vpnv22p2n2+,andasimilartreatmentcanbeappliedto(1v/qn)
(qnv+1/2).Equation(23.63)resultswhenthetermslinearandquadraticinvarecollected.
396.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS39323.5.4.P(|XX|>4)=24/2ex2dx=6.3105103.Thiscanbecomparedto
PCheby(|XX|>4)116=0.0625,23.5.5.Thisproblemhasbeenwordedincorrectly.Reinterpretittoidentifymasthemeanofthestudent
scoresandMasanindividualstudentscore.ThenanAgradecorrespondstoascorehigherthanm+3/2,etc.Theprobabilitiesweneedarethe
following:PA=PF=PMm>32=13/22ex2dx=12erfc322=6.7%PB=PD=P2<Mm<32=13/221/22e
x2dx=12erf32212erf122=24.2%PC=P|xm|<2=erf122=38.3%withpercentages(reectingroundoerror)A:6.7%,
B:24.2%,C:38.3%,D:24.2%,F:6.7%.AredesigntobringthepercentageofAsto5%wouldrequireustondavalueofkAsuchthatPA=
erfc(kA/2)/2=0.05itiskA=1.645.WiththisvalueofkA,avalueofkBthatmakesPB=erf(kA/2)erf(kB/2)2=0.25iskB=0.524.
ThenPC=erf(kB/2)=0.40.23.6TransformationsofRandomVariables23.6.1.Theadditiontheoremstatesnn=1Xihasmeanvaluenx,and1n
nn=1Xihasmeanvaluex.Since2nn=1Xi=n2,andtranslationdoesnotchangethevariance,weobtainthe2claim.23.6.2.2X1=2X
1=2291=57,2(2X1)=2(2X)=22=29=18,
397.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS394(2X1)=32.3X+2=3X+2=3X+2=87+2=89,(3X)=33.23.6.3.SetI=1
2m+rmre(xm)2/22dx=12.SimplifythisintegraltoI=12rrex2/22dx=2r/20ex2dx=erfr2=12.Thevalue
ofrthatsatisesthisequationisr=0.4772=0.674.23.6.4.XY=f(x,y)dxdy=f(x)dxg(y)dy=XY.23.6.5.f(X,Y)=f(x,y)P(x)Q(y).dx
dy=f(0,0)+xfx(0,0)+yfy(0,0)+P(x)Q(y)dxdy=f(0,0)+Xfx(0,0)+Yfy(0,0)+.Acorrespondingexpansionofthe
covariancetakestheformcovf(X,Y)=(xX)(yY)f(x,y)P(x)Q(y)dxdy=(xX)(yY)f(0,0)+fx(0,0)x+fy(0,0)y+2fx2
(0,0)x22+2fxy(0,0)xy+2fy2(0,0)y22+P(x)Q(y)dxdy.Ofthetermsexplicitlyshown,allbutthexytermvanishbecausethe
doubleintegralcanbeseparatedtocontainasafactor(xX)P(x)dxor(yY)Q(y)dy.
398.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS395Thus,thelowestordercontributiontothecovarianceiscovf(X,Y)=2fxy(0,0)(xX)(y
Y)xyP(x)Q(y)dxdy=2fxy(0,0)(x2xX)P(x)dx(y2yY)Q(y)dy=2fxy(0,0)2(X)2(Y).Hencethecorrelation,tolowestorder,
iscovf(X,Y)2(X)2(Y)2fxy(0,0).23.6.6.2(aX+bY)=(ax+by)aX+bY2f(x,y)dxdy=a22(X)+b22(Y)+2abXYXY
.WhenXandYareindependentthen2(aX+bY)=a22(X)+b22(Y).23.6.7.AnormallydistributedGaussianvariablewithmeanand
variance2hasFouriertransform,andequivalentlyeitX,givenbyfT(t)=12eitet22/2,eitX=eitet22/2.IfarandomvariableYis
thesumoftwoGaussianvariablesX1andX2withrespectivemeans1,2andvariances21,22,itisusefultoformeitY=eit(X1+X2)=eitX1
eitX2=eit(1+2)et2(21+22).ThisequationshowsthatYisdescribedbyaGaussnormaldistributionwithmean1+2andvariance21
+22.23.6.8.TheFouriertransformofg(p,y)is[g(p,)]T(t)=12(22)p(p)0yp1eiytey/22dy.Notingnowthateiytey/22=e
y(1/22it),wechangethevariableofintegrationtou=(12it2)y/22,convertingtheintegralto0yp1eiytey/22dy=2212it2p
0up1euduTheintegrationpath(fromzerotoinnitythroughcomplexvalues)canbe(asindicatedabove)deformedtothereallinewithout
changingitsvaluebecause2ispositive.
399.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS396Recognizingtheuintegralas(p)andinsertingthevalueoftheyintegral,weget[g(p,)]T(t)=
12(12it2)p.23.7Statistics23.7.1.IfC=ABthen2(AB)=A22(B)+B22(A),and2(C)C2=2(A)A2+2(B)B2.23.7.2.x
=14(6.0+6.5+5.9+6.2)=6.15,x=15(4x+6.1)=6.142=14(0.152+0.352+0.252+0.052)=0.0525,2=15(0.142+0.362+0.242
+0.062+0.042)=0.0424.Sincex6isclosetox,xxand2decreasesabit.23.7.3.TheproblemistobesolvedusingthedatafromExample
23.7.2,butwiththeuncertaintiesgivenintheexampleassociatedwiththetjratherthanwiththeyj.Reversingtherolesofyandt,werstcompute
theexpectationvalueofdt/dyusingN=10.80.12+21.50.052+330.22=1505,D=0.820.12+1.520.052+320.22=1189,fromwhich
wenddtdy=ND=1.266,2b=1D=0.000841.Fromthesquarerootof2bwegetb=0.029,soourchisquaretfordt/dyis1.1660.029.
Wecancomparethereciprocalofthisresultwiththatobtainedfordy/dtinExample23.7.2,wherewefounddy/dt=0.7820.023:1/1.266=0.790,
andthereciprocalsof1.2660.029are0.772and0.808,spanninganintervalofwidth0.036,nottoodierentfrom20.023=0.046.Tondthe
95%condenceinterval,wecomputeA=4.3b/3(comparewithExample23.7.2).WeobtainA=0.072,meaningthatatthiscondencelevel
dt/dy=1.2660.072.
400.CHAPTER3.EXERCISESOLUTIONS39723.7.4.ThesamplemeanisX=(6.0+6.5+5.9+6.1+6.2+6.1)/6=6.133.Thesamplestandard
deviation(basedonvedegreesoffreedom)is(6.06.133)2+(6.56.133)2++(6.16.133)25=0.2066.Then,usingTable23.3,withp=
0.95forthe90%condencelevelandp=0.975forthe95%condenceinterval,weobtain(basedonn=5)C90=2.02andC95=2.57.These
translateintoFor90%condence:6.133(2.02)(0.2066)5=6.1330.187,For95%condence:6.133(2.57)(0.2066)5=6.1330.237.
401.Chapter4CorrelationofSixthandSeventhEditionExercisesThefollowingtwotablesindicate:(1)ThesourceoftheexercisesintheSeventh
EditionnewindicatesthattheexercisewasnotintheSixthEdition(2)ThelocationsatwhichSixthEditionexercisescanbefoundintheSeventh
EditionunusedindicatesthattheexercisewasnotusedintheSeventhEdition.398
402.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT399SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition7th6th7th6th7th6th1.1.15.2.11.1.2
5.2.21.1.35.2.41.1.45.2.51.1.55.2.61.1.65.2.71.1.75.2.81.1.85.2.121.1.95.2.131.1.105.2.141.1.11new1.1.125.2.221.1.135.2.201.1.14
new1.1.155.4.31.1.165.2.211.2.15.5.11.2.25.5.21.2.35.5.31.2.45.5.41.2.55.2.151.2.65.2.161.2.75.2.171.2.85.6.11.2.95.6.21.2.105.6.4
1.2.115.6.51.2.125.6.81.2.135.6.91.2.145.6.211.2.155.7.91.2.165.7.131.3.15.7.11.3.25.7.61.3.35.7.71.3.45.7.111.3.5new1.3.65.6.11
1.3.75.6.121.3.85.6.131.3.95.6.141.3.105.6.151.3.115.6.161.3.125.6.171.3.135.6.181.3.145.6.191.3.155.6.201.3.165.7.151.3.175.7.16
1.3.185.7.171.4.1new1.4.2new1.5.1new1.5.2new1.5.3new1.5.4new1.5.5new1.6.15.4.11.7.11.1.21.7.21.1.81.7.31.1.91.7.41.1.111.7.5
1.1.121.7.61.3.31.7.71.3.51.7.81.3.61.7.91.4.11.7.101.4.21.7.111.4.51.8.16.1.11.8.26.1.51.8.36.1.61.8.46.1.71.8.56.1.91.8.66.1.10

1.8.76.1.111.8.86.1.141.8.9new1.8.10new1.8.11new1.9.1new1.9.2new1.10.1new1.10.2new1.10.3new1.10.4new1.10.5new1.10.6new
1.10.7new1.10.8new1.10.9new1.10.10new1.10.11new1.10.12new1.11.11.15.11.11.21.15.31.11.31.15.51.11.41.15.61.11.51.15.71.11.6
1.15.81.11.71.15.91.11.81.15.101.11.91.15.132.1.13.1.12.1.23.1.22.1.33.1.32.1.43.1.52.1.53.1.62.1.6new2.1.73.1.72.1.82.9.32.1.9
2.9.42.2.13.2.12.2.23.2.22.2.33.2.42.2.43.2.52.2.53.2.62.2.63.2.82.2.73.2.92.2.83.2.10
403.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT400SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
2.2.93.2.112.2.103.2.122.2.113.2.132.2.123.2.152.2.133.2.182.2.143.2.232.2.153.2.242.2.163.2.252.2.173.2.262.2.183.2.282.2.193.2.30
2.2.203.2.322.2.213.2.342.2.223.2.352.2.233.2.362.2.243.2.382.2.253.2.392.2.263.3.12.2.273.3.22.2.283.3.82.2.293.3.122.2.303.4.1
2.2.313.4.22.2.323.4.32.2.333.4.42.2.343.4.52.2.353.4.62.2.363.4.72.2.373.4.92.2.383.4.102.2.393.4.152.2.40new2.2.41new2.2.42
3.4.162.2.433.4.192.2.443.4.202.2.453.4.222.2.463.4.232.2.473.4.242.2.48new2.2.49new2.2.50new2.2.513.4.263.2.11.4.63.2.21.4.7
3.2.31.4.83.2.41.4.93.2.51.4.103.2.61.4.153.2.71.4.163.2.81.5.43.2.91.5.73.2.101.5.83.2.111.5.93.2.121.5.103.2.131.5.123.2.141.5.13
3.2.151.5.183.3.13.3.163.3.21.1.103.3.33.3.133.3.4new3.3.5new3.4.13.3.43.4.23.3.53.4.33.3.63.4.43.3.73.4.52.5.43.5.11.6.13.5.2
1.6.23.5.31.6.33.5.41.6.43.5.51.6.53.5.61.7.13.5.71.7.23.5.81.7.33.5.91.7.53.5.101.8.73.5.111.8.83.5.121.8.93.5.13new3.6.11.8.23.6.2
1.8.33.6.31.8.43.6.41.8.53.6.51.8.113.6.61.8.123.6.71.8.133.6.81.8.143.6.91.8.153.6.101.9.13.6.111.9.33.6.121.9.43.6.131.9.53.6.14
1.9.73.6.151.9.83.6.161.9.123.6.171.9.133.6.183.2.163.6.183.2.173.7.11.4.133.7.21.10.23.7.31.10.33.7.41.10.43.7.51.10.53.8.11.11.1
3.8.21.11.23.8.31.11.33.8.41.11.73.8.51.11.83.8.61.12.13.8.71.12.23.8.81.12.33.8.91.12.93.8.101.12.103.8.11new3.8.12new3.8.13new
3.9.11.13.13.9.21.13.2
404.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT401SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
3.9.31.13.43.9.41.13.53.9.51.13.63.9.61.13.73.9.71.13.83.9.81.13.93.9.91.14.33.9.101.14.43.9.11new3.9.12new3.10.12.1.33.10.22.1.4
3.10.32.2.13.10.42.2.23.10.52.2.33.10.62.4.13.10.72.4.23.10.82.4.33.10.92.4.43.10.102.4.53.10.112.4.63.10.122.4.73.10.132.4.83.10.14
2.4.103.10.152.4.123.10.162.4.133.10.172.4.153.10.182.5.13.10.192.5.53.10.20new3.10.21new3.10.222.5.23.10.232.5.33.10.242.5.7
3.10.252.5.83.10.262.5.93.10.272.5.103.10.282.5.123.10.292.5.133.10.302.5.143.10.312.5.153.10.322.5.163.10.332.5.173.10.342.5.18
3.10.352.5.203.10.362.5.213.10.371.8.164.1.12.6.14.1.22.6.24.1.32.6.34.1.42.6.44.1.52.6.54.1.62.6.64.1.72.7.14.1.82.7.24.1.92.7.3
4.1.102.8.14.1.112.8.24.2.12.9.14.2.22.9.24.2.32.9.74.2.42.9.94.2.52.9.104.2.62.9.114.2.72.9.124.3.12.10.34.3.22.10.54.3.3new4.3.4
new4.3.52.10.64.3.62.10.94.3.72.10.104.3.82.10.114.3.92.10.124.3.102.10.154.3.112.11.24.3.122.11.34.4.11.6.54.4.22.1.54.4.3new
4.5.1new4.5.24.8.24.6.1new4.6.2new4.6.3new4.7.1new4.7.24.8.54.7.34.8.115.1.110.4.15.1.210.4.25.1.310.4.35.1.410.4.45.1.510.4.5
5.1.610.4.75.1.7new5.1.8new5.1.9new5.1.10new5.1.11new5.1.12new5.2.110.3.25.2.210.3.35.2.310.3.45.2.410.3.55.2.510.3.65.2.6
10.3.75.2.710.3.85.2.8new5.3.1new5.3.210.1.135.3.3new5.3.4new5.4.110.1.125.4.210.1.145.4.310.1.155.4.410.1.165.4.5new5.5.1new
5.5.2new5.5.3new
405.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT402SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
5.5.4new5.5.5new5.6.1new5.6.2new5.6.3new5.7.1new5.7.2new5.7.3new6.2.13.5.166.2.23.5.176.2.33.5.186.2.43.5.196.2.53.5.20
6.2.63.5.216.2.73.5.226.2.83.5.236.2.93.5.246.2.103.5.256.2.113.5.266.2.123.5.276.2.133.5.286.2.143.5.296.2.153.5.336.4.13.5.26.4.2
3.5.36.4.33.5.46.4.43.5.56.4.53.5.66.4.63.5.76.4.73.5.96.4.83.5.106.4.9new6.5.13.6.26.5.23.6.36.5.33.6.46.5.43.6.56.5.53.6.66.5.6
3.6.76.5.73.6.86.5.83.6.96.5.93.6.106.5.103.6.116.5.113.6.126.5.123.6.136.5.133.6.146.5.143.6.156.5.153.4.126.5.153.6.166.5.163.6.17
6.5.173.6.186.5.183.6.196.5.193.6.206.5.203.6.216.5.21new7.2.19.2.17.2.29.2.27.2.39.2.37.2.49.2.47.2.59.2.57.2.69.2.67.2.79.2.7
7.2.89.2.87.2.99.2.97.2.109.2.107.2.119.2.117.2.129.2.127.2.139.2.137.2.149.2.147.2.159.2.157.2.169.2.187.2.17new7.2.18new7.3.1
new7.3.2new7.3.3new7.3.4new7.4.19.4.17.4.29.4.27.4.3new7.4.4new7.4.59.4.37.5.19.5.17.5.29.5.27.5.39.5.37.5.49.5.47.5.59.5.10
7.5.69.5.117.5.79.5.127.5.89.5.137.5.99.5.147.5.109.5.167.5.119.5.177.5.129.5.187.5.139.5.197.6.19.6.17.6.29.6.27.6.39.6.37.6.49.6.4
7.6.59.6.57.6.69.6.67.6.79.6.77.6.89.6.87.6.99.6.97.6.109.6.107.6.1110.1.47.6.129.6.117.6.139.6.127.6.149.6.137.6.159.6.147.6.16
9.6.157.6.179.6.167.6.189.6.177.6.199.6.187.6.209.6.197.6.219.6.207.6.229.6.217.6.239.6.227.6.249.6.237.6.259.6.247.6.269.6.26
406.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT403SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
7.7.19.6.257.7.2new7.7.3new7.7.4new7.7.5new7.8.1new7.8.2new7.8.3new7.8.4new8.2.110.1.18.2.210.1.28.2.310.1.38.2.410.1.10
8.2.510.2.18.2.610.2.38.2.710.2.48.2.810.2.68.2.910.2.78.2.1010.2.98.3.19.5.58.3.2new8.3.39.5.68.3.49.5.78.3.59.5.88.3.69.5.98.4.1
new9.2.1new9.2.2new9.2.3new9.2.4new9.2.5new9.2.6new9.3.1new9.4.19.3.19.4.29.3.29.4.39.3.39.4.49.3.49.4.59.3.59.4.69.3.8
9.4.79.3.99.5.19.3.109.5.29.3.119.5.3new9.6.1new9.6.2new9.6.3new9.6.4new9.7.19.3.69.7.29.3.79.7.3new9.7.4new10.1.110.5.1
10.1.210.5.210.1.3new10.1.4new10.1.510.5.810.1.610.5.910.1.7new10.1.810.5.1010.1.910.5.1110.1.1010.5.1210.1.1116.1.210.1.12
16.1.410.1.139.7.710.2.1new10.2.2new10.2.39.7.210.2.49.7.310.2.59.7.410.2.6new10.2.79.7.611.2.16.2.211.2.26.2.311.2.36.2.511.2.4
6.2.611.2.5new11.2.6new11.2.76.2.811.2.86.2.911.2.9new11.2.10new11.2.116.2.1011.2.126.2.1211.3.16.3.111.3.26.3.211.3.3new
11.3.4new11.3.5new11.3.66.3.311.3.76.3.411.4.16.4.211.4.26.4.411.4.36.4.511.4.46.4.611.4.56.4.711.4.6new11.4.7new11.4.8new
11.4.9new11.5.16.5.111.5.26.5.211.5.36.5.311.5.46.5.411.5.56.5.911.5.6new11.5.7new11.5.8new11.6.16.6.511.6.26.7.411.6.36.6.2
11.6.4new11.6.5new11.6.6new11.6.76.7.511.6.86.7.711.6.96.7.811.6.106.5.1011.6.116.5.1111.7.17.1.111.7.2new
407.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT404SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
11.7.3new11.7.4new11.7.5new11.7.6new11.7.7new11.7.8new11.7.9new11.7.107.1.311.7.117.1.411.7.127.1.511.8.17.1.711.8.27.1.8
11.8.37.1.911.8.4new11.8.57.1.1011.8.6new11.8.7new11.8.87.1.1111.8.97.1.1211.8.10new11.8.117.1.1311.8.127.1.1411.8.137.1.15
11.8.147.1.1611.8.157.1.2011.8.167.1.2111.8.17new11.8.187.1.1711.8.19new11.8.207.1.1811.8.217.1.2611.8.227.1.2411.8.237.1.25
11.8.247.1.1911.8.25new11.8.267.1.2211.8.27new11.8.28new11.9.1new11.9.2new11.9.3new11.9.4new11.9.5new11.9.6new11.9.7new
11.9.8new11.10.16.5.511.10.26.5.611.10.36.5.711.10.46.7.111.10.56.7.211.10.6new11.10.7new12.1.1new12.1.2new12.1.3new12.1.4
new12.1.57.1.612.1.65.6.1012.1.7new12.2.1new12.2.25.9.212.2.35.9.112.3.15.9.512.3.25.10.1112.4.15.9.612.4.25.9.1112.4.35.9.12
12.4.45.9.1512.4.55.9.1012.4.65.9.1712.4.75.9.1812.5.15.11.112.5.25.11.212.5.35.11.312.5.45.11.412.5.55.11.512.5.65.11.612.5.7
5.11.812.5.85.11.912.5.9new12.5.105.11.712.6.15.10.212.6.25.10.312.6.35.10.412.6.45.10.512.6.55.10.612.6.65.10.712.6.75.10.812.7.1
new12.7.27.3.212.7.37.3.612.8.17.2.112.8.27.2.212.8.37.2.312.8.47.2.412.8.57.2.512.8.67.2.612.8.77.2.712.8.87.2.813.1.18.1.113.1.2
8.1.213.1.38.1.413.1.48.1.513.1.58.1.613.1.68.1.713.1.78.1.813.1.88.1.913.1.98.1.1013.1.108.1.1113.1.118.1.1413.1.128.1.1513.1.13
8.1.1613.1.148.1.1713.1.158.2.713.1.168.1.1913.1.178.1.2013.1.188.1.2113.1.198.1.2213.1.208.1.23
408.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT405SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
13.1.218.1.2413.1.228.1.2513.1.238.1.2613.2.15.9.1313.2.25.9.1413.2.38.2.113.2.48.2.213.2.58.2.313.2.68.2.413.2.78.2.513.2.88.2.6
13.2.98.2.813.2.108.2.913.2.118.2.1113.2.128.2.1213.2.138.2.1313.2.148.2.1913.2.158.2.2013.3.18.4.213.3.28.4.313.3.38.4.413.3.4
8.4.513.3.58.4.613.3.68.4.713.3.78.4.813.3.88.4.913.3.98.4.1013.3.108.4.1113.3.118.4.1213.3.128.4.1313.3.138.4.1413.3.148.4.15
13.3.158.4.1613.3.168.4.1713.3.178.4.1813.4.18.3.113.4.28.3.213.4.38.3.413.4.48.3.613.4.58.3.713.4.68.3.813.4.78.3.913.4.8new
13.5.1new13.5.25.9.813.5.35.9.913.5.45.9.1613.5.58.2.1413.5.68.2.1513.5.78.2.1713.5.88.2.1613.5.98.2.1813.5.108.2.2213.6.18.5.1
13.6.28.5.213.6.38.5.313.6.4new13.6.55.2.1813.6.6new13.6.78.5.413.6.88.5.513.6.98.5.613.6.108.5.713.6.118.5.813.6.128.5.913.6.13
8.5.1013.6.148.5.1113.6.158.5.1213.6.16new14.1.111.1.114.1.211.1.214.1.311.1.314.1.4new14.1.511.1.414.1.611.1.514.1.711.1.6
14.1.811.1.714.1.911.1.814.1.1011.1.1014.1.1111.1.1114.1.1211.1.1214.1.1311.1.1314.1.1411.1.1414.1.1511.1.1614.1.1611.1.1714.1.17
11.1.1814.1.1811.1.1914.1.1911.1.2014.1.2011.1.2114.1.21new14.1.2211.1.2314.1.2311.1.2414.1.2411.1.2514.1.2511.1.2614.1.26new
14.1.2711.1.2714.1.2811.1.2914.1.2911.1.3014.2.111.2.114.2.211.2.314.2.311.2.414.2.411.2.514.2.511.2.614.2.611.2.714.2.711.2.9
14.2.811.2.1014.2.911.2.1114.3.111.3.114.3.211.3.214.3.311.3.314.3.411.3.414.3.511.3.514.3.611.3.614.3.711.3.714.3.8new14.3.9new

14.3.1011.3.1114.4.111.4.114.4.211.4.214.4.3new
409.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT406SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
14.4.411.4.314.4.511.4.414.4.611.4.514.4.711.4.614.4.811.4.714.5.111.5.114.5.211.5.214.5.311.5.314.5.411.5.414.5.511.5.514.5.6
11.5.614.5.711.5.714.5.811.5.814.5.9new14.5.1011.5.914.5.1111.5.1014.5.12new14.5.1311.5.1114.5.1411.5.1414.5.1511.5.1514.5.16
11.5.1814.6.17.3.414.6.27.3.514.6.311.5.1314.6.4new14.6.5new14.6.611.6.214.6.711.6.314.6.8new14.6.911.6.414.6.1011.6.514.6.11
7.3.114.6.127.3.314.6.1311.6.614.7.1new14.7.211.7.114.7.311.7.214.7.411.7.314.7.511.7.414.7.611.7.514.7.711.7.614.7.811.7.714.7.9
11.7.814.7.10new14.7.1111.7.914.7.1211.7.1014.7.1311.7.1114.7.1411.7.1314.7.1511.7.1414.7.1611.7.1614.7.1711.7.2015.1.1new
15.1.2new15.1.312.1.815.1.4new15.1.512.2.115.1.612.2.215.1.712.2.315.1.812.2.715.1.912.2.815.1.1012.2.915.1.1112.3.715.1.12
12.3.815.1.1312.4.115.1.1412.4.315.1.1512.4.415.1.1612.4.515.1.1712.4.615.1.1812.4.1315.2.112.4.215.2.212.3.115.2.312.3.215.2.4
12.3.315.2.512.3.415.2.612.3.515.2.712.3.615.2.812.3.915.2.912.3.1015.2.1012.3.1215.2.1112.3.1315.2.1212.3.1515.2.1312.3.1615.2.14
12.3.1715.2.1512.3.1915.2.1612.3.2015.2.1712.3.2115.2.1812.3.2215.2.1912.3.2315.2.2012.3.2415.2.2112.3.2515.2.2212.3.2615.2.23
12.3.2715.2.2412.4.715.2.2512.4.815.2.2612.4.915.2.2712.4.1015.3.112.1.115.3.212.1.215.3.312.1.315.3.412.1.415.3.512.2.515.3.6
12.1.515.3.712.2.415.3.812.1.615.4.1new15.4.2new15.4.312.5.115.4.412.5.215.4.512.5.315.4.6new15.4.712.5.415.4.812.5.515.4.9
12.5.615.4.1012.5.715.4.1112.5.815.4.1212.5.915.4.1312.5.1015.4.1412.5.1115.4.1512.5.1215.4.1612.5.13
410.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT407SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
15.4.171.8.1715.4.1812.5.1415.4.1912.5.1515.4.2012.5.1615.5.112.6.115.5.212.6.215.5.312.6.315.5.412.6.515.5.512.6.615.5.612.6.9
15.5.712.6.1015.6.112.10.115.6.212.10.315.6.312.10.415.6.412.10.616.1.112.6.716.1.212.6.816.1.312.7.116.1.4new16.1.512.7.216.1.6
12.7.316.1.712.7.416.1.812.7.516.2.14.4.116.2.24.4.216.2.3new16.2.4new16.2.5new16.3.14.4.416.3.212.8.116.3.312.8.216.3.412.8.3
16.3.512.8.416.3.612.8.516.3.712.8.616.3.812.8.716.3.912.8.916.3.1012.9.116.3.1112.9.216.3.1212.9.316.4.112.11.116.4.212.11.216.4.3
12.11.316.4.412.11.416.4.512.11.516.4.612.11.617.1.1new17.1.2new17.1.34.7.417.1.44.7.817.1.54.7.917.1.64.7.2117.1.74.7.2017.2.1
new17.2.2new17.2.3new17.2.44.7.1017.2.54.7.1717.2.64.7.1817.3.1new17.4.1new17.4.24.7.1317.4.3new17.4.4new17.4.5new17.4.6
new17.5.1new17.6.14.7.1517.6.24.7.1417.6.3new17.7.14.2.317.7.2new17.7.3new17.7.4new17.8.1new17.8.2new17.8.3new17.9.1new
17.9.2new18.1.113.1.118.1.213.1.218.1.313.1.418.1.413.1.518.1.513.1.618.1.613.1.718.1.713.1.1318.2.113.1.318.2.213.1.818.2.313.1.9
18.2.413.1.1018.2.513.1.1118.2.613.1.1218.2.713.1.1418.2.813.1.1518.3.113.2.118.3.213.2.218.3.313.2.418.3.413.2.518.3.513.2.618.3.6
13.2.718.3.713.2.818.3.813.2.918.3.913.2.1018.3.1013.2.2118.4.1new18.4.2new18.4.313.3.118.4.413.3.218.4.513.3.318.4.613.3.4
18.4.713.3.518.4.813.3.618.4.913.3.718.4.1013.3.818.4.1113.3.918.4.1213.3.1018.4.1313.3.1218.4.14new18.4.1513.3.1318.4.1613.3.14
411.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT408SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
18.4.1713.3.1518.4.1813.3.1618.4.1913.3.1718.4.2013.3.1818.4.2113.3.1918.4.2213.3.2018.4.2313.3.2118.4.2413.3.2218.4.2513.3.27
18.4.2613.3.2818.4.2713.3.2918.4.2813.3.3018.5.113.4.118.5.213.4.218.5.313.4.318.5.413.4.418.5.513.4.518.5.613.4.618.5.713.4.7
18.5.813.4.818.5.913.4.918.5.1013.3.1118.5.11new18.5.1213.4.1018.6.113.5.118.6.213.5.218.6.313.5.318.6.413.5.418.6.513.5.518.6.6
13.5.618.6.713.5.718.6.813.5.818.6.913.5.918.6.1013.5.1018.6.1113.5.1118.6.1213.5.1218.6.1313.5.1318.6.1413.5.1418.6.1513.5.15
18.6.1613.5.1618.6.1713.5.1718.7.1new18.7.2new18.7.3new18.7.4new18.7.5new18.7.6new18.8.15.8.118.8.25.8.218.8.35.8.318.8.4
5.8.418.8.55.8.518.8.65.8.619.1.114.1.119.1.214.1.219.1.314.1.319.1.414.1.419.1.514.1.519.1.614.1.619.1.714.1.719.1.814.1.919.1.9
14.2.219.1.1014.2.319.1.1114.3.1219.1.1214.4.119.1.1314.4.219.1.1414.4.1319.1.1514.4.1419.1.1614.4.1519.2.114.3.819.2.214.3.10
19.2.314.3.119.2.414.4.319.2.5new19.2.614.3.119.2.714.3.219.2.814.3.319.2.914.3.419.2.1014.3.519.2.1114.3.619.2.1214.3.719.2.13
14.3.1419.2.1414.4.419.2.1514.4.519.2.1614.4.619.2.1714.4.719.2.1814.4.819.2.1914.4.919.2.2014.4.1019.2.2114.4.1119.3.114.5.1
19.3.214.5.219.3.314.5.420.2.115.3.120.2.215.3.320.2.315.3.420.2.415.3.520.2.515.3.620.2.615.3.720.2.715.3.820.2.815.3.920.2.9
15.3.1020.2.1015.3.1120.2.1115.3.1820.2.1215.3.1920.2.1315.3.2120.2.14new20.2.1515.1.120.2.1615.3.2020.3.1new20.3.2new20.3.3
new20.3.4new20.3.5new20.3.615.4.320.4.115.5.120.4.215.5.320.4.315.5.520.4.415.5.620.4.515.5.7
412.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT409SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
20.4.615.5.820.4.715.5.920.4.815.6.820.4.9new20.4.1015.6.1020.4.1115.6.1120.5.1new20.5.2new20.5.3new20.5.4new20.6.114.6.1
20.6.214.6.320.6.314.6.420.7.115.8.120.7.215.8.220.7.315.8.320.7.415.8.420.7.515.8.520.7.615.8.720.7.715.8.820.7.815.8.920.8.1
15.9.120.8.215.9.220.8.315.9.320.8.415.9.420.8.515.9.520.8.615.10.120.8.715.10.220.8.815.10.320.8.915.10.420.8.1015.10.520.8.11
15.10.620.8.1215.10.720.8.1315.10.920.8.1415.10.1020.8.1515.10.1120.8.1615.10.1220.8.1715.10.1320.8.1815.10.1420.8.1915.10.15
20.8.2015.10.1620.8.2115.10.1720.8.2215.10.1820.8.2315.10.1920.8.2415.10.2020.9.115.11.120.9.215.11.220.9.315.11.320.9.415.11.4
20.10.115.12.120.10.215.12.220.10.315.12.320.10.415.12.420.10.515.12.520.10.615.12.620.10.715.12.720.10.815.12.820.10.915.12.9
20.10.1015.12.1020.10.1115.12.1120.10.1215.12.1220.10.1315.12.1321.1.116.1.121.1.216.1.321.1.316.1.621.1.416.1.721.2.116.2.121.2.2
16.2.221.2.216.2.321.2.316.2.421.2.416.2.521.2.516.2.621.2.616.2.721.2.716.2.821.2.816.2.921.2.916.2.1021.2.1016.3.321.2.1116.3.4
21.2.1216.3.521.2.1316.3.821.2.1416.3.1121.2.1516.3.1221.2.1616.3.1521.2.1716.2.1121.3.116.3.121.3.216.3.721.3.316.3.921.3.4
16.3.1021.4.116.4.121.4.216.4.821.4.316.4.221.4.416.4.321.4.516.4.421.4.616.4.521.4.716.4.621.4.816.4.722.1.117.1.122.1.217.1.2
22.1.317.1.322.1.417.1.422.1.517.1.522.1.6new22.1.717.2.122.1.817.2.222.1.917.2.322.1.1017.2.422.1.1117.2.522.1.1217.2.622.1.13
17.2.722.1.1417.2.822.1.1517.2.1222.2.117.3.122.2.217.3.222.2.317.3.322.2.417.3.422.2.517.3.522.2.617.3.622.2.717.3.722.2.817.4.1
22.2.917.4.2
413.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT410SourceofExercisesinSeventhEdition(continued)7th6th7th6th7th6th
22.2.1017.5.122.3.117.6.122.3.217.6.322.3.317.6.422.3.417.6.522.3.517.6.622.3.617.6.722.3.717.6.922.4.117.7.122.4.217.7.222.4.3
17.7.322.4.417.7.422.4.517.7.522.4.617.7.722.4.717.8.222.4.817.8.322.4.917.8.422.4.1017.8.522.4.1117.8.623.1.119.1.123.1.219.1.2
23.1.319.1.323.1.419.1.423.1.519.1.523.1.619.1.623.1.719.1.723.1.819.1.823.1.919.1.923.2.1new23.2.219.2.123.2.3new23.2.419.2.3
23.2.519.2.423.2.619.2.723.2.719.2.823.3.119.3.123.3.219.3.223.3.319.3.323.3.419.3.423.3.519.3.523.4.119.4.123.4.219.4.223.4.3
19.4.323.4.419.4.423.4.519.4.523.4.619.4.623.5.1new23.5.2new23.5.3new23.5.419.5.123.5.519.5.323.6.119.5.223.6.219.5.423.6.3
19.5.523.6.419.2.223.6.519.2.523.6.619.2.623.6.7new23.6.8new23.7.119.6.123.7.219.6.223.7.319.6.323.7.4new31.1.1new31.1.2new
31.1.3new31.2.1new31.2.2new31.2.3new31.3.1new31.3.2new31.3.3new32.1.1new32.2.1new32.2.2new32.2.3new32.2.4new32.2.5
new32.2.6new33.1.118.2.133.1.218.2.233.1.318.2.333.1.418.2.433.1.518.2.533.1.618.2.633.1.718.2.733.1.818.2.933.1.918.2.1033.1.10
18.3.233.2.1new33.2.218.4.133.3.1new33.3.2new33.3.3new33.4.1new33.4.2new33.4.318.4.233.5.118.4.333.5.2new33.5.3new33.5.4
new33.5.5new33.5.618.4.2
414.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT411NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises6th7th6th7th6th7th1.1.1unused
1.1.21.7.11.1.3unused1.1.4unused1.1.5unused1.1.6unused1.1.7unused1.1.81.7.21.1.91.7.31.1.103.3.21.1.111.7.41.1.121.7.51.2.1
unused1.2.2unused1.3.1unused1.3.2unused1.3.31.7.61.3.4unused1.3.51.7.71.3.61.7.81.3.7unused1.4.11.7.91.4.21.7.101.4.3unused
1.4.4unused1.4.51.7.111.4.63.2.11.4.73.2.21.4.83.2.31.4.93.2.41.4.103.2.51.4.11unused1.4.12unused1.4.133.7.11.4.14unused1.4.15
3.2.61.4.163.2.71.4.17unused1.4.18unused1.5.1unused1.5.2unused1.5.3unused1.5.43.2.81.5.5unused1.5.6unused1.5.73.2.91.5.83.2.10
1.5.93.2.111.5.103.2.121.5.11unused1.5.123.2.131.5.133.2.141.5.14unused1.5.15unused1.5.16unused1.5.17unused1.5.183.2.151.6.1
3.5.11.6.23.5.21.6.33.5.31.6.43.5.41.6.53.5.51.6.54.4.11.7.13.5.61.7.23.5.71.7.33.5.81.7.4unused1.7.53.5.91.7.6unused1.8.1unused
1.8.23.6.11.8.33.6.21.8.43.6.31.8.53.6.41.8.6unused1.8.73.5.101.8.83.5.111.8.93.5.121.8.10unused1.8.113.6.51.8.123.6.61.8.133.6.7
1.8.143.6.81.8.153.6.91.8.163.10.371.8.1715.4.171.8.18unused1.8.19unused1.9.13.6.101.9.2unused1.9.33.6.111.9.43.6.121.9.53.6.13
1.9.6unused1.9.73.6.141.9.83.6.151.9.9unused1.9.10unused1.9.11unused1.9.123.6.161.9.133.6.171.10.1unused1.10.23.7.21.10.33.7.3

1.10.43.7.41.10.53.7.51.10.6unused1.11.13.8.11.11.23.8.21.11.33.8.31.11.4unused1.11.5unused1.11.6unused1.11.73.8.41.11.83.8.5
1.11.9unused1.11.10unused1.12.13.8.61.12.23.8.71.12.33.8.8
415.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT412NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
1.12.4unused1.12.5unused1.12.6unused1.12.7unused1.12.8unused1.12.93.8.91.12.103.8.101.13.13.9.11.13.23.9.21.13.3unused1.13.4
3.9.31.13.53.9.41.13.63.9.51.13.73.9.61.13.83.9.71.13.93.9.81.13.11unused1.14.1unused1.14.2unused1.14.33.9.91.14.43.9.101.15.1
1.11.11.15.2unused1.15.31.11.21.15.4unused1.15.51.11.31.15.61.11.41.15.71.11.51.15.81.11.61.15.91.11.71.15.101.11.81.15.11unused
1.15.12unused1.15.131.11.91.15.14unused1.15.15unused1.15.16unused1.15.17unused1.15.18unused1.15.19unused1.15.20unused1.15.21
unused1.15.22unused1.15.23unused1.15.24unused1.16.1unused1.16.2unused2.1.1unused2.1.2unused2.1.33.10.12.1.43.10.22.1.54.4.2
2.1.6unused2.2.13.10.32.2.23.10.42.2.33.10.52.2.4unused2.4.13.10.62.4.23.10.72.4.33.10.82.4.43.10.92.4.53.10.102.4.63.10.112.4.7
3.10.122.4.83.10.132.4.9unused2.4.103.10.142.4.11unused2.4.123.10.152.4.133.10.162.4.14unused2.4.153.10.172.4.16unused2.4.17
unused2.5.13.10.182.5.23.10.222.5.33.10.232.5.43.4.52.5.53.10.192.5.6unused2.5.73.10.242.5.83.10.252.5.93.10.262.5.103.10.272.5.11
unused2.5.123.10.282.5.133.10.292.5.143.10.302.5.153.10.312.5.163.10.322.5.173.10.332.5.183.10.342.5.19unused2.5.203.10.352.5.21
3.10.362.5.22unused2.5.23unused2.5.24unused2.5.25unused2.6.14.1.12.6.24.1.22.6.34.1.32.6.44.1.42.6.54.1.52.6.64.1.62.7.14.1.7
2.7.24.1.82.7.34.1.92.8.14.1.102.8.24.1.112.8.3unused2.9.14.2.12.9.24.2.22.9.32.1.82.9.42.1.92.9.5unused2.9.6unused2.9.74.2.32.9.8
unused2.9.94.2.4
416.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT413NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
2.9.104.2.52.9.114.2.62.9.124.2.72.9.13unused2.9.14unused2.10.1unused2.10.2unused2.10.34.3.12.10.4unused2.10.54.3.22.10.64.3.5
2.10.7unused2.10.8unused2.10.94.3.62.10.104.3.72.10.114.3.82.10.124.3.92.10.13unused2.10.14unused2.10.154.3.102.10.16unused
2.10.17unused2.11.1unused2.11.24.3.112.11.34.3.123.1.12.1.13.1.22.1.23.1.32.1.33.1.4unused3.1.52.1.43.1.62.1.53.1.72.1.73.1.8
unused3.1.9unused3.1.10unused3.2.12.2.13.2.22.2.23.2.3unused3.2.42.2.33.2.52.2.43.2.62.2.53.2.7unused3.2.82.2.63.2.92.2.73.2.10
2.2.83.2.112.2.93.2.122.2.103.2.132.2.113.2.152.2.123.2.163.6.183.2.173.6.183.2.182.2.133.2.19unused3.2.20unused3.2.21unused
3.2.22unused3.2.232.2.143.2.242.2.153.2.252.2.163.2.262.2.173.2.27unused3.2.282.2.183.2.29unused3.2.302.2.193.2.31unused3.2.32
2.2.203.2.33unused3.2.342.2.213.2.352.2.223.2.362.2.233.2.37unused3.2.382.2.243.2.392.2.253.2.40unused3.2.41unused3.2.42unused
3.2.43unused3.2.44unused3.3.12.2.263.3.22.2.273.3.3unused3.3.43.4.13.3.53.4.23.3.63.4.33.3.73.4.43.3.82.2.283.3.9unused3.3.10
unused3.3.11unused3.3.122.2.293.3.133.3.33.3.14unused3.3.15unused3.3.163.3.13.3.17unused3.3.18unused3.4.12.2.303.4.22.2.313.4.3
2.2.323.4.42.2.333.4.52.2.343.4.62.2.353.4.72.2.363.4.8unused3.4.92.2.373.4.102.2.383.4.126.5.153.4.13unused3.4.14unused3.4.15
2.2.393.4.162.2.423.4.17unused3.4.18unused3.4.192.2.433.4.202.2.443.4.21unused3.4.222.2.453.4.232.2.463.4.242.2.473.4.25unused
417.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT414NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
3.4.262.2.513.4.27unused3.4.28unused3.4.29unused3.5.1unused3.5.26.4.13.5.36.4.23.5.46.4.33.5.56.4.43.5.66.4.53.5.76.4.63.5.96.4.7
3.5.106.4.83.5.11unused3.5.12unused3.5.13unused3.5.14unused3.5.15unused3.5.166.2.13.5.176.2.23.5.186.2.33.5.196.2.43.5.206.2.5
3.5.216.2.63.5.226.2.73.5.236.2.83.5.246.2.93.5.256.2.103.5.266.2.113.5.276.2.123.5.286.2.133.5.296.2.143.5.30unused3.5.31unused
3.5.32unused3.5.336.2.153.6.1unused3.6.26.5.13.6.36.5.23.6.46.5.33.6.56.5.43.6.66.5.53.6.76.5.63.6.86.5.73.6.96.5.83.6.106.5.9
3.6.116.5.103.6.126.5.113.6.136.5.123.6.146.5.133.6.156.5.143.6.166.5.153.6.176.5.163.6.186.5.173.6.196.5.183.6.206.5.193.6.21
6.5.204.1.1unused4.1.2unused4.1.3unused4.1.4unused4.1.5unused4.2.1unused4.2.2unused4.2.317.7.14.2.4unused4.2.5unused4.2.6
unused4.3.1unused4.3.2unused4.4.116.2.14.4.216.2.24.4.3unused4.4.416.3.14.4.5unused4.4.6unused4.4.7unused4.4.8unused4.4.9
unused4.5.1unused4.5.2unused4.5.3unused4.6.1unused4.6.2unused4.6.3unused4.6.4unused4.6.5unused4.6.6unused4.6.7unused4.6.8
unused4.6.9unused4.6.10unused4.6.11unused4.6.12unused4.6.13unused4.6.14unused4.7.1unused4.7.2unused4.7.3unused4.7.417.1.3
4.7.5unused4.7.6unused4.7.7unused4.7.817.1.44.7.917.1.54.7.1017.2.44.7.11unused4.7.12unused4.7.1317.4.24.7.1417.6.24.7.1517.6.1
4.7.16unused4.7.1717.2.54.7.1817.2.64.7.19unused4.7.2017.1.74.7.2117.1.64.7.22unused4.8.1unused4.8.24.5.2
418.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT415NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
4.8.3unused4.8.4unused4.8.54.7.24.8.6unused4.8.7unused4.8.8unused4.8.9unused4.8.10unused4.8.114.7.34.8.12unused4.8.13unused
4.8.14unused4.8.15unused5.1.1unused5.1.2unused5.2.11.1.15.2.21.1.25.2.3unused5.2.41.1.35.2.51.1.45.2.61.1.55.2.71.1.65.2.81.1.7
5.2.9unused5.2.10unused5.2.11unused5.2.121.1.85.2.131.1.95.2.141.1.105.2.151.2.55.2.161.2.65.2.171.2.75.2.1813.6.55.2.19unused
5.2.201.1.135.2.211.1.165.2.221.1.125.3.1unused5.3.2unused5.3.3unused5.4.11.6.15.4.2unused5.4.31.1.155.4.4unused5.5.11.2.15.5.2
1.2.25.5.31.2.35.5.41.2.45.6.11.2.85.6.21.2.95.6.2unused5.6.3unused5.6.41.2.105.6.51.2.115.6.6unused5.6.7unused5.6.81.2.125.6.9
1.2.135.6.1012.1.65.6.10unused5.6.111.3.65.6.121.3.75.6.131.3.85.6.141.3.95.6.151.3.105.6.161.3.115.6.171.3.125.6.181.3.135.6.19
1.3.145.6.201.3.155.6.211.2.145.6.22unused5.6.23unused5.6.24unused5.7.11.3.15.7.2unused5.7.3unused5.7.4unused5.7.5unused5.7.6
1.3.25.7.71.3.35.7.8unused5.7.91.2.155.7.10unused5.7.111.3.45.7.12unused5.7.131.2.165.7.14unused5.7.151.3.165.7.161.3.175.7.17
1.3.185.7.18unused5.7.19unused5.8.118.8.15.8.218.8.25.8.318.8.35.8.418.8.45.8.518.8.55.8.618.8.65.8.7unused5.8.8unused5.8.9
unused5.9.112.2.35.9.212.2.25.9.3unused5.9.4unused5.9.512.3.15.9.612.4.15.9.7unused5.9.813.5.25.9.913.5.35.9.1012.4.55.9.1112.4.2
5.9.1212.4.35.9.1313.2.15.9.1413.2.25.9.1512.4.45.9.1613.5.45.9.1712.4.65.9.1812.4.7
419.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT416NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
5.9.19unused5.9.20unused5.10.1unused5.10.212.6.15.10.312.6.25.10.412.6.35.10.512.6.45.10.612.6.55.10.712.6.65.10.812.6.75.10.9
unused5.10.10unused5.10.1112.3.25.11.112.5.15.11.212.5.25.11.312.5.35.11.412.5.45.11.512.5.55.11.612.5.65.11.6unused5.11.712.5.10
5.11.812.5.75.11.912.5.85.11.10unused6.1.11.8.16.1.2unused6.1.3unused6.1.4unused6.1.51.8.26.1.61.8.36.1.71.8.46.1.8unused6.1.9
1.8.56.1.9unused6.1.101.8.66.1.111.8.76.1.12unused6.1.13unused6.1.141.8.86.1.15unused6.1.16unused6.1.17unused6.1.18unused
6.1.19unused6.1.20unused6.1.21unused6.1.22unused6.1.23unused6.1.24unused6.1.25unused6.1.26unused6.2.1unused6.2.211.2.16.2.3
11.2.26.2.511.2.36.2.611.2.46.2.7unused6.2.811.2.76.2.911.2.86.2.1011.2.116.2.11unused6.2.1211.2.126.3.111.3.16.3.211.3.26.3.3
11.3.66.3.411.3.76.4.211.4.16.4.411.4.26.4.511.4.36.4.611.4.46.4.711.4.56.4.8unused6.5.111.5.16.5.211.5.26.5.311.5.36.5.411.5.4
6.5.511.10.16.5.611.10.26.5.711.10.36.5.8unused6.5.911.5.56.5.1011.6.106.5.1111.6.116.6.1unused6.6.211.6.36.6.3unused6.6.4unused
6.6.511.6.16.7.111.10.46.7.211.10.56.7.3unused6.7.411.6.26.7.511.6.76.7.6unused6.7.711.6.86.7.811.6.96.8.1unused6.8.2unused6.8.3
unused7.1.111.7.17.1.2unused7.1.311.7.107.1.411.7.117.1.511.7.127.1.612.1.57.1.711.8.17.1.811.8.27.1.911.8.37.1.1011.8.57.1.11
11.8.87.1.1211.8.97.1.1311.8.117.1.1411.8.127.1.1511.8.137.1.1611.8.147.1.1711.8.187.1.1811.8.207.1.1911.8.247.1.2011.8.157.1.21
11.8.16
420.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT417NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
7.1.2211.8.267.1.23unused7.1.2411.8.227.1.2511.8.237.1.2611.8.217.1.27unused7.1.28unused7.2.112.8.17.2.212.8.27.2.312.8.37.2.4
12.8.47.2.512.8.57.2.612.8.67.2.712.8.77.2.812.8.87.2.9unused7.3.114.6.117.3.212.7.27.3.314.6.127.3.414.6.17.3.514.6.27.3.612.7.3
7.3.7unused8.1.113.1.18.1.213.1.28.1.3unused8.1.413.1.38.1.513.1.48.1.613.1.58.1.713.1.68.1.813.1.78.1.913.1.88.1.1013.1.98.1.11
13.1.108.1.12unused8.1.13unused8.1.1413.1.118.1.1513.1.128.1.1613.1.138.1.1713.1.148.1.1913.1.168.1.2013.1.178.1.2113.1.188.1.22
13.1.198.1.2313.1.208.1.2413.1.218.1.2513.1.228.1.2613.1.238.1.27unused8.1.28unused8.1.29unused8.1.30unused8.2.113.2.38.2.2
13.2.48.2.313.2.58.2.413.2.68.2.513.2.78.2.613.2.88.2.713.1.158.2.813.2.98.2.913.2.108.2.10unused8.2.1113.2.118.2.1213.2.128.2.13
13.2.138.2.1413.5.58.2.1513.5.68.2.1613.5.88.2.1713.5.78.2.1813.5.98.2.1913.2.148.2.2013.2.158.2.21unused8.2.2213.5.108.2.23
unused8.3.113.4.18.3.213.4.28.3.3unused8.3.413.4.38.3.5unused8.3.613.4.48.3.713.4.58.3.813.4.68.3.913.4.78.3.10unused8.3.11
unused8.3.12unused8.4.1unused8.4.213.3.18.4.313.3.28.4.413.3.38.4.513.3.48.4.613.3.58.4.713.3.68.4.813.3.78.4.913.3.88.4.1013.3.9

8.4.1113.3.108.4.1213.3.118.4.1313.3.128.4.1413.3.138.4.1513.3.148.4.1613.3.158.4.1713.3.168.4.1813.3.178.4.19unused8.4.20unused
8.5.113.6.18.5.213.6.28.5.313.6.38.5.413.6.78.5.513.6.88.5.613.6.98.5.713.6.108.5.813.6.118.5.913.6.128.5.1013.6.138.5.1113.6.14
8.5.1213.6.158.5.13unused
421.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT418NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
8.5.14unused8.5.15unused8.5.16unused9.2.17.2.19.2.27.2.29.2.37.2.39.2.47.2.49.2.57.2.59.2.67.2.69.2.77.2.79.2.87.2.89.2.97.2.9
9.2.107.2.109.2.117.2.119.2.127.2.129.2.137.2.139.2.147.2.149.2.157.2.159.2.16unused9.2.17unused9.2.187.2.169.3.19.4.19.3.29.4.2
9.3.39.4.39.3.49.4.49.3.59.4.59.3.69.7.19.3.79.7.29.3.89.4.69.3.99.4.79.3.109.5.19.3.119.5.29.4.17.4.19.4.27.4.29.4.37.4.59.5.17.5.1
9.5.27.5.29.5.37.5.39.5.47.5.49.5.58.3.19.5.68.3.39.5.78.3.49.5.88.3.59.5.98.3.69.5.107.5.59.5.117.5.69.5.127.5.79.5.137.5.89.5.14
7.5.99.5.167.5.109.5.177.5.119.5.187.5.129.5.197.5.139.6.17.6.19.6.27.6.29.6.37.6.39.6.47.6.49.6.57.6.59.6.67.6.69.6.77.6.79.6.87.6.8
9.6.97.6.99.6.107.6.109.6.117.6.129.6.127.6.139.6.137.6.149.6.147.6.159.6.157.6.169.6.167.6.179.6.177.6.189.6.187.6.199.6.197.6.20
9.6.207.6.219.6.217.6.229.6.227.6.239.6.237.6.249.6.247.6.259.6.257.7.19.6.267.6.269.7.1unused9.7.210.2.39.7.310.2.49.7.410.2.5
9.7.5unused9.7.610.2.79.7.710.1.139.7.8unused9.7.9unused9.7.10unused9.7.11unused9.7.12unused9.7.13unused9.7.14unused9.7.15
unused9.7.16unused9.7.17unused9.7.18unused9.7.19unused9.7.20unused10.1.18.2.110.1.28.2.210.1.38.2.310.1.47.6.1110.1.5unused
10.1.6unused10.1.7unused10.1.8unused10.1.9unused10.1.108.2.410.1.11unused10.1.125.4.110.1.135.3.210.1.145.4.210.1.155.4.3
10.1.165.4.410.1.17unused10.1.18unused10.1.19unused10.1.20unused10.1.21unused
422.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT419NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
10.1.22unused10.2.18.2.510.2.38.2.610.2.48.2.710.2.5unused10.2.68.2.810.2.78.2.910.2.8unused10.2.98.2.1010.2.10unused10.2.11
unused10.2.12unused10.2.13unused10.2.14unused10.3.1unused10.3.25.2.110.3.35.2.210.3.45.2.310.3.55.2.410.3.65.2.510.3.75.2.6
10.3.85.2.710.3.9unused10.4.15.1.110.4.25.1.210.4.35.1.310.4.45.1.410.4.55.1.510.4.6unused10.4.75.1.610.4.8unused10.4.10unused
10.4.11unused10.5.110.1.110.5.210.1.210.5.3unused10.5.4unused10.5.5unused10.5.6unused10.5.7unused10.5.810.1.510.5.910.1.6
10.5.1010.1.810.5.1110.1.910.5.1210.1.1010.5.13unused10.5.14unused10.5.15unused10.5.16unused10.5.17unused11.1.114.1.111.1.2
14.1.211.1.314.1.311.1.414.1.511.1.514.1.611.1.614.1.711.1.714.1.811.1.814.1.911.1.9unused11.1.1014.1.1011.1.1114.1.1111.1.12
14.1.1211.1.1314.1.1311.1.1414.1.1411.1.15unused11.1.1614.1.1511.1.1714.1.1611.1.1814.1.1711.1.1914.1.1811.1.2014.1.1911.1.21
14.1.2011.1.22unused11.1.2314.1.2211.1.2414.1.2311.1.2514.1.2411.1.2614.1.2511.1.2714.1.2711.1.28unused11.1.2914.1.2811.1.30
14.1.2911.1.31unused11.1.32unused11.2.114.2.111.2.2unused11.2.314.2.211.2.414.2.311.2.514.2.411.2.614.2.511.2.714.2.611.2.8
unused11.2.914.2.711.2.1014.2.811.2.1114.2.911.3.114.3.111.3.214.3.211.3.314.3.311.3.414.3.411.3.514.3.511.3.614.3.611.3.714.3.7
11.3.8unused11.3.9unused11.3.10unused11.3.1114.3.1011.4.114.4.111.4.214.4.211.4.314.4.411.4.414.4.511.4.514.4.611.4.614.4.711.4.7
14.4.811.5.114.5.111.5.214.5.211.5.314.5.311.5.414.5.411.5.514.5.511.5.614.5.611.5.714.5.711.5.814.5.811.5.914.5.10
423.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT420NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
11.5.1014.5.1111.5.1114.5.1311.5.12unused11.5.1314.6.311.5.1414.5.1411.5.1514.5.1511.5.16unused11.5.17unused11.5.1814.5.1611.6.1
unused11.6.214.6.611.6.314.6.711.6.414.6.911.6.514.6.1011.6.614.6.1311.6.7unused11.7.114.7.211.7.214.7.311.7.314.7.411.7.414.7.5
11.7.514.7.611.7.614.7.711.7.714.7.811.7.814.7.911.7.914.7.1111.7.1014.7.1211.7.1114.7.1311.7.12unused11.7.1314.7.1411.7.14
14.7.1511.7.15unused11.7.1614.7.1611.7.17unused11.7.18unused11.7.19unused11.7.2014.7.1711.7.21unused11.7.22unused11.7.23
unused11.7.24unused11.7.25unused11.7.26unused11.7.27unused12.1.115.3.112.1.215.3.212.1.315.3.312.1.415.3.412.1.515.3.612.1.6
15.3.812.1.7unused12.1.815.1.312.1.9unused12.2.115.1.512.2.215.1.612.2.315.1.712.2.415.3.712.2.515.3.512.2.6unused12.2.715.1.8
12.2.815.1.912.2.915.1.1012.2.10unused12.2.11unused12.2.12unused12.2.13unused12.2.14unused12.3.115.2.212.3.215.2.312.3.315.2.4
12.3.415.2.512.3.515.2.612.3.615.2.712.3.715.1.1112.3.815.1.1212.3.915.2.812.3.1015.2.912.3.11unused12.3.1215.2.1012.3.1315.2.11
12.3.14unused12.3.1515.2.1212.3.1615.2.1312.3.1715.2.1412.3.18unused12.3.1915.2.1512.3.2015.2.1612.3.2115.2.1712.3.2215.2.18
12.3.2315.2.1912.3.2415.2.2012.3.2515.2.2112.3.2615.2.2212.3.2715.2.2312.4.115.1.1312.4.215.2.112.4.315.1.1412.4.415.1.1512.4.5
15.1.1612.4.615.1.1712.4.715.2.2412.4.815.2.2512.4.915.2.2612.4.1015.2.2712.4.11unused12.4.12unused12.4.1315.1.1812.5.115.4.3
12.5.215.4.412.5.315.4.512.5.415.4.712.5.515.4.812.5.615.4.912.5.715.4.1012.5.815.4.1112.5.915.4.1212.5.1015.4.1312.5.1115.4.14
12.5.1215.4.1512.5.1315.4.1612.5.1415.4.18
424.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT421NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
12.5.1515.4.1912.5.1615.4.2012.5.17unused12.5.18unused12.5.19unused12.6.115.5.112.6.215.5.212.6.315.5.312.6.4unused12.6.515.5.4
12.6.615.5.512.6.716.1.112.6.816.1.212.6.915.5.612.6.1015.5.712.7.116.1.312.7.216.1.512.7.316.1.612.7.416.1.712.7.516.1.812.8.1
16.3.212.8.216.3.312.8.316.3.412.8.416.3.512.8.516.3.612.8.616.3.712.8.716.3.812.8.8unused12.8.916.3.912.9.116.3.1012.9.216.3.11
12.9.316.3.1212.9.4unused12.10.115.6.112.10.2unused12.10.315.6.212.10.415.6.312.10.5unused12.10.615.6.412.11.116.4.112.11.2
16.4.212.11.316.4.312.11.416.4.412.11.516.4.512.11.616.4.613.1.118.1.113.1.218.1.213.1.318.2.113.1.418.1.313.1.518.1.413.1.618.1.5
13.1.718.1.613.1.818.2.213.1.918.2.313.1.1018.2.413.1.1118.2.513.1.1218.2.613.1.1318.1.713.1.1418.2.713.1.1518.2.813.1.16unused
13.1.17unused13.1.18unused13.1.19unused13.1.20unused13.1.21unused13.1.22unused13.1.23unused13.2.118.3.113.2.218.3.213.2.3
unused13.2.418.3.313.2.518.3.413.2.618.3.513.2.718.3.613.2.818.3.713.2.918.3.813.2.1018.3.913.2.11unused13.2.12unused13.2.13
unused13.2.14unused13.2.15unused13.2.16unused13.2.17unused13.2.18unused13.2.19unused13.2.20unused13.2.2118.3.1013.2.22unused
13.3.118.4.313.3.218.4.413.3.318.4.513.3.418.4.613.3.518.4.713.3.618.4.813.3.718.4.913.3.818.4.1013.3.918.4.1113.3.1018.4.1213.3.11
18.5.1013.3.1218.4.1313.3.1318.4.1513.3.1418.4.1613.3.1518.4.1713.3.1618.4.1813.3.1718.4.1913.3.1818.4.2013.3.1918.4.2113.3.20
18.4.2213.3.2118.4.2313.3.2218.4.2413.3.23unused13.3.24unused13.3.25unused13.3.26unused13.3.2718.4.2513.3.2818.4.2613.3.29
18.4.2713.3.3018.4.28
425.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT422NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
13.4.118.5.113.4.218.5.213.4.318.5.313.4.418.5.413.4.518.5.513.4.618.5.613.4.718.5.713.4.818.5.813.4.918.5.913.4.1018.5.1213.5.1
18.6.113.5.218.6.213.5.318.6.313.5.418.6.413.5.518.6.513.5.618.6.613.5.718.6.713.5.818.6.813.5.918.6.913.5.1018.6.1013.5.1118.6.11
13.5.1218.6.1213.5.1318.6.1313.5.1418.6.1413.5.1518.6.1513.5.1618.6.1613.5.1718.6.1713.6.1unused13.6.2unused14.1.119.1.114.1.2
19.1.214.1.319.1.314.1.419.1.414.1.519.1.514.1.619.1.614.1.719.1.714.1.8unused14.1.919.1.814.2.1unused14.2.219.1.914.2.319.1.10
14.3.119.2.314.3.119.2.614.3.219.2.714.3.319.2.814.3.419.2.914.3.519.2.1014.3.619.2.1114.3.719.2.1214.3.819.2.114.3.9unused14.3.10
19.2.214.3.1219.1.1114.3.13unused14.3.1419.2.1314.3.15unused14.3.16unused14.3.17unused14.4.119.1.1214.4.219.1.1314.4.319.2.4
14.4.419.2.1414.4.519.2.1514.4.619.2.1614.4.719.2.1714.4.819.2.1814.4.919.2.1914.4.1019.2.2014.4.1119.2.2114.4.12unused14.4.13
19.1.1414.4.1419.1.1514.4.1519.1.1614.5.119.3.114.5.219.3.214.5.3unused14.5.419.3.314.6.120.6.114.6.2unused14.6.320.6.214.6.4
20.6.314.6.5unused14.6.6unused14.7.1unused14.7.2unused14.7.3unused15.1.120.2.1515.1.2unused15.1.3unused15.1.4unused15.3.1
20.2.115.3.2unused15.3.320.2.215.3.420.2.315.3.520.2.415.3.620.2.515.3.720.2.615.3.820.2.715.3.920.2.815.3.1020.2.915.3.1120.2.10
15.3.12unused15.3.13unused15.3.14unused15.3.15unused15.3.16unused15.3.17unused15.3.1820.2.1115.3.1920.2.1215.3.2020.2.16
15.3.2120.2.1315.4.1unused15.4.2unused15.4.320.3.615.4.4unused15.4.5unused15.5.120.4.115.5.320.4.215.5.4unused15.5.520.4.3
426.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT423NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
15.5.620.4.415.5.720.4.515.5.820.4.615.5.920.4.715.6.1unused15.6.2unused15.6.3unused15.6.4unused15.6.5unused15.6.6unused15.6.7
unused15.6.820.4.815.6.9unused15.6.1020.4.1015.6.1120.4.1115.6.12unused15.7.1unused15.8.120.7.115.8.220.7.215.8.320.7.315.8.4
20.7.415.8.520.7.515.8.6unused15.8.720.7.615.8.820.7.715.8.920.7.815.9.120.8.115.9.220.8.215.9.320.8.315.9.420.8.415.9.520.8.5
15.10.120.8.615.10.220.8.715.10.320.8.815.10.420.8.915.10.520.8.1015.10.620.8.1115.10.720.8.1215.10.8unused15.10.920.8.1315.10.10

20.8.1415.10.1120.8.1515.10.1220.8.1615.10.1320.8.1715.10.1420.8.1815.10.1520.8.1915.10.1620.8.2015.10.1720.8.2115.10.1820.8.22
15.10.1920.8.2315.10.2020.8.2415.10.21unused15.10.22unused15.11.120.9.115.11.220.9.215.11.320.9.315.11.420.9.415.12.120.10.1
15.12.220.10.215.12.320.10.315.12.420.10.415.12.520.10.515.12.620.10.615.12.720.10.715.12.820.10.815.12.920.10.915.12.1020.10.10
15.12.1120.10.1115.12.1220.10.1215.12.1320.10.1316.1.121.1.116.1.210.1.1116.1.321.1.216.1.410.1.1216.1.5unused16.1.621.1.316.1.7
21.1.416.2.121.2.116.2.221.2.216.2.321.2.216.2.421.2.316.2.521.2.416.2.621.2.516.2.721.2.616.2.821.2.716.2.921.2.816.2.1021.2.9
16.2.1121.2.1716.3.121.3.116.3.2unused16.3.321.2.1016.3.421.2.1116.3.521.2.1216.3.6unused16.3.721.3.216.3.821.2.1316.3.921.3.3
16.3.1021.3.416.3.1121.2.1416.3.1221.2.1516.3.13unused16.3.14unused16.3.1521.2.1616.3.16unused16.3.17unused16.3.18unused
16.3.19unused16.4.121.4.116.4.221.4.316.4.321.4.416.4.421.4.516.4.521.4.616.4.621.4.716.4.721.4.816.4.821.4.217.1.122.1.117.1.2
22.1.217.1.322.1.317.1.422.1.417.1.522.1.5
427.CHAPTER4.CORRELATION,EXERCISEPLACEMENT424NewLocationsofSixthEditionExercises(continued)6th7th6th7th6th7th
17.2.122.1.717.2.222.1.817.2.322.1.917.2.422.1.1017.2.522.1.1117.2.622.1.1217.2.722.1.1317.2.822.1.1417.2.9unused17.2.10unused
17.2.11unused17.2.1222.1.1517.3.122.2.117.3.222.2.217.3.322.2.317.3.422.2.417.3.522.2.517.3.622.2.617.3.722.2.717.4.122.2.817.4.2
22.2.917.5.122.2.1017.6.122.3.117.6.2unused17.6.322.3.217.6.422.3.317.6.522.3.417.6.622.3.517.6.722.3.617.6.8unused17.6.922.3.7
17.6.10unused17.6.11unused17.6.12unused17.7.122.4.117.7.222.4.217.7.322.4.317.7.422.4.417.7.522.4.517.7.6unused17.7.722.4.6
17.8.1unused17.8.222.4.717.8.322.4.817.8.422.4.917.8.522.4.1017.8.622.4.1117.8.7unused17.8.8unused18.2.133.1.118.2.233.1.218.2.3
33.1.318.2.433.1.418.2.533.1.518.2.633.1.618.2.733.1.718.2.8unused18.2.933.1.818.2.1033.1.918.2.11unused18.3.1unused18.3.233.1.10
18.4.133.2.218.4.233.4.318.4.233.5.618.4.333.5.118.4.4unused19.1.123.1.119.1.223.1.219.1.323.1.319.1.423.1.419.1.523.1.519.1.6
23.1.619.1.723.1.719.1.823.1.819.1.923.1.919.2.123.2.219.2.223.6.419.2.323.2.419.2.423.2.519.2.523.6.519.2.623.6.619.2.723.2.6
19.2.823.2.719.3.123.3.119.3.223.3.219.3.323.3.319.3.423.3.419.3.523.3.519.4.123.4.119.4.223.4.219.4.323.4.319.4.423.4.419.4.5
23.4.519.4.623.4.619.4.7unused19.5.123.5.419.5.223.6.119.5.323.5.519.5.423.6.219.5.523.6.319.6.123.7.119.6.223.7.219.6.323.7.3
19.6.4unused
428.Chapter5UnusedSixthEditionExercisesTheseexercisesfromtheSixthEditionwerenotusedintheSeventh,foranyoneofseveralreasons.
Afewwereadjudgedunclearornotsucientlyrelevant.Othersweremadeunnecesssarybecausetheirsubjectmatterwasexplicitlydiscussedin
thetext,orbecameredundantbecauseoftheselectionofsimilarproblems.Andsomeinterestingandworthyproblemshadtobemovedonlinedue
tospacelimitationsofthebook.Therehasbeennoattempttoedittheseexercises.Theexercisenumbers,equations,sections,gures,andother
exercisesreferredtoarefromtheSixthEdition.Wesupplythismaterialbecausesomeinstructorsmayndituseful.1.1.1ShowhowtondAand
B,givenA+BandAB.1.1.3Calculatethecomponentsofaunitvectorthatliesinthexyplaneandmakesequalangleswiththepositive
directionsofthexandyaxes.1.1.4ThevelocityofsailboatArelativetosailboatB,vrel,isdenedbytheequationvrel=vAvB,wherevAisthe
velocityofAandvBisthevelocityofB.DeterminethevelocityofArelativetoBifvA=30km/hreastvB=40km/hrnorth.ANS.vrel=50km/hr,
53.1southofeast.1.1.5Asailboatsailsfor1hrat4km/hr(relativetothewater)onasteadycompassheadingof40eastofnorth.Thesailboatis
simultaneouslycarriedalongbyacurrent.Attheendofthehourtheboatis6.12kmfromitsstartingpoint.Thelinefromitsstartingpointtoits
locationlies60eastofnorth.Findthex(easterly)andy(northerly)componentsofthewatersvelocity.425
429.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES426ANS.veast=2.73km/hr,vnorth0km/hr.1.1.6Avectorequationcanbe
reducedtotheformA=B.Fromthisshowthattheonevectorequationisequivalenttothreescalarequations.AssumingthevalidityofNewtons
secondlaw,F=ma,asavectorequation,thismeansthataxdependsonlyonFxandisindependentofFyandFz.1.1.7TheverticesA,B,andCofa
trianglearegivenbythepoints(1,0,2),(0,1,0),and(1,1,0),respectively.FindpointDsothatthegureABCDformsaplaneparallelogram.
ANS.(0,2,2)or(2,0,2).1.2.1(a)ShowthatthemagnitudeofavectorA,A=(A2x+A2y)1/2,isindependentoftheorientationoftherotated
coordinatesystem,(A2x+A2y)1/2=(A2x+A2y)1/2independentoftherotationangle.Thisindependenceofangleisexpressedbysaying
thatAisinvariantunderrotations.(b)Atagivenpoint(x,y),Adenesananglerelativetothepositivexaxisandrelativetothepositivexaxis.
Theanglefromxtoxis.ShowthatA=Adenesthesamedirectioninspacewhenexpressedintermsofitsprimedcomponentsasintermsofits
unprimedcomponentsthatis,=.1.2.2Provetheorthogonalityconditioniajiaki=jk.Asaspecialcaseofthis,thedirectioncosinesof
Section1.1satisfytherelationcos2+cos2+cos2=1,aresultthatalsofollowsfromEq.(1.6).1.3.1Twounitmagnitudevectorseiandejare
requiredtobeeitherparallelorperpendiculartoeachother.ShowthateiejprovidesaninterpretationofEq.(1.18),thedirectioncosine
orthogonalityrelation.1.3.2Giventhat(1)thedotproductofaunitvectorwithitselfisunityand(2)thisrelationisvalidinall(rotated)coordinate
systems,showthatxx=1(withtheprimedsystemrotated45aboutthezaxisrelativetotheunprimed)impliesthatxy=0.
430.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4271.3.4Theinteractionenergybetweentwodipolesofmoments1and2maybe
writteninthevectorformV=12r3+3(1r)(2r)r5andinthescalarformV=12r3(2cos1cos2sin1sin2cos).Here1
and2aretheanglesof1and2relativetor,whileistheazimuthof2relativetothe1rplane(Fig.1.11).Showthatthesetwoformsare
equivalent.Hint:Equation(12.178)willbehelpful.1.3.7ProvethelawofcosinesfromthetrianglewithcornersatthepointofCandAinFig.1.10
andtheprojectionofvectorBontovectorA.1.4.3StartingwithC=A+B,showthatCC=0leadstoAB=BA.1.4.4Showthat(a)(A
B)(A+B)=A2B2,(b)(AB)(A+B)=2AB.Thedistributivelawsneededhere,A(B+C)=AB+AC,andA(B+C)=AB
+AC,mayeasilybeveried(ifdesired)byexpansioninCartesiancomponents.1.4.11Thecoordinatesofthethreeverticesofatriangleare(2,
1,5),(5,2,8),and(4,8,2).Computeitsareabyvectormethods,itscenterandmedians.Lengthsareincentimeters.Hint.SeeExercise1.4.1.1.4.12
TheverticesofparallelogramABCDare(1,0,0),(2,1,0),(0,1,1),and(1,0,1)inorder.CalculatethevectorareasoftriangleABDandof
triangleBCD.Arethetwovectorareasequal?ANS.AreaABD=12(x+y+2z).
431.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4281.4.14FindthesidesandanglesofthesphericaltriangleABCdenedbythethree
vectorsA=(1,0,0),B=12,0,12,C=0,12,12.Eachvectorstartsfromtheorigin(Fig.1.14).1.4.17Deneacrossproductoftwo
vectorsintwodimensionalspaceandgiveageometricalinterpretationofyourconstruction.1.4.18Findtheshortestdistancebetweenthepathsof
tworocketsinfreeight.Taketherstrocketpathtober=r1+t1v1withlaunchatr1=(1,1,1),velocityv1=(1,2,3)andtimeparametert1and
thesecondrocketpathasr=r2+t2v2withr2=(5,2,1),v2=(1,1,1)andtimeparametert2.Lengthsareinkilometers,velocitiesinkilometers
perhour.1.5.1Onevertexofaglassparallelepipedisattheorigin(Fig.1.18).Thethreeadjacentverticesareat(3,0,0),(0,0,2),and(0,3,1).All
lengthsareincentimeters.Calculatethenumberofcubiccentimetersofglassintheparallelepipedusingthetriplescalarproduct.1.5.2Verifythe
expansionofthetriplevectorproductA(BC)=B(AC)C(AB)bydirectexpansioninCartesiancoordinates.1.5.3Showthattherststep
inEq.(1.43),whichis(AB)(AB)=A2B2(AB)2,isconsistentwiththeBACCABruleforatriplevectorproduct.1.5.5Theorbital
angularmomentumLofaparticleisgivenbyL=rp=mrv,wherepisthelinearmomentum.Withlinearandangularvelocityrelatedbyv=
r,showthatL=mr2[r(r)].Hererisaunitvectorintherdirection.Forr=0thisreducestoL=I,withthemomentofinertiaI
givenbymr2.InSection3.5thisresultisgeneralizedtoformaninertiatensor.
432.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4291.5.6ThekineticenergyofasingleparticleisgivenbyT=12mv2.For
rotationalmotionthisbecomes12m(r)2.ShowthatT=12mr22(r)2.Forr=0thisreducestoT=12I2,withthemomentof
inertiaIgivenbymr2.1.5.11VectorDisalinearcombinationofthreenoncoplanar(andnonorthogonal)vectors:D=aA+bB+cC.Showthatthe
coecientsaregivenbyaratiooftriplescalarproducts,a=DBCABC,andsoon.1.5.14ForasphericaltrianglesuchaspicturedinFig.
1.14showthatsinAsinBC=sinBsinCA=sinCsinAB.HeresinAisthesineoftheincludedangleatA,whileBCisthesideopposite(in
radians).1.5.15Givena=bcabc,b=caabc,c=ababc,andabc=0,showthat(a)xy=xy,(x,y=a,b,c),(b)ab

c=(abc)1,(c)a=bcabc.1.5.16Ifxy=xy,(x,y=a,b,c),provethata=bcabc.(ThisistheconverseofProblem
1.5.15.)1.5.17ShowthatanyvectorVmaybeexpressedintermsofthereciprocalvectorsa,b,c(ofProblem1.5.15)byV=(Va)a+(Vb)b+
(Vc)c.
433.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4301.7.4InChapter2itwillbeseenthattheunitvectorsinnonCartesianco
ordinatesystemsareusuallyfunctionsofthecoordinatevariables,ei=ei(q1,q2,q3)but|ei|=1.Showthateitherei/qj=0orei/qjisorthogonal
toei.Hint.ei2/qj=0.1.7.6TheelectrostaticeldofapointchargeqisE=q40rr2.CalculatethedivergenceofE.Whathappensatthe
origin?1.8.1Show,byrotatingthecoordinates,thatthecomponentsofthecurlofavectortransformasavector.Hint.Thedirectioncosineidentities
ofEq.(1.46)areavailableasneeded.1.8.6If(a)V=xVx(x,y)+yVy(x,y)and(b)V=0,provethatVisperpendiculartoV.1.8.10ForA=
xAx(x,y,z)andB=xBx(x,y,z)evaluateeachterminthevectoridentity(AB)=(B)A+(A)B+B(A)+A(B)andverifythatthe
identityissatised.1.8.18ThevelocityofatwodimensionalowofliquidisgivenbyV=xu(x,y)yv(x,y).Iftheliquidisincompressibleand
theowisirrotational,showthatux=vyanduy=vx.ThesearetheCauchyRiemannconditionsofSection6.2.1.8.19The
evaluationinthissectionofthefourintegralsforthecirculationomittedTaylorseriestermssuchasVx/x,Vy/yandallsecondderivatives.
ShowthatVx/x,Vy/ycanceloutwhenthefourintegralsareaddedandthatthesecondderivativetermsdropoutinthelimitasdx0,dy0.
Hint.Calculatethecirculationperunitareaandthentakethelimitdx0,dy0.1.9.2Showthattheidentity(V)=VVfollowsfromthe
BACCABruleforatriplevectorproduct.JustifyanyalterationoftheorderoffactorsintheBACandCABterms.
434.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4311.9.6FromtheNavierStokesequationforthesteadyowofanincompressible
viscousuidwehavetheterm[v(v)],wherevistheuidvelocity.Showthatthistermvanishesforthespecialcasev=xv(y,z).1.9.9With
ascalar(wave)function,showthat(r)(r)=r22r22r22rr.(Thiscanactuallybeshownmoreeasilyinsphericalpolar
coordinates,Section2.5.)1.9.10Ina(nonrotating)isolatedmasssuchasastar,theconditionforequilibriumisP+=0.HerePisthetotal
pressure,isthedensity,andisthegravitationalpotential.Showthatatanygivenpointthenormalstothesurfacesofconstantpressureand
constantgravitationalpotentialareparallel.1.9.11InthePaulitheoryoftheelectron,oneencounterstheexpression(peA)(peA),whereis
ascalar(wave)function.AisthemagneticvectorpotentialrelatedtothemagneticinductionBbyB=A.Giventhatp=i,showthatthis
expressionreducestoieB.ShowthatthisleadstotheorbitalgfactorgL=1uponwritingthemagneticmomentas=gLLinunitsofBohr
magnetonsandL=ir.SeealsoExercise1.13.7.1.10.1TheforceeldactingonatwodimensionallinearoscillatormaybedescribedbyF=
xkxyky.Comparetheworkdonemovingagainstthisforceeldwhengoingfrom(1,1)to(4,4)bythefollowingstraightlinepaths:(a)(1,1)
(4,1)(4,4)(b)(1,1)(1,4)(4,4)(c)(1,1)(4,4)alongx=y.Thismeansevaluating(4,4)(1,1)Fdralongeachpath.
435.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4321.10.6Show,byexpansionofthesurfaceintegral,thatlimd0sdVd=
V.Hint.Choosethevolumedtobeadierentialvolumedxdydz.1.11.4OversomevolumeVletbeasolutionofLaplacesequation(withthe
derivativesappearingtherecontinuous).ProvethattheintegraloveranyclosedsurfaceinVofthenormalderivativeof(/n,orn)willbe
zero.1.11.5Inanalogytotheintegraldenitionofgradient,divergence,andcurlofSection1.10,showthat2=limd0dd.1.11.6The
electricdisplacementvectorDsatisestheMaxwellequationD=,whereisthechargedensity(perunitvolume).Attheboundarybetweentwo
mediathereisasurfacechargedensity(perunitarea).ShowthataboundaryconditionforDis(D2D1)n=.nisaunitvectornormaltothe
surfaceandoutofmedium1.Hint.ConsiderathinpillboxasshowninFig.1.29.1.11.9Thecreationofalocalizedsystemofsteadyelectriccurrents
(currentdensityJ)andmagneticeldsmaybeshowntorequireanamountofworkW=12HBd.TransformthisintoW=12JAd.HereAis
themagneticvectorpotential:A=B.Hint.InMaxwellsequationstakethedisplacementcurrenttermD/t=0.Iftheeldsandcurrentsare
localized,aboundingsurfacemaybetakenfarenoughoutsothattheintegralsoftheeldsandcurrentsoverthesurfaceyieldzero.1.11.10Provethe
generalizationofGreenstheorem:V(vLuuLv)d=Vp(vuuv)d.HereListheselfadjointoperator(Section10.1),L=[p(r)]+q(r)
436.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES433andp,q,u,andvarefunctionsofposition,pandqhavingcontinuousrst
derivativesanduandvhavingcontinuoussecondderivatives.Note.ThisgeneralizedGreenstheoremappearsinSection9.7.1.12.4Insteadystate
themagneticeldHsatisestheMaxwellequationH=J,whereJisthecurrentdensity(persquaremeter).Attheboundarybetweentwomedia
thereisasurfacecurrentdensityK.ShowthataboundaryconditiononHisn(H2H1)=K.nisaunitvectornormaltothesurfaceandoutof
medium1.Hint.ConsideranarrowloopperpendiculartotheinterfaceasshownintheFig.1.311.12.5FromMaxwellsequations,H=J,withJ
herethecurrentdensityandE=0.ShowfromthisthatHdr=I,whereIisthenetelectriccurrentenclosedbytheloopintegral.Thesearethe
dierentialandintegralformsofAmp`ereslawofmagnetism.1.12.6AmagneticinductionBisgeneratedbyelectriccurrentinaringofradiusR.
ShowthatthemagnitudeofthevectorpotentialA(B=A)attheringcanbe|A|=2R,whereisthetotalmagneticuxpassingthroughthe
ring.Note.Aistangentialtotheringandmaybechangedbyaddingthegradientofascalarfunction.1.12.7ProvethatSVd=0ifSisaclosed
surface.1.12.8Evaluaterdr(Exercise1.10.4)byStokestheorem.1.13.3Theusualprobleminclassicalmechanicsistocalculatethemotionofa
particlegiventhepotential.Forauniformdensity(0),nonrotatingmassivesphere,GausslawofSection1.14leadstoagravitationalforceonaunit
massm0atapointr0producedbytheattractionofthemassatrr0.Themassatr>r0contributesnothingtotheforce.(a)ShowthatF/m0=
(4G0/3)r,0ra,whereaistheradiusofthesphere.(b)Findthecorrespondinggravitationalpotential,0ra.
437.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES434(c)ImagineaverticalholerunningcompletelythroughthecenteroftheEarthand
outtothefarside.NeglectingtherotationoftheEarthandassumingauniformdensity0=5.5gm/cm3,calculatethenatureofthemotionofa
particledroppedintothehole.Whatisitsperiod?Note.Frisactuallyaverypoorapproximation.Becauseofvaryingdensity,theapproximation
F=constantalongtheouterhalfofaradiallineandFralongtheinnerhalfisamuchcloserapproximation.1.13.10WithEtheelectriceldand
Athemagneticvectorpotential,showthat[E+A/t]isirrotationalandthatthereforewemaywriteE=At.1.13.11Thetotalforceona
chargeqmovingwithvelocityvisF=q(E+vB).Usingthescalarandvectorpotentials,showthatF=qdAdt+(Av).Notethatwenow
haveatotaltimederivativeofAinplaceofthepartialderivativeofExercise1.13.10.1.14.1DevelopGausslawforthetwodimensionalcasein
which=qln20,E==q20.Hereqisthechargeattheoriginorthelinechargeperunitlengthifthetwodimensionalsystemisa
unitthicknesssliceofathreedimensional(circularcylindrical)system.Thevariableismeasuredradiallyoutwardfromthelinecharge.isthe
correspondingunitvector(seeSection2.4).1.14.2(a)ShowthatGausslawfollowsfromMaxwellsequationE=0.Hereistheusualcharge
density.(b)Assumingthattheelectriceldofapointchargeqissphericallysymmetric,showthatGausslawimpliestheCoulombinversesquare
expressionE=qr40r2.
438.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4351.15.2Verifythatthesequencen(x),basedonthefunctionn(x)=0,x<0,ne
nxx>0,isadeltasequence(satisfyingEq.(1.177)).Notethatthesingularityisat+0,thepositivesideoftheorigin.Hint.Replacetheupperlimit
()byc/n,wherecislargebutnite,andusethemeanvaluetheoremofintegralcalculus.1.15.4Demonstratethatn=sinnx/xisadelta
distributionbyshowingthatlimnf(x)sinnxxdx=f(0).Assumethatf(x)iscontinuousatx=0andvanishesasx.Hint.Replace
xbyy/nandtakelimnbeforeintegrating.1.15.11Showthatinsphericalpolarcoordinates(r,cos,)thedeltafunction(r1r2)becomes1
r21(r1r2)(cos1cos2)(12).Generalizethistothecurvilinearcoordinates(q1,q2,q3)ofSection2.1withscalefactorsh1,h2,andh3.
1.15.12ArigorousdevelopmentofFouriertransforms1includesasatheoremtherelationslima2x2x1f(u+x)sinaxxdx=

f(u+0)+f(u0),x1<0<x2f(u+0),x1=0<x2f(u0),x1<0=x20x1<x2<0or0<x1<x2.VerifytheseresultsusingtheDiracdelta
function.1.15.14Showthattheunitstepfunctionu(x)mayberepresentedbyu(x)=12+12iPeixtdtt,wherePmeansCauchyprincipal
value(Section7.1).1I.N.Sneddon,FourierTransforms.NewYork:McGrawHill(1951).
439.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4361.15.15AsavariationofEq.(1.174),taken(x)=12eixt|t|/ndt.Show

thatthisreducesto(n/)1/(1+n2x2),Eq.(1.173),andthatn(x)dx=1.Note.Intermsofintegraltransforms,theinitialequationheremaybe
interpretedaseitheraFourierexponentialtransformofe|t|/noraLaplacetransformofeixt.1.15.16(a)TheDiracdeltafunctionrepresentation
givenbyEq.(1.189)(xt)=n=0n(x)n(t)isoftencalledtheclosurerelation.Foranorthonormalsetofrealfunctions,n,showthatclosure
impliescompleteness,thatis,Eq.(1.190)followsfromEq.(1.189).Hint.OnecantakeF(x)=F(t)(xt)dt.(b)Followingthehintofpart(a)you
encountertheintegralF(t)n(t)dt.Howdoyouknowthatthisintegralisnite?1.15.17Fortheniteinterval(,)writetheDiracdeltafunction
(xt)asaseriesofsinesandcosines:sinnx,cosnx,n=0,1,2,....Notethatalthoughthesefunctionsareorthogonal,theyarenotnormalizedto
unity.1.15.18Intheinterval(,),n(x)=nexp(n2x2).(a)Writen(x)asaFouriercosineseries.(b)ShowthatyourFourierseriesagrees
withaFourierexpansionof(x)inthelimitasn.(c)ConrmthedeltafunctionnatureofyourFourierseriesbyshowingthatforanyf(x)thatis
niteintheinterval[,]andcontinuousatx=0,f(x)[Fourierexpansionof(x)]dx=f(0).1.15.19(a)Writen(x)=nexp(n2x2)in
theinterval(,)asaFourierintegralandcomparethelimitnwithEq.(1.192c).
440.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES437(b)Writen(x)=nexp(nx)asaLaplacetransformandcomparethelimitn
withEq.(1.194).Hint.SeeEqs.(15.22)and(15.23)for(a)andEq.(15.212)for(b).1.15.20(a)ShowthattheDiracdeltafunction(xa),expanded
inaFouriersineseriesinthehalfinterval(0,L),(0<a<L),isgivenby(xa)=2Ln=1sinnaLsinnxL.Notethatthisseriesactually
describes(x+a)+(xa)intheinterval(L,L).(b)Byintegratingbothsidesoftheprecedingequationfrom0tox,showthatthecosine
expansionofthesquarewavef(x)=0,0x<a1,a<x<L,is,for0x<L,f(x)=2n=11nsinnaL2n=11nsinnaLcosnxL.
(c)Verifythattheterm2n=11nsinnaLisf(x)1LL0f(x)dx.1.15.21VerifytheFouriercosineexpansionofthesquarewave,Exercise
1.15.20(b),bydirectcalculationoftheFouriercoecients.1.15.22Wemaydeneasequencen(x)=n,|x|<1/2n,0,|x|>1/2n.(ThisisEq.
(1.171).)Expressn(x)asaFourierintegral(viatheFourierintegraltheorem,inversetransform,etc.).Finally,showthatwemaywrite(x)=lim
nn(x)=12eikxdk.1.15.23Usingthesequencen(x)=nexp(n2x2),
441.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES438showthat(x)=12eikxdk.Note.Rememberthat(x)isdenedin
termsofitsbehavioraspartofanintegrandespeciallyEqs.(1.177)and(1.188).1.15.24Derivesineandcosinerepresentationsof(tx)thatare
comparabletotheexponentialrepresentation,Eq.(1.192c).ANS.20sintsinxd,20costcosxd.1.16.1Implicitinthissection
isaproofthatafunction(r)isuniquelyspeciedbyrequiringitto(1)satisfyLaplacesequationand(2)satisfyacompletesetofboundary
conditions.Developthisproofexplicitly.1.16.2(a)AssumingthatPisasolutionofthevectorPoissonequation,21P(r1)=V(r1),developan
alternateproofofHelmholtzstheorem,showingthatVmaybewrittenasV=+A,whereA=P,and=P.(b)SolvingthevectorPoisson
equation,wendP(r1)=14VV(r2)r12d2.ShowthatthissolutionsubstitutedintoandAofpart(a)leadstotheexpressionsgivenforandA
inSection1.16.2.1.1Showthatlimitingourattentiontoorthogonalcoordinatesystemsimpliesthatgij=0fori=j(Eq.(2.7)).Hint.Constructa
trianglewithsidesds1,ds2,andds2.Equation(2.9)mustholdregardlessofwhethergij=0.Thencompareds2fromEq.(2.5)withacalculation
usingthelawofcosines.Showthatcos12=g12/g11g22.2.1.2Inthesphericalpolarcoordinatesystem,q1=r,q2=,q3=.The
transformationequationscorrespondingtoEq.(2.1)arex=rsincos,y=rsinsin,z=rcos.
442.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES439(a)Calculatethesphericalpolarcoordinatescalefactors:hr,h,andh.(b)Check
yourcalculatedscalefactorsbytherelationdsi=hidqi.2.1.6InMinkowskispacewedenex1=x,x2=y,x3=z,andx0=ct.Thisisdonesothat
themetricintervalbecomesds2=dx20dx21dx22dx23(withc=velocityoflight).ShowthatthemetricinMinkowskispaceis(gij)=
1000010000100001 .WeuseMinkowskispaceinSections4.5and4.6fordescribingLorentztransformations.2.2.4
Derive=q11h1q1+q21h2q2+q31h3q3bydirectapplicationofEq.(1.97),=limd0dd.Hint.Evaluationofthe
surfaceintegralwillleadtotermslike(h1h2h3)1(/q1)(q1h2h3).TheresultslistedinExercise2.2.3willbehelpful.Cancellationofunwanted
termsoccurswhenthecontributionsofallthreepairsofsurfacesareaddedtogether.2.4.9SolveLaplacesequation,2=0,incylindrical
coordinatesfor=().ANS.=kln0.2.4.11FortheowofanincompressibleviscousuidtheNavierStokesequationsleadto(v(
v))=02(v).Hereistheviscosityand0isthedensityoftheuid.Foraxialowinacylindricalpipewetakethevelocityvtobev=zv().
FromExample2.4.2,(v(v))=0forthischoiceofv.
443.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES440Showthat2(v)=0leadstothedierentialequation1ddd2vd212
dvd=0andthatthisissatisedbyv=v0+a22.2.4.14Atransverseelectromagneticwave(TEM)inacoaxialwaveguidehasanelectriceldE
=E(,)ei(kzt)andamagneticinductioneldofB=B(,)ei(kzt).Sincethewaveistransverse,neitherEnorBhasazcomponent.Thetwo
eldssatisfythevectorLaplacianequation2E(,)=02B(,)=0.(a)ShowthatE=E0(a/)ei(kzt)andB=B0(a/)ei(kzt)are
solutions.HereaistheradiusoftheinnerconductorandE0andB0areconstantamplitudes.(b)Assumingavacuuminsidethewaveguide,verify
thatMaxwellsequationsaresatisedwithB0/E0=k/=00(/k)=1/c.2.4.16Thelinearvelocityofparticlesinarigidbodyrotatingwith
angularvelocityisgivenbyv=.Integratevdaroundacircleinthexyplaneandverifythatvdarea=v|z.2.4.17Aprotonofmass
m,charge+e,and(asymptotic)momentump=mvisincidentonanucleusofcharge+Zeatanimpactparameterb.Determinetheprotonsdistance
ofclosestapproach.2.5.6Thedirectionofonevectorisgivenbytheangles1and1.Forasecondvectorthecorrespondinganglesare2and2.
Showthatthecosineoftheincludedangleisgivenbycos=cos1cos2+sin1sin2cos(12).SeeFig.12.15.
444.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4412.5.11AparticlemmovesinresponsetoacentralforceaccordingtoNewtons
secondlaw,mr=rf(r).Showthatrr=c,aconstant,andthatthegeometricinterpretationofthisleadstoKeplerssecondlaw.2.5.19Onemodel
ofthesolarcoronaassumesthatthesteadystateequationofheatow,(kT)=0,issatised.Here,k,thethermalconductivity,isproportionalto
T5/2.AssumingthatthetemperatureTisproportionaltorn,showthattheheatowequationissatisedbyT=T0(r0/r)2/7.2.5.22Amagnetic
vectorpotentialisgivenbyA=04mrr3.ShowthatthisleadstothemagneticinductionBofapointmagneticdipolewithdipolemomentm.
ANS.form=zm,A=r042mcosr3+04msinr3.CompareEqs.(12.133)and(12.134)2.5.23Atlargedistancesfromitssource,
electricdipoleradiationhaseldsE=aEsinei(krt)r,B=aBsinei(krt)r.ShowthatMaxwellsequationsE=BtandB=
00Etaresatised,ifwetakeaEaB=k=c=(00)1/2.Hint.Sincerislarge,termsoforderr2maybedropped.2.5.24Themagnetic
vectorpotentialforauniformlychargedrotatingsphericalshellisA=

0a43sinr2,r>a0a3rcos,r<a.(a=
radiusofsphericalshell,=surfacechargedensity,and=angularvelocity.)FindthemagneticinductionB=A.
445.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES442ANS.Br(r,)=20a43cosr3,r>aB(r,)=0a43sinr3,r>a
B=z20a3,r<a.2.5.25(a)Explainwhy2inplanepolarcoordinatesfollowsfrom2incircularcylindricalcoordinateswithz=constant.(b)
Explainwhytaking2insphericalpolarcoordinatesandrestrictingto/2doesnotleadtotheplanepolarformof.Note.2(,)=22+1
+1222.2.8.3Theexponentialinaplanewaveisexp[i(krt)].Werecognizex=(ct,x1,x2,x3)asaprototypevectorinMinkowski
space.IfkrtisascalarunderLorentztransformations(Section4.5),showthatk=(/c,k1,k2,k3)isavectorinMinkowskispace.Note.
Multiplicationbyyields(E/c,p)asavectorinMinkowskispace.2.9.5(a)ExpressthecomponentsofacrossproductvectorC,C=AB,interms
ofijkandthecomponentsofAandB.(b)UsetheantisymmetryofijktoshowthatAAB=0.ANS.(a)Ci=ijkAjBk.2.9.6(a)Showthatthe
inertiatensor(matrix)maybewrittenIij=m(xixjijxixj)foraparticleofmassmat(x1,x2,x3).(b)ShowthatIij=MilMlj=milkxkljmxm,
whereMil=m1/2ilkxk.ThisisthecontractionoftwosecondranktensorsandisidenticalwiththematrixproductofSection3.2.2.9.8Expressing
crossproductsintermsofLeviCivitasymbols(ijk),derivetheBACCABrule,Eq.(1.55).Hint.TherelationofExercise2.9.4ishelpful.2.9.13
Showthatthevectoridentity(AB)(CD)=(AC)(BD)(AD)(BC)(Exercise1.5.12)followsdirectlyfromthedescriptionofacross
productwithijkandtheidentityofExercise2.9.4.
446.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4432.9.14Generalizethecrossproductoftwovectorstondimensionalspaceforn=

4,5,....Checktheconsistencyofyourconstructionanddiscussconcreteexamples.SeeExercise1.4.17forthecasen=2.2.10.1Equations(2.115)
and(2.116)usethescalefactorhi,citingExercise2.2.3.InSection2.2wehadrestrictedourselvestoorthogonalcoordinatesystems,yetEq.
(2.115)holdsfornonorthogonalsystems.JustifytheuseofEq.(2.115)fornonorthogonalsystems.2.10.2(a)Showthatij=ij.(b)Fromthe
resultofpart(a)showthatFi=FiandFi=Fi.2.10.4Provethatthecontravariantmetrictensorisgivenbygij=ij.2.10.7Transformthe
righthandsideofEq.(2.129),=qii,intotheeibasis,andverifythatthisexpressionagreeswiththegradientdevelopedinSection2.2(for
orthogonalcoordinates).2.10.8Evaluatei/qjforsphericalpolarcoordinates,andfromtheseresultscalculatekijforsphericalpolarcoordinates.
Note.Exercise2.5.2oersawayofcalculatingtheneededpartialderivatives.Remember,1=rbut2=rand3=rsin.2.10.13Atriclinic
crystalisdescribedusinganobliquecoordinatesystem.Thethreecovariantbasevectorsare1=1.5x,2=0.4x+1.6y,3=0.2x+0.3y+
1.0z.(a)Calculatetheelementsofthecovariantmetrictensorgij.(b)CalculatetheChristoelthreeindexsymbols,kij.(Thisisabyinspection
calculation.)(c)FromthecrossproductformofExercise2.10.3calculatethecontravariantbasevector3.(d)Usingtheexplicitforms3andi,
verifythat3i=3i.
447.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES444Note.Ifitwereneeded,thecontravariantmetrictensorcouldbedeterminedby
ndingtheinverseofgijorbyndingtheiandusinggij=ij.2.10.14Verifythat[ij,k]=12gikqj+gjkqigijqk.Hint.Substitute
Eq.(2.135)intotherighthandsideandshowthatanidentityresults.2.10.16Showthatparalleldisplacementdqi=d2qialongageodesic.
Constructageodesicbyparalleldisplacementofdqi.2.10.17ConstructthecovariantderivativeofavectorVibyparalleltransportstartingfrom
thelimitingprocedurelimdqj0Vi(qj+dqj)Vi(qj)dqj.2.11.1VerifyEq.(2.160),gqk=ggimgimqk,forthespeciccaseof
sphericalpolarcoordinates.3.1.4ExpressthecomponentsofABas22determinants.ThenshowthatthedotproductA(AB)yieldsa
Laplacianexpansionofa33determinant.Finally,notethattworowsofthe33determinantareidenticalandhencethatA(AB)=0.3.1.8
Solvethelinearequationsax=c,ax+b=0forx=(x1,x2,x3)withconstantvectorsa=0,bandconstantc.ANS.x=ca2a+(ab)/a2.
3.1.9Solvethelinearequationsax=d,bx=e,cx=f,forx=(x1,x2,x3)withconstantvectorsa,b,candconstantsd,e,fsuchthat(ab)c=
0.ANS.[(ab)c]x=d(bc)+e(ca)+f(ab).3.1.10Expressinvectorformthesolution(x1,x2,x3)ofax1+bx2+cx3+d=0withconstant
vectorsa,b,c,dsothat(ab)c=0.
448.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4453.2.3ShowthatmatrixAisalinearoperatorbyshowingthatA(c1r1+c2r2)=
c1Ar1+c2Ar2.Itcanbeshownthatannnmatrixisthemostgenerallinearoperatorinanndimensionalvectorspace.Thismeansthateverylinear
operatorinthisndimensionalvectorspaceisequivalenttoamatrix.3.2.7GiventhethreematricesA=1001,B=0110,C=0110,nd
allpossibleproductsofA,B,andC,twoatatime,includingsquares.ExpressyouranswersintermsofA,B,andC,and1,theunitmatrix.These
threematrices,togetherwiththeunitmatrix,formarepresentationofamathematicalgroup,thevierergruppe(seeChapter4).3.2.19AnoperatorP
commuteswithJxandJy,thexandycomponentsofanangularmomentumoperator.ShowthatPcommuteswiththethirdcomponentofangular
momentum,thatis,that[P,Jz]=0.Hint.TheangularmomentumcomponentsmustsatisfythecommutationrelationofExercise3.2.15(a).3.2.20
TheL+andLmatricesofExercise3.2.15areladderoperators(seeChapter4):L+operatingonasystemofspinprojectionmwillraisethespin
projectiontom+1ifmisbelowitsmaximum.L+operatingonmmaxyieldszero.Lreducesthespinprojectioninunitstepsinasimilarfashion.
Dividingby2,wehaveL+= 010001000 ,L= 000100010 .ShowthatL+|1=|0,L|1=nullcolumnvector,
L+|0=|1,L|0=|1,L+|1=nullcolumnvector,L|1=|0,where|1= 001 ,|0= 010 ,and|1= 100
representstatesofspinprojection1,0,and1,respectively.Note.DierentialoperatoranalogsoftheseladderoperatorsappearinExercise12.6.7.
449.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4463.2.21VectorsAandBarerelatedbythetensorT,B=TA.GivenAandB,show
thatthereisnouniquesolutionforthecomponentsofT.ThisiswhyvectordivisionB/Aisundened(apartfromthespecialcaseofAandB
parallelandTthenascalar).3.2.22WemightaskforavectorA1,aninverseofagivenvectorAinthesensethatAA1=A1A=1.Show
thatthisrelationdoesnotsucetodeneA1uniquelyAwouldthenhaveaninnitenumberofinverses.3.2.27(a)Theoperatortracereplacesa
matrixAbyitstracethatis,trace(A)=iaii.Showthattraceisalinearoperator.(b)TheoperatordetreplacesamatrixAbyitsdeterminantthatis,
det(A)=determinantofA.Showthatdetisnotalinearoperator.3.2.29With|x>anNdimensionalcolumnvectorand<y|anNdimensionalrow
vector,showthattrace(|xy|)=y|x.Note.|xy|meansdirectproductofcolumnvector|xwithrowvectory|.TheresultisasquareNNmatrix.
3.2.31Ifamatrixhasaninverse,showthattheinverseisunique.3.2.33ShowthatdetA1=(detA)1.Hint.ApplytheproducttheoremofSection
3.2.Note.IfdetAiszero,thenAhasnoinverse.Aissingular.3.2.37(a)RewriteEq.(2.4)ofChapter2(andthecorrespondingequationsfordyand
dz)asasinglematrixequation|dxk=J|dqj.Jisamatrixofderivatives,theJacobianmatrix.Showthatdxk|dxk=dqi|G|dqj,withthemetric(matrix)
GhavingelementsgijgivenbyEq.(2.6).
450.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES447(b)Showthatdet(J)dq1dq2dq3=dxdydz,withdet(J)theusualJacobian.3.2.40
Exercise3.1.7maybewritteninmatrixformAX=C.FindA1andcalculateXasA1C.3.2.41(a)Writeasubroutinethatwillmultiplycomplex
matrices.Assumethatthecomplexmatricesareinageneralrectangularform.(b)TestyoursubroutinebymultiplyingpairsoftheDirac44
matrices,Section3.4.3.2.42(a)WriteasubroutinethatwillcallthecomplexmatrixmultiplicationsubroutineofExercise3.2.41andwillcalculate
thecommutatorbracketoftwocomplexmatrices.(b)TestyourcomplexcommutatorbracketsubroutinewiththematricesofExercise3.2.16.3.2.43
Interpolatingpolynomialisthenamegiventothe(n1)degreepolynomialdeterminedby(andpassingthrough)npoints,(xi,yi)withallthexi
distinct.Thisinterpolatingpolynomialformsabasisfornumericalquadratures.(a)Showthattherequirementthatan(n1)degreepolynomialinx
passesthrougheachofthenpoints(xi,yi)withallxidistinctleadstonsimultaneousequationsoftheformn1j=0ajxji=yi,i=1,2,...,n.(b)
Writeacomputerprogramthatwillreadinndatapointsandreturnthencoecientsaj.Useasubroutinetosolvethesimultaneousequationsifsuch
asubroutineisavailable.(c)RewritethesetofsimultaneousequationsasamatrixequationXA=Y.(d)Repeatthecomputercalculationofpart(b),
butthistimesolveforvectorAbyinvertingmatrixX(again,usingasubroutine).3.2.44Acalculationofthevaluesofelectrostaticpotentialinsidea
cylinderleadstoV(0.0)=52.640V(0.6)=25.844V(0.2)=48.292V(0.8)=12.648V(0.4)=38.270V(1.0)=0.0.
451.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES448TheproblemistodeterminethevaluesoftheargumentforwhichV=10,20,30,
40,and50.ExpressV(x)asaseries5n=0a2nx2n.(SymmetryrequirementsintheoriginalproblemrequirethatV(x)beanevenfunctionofx.)
Determinethecoecientsa2n.WithV(x)nowaknownfunctionofx,ndtherootofV(x)10=0,0x1.RepeatforV(x)20,andsoon.
ANS.a0=52.640a2=117.676V(0.6851)=20.3.3.3IfAisorthogonalanddetA=+1,showthat(detA)aij=Cij,whereCijisthecofactorof
aij.ThisyieldstheidentitiesofEq.(1.46),usedinSection1.4toshowthatacrossproductofvectors(inthreespace)isitselfavector.Hint.Note
Exercise3.2.32.3.3.9Showthatthetraceofamatrixremainsinvariantundersimilaritytransformations.3.3.10Showthatthedeterminantofa
matrixremainsinvariantundersimilaritytransformations.Note.Exercises(3.3.9)and(3.3.10)showthatthetraceandthedeterminantare
independentoftheCartesiancoordinates.Theyarecharacteristicsofthematrix(operator)itself.3.3.11Showthatthepropertyofantisymmetryis
invariantunderorthogonalsimilaritytransformations.3.3.14Showthatthesumofthesquaresoftheelementsofamatrixremainsinvariantunder
orthogonalsimilaritytransformations.3.3.15AsageneralizationofExercise3.3.14,showthatjkSjkTjk=l,mSlmTlm,wheretheprimedand
unprimedelementsarerelatedbyanorthogonalsimilaritytransformation.Thisresultisusefulinderivinginvariantsinelectromagnetictheory
(compareSection4.6).Note.ThisproductMjk=SjkTjkissometimescalledaHadamardproduct.Intheframeworkoftensoranalysis,Chapter2,
thisexercisebecomesadoublecontractionoftwosecondranktensorsandthereforeisclearlyascalar(invariant).3.3.17AcolumnvectorVhas
componentsV1andV2inaninitial(unprimed)system.CalculateV1andV2fora
452.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES449(a)rotationofthecoordinatesthroughanangleofcounterclockwise,(b)rotation
ofthevectorthroughanangleofclockwise.Theresultsforparts(a)and(b)shouldbeidentical.3.3.18Writeasubroutinethatwilltestwhethera

realNNmatrixissymmetric.Symmetrymaybedenedas0|aijaji|,whereissomesmalltolerance(whichallowsfortruncationerror,and
sooninthecomputer).3.4.8ShowthataHermitianmatrixremainsHermitianunderunitarysimilaritytransformations.3.4.11Aparticularsimilarity
transformationyieldsA=UAU1,A=UAU1.Iftheadjointrelationshipispreserved(A=A)anddetU=1,showthatUmustbeunitary.
3.4.13AnoperatorT(t+,t)describesthechangeinthewavefunctionfromttot+.Forrealandsmallenoughsothat2maybeneglected,T(t+
,t)=1iH(t).(a)IfTisunitary,showthatHisHermitian.(b)IfHisHermitian,showthatTisunitary.Note.WhenH(t)isindependentoftime,
thisrelationmaybeputinexponentialformExercise3.4.12.3.4.14Showthatanalternateform,T(t+,t)=1iH(t)/21+iH(t)/2,agreeswith
theTofpart(a)ofExercise3.4.13,neglecting2,andisexactlyunitary(forHHermitian).3.4.17UsethefourdimensionalLeviCivitasymbol
with0123=1(generalizingEqs.(2.93)inSection2.9tofourdimensions)andshowthat(i)25=iusingthesummation
conventionofSection2.6and(ii)=gg+g+i5.Dene=gusingg=gtoraiseandlowerindices.
453.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4503.4.18Evaluatethefollowingtraces:(seeEq.(3.123)forthenotation)(i)trace(
ab)=4ab,(ii)trace(abc)=0,(iii)trace(abcd)=4(abcdacbd+adbc),(iv)trace(5abcd)=
4iabcd.3.4.21Showthat=2i12,where=0isavector=(1,2,3).Notethatifisapolarvector(Section2.4),then
isanaxialvector.3.4.25Letx=xbearotationbyanangleaboutthe3axis,x0=x0,x1=x1cos+x2sin,x2=x1sin+x2cos,
x3=x3.UseR=exp(i12/2)=cos/2+i12sin/2(seeEq.(3.170b))andshowthatthestransformjustlikethecoordinatesx,thatis,
=R1R.(Notethat=gandthatthearewelldenedonlyuptoasimilaritytransformation.)Similarly,ifx=xisaboost(pure
Lorentztransformation)alongthe1axis,thatis,x0=x0coshx1sinh,x1=x0sinh+x1cosh,x2=x2,x3=x3,withtanh=v/candB=
exp(i01/2)=cosh/2i01sinh/2(seeEq.(3.170b)),showthat=BB1.3.4.27Writeasubroutinethatwilltestwhetheracomplex
nnmatrixisselfadjoint.Indemandingequalityofmatrixelementsaij=aij,allowsomesmalltolerancetocompensatefortruncationerrorof
thecomputer.3.4.28WriteasubroutinethatwillformtheadjointofacomplexMNmatrix.3.4.29(a)Writeasubroutinethatwilltakeacomplex
MNmatrixAandyieldtheproductAA.Hint.ThissubroutinecancallthesubroutinesofExercises3.2.41and3.4.28.(b)Testyoursubroutine
bytakingAtobeoneormoreoftheDiracmatrices,Eq.(3.124).3.5.1(a)Startingwiththeorbitalangularmomentumoftheithelementofmass,Li
=ripi=miri(ri),derivetheinertiamatrixsuchthatL=I,|L=I|.
454.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES451Figure3.6.Masssitesforinertiatensor.(b)Repeatthederivationstartingwith
kineticenergyTi=12mi(ri)2T=12|I|.3.5.11Showthattheinertiamatrixforasingleparticleofmassmat(x,y,z)hasazero
determinant.Explainthisresultintermsoftheinvarianceofthedeterminantofamatrixundersimilaritytransformations(Exercise3.3.10)anda
possiblerotationofthecoordinatesystem.3.5.12Acertainrigidbodymayberepresentedbythreepointmasses:m1=1at(1,1,2),m2=2at(1,
1,0),andm3=1at(1,1,2).(a)Findtheinertiamatrix.(b)Diagonalizetheinertiamatrix,obtainingtheeigenvaluesandtheprincipalaxes(as
orthonormaleigenvectors).3.5.13UnitmassesareplacedasshowninFig.3.6(6thedition).(a)Findthemomentofinertiamatrix.(b)Findthe
eigenvaluesandasetoforthonormaleigenvectors.(c)Explainthedegeneracyintermsofthesymmetryofthesystem.ANS.I= 411
141114 1=2r1=(1/3,1/3,1/3)2=3=5.
455.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4523.5.14Amassm1=1/2kgislocatedat(1,1,1)(meters),amassm2=1/2kgis
at(1,1,1).Thetwomassesareheldtogetherbyanideal(weightless,rigid)rod.(a)Findtheinertiatensorofthispairofmasses.(b)Findthe
eigenvaluesandeigenvectorsofthisinertiamatrix.(c)Explainthemeaning,thephysicalsignicanceofthe=0eigenvalue.Whatisthe
signicanceofthecorrespondingeigenvector?(d)Nowthatyouhavesolvedthisproblembyrathersophisticatedmatrixtechniques,explainhowyou
couldobtain(1)=0and=?byinspection(thatis,usingcommonsense).(2)r=0=?byinspection(thatis,usingfreshmanphysics).3.5.15
Unitmassesareattheeightcornersofacube(1,1,1).Findthemomentofinertiamatrixandshowthatthereisatripledegeneracy.Thismeans
thatsofarasmomentsofinertiaareconcerned,thecubicstructureexhibitssphericalsymmetry.3.5.30(a)Determinetheeigenvaluesand
eigenvectorsof11.Notethattheeigenvaluesaredegeneratefor=0butthattheeigenvectorsareorthogonalforall=0and0.(b)
Determinetheeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsof1121.Notethattheeigenvaluesaredegeneratefor=0andthatforthis(nonsymmetric)matrix
theeigenvectors(=0)donotspanthespace.(c)Findthecosineoftheanglebetweenthetwoeigenvectorsasafunctionoffor01.3.5.31
(a)TakethecoecientsofthesimultaneouslinearequationsofExercise3.1.7tobethematrixelementsaijofmatrixA(symmetric).Calculatethe
eigenvaluesandeigenvectors.(b)FormamatrixRwhosecolumnsaretheeigenvectorsofA,andcalculatethetriplematrixproductRAR.ANS.
=3.33163.3.5.32RepeatExercise3.5.31byusingthematrixofExercise3.2.39.
456.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4533.6.1Showthatevery22matrixhastwoeigenvectorsandcorresponding
eigenvalues.Theeigenvectorsarenotnecessarilyorthogonalandmaybedegenerate.Theeigenvaluesarenotnecessarilyreal.BADPROBLEM!
4.1.1Showthatannnorthogonalmatrixhasn(n1)/2independentparameters.Hint.Theorthogonalitycondition,Eq.(3.71),providesconstraints.
4.1.2Showthatannnunitarymatrixhasn21independentparameters.Hint.Eachelementmaybecomplex,doublingthenumberofpossible
parameters.Someoftheconstraintequationsarelikewisecomplexandcountastwoconstraints.4.1.3ThespeciallineargroupSL(2)consistsofall
22matrices(withcomplexelements)havingadeterminantof+1.Showthatsuchmatricesformagroup.Note.TheSL(2)groupcanberelatedto
thefullLorentzgroupinSection4.4,muchastheSU(2)groupisrelatedtoSO(3).4.1.4Showthattherotationsaboutthezaxisformasubgroupof
SO(3).Isitaninvariantsubgroup?4.1.5ShowthatifR,S,TareelementsofagroupGsothatRS=TandR(rik),S(sik)isarepresentation
accordingtoEq.(4.7),then(rik)(sik)=tik=nrinsnk,thatis,groupmultiplicationtranslatesintomatrixmultiplicationforanygrouprepresentation.
4.2.1(i)ShowthatthePaulimatricesarethegeneratorsofSU(2)withoutusingtheparameterizationofthegeneralunitary22matrixinEq.(4.38).
(ii)DerivetheeightindependentgeneratorsiofSU(3)similarly.Normalizethemsothattr(ij)=2ij.Thendeterminethestructureconstantsof
SU(3).Hint.TheiaretracelessandHermitian33matrices.(iii)ConstructthequadraticCasimirinvariantofSU(3).Hint.Workbyanalogywith
21+22+23ofSU(2)orL2ofSO(3).4.2.2Provethatthegeneralformofa22unitary,unimodularmatrixisU=abbawithaa+
bb=1.
457.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4544.2.4AtranslationoperatorT(a)converts(x)to(x+a),T(a)(x)=(x+a).In
termsofthe(quantummechanical)linearmomentumoperatorpx=id/dx,showthatT(a)=exp(iapx),thatis,thatpxisthegeneratoroftranslations.
Hint.Expand(x+a)asaTaylorseries.4.2.5ConsiderthegeneralSU(2)elementEq.(4.38)tobebuiltupofthreeEulerrotations:(i)arotationof
a/2aboutthezaxis,(ii)arotationofb/2aboutthenewxaxis,and(iii)arotationofc/2aboutthenewzaxis.(Allrotationsarecounterclockwise.)
UsingthePauligenerators,showthattheserotationanglesaredeterminedbya=+2=+2b=2=c=+2=2.Note.
TheanglesaandbherearenottheaandbofEq.(4.38).4.2.6Rotateanonrelativisticwavefunction=(,)ofspin1/2aboutthezaxisbya
smallangled.Findthecorrespondinggenerator.4.3.1Showthat(a)[J+,J2]=0,(b)[J,J2]=0.4.3.2DerivetherootdiagramofSU(3)inFig.
4.6bfromthegeneratorsiinEq.(4.61).Hint.WorkoutrsttheSU(2)caseinFig.4.6afromthePaulimatrices.4.4.3Whenthespinofquarksis
takenintoaccount,theSU(3)avorsymmetryisreplacedbytheSU(6)symmetry.Why?ObtaintheYoungtableaufortheantiquarkconguration
q.Thendecomposetheproductqq.WhichSU(3)representationsarecontainedinthenontrivialSU(6)representationformesons?Hint.Determine
thedimensionsofallYT.4.4.5AssumingthatDj(,,)isunitary,showthatlm=lYml(1,1)Yml(2,2)isascalarquantity(invariant
underrotations).Thisisasphericaltensoranalogofascalarproductofvectors.4.4.6(a)ShowthattheanddependenceofDj(,,)maybe
factoredoutsuchthatDj(,,)=Aj()dj()Cj().
458.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES455(b)ShowthatAj()andCj()arediagonal.Findtheexplicitforms.(c)Show
thatdj()=Dj(0,,0).4.4.7TheangularmomentumexponentialformoftheEuleranglerotationoperatorsisR=Rz()Ry()Rz()=exp(iJz

)exp(iJy)exp(iJz).ShowthatintermsoftheoriginalaxesR=exp(iJz)exp(iJy)exp(iJz).Hint.TheRoperatorstransformasmatrices.
Therotationabouttheyaxis(secondEulerrotation)maybereferredtotheoriginalyaxisbyexp(iJy)=exp(iJz)exp(iJy)exp(iJz).4.4.8
UsingtheWignerEckarttheorem,provethedecompositiontheoremforasphericalvectoroperatorjm|T1m|jm=jm|JT1|jmj(j+1)jj.4.4.9Using
theWignerEckarttheorem,provethefactorizationjm|JMJT1|jm=jm|JM|jmjjjm|JT1|jm.4.5.1TwoLorentztransformationsarecarried
outinsuccession:v1alongthexaxis,thenv2alongtheyaxis.Showthattheresultanttransformation(givenbytheproductofthesetwosuccessive
transformations)cannotbeputintheformofasingleLorentztransformation.Note.Thediscrepancycorrespondstoarotation.4.5.2Rederivethe
Lorentztransformation,workingentirelyintherealspace(x0,x1,x2,x3)withx0=x0=ct.ShowthattheLorentztransformationmaybewritten
L(v)=exp(),with= 0000000000 and,,thedirectioncosinesofthevelocityv.
4.5.3Usingthematrixrelation,Eq.(4.136),lettherapidity1relatetheLorentzreferenceframes(x0,x1)and(x0,x1).Let2relate(x0,x1)
and(x0,x1).Finally,letrelate(x0,x1)and(x0,x1).From=1+2derivetheEinsteinvelocityadditionlawv=v1+v21+v1v2/c2.
459.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4564.6.1(a)ShowthateveryfourvectorinMinkowskispacemaybedecomposed
intoanordinarythreespacevectorandathreespacescalar.Examples:(ct,r),(,v/c),(0,c0A),(E/c,p),(/c,k).Hint.Considerarotationof
thethreespacecoordinateswithtimexed.(b)Showthattheconverseof(a)isnottrueeverythreevectorplusscalardoesnotformaMinkowski
fourvector.4.6.2(a)Showthatj=j=jx=0.(b)Showhowtheprevioustensorequationmaybeinterpretedasastatementof
continuityofchargeandcurrentinordinarythreedimensionalspaceandtime.(c)IfthisequationisknowntoholdinallLorentzreferenceframes,
whycanwenotconcludethatjisavector?4.6.3WritetheLorentzgaugecondition(Eq.(4.143))asatensorequationinMinkowskispace.4.6.4A
gaugetransformationconsistsofvaryingthescalarpotential1andthevectorpotentialA1accordingtotherelation2=1+t,A2=A1.
Thenewfunctionisrequiredtosatisfythehomogeneouswaveequation21c22t2=0.Showthefollowing:(a)TheLorentzgaugerelation
isunchanged.(b)Thenewpotentialssatisfythesameinhomogeneouswaveequationsasdidtheoriginalpotentials.(c)TheeldsEandBare
unaltered.Theinvarianceofourelectromagnetictheoryunderthistransformationiscalledgaugeinvariance.4.6.5Achargedparticle,chargeq,
massm,obeystheLorentzcovariantequationdpd=q0mcFp,
460.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES457wherepisthefourmomentumvector(E/cp1,p2,p3).isthepropertimed
=dt1v2/c2,aLorentzscalar.ShowthattheexplicitspacetimeformsaredEdt=qvEdpdt=q(E+vB).4.6.6FromtheLorentz
transformationmatrixelements(Eq.(4.158))derivetheEinsteinvelocityadditionlawu=uv1(uv/c2)oru=u+v1+(uv/c2),whereu=cdx3
/dx0andu=cdx3/dx0.Hint.IfL12(v)isthematrixtransformingsystem1intosystem2,L23(u)thematrixtransformingsystem2intosystem3,
L13(u)thematrixtransformingsystem1directlyintosystem3,thenL13(u)=L23(u)L12(v).FromthismatrixrelationextracttheEinsteinvelocity
additionlaw.4.6.7ThedualofafourdimensionalsecondranktensorBmaybedenedbyB,wheretheelementsofthedualtensoraregivenby
Bij=12!ijklBkl.ShowthatBtransformsas(a)asecondranktensorunderrotations,(b)apseudotensorunderinversions.Note.Thetildehere
doesnotmeantranspose.4.6.8ConstructF,thedualofF,whereFistheelectromagnetictensorgivenbyEq.(4.153).ANS.F=0
0cBxcBycBzcBx0EzEycByEz0ExcBzEyEx0 .ThiscorrespondstocBE,EcB.Thistransformation,
sometimescalledadualtransformation,leavesMaxwellsequationsinvacuum(=0)invariant.
461.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4584.6.9Becausethequadruplecontractionofafourthrankpseudotensorandtwo
secondranktensorsFFisclearlyapseudoscalar,evaluateit.ANS.820cBE.4.6.10(a)Ifanelectromagneticeldispurelyelectric
(orpurelymagnetic)inoneparticularLorentzframe,showthatEandBwillbeorthogonalinotherLorentzreferencesystems.(b)Conversely,ifE
andBareorthogonalinoneparticularLorentzframe,thereexistsaLorentzreferencesysteminwhichE(orB)vanishes.Findthatreferencesystem.
4.6.11Showthatc2B2E2isaLorentzscalar.4.6.12Since(dx0,dx1,dx2,dx3)isafourvector,dxdxisascalar.Evaluatethisscalarfora
movingparticleintwodierentcoordinatesystems:(a)acoordinatesystemxedrelativetoyou(labsystem),and(b)acoordinatesystemmoving
withamovingparticle(velocityvrelativetoyou).Withthetimeincrementlabeleddintheparticlesystemanddtinthelabsystem,showthatd=
dt1v2/c2.isthepropertimeoftheparticle,aLorentzinvariantquantity.4.6.13Expandthescalarexpression140FF+10jAin
termsoftheeldsandpotentials.TheresultingexpressionistheLagrangiandensityusedinExercise17.5.1.4.6.14ShowthatEq.(4.157)maybe
writtenFx=0.4.7.1Showthatthematrices1,A,B,andCofEq.(4.165)arereducible.Reducethem.Note.ThismeanstransformingA
andCtodiagonalform(bythesameunitarytransformation).Hint.AandCareantiHermitian.Theireigenvectorswillbeorthogonal.4.7.2Possible
operationsonacrystallatticeincludeA(rotationby),m(reection),andi(inversion).ThesethreeoperationscombineasA2=m2=i2=1,A
m=i,mi=A,andiA=m.Showthatthegroup(1,A,m,i)isisomorphicwiththevierergruppe.
462.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4594.7.3Fourpossibleoperationsinthexyplaneare:1.nochangexxyy2.
inversionxxyy3.reectionxxyy4.reectionxxyy.(a)Showthatthesefouroperationsformagroup.(b)Showthat
thisgroupisisomorphicwiththevierergruppe.(c)Setupa22matrixrepresentation.4.7.5Usingthe22matrixrepresentationofExercise3.2.7
forthevierergruppe,(a)Showthattherearefourclasses,eachwithoneelement.(b)Calculatethecharacter(trace)ofeachclass.Notethattwo
dierentclassesmayhavethesamecharacter.(c)Showthattherearethreetwoelementsubgroups.(Theunitelementbyitselfalwaysformsa
subgroup.)(d)Foranyoneofthetwoelementsubgroupsshowthatthesubgroupandasinglecosetreproducetheoriginalvierergruppe.Notethat
subgroups,classes,andcosetsareentirelydierent.4.7.6Usingthe22matrixrepresentation,Eq.(4.165),ofC4,(a)Showthattherearefour
classes,eachwithoneelement.(b)Calculatethecharacter(trace)ofeachclass.(c)Showthatthereisonetwoelementsubgroup.(d)Showthatthe
subgroupandasinglecosetreproducetheoriginalgroup.4.7.7Provethatthenumberofdistinctelementsinacosetofasubgroupisthesameasthe
numberofelementsinthesubgroup.4.7.11Explainhowtherelationin2i=happliestothevierergruppe(h=4)andtothedihedralgroupD3withh
=6.
463.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4604.7.12Showthatthesubgroup(1,A,B)ofD3isaninvariantsubgroup.4.7.16
TheelementsofthedihedralgroupDnmaybewrittenintheformSRz(2/n),=0,1=0,1,...,,n1,whereRz(2/n)representsarotation
of2/naboutthenfoldsymmetryaxis,whereasSrepresentsarotationofaboutanaxisthroughthecenteroftheregularpolygonandoneofits
vertices.ForS=EshowthatthisformmaydescribethematricesA,B,C,andDofD3.Note.TheelementsRzandSarecalledthegeneratorsofthis
nitegroup.Similarly,iisthegeneratorofthegroupgivenbyEq.(4.164).4.7.19Thepermutationgroupoffourobjectscontains4!=24elements.
FromExercise4.7.18,D4,thesymmetrygroupforasquare,hasfarfewerthan24elements.ExplaintherelationbetweenD4andthepermutation
groupoffourobjects.4.7.22(a)FromtheD3multiplicationtableofFig.4.18constructasimilaritytransformtableshowingxyx1,wherexandy
eachrangeoverallsixelementsofD3:.(b)DividetheelementsofD3intoclasses.Usingthe22matrixrepresentationofEqs.(4.169)(4.172)
notethetrace(character)ofeachclass.4.8.1Evaluatethe1formadx+2bdy+4cdzonthelinesegmentPQwithP=(3,5,7),Q=(7,5,3).4.8.3
Evaluatetheowdescribedbythe2formdxdy+2dydz+3dzdxacrosstheorientedtrianglePQRwithcornersatP=(3,1,4),Q=(2,1,4),R=(1,
4,1).4.8.4Arethepoints,inthisorder,(0,1,1),(3,1,2),(4,2,2),(1,0,1)coplanar,ordotheyformanorientedvolume(righthandedorleft
handed)?4.8.6Describetheelectriceldbythe1formE1dx+E2dy+E3dzandthemagneticinductionbythe2formB1dydz+B2dzdx+B3dxdy.
ThenformulateFaradaysinductionlawintermsoftheseforms.4.8.7Evaluatethe1formxdyx2+y2ydxx2+y2ontheunitcircleaboutthe
originorientedcounterclockwise.
464.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4614.8.8Findthepullbackofdxdzunderx=ucosv,y=uv,z=usinv.4.8.9
Findthepullbackofthe2formdydz+dzdx+dxdyunderthemapx=sincos,y=sinsin,z=cos.4.8.10Parameterizethesurfaceobtained
byrotatingthecircle(x2)2+z2=1,y=0,aboutthezaxisinacounterclockwiseorientation,asseenfromoutside.4.8.12Showthatni=1x2i=
a2denesadierentiablemanifoldofdimensionD=n1ifa=0andD=0ifa=0.4.8.13Showthatthesetoforthogonal22matricesforma

dierentiablemanifold,anddetermineitsdimension.4.8.14Determinethevalueofthe2formAdydz+Bdzdx+Cdxdyonaparallelogramwith
sidesa,b.4.8.15ProveLorentzinvarianceofMaxwellsequationsinthelanguageofdierentialforms.5.1.1Showthatn=11(2n1)(2n+1)=
12.Hint.Show(bymathematicalinduction)thatsm=m/(2m+1).5.1.2Showthatn=11n(n+1)=1.Findthepartialsumsmandverifyits
correctnessbymathematicalinduction.Note.Themethodofexpansioninpartialfractions,Section15.8,oersanalternativewayofsolving
Exercises5.1.1and5.1.2.5.2.3ShowthatthecompletedAlembertratiotestfollowsdirectlyfromKummerstestwithai=1.5.2.9Determinethe
rangeofconvergenceforGaussshypergeometricseriesF(,x)=1+1!x+(+1)(+1)2!(+1)x2+.Hint.Gaussdeveloped
histestforthespecicpurposeofestablishingtheconvergenceofthisseries.ANS.Convergentfor1<x<1andx=1if>+.
465.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4625.2.10Apocketcalculatoryields100n=1n3=1.202007.Showthat1.202056
n=1n31.202057.Hint.Useintegralstosetupperandlowerboundsonn=101n3.Note.Amoreexactvalueforsummationof(3)=
n=1n3is1.202056903(3)isknowntobeanirrationalnumber,butitisnotlinkedtoknownconstantssuchase,,,ln2.5.2.11Setupper
andlowerboundson1,000,000n=1n1,assumingthat(a)theEulerMascheroniconstantisknown.ANS.14.392726<1,000,000n=1n1<
14.392727.(b)TheEulerMascheroniconstantisunknown.5.2.19Showthatthefollowingseriesisconvergent.s=0(2s1)!!(2s)!!(2s+1).
Note.(2s1)!!=(2s1)(2s3)31with(1)!!=1(2s)!!=(2s)(2s2)42with0!!=1.Theseriesappearsasaseriesexpansionofsin
1(1)andequals/2,andsin1xarcsinx=(sinx)1.5.3.1(a)Fromtheelectrostatictwohemisphereproblem(Exercise12.3.20)weobtainthe
seriess=0(1)s(4s+3)(2s1)!!(2s+2)!!.Testitforconvergence.(b)Thecorrespondingseriesforthesurfacechargedensityiss=0(1)s
(4s+3)(2s1)!!(2s)!!.Testitforconvergence.The!!notationisexplainedinSection8.1andExercise5.2.19.
466.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4635.3.2Showbydirectnumericalcomputationthatthesumoftherst10termsof
limx1ln(1+x)=ln2=n=1(1)n1n1diersfromln2bylessthantheeleventhterm:ln2=0.6931471806.5.3.3InExercise5.2.9the
hypergeometricseriesisshownconvergentforx=1,if>+.Showthatthereisconditionalconvergenceforx=1fordownto>+1.
Hint.TheasymptoticbehaviorofthefactorialfunctionisgivenbyStirlingsseries,Section8.3.5.4.2Determinethevaluesofthecoecientsa1,
a2,anda3thatwillmake(1+a1x+a2x2+a3x3)ln(1+x)convergeasn4.Findtheresultingseries.5.4.4Writeaprogramthatwillrearrangethe
termsofthealternatingharmonicseriestomaketheseriesconvergeto1.5.GroupyourtermsasindicatedinEq.(5.61).Listtherst100successive
partialsumsthatjustclimbabove1.5orjustdropbelow1.5,andlistthenewtermsincludedineachsuchpartialsum.ANS.n12345sn1.5333
1.03331.52181.27181.51435.6.2Deriveaseriesexpansionofcotxinincreasingpowersofxbydividingcosxbysinx.Note.Theresultantseries
thatstartswith1/xisactuallyaLaurentseries(Section6.5).Althoughthetwoseriesforsinxandcosxwerevalidforallx,theconvergenceofthe
seriesforcotxislimitedbythezerosofthedenominator,sinx(seeAnalyticContinuationinSection6.5).5.6.3TheRaabetestforn(nlnn)1leads
tolimnn(n+1)ln(n+1)nlnn1.Showthatthislimitisunity(whichmeansthattheRaabetesthereisindeterminate).5.6.6Letxbean
approximationforazerooff(x)andxbethecorrection.Showthatbyneglectingtermsoforder(x)2,x=f(x)f(x).ThisisNewtonsformula
forndingaroot.Newtonsmethodhasthevirtuesofillustratingseriesexpansionsandelementarycalculusbutisverytreacherous.
467.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4645.6.7Expandafunction(x,y,z)byTaylorsexpansionabout(0,0,0)toO(a3).
Evaluate,theaveragevalueof,averagedoverasmallcubeofsideacenteredontheoriginandshowthattheLaplacianofisameasureof
deviationoffrom(0,0,0).5.6.22Youhaveafunctiony(x)tabulatedatequallyspacedvaluesoftheargumentyn=y(xn)xn=x+nh.Show
thatthelinearcombination112h{y2+8y18y1+y2}yieldsy0h430y(5)0+.Hencethislinearcombinationyieldsy0if(h4/30)y(5)
0andhigherpowersofhandhigherderivativesofy(x)arenegligible.5.6.23Inanumericalintegrationofapartialdierentialequation,thethree
dimensionalLaplacianisreplacedby2(x,y,z)h2[(x+h,y,z)+(xh,y,z)+(x,y+h,z)+(x,yh,z)+(x,y,z+h)+(x,y,z
h)6(x,y,z)].Determinetheerrorinthisapproximation.Herehisthestepsize,thedistancebetweenadjacentpointsinthex,y,orzdirection.
5.6.24Usingdoubleprecision,calculateefromitsMaclaurinseries.Note.Thissimple,directapproachisthebestwayofcalculatingetohigh
accuracy.Sixteentermsgiveeto16signicantgures.Thereciprocalfactorialsgiveveryrapidconvergence.5.7.2ThedepolarizingfactorLforan
oblateellipsoidinauniformelectriceldparalleltotheaxisofrotationisL=10(1+20)(10cot10),where0denesanoblateellipsoid
inoblatespheroidalcoordinates(,,).Showthatlim0L=130(sphere),lim00L=10(thinsheet).
468.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4655.7.3Thedepolarizingfactor(Exercise5.7.2)foraprolateellipsoidisL=10
(201)120ln0+1011.Showthatlim0L=130(sphere),lim00L=0(longneedle).5.7.4Theanalysisofthediraction
patternofacircularopeninginvolves20cos(ccos)d.Expandtheintegrandinaseriesandintegratebyusing20cos2nd=(2n)!22n(n!)2
2,20cos2n+1d=0.Theresultis2timestheBesselfunctionJ0(c).5.7.5Neutronsarecreated(byanuclearreaction)insideahollowsphere
ofradiusR.Thenewlycreatedneutronsareuniformlydistributedoverthesphericalvolume.Assumingthatalldirectionsareequallyprobable
(isotropy),whatistheaveragedistanceaneutronwilltravelbeforestrikingthesurfaceofthesphere?Assumestraightlinemotionandnocollisions.
(a)Showthatr=32R1001k2sin2k2dksind.(b)Expandtheintegrandasaseriesandintegratetoobtainr=R13n=11(2n1)
(2n+1)(2n+3).(c)Showthatthesumofthisinniteseriesis1/12,givingr=34R.Hint.Showthatsn=1/12[4(2n+1)(2n+3)]1by
mathematicalinduction.Thenletn.5.7.8DerivetheseriesexpansionoftheincompletebetafunctionBx(p,q)=x0tp1(1t)q1dt=xp1p
+1qp+1x++(1q)(nq)n!(p+n)xn+for0x1,p>0,andq>0(ifx=1).
469.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4665.7.10Neutrontransporttheorygivesthefollowingexpressionfortheinverse
neutrondiusionlengthofk:abktanh1ka=1.Byseriesinversionorotherwise,determinek2asaseriesofpowersofb/a.Givethersttwo
termsoftheseries.ANS.k2=3ab145ba.5.7.12Afunctionf(z)isrepresentedbyadescendingpowerseriesf(z)=n=0anzn,Rz<.
Showthatthisseriesexpansionisuniquethatis,iff(z)=n=0bnzn,Rz<,thenan=bnforalln.5.7.14Assumingthatf(x)maybe
expandedinapowerseriesabouttheorigin,f(x)=n=0anxn,withsomenonzerorangeofconvergence.Usethetechniquesemployedinproving
uniquenessofseriestoshowthatyourassumedseriesisaMaclaurinseries:an=1n!f(n)(0).5.7.18Calculate(doubleprecision)byeachofthe
followingarctangentexpressions:=16tan1(1/5)4tan1(1/239)=24tan1(1/8)+8tan1(1/57)+4tan1(1/239)=48tan1(1/18)+
32tan1(1/57)20tan1(1/239).Obtain16signicantgures.VerifytheformulasusingExercise5.6.2.Note.Theseformulashavebeenusedin
someofthemoreaccuratecalculationsof.1625.7.19AnanalysisoftheGibbsphenomenonofSection14.5leadstotheexpression20sin
d.(a)Expandtheintegrandinaseriesandintegratetermbyterm.Findthenumericalvalueofthisexpressiontofoursignicantgures.216D.
ShanksandJ.W.Wrench,Computationofto100000decimals.Math.Comput.16:76(1962).
470.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES467(b)EvaluatethisexpressionbytheGaussianquadratureifavailable.ANS.
1.178980.5.8.7(a)WriteafunctionsubroutinethatwillcomputeE(m)fromtheseriesexpansion,Eq.(5.137).(b)Testyourfunctionsubroutineby
usingittocalculateE(m)overtherangem=0.0(0.1)0.9andcomparingtheresultwiththevaluesgivenbyAMS55(seefootnote4forthis
reference).5.8.8RepeatExercise5.8.7forK(m).Note.TheseseriesforE(m),Eq.(5.137),andK(m),Eq.(5.136),convergeonlyveryslowlyform
near1.MorerapidlyconvergingseriesforE(m)andK(m)exist.SeeDwightsTablesofIntegrals:183No.773.2and774.2.Yourcomputer
subroutineforcomputingEandKprobablyusespolynomialapproximations:AMS55,Chapter17(seefootnote4forthisreference).5.8.9Asimple
pendulumisswingingwithamaximumamplitudeofM.InthelimitasM0,theperiodis1s.Usingtheellipticintegral,K(k2),k=sin(M/2),
calculatetheperiodTforM=0(10)90.Caution.Someellipticintegralsubroutinesrequirek=m1/2asaninputparameter,notmitself.Check
values.M105090T(sec)1.001931.050331.182585.8.10CalculatethemagneticvectorpotentialA(,,z)=A(,,z)ofacircularcurrent
loop(Exercise5.8.4)fortheranges/a=2,3,4,andz/a=0,1,2,3,4.Note.Thisellipticintegralcalculationofthemagneticvectorpotentialmaybe
checkedbyanassociatedLegendrefunctioncalculation,Example12.5.1.Checkvalue.For/a=3andz/a=0A=0.0290230I.5.9.3Showthat

Bn(s)=nBn1(s),n=1,2,3,...Hint.DierentiateEq.(5.158).5.9.4ShowthatBn(1)=(1)nBn(0).Hint.Gobacktothegeneratingfunction,Eq.
(5.158),orExercise5.9.2.318H.B.Dwight,TablesofIntegralsandOtherMathematicalData.NewYork:Macmillan(1947).
471.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4685.9.7Plancksblackbodyradiationlawinvolvestheintegral0x3dxex1.
Showthatthisequals6(4).FromExercise5.9.6,(4)=490.Hint.Makeuseofthegammafunction,Chapter8.5.9.19Writeafunction
subprogramZETA(N)thatwillcalculatetheRiemannzetafunctionforintegerargument.Tabulate(s)fors=2,3,4,...,20.Checkyourvalues
againstTable5.3andAMS55,Chapter23(seefootnote4forthisreference).Hint.Ifyousupplythefunctionsubprogramwiththeknownvaluesof
(2),(3),and(4),youavoidthemoreslowlyconvergingseries.CalculationtimemaybefurthershortenedbyusingEq.(5.170).5.9.20Calculate
thelogarithm(base10)of|B2n|,n=10,20,...,100.Hint.Program(n)asafunctionsubprogram,Exercise5.9.19.Checkvalues.log|B100|=
78.45log|B200|=215.56.5.10.1Stirlingsformulaforthelogarithmofthefactorialfunctionisln(x!)=12ln2+x+12lnxxNn=1B2n
2n(2n1)x12n.TheB2naretheBernoullinumbers(Section5.9).ShowthatStirlingsformulaisanasymptoticexpansion.5.10.9Calculate
partialsumsofexE1(x)forx=5,10,and15toexhibitthebehaviorshowninFig.5.11.Determinethewidthofthethroatforx=10and15,
analogoustoEq.(5.183).ANS.Throatwidth:n=10,0.000051n=15,0.0000002.5.10.10TheknifeedgediractionpatternisdescribedbyI=
0.5I0[C(u0)+0.5]2+[S(u0)+0.5]2,whereC(u0)andS(u0)aretheFresnelintegralsofExercise5.10.2.HereI0istheincidentintensityandIisthe
diractedintensityu0isproportionaltothedistanceawayfromtheknifeedge(measuredatrightanglestotheincidentbeam).CalculateI/I0foru0
varyingfrom1.0to+4.0instepsof0.1.Tabulateyourresultsand,ifaplottingroutineisavailable,plotthem.
472.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES469Checkvalue.u0=1.0,I/I0=1.259226.5.11.6Provethatn=211n2=12.
5.11.10Calculatecosxfromitsinniteproductrepresentation,Eq.(5.211),using(a)10,(b)100,and(c)1000factorsintheproduct.Calculatethe
absoluteerror.Notehowslowlythepartialproductsconvergemakingtheinniteproductquiteunsuitableforprecisenumericalwork.ANS.For
1000factors,cos=1.00051.6.1.2Thecomplexquantitiesa=u+ivandb=x+iymayalsoberepresentedastwodimensionalvectors,a=xu+
yv,b=xx+yy.Showthatab=ab+izab.6.1.3Provealgebraicallythatforcomplexnumbers,|z1||z2||z1+z2||z1|+|z2|.
Interpretthisresultintermsoftwodimensionalvectors.Provethat|z1|<|z21|<|z+1|,for(z)>0.6.1.4Wemaydeneacomplexconjugation
operatorKsuchthatKz=z.ShowthatKisnotalinearoperator.6.1.8For1<p<1provethat(a)n=0pncosnx=1pcosx12pcosx+
p2,(b)n=0pnsinnx=psinx12pcosx+p2.TheseseriesoccurinthetheoryoftheFabryPerotinterferometer.6.1.9Assumethatthe
trigonometricfunctionsandthehyperbolicfunctionsaredenedforcomplexargumentbytheappropriatepowerseriessinz=n=1,odd(1)(n
1)/2znn!=s=0(1)sz2s+1(2s+1)!,cosz=n=0,even(1)n/2znn!=s=0(1)sz2s(2s)!,sinhz=n=1,oddznn!=s=0z2s+1(2s+
1)!,coshz=n=0,evenznn!=s=0z2s(2s)!.
473.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES470(a)Showthatisinz=sinhiz,siniz=isinhz,cosz=coshiz,cosiz=coshz.(b)
Verifythatfamiliarfunctionalrelationssuchascoshz=ez+ez2,sin(z1+z2)=sinz1cosz2+sinz2cosz1,stillholdinthecomplexplane.
6.1.12Provethat(a)|sinz||sinx|(b)|cosz||cosx|.6.1.13Showthattheexponentialfunctionezisperiodicwithapureimaginaryperiodof
2i.6.1.15Findallthezerosof(a)sinz,(b)cosz,(c)sinhz,(d)coshz.6.1.16Showthat(a)sin1z=iln(iz1z2),(d)sinh1z=ln(z+z2+
1),(b)cos1z=iln(zz21),(e)cosh1z=ln(z+z21),(c)tan1z=i2lni+ziz,(f)tanh1z=12ln1+z1z.Hint.1.Expressthe
trigonometricandhyperbolicfunctionsintermsofexponentials.2.Solvefortheexponentialandthenfortheexponent.6.1.17Inthequantumtheory
ofphotoionizationweencountertheidentityia1ia+1ib=exp(2bcot1a),inwhichaandbarereal.Verifythisidentity.6.1.18Aplanewave
oflightofangularfrequencyisrepresentedbyei(tnx/c).Inacertainsubstancethesimplerealindexofrefractionnisreplacedbythecomplex
quantitynik.Whatistheeectofkonthewave?Whatdoeskcorrespondtophysically?Thegeneralizationofaquantityfromrealtocomplex
formoccursfrequentlyinphysics.ExamplesrangefromthecomplexYoungsmodulusofviscoelasticmaterialstothecomplex(optical)potentialof
thecloudycrystalballmodeloftheatomicnucleus.6.1.19WeseethatfortheangularmomentumcomponentsdenedinExercise2.5.14Lx
iLy=(Lx+iLy).Explainwhythisoccurs.
474.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4716.1.20Showthatthephaseoff(z)=u+ivisequaltotheimaginarypartofthe
logarithmoff(z).Exercise8.2.13dependsonthisresult.6.1.21(a)Showthatelnzalwaysequalsz.(b)Showthatlnezdoesnotalwaysequalz.
6.1.22TheinniteproductrepresentationsofSection5.11holdwhentherealvariablexisreplacedbythecomplexvariablez.Fromthis,develop
inniteproductrepresentationsfor(a)sinhz,(b)coshz.6.1.23Theequationofmotionofamassmrelativetoarotatingcoordinatesystemismd2r
dt2=Fm(r)2mdrdtmddtr.ConsiderthecaseF=0,r=xx+yy,and=z,withconstant.Showthatthe
replacementofr=xx+yybyz=x+iyleadstod2zdt2+i2dzdt2z=0.Note.ThisODEmaybesolvedbythesubstitutionz=feit.
6.1.24UsingthecomplexarithmeticavailableinFORTRAN,writeaprogramthatwillcalculatethecomplexexponentialezfromitsseries
expansion(denition).Calculateezforz=ein/6,n=0,1,2,...,12.Tabulatethephaseangle(=n/6),z,z,(ez),(ez),|ez|,andthephaseofez
.Checkvalue.n=5,=2.61799,(z)=0.86602,z=0.50000,(ez)=0.36913,(ez)=0.20166,|ez|=0.42062,phase(ez)=0.50000.6.1.25Using
thecomplexarithmeticavailableinFORTRAN,calculateandtabulate(sinhz),(sinhz),|sinhz|,andphase(sinhz)forx=0.0(0.1)1.0andy=
0.0(0.1)1.0.Hint.Bewareofdividingbyzerowhencalculatinganangleasanarctangent.Checkvalue.z=0.2+0.1i,(sinhz)=0.20033,(sinhz)=
0.10184,|sinhz|=0.22473,phase(sinhz)=0.47030.6.1.26RepeatExercise6.1.25forcoshz.6.2.1Thefunctionsu(x,y)andv(x,y)arethereal
andimaginaryparts,respectively,ofananalyticfunctionw(z).
475.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES472(a)Assumingthattherequiredderivativesexist,showthat2u=2v=0.Solutions
ofLaplacesequationsuchasu(x,y)andv(x,y)arecalledharmonicfunctions.(b)Showthatuxuy+vxvy=0.andgiveageometric
interpretation.Hint.ThetechniqueofSection1.6allowsyoutoconstructvectorsnormaltothecurvesu(x,y)=ciandv(x,y)=cj.6.2.7Thefunction
f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)isanalytic.Showthatf(z)isalsoanalytic.6.2.11AproofoftheSchwarzinequality(Section10.4)involvesminimizing
anexpression,f=aa+ab+ab+bb0.Theareintegralsofproductsoffunctionsaaandbbarereal,abiscomplexand
isacomplexparameter.(a)Dierentiatetheprecedingexpressionwithrespectto,treatingasanindependentparameter,independentof.
Showthatsettingthederivativef/equaltozeroyields=abbb.(b)Showthatf/=0leadstothesameresult.(c)Let=x+iy,
=xiy.Setthexandyderivativesequaltozeroandshowthatagain=abbb.ThisindependenceofandappearsagaininSection
17.7.6.4.8UsingtheCauchyintegralformulaforthenthderivative,convertthefollowingRodriguesformulasintothecorrespondingsocalled
Schlaeiintegrals.(a)Legendre:Pn(x)=12nn!dndxn(x21)n.ANS.(1)n2n12i(1z2)n(zx)n+1dz
476.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES473(b)Hermite:Hn(x)=(1)nex2dndxnex2.(c)Laguerre:Ln(x)=exn!dndxn
(xnex).Note.FromtheSchlaeiintegralrepresentationsonecandevelopgeneratingfunctionsforthesespecialfunctions.CompareSections
12.4,13.1,and13.2.6.5.8DeveloptherstthreenonzerotermsoftheLaurentexpansionoff(z)=(ez1)1abouttheorigin.Noticethe
resemblancetotheBernoullinumbergeneratingfunction,Eq.(5.144)ofSection5.9.6.6.1Thefunctionf(z)expandedinaLaurentseriesexhibitsa
poleofordermatz=z0.Showthatthecoecientof(zz0)1,a1,isgivenbya1=1(m1)!dm1dzm1[(zz0)mf(z)]z=z0,witha1=
[(zz0)f(z)]z=z0,whenthepoleisasimplepole(m=1).Theseequationsfora1areextremelyusefulindeterminingtheresiduetobeusedinthe
residuetheoremofSection7.1.Hint.Thetechniquethatwassosuccessfulinprovingtheuniquenessofpowerseries,Section5.7,willworkhere
also.6.6.3InanalogywithExample6.6.1,considerindetailthephaseofeachfactorandtheresultantoverallphaseoff(z)=(z2+1)1/2followinga
contoursimilartothatofFig.6.16butencirclingthenewbranchpoints.6.6.4TheLegendrefunctionofthesecondkind,Q(z),hasbranchpointsat

z=1.Thebranchpointsarejoinedbyacutlinealongthereal(x)axis.(a)ShowthatQ0(z)=12ln((z+1)/(z1))issinglevalued(withthereal
axis1x1takenasacutline).(b)Forrealargumentxand|x|<1itisconvenienttotakeQ0(x)=12ln1+x1x.ShowthatQ0(x)=12[Q0(x
+i0)+Q0(xi0)].Herex+i0indicatesthatzapproachestherealaxisfromabove,andxi0indicatesanapproachfrombelow.
477.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4746.7.3Discussthetransformations(a)w(z)=sinz,(c)w(z)=sinhz,(b)w(z)=cos
z,(d)w(z)=coshz.Showhowthelinesx=c1,y=c2mapintothewplane.Notethatthelastthreetransformationscanbeobtainedfromtherst
onebyappropriatetranslationand/orrotation.6.7.6AnintegralrepresentationoftheBesselfunctionfollowsthecontourinthetplaneshowninFig.
6.24.Mapthiscontourintotheplanewitht=e.ManyadditionalexamplesofmappingaregiveninChapters11,12,and13.6.8.1Expandw(x)
inaTaylorseriesaboutthepointz=z0,wheref(z0)=0.(Anglesarenotpreserved.)Showthatiftherstn1derivativesvanishbutf(n)(z0)=0,
thenanglesinthezplanewithverticesatz=z0appearinthewplanemultipliedbyn.6.8.2Developthetransformationsthatcreateeachofthefour
cylindricalcoordinatesystems:(a)Circularcylindrical:x=cos,y=sin.(b)Ellipticcylindrical:x=acoshucosv,y=asinhusinv.(c)
Paraboliccylindrical:x=,y=12(22).(d)Bipolar:x=asinhcoshcos.y=asincoshcos.Note.Thesetransformationsare
notnecessarilyanalytic.6.8.3Inthetransformationez=awa+w,howdothecoordinatelinesinthezplanetransform?Whatcoordinatesystem
haveyouconstructed?7.1.2Locatethesingularitiesandevaluatetheresiduesofeachofthefollowingfunctions.(a)zn(ez1)1,z=0,(b)z2ez
1+e2z.(c)Findaclosedformexpression(thatis,notasum)forthesumoftheniteplanesingularities.(d)Usingtheresultinpart(c),whatisthe
residueat|z|?
478.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES475Hint.SeeSection5.9forexpressionsinvolvingBernoullinumbers.NotethatEq.
(5.144)cannotbeusedtoinvestigatethesingularityatz,sincethisseriesisonlyvalidfor|z|<2.7.1.23SeveraloftheBromwichintegrals,
Section15.12,involveaportionthatmaybeapproximatedbyI(y)=a+iyaiyeztz1/2dz.Hereaandtarepositiveandnite.Showthatlimy
I(y)=0.7.1.27ApplythetechniquesofExample7.1.5totheevaluationoftheimproperintegralI=dxx22.(a)Let+i.(b)Let
i.(c)TaketheCauchyprincipalvalue.7.1.28TheintegralinExercise7.1.17maybetransformedinto0eyy21+e2ydy=316.
EvaluatethisintegralbytheGaussLaguerrequadratureandcompareyourresultwith3/16.ANS.Integral=1.93775(10points).7.2.9Showthat
(x)=12dtt(tx)isavalidrepresentationofthedeltafunctioninthesensethatf(x)(x)dx=f(0).Assumethatf(x)satisesthe
conditionfortheexistenceofaHilberttransform.Hint.ApplyEq.(7.84)twice.
479.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4767.3.7AssumeH(1)(s)tohaveanegativepowerseriesexpansionoftheform
H(1)(s)=2sei(s(/2)/4)n=0ansn,withthecoecientofthesummationobtainedbythemethodofsteepestdescent.Substituteinto
BesselsequationandshowthatyoureproducetheasymptoticseriesforH(1)(s)giveninSection11.6.8.1.3Showthat,assnnegative
integer,(sn)!(2s2n)!(1)ns(2n2s)!(ns)!.Heresandnareintegerswiths<n.Thisresultcanbeusedtoavoidnegativefactorials,
suchasintheseriesrepresentationsofthesphericalNeumannfunctionsandtheLegendrefunctionsofthesecondkind.8.1.12(a)Develop
recurrencerelationsfor(2n)!!andfor(2n+1)!!.(b)Usetheserecurrencerelationstocalculate(ortodene)0!!and(1)!!.ANS.0!!=1,(1)!!=1.
8.1.13Forsanonnegativeinteger,showthat(2s1)!!=(1)s(2s1)!!=(1)s2ss!(2s)!.item[8.1.18]Fromoneofthedenitionsofthe
factorialorgammafunction,showthat|(ix)!|2=xsinhx.8.1.27WriteafunctionsubprogramFACT(N)(xedpointindependentvariable)that
willcalculateN!.IncludeprovisionforrejectionandappropriateerrormessageifNisnegative.Note.ForsmallintegerN,directmultiplicationis
simplest.ForlargeN,Eq.(8.55),Stirlingsserieswouldbeappropriate.8.1.28(a)Writeafunctionsubprogramtocalculatethedoublefactorialratio
(2N1)!!/(2N)!!.IncludeprovisionforN=0andforrejectionandanerrormessageifNisnegative.CalculateandtabulatethisratioforN=
1(1)100.(b)Checkyourfunctionsubprogramcalculationof199!!/200!!againstthevalueobtainedfromStirlingsseries(Section8.3).
480.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES477ANS.199!!200!!=0.056348.8.1.29UsingeithertheFORTRANsupplied
GAMMAoralibrarysuppliedsubroutineforx!or(x),determinethevalueofxforwhich(x)isaminimum(1x2)andthisminimum
valueof(x).Noticethatalthoughtheminimumvalueof(x)maybeobtainedtoaboutsixsignicantgures(singleprecision),thecorresponding
valueofxismuchlessaccurate.Whythisrelativelylowaccuracy?8.1.30Thefactorialfunctionexpressedinintegralformcanbeevaluatedbythe
GaussLaguerrequadrature.Fora10pointformulatheresultantx!istheoreticallyexactforxaninteger,0upthrough19.Whathappensifxisnot
aninteger?UsetheGaussLaguerrequadraturetoevaluatex!,x=0.0(0.1)2.0.Tabulatetheabsoluteerrorasafunctionofx.Checkvalue.x!exact
x!quadrature=0.00034forx=1.3.8.2.10Derivethepolygammafunctionrecurrencerelation(m)(1+z)=(m)(z)+(1)mm!/zm+1,m=0,1,
2,....8.2.21Verifythecontourintegralrepresentationof(s),(s)=(s)!2iC(z)s1ez1dz.ThecontourCisthesameasthatforEq.
(8.35).Thepointsz=2ni,n=1,2,3,...,areallexcluded.8.2.23UsingthecomplexvariablecapabilityofFORTRANcalculate(1+ib)!,(1+
ib)!,|(1+ib)!|andphase(1+ib)!forb=0.0(0.1)1.0.Plotthephaseof(1+ib)!versusb.Hint.Exercise8.2.3oersaconvenientapproach.Youwill
needtocalculate(n).8.3.3ByintegratingEq.(8.51)fromz1tozandthenlettingz,evaluatetheconstantC1intheasymptoticseriesforthe
digammafunction(z).8.3.5Bydirectexpansion,verifythedoublingformulaforz=n+12nisaninteger.8.3.10Calculatethebinomial
coecient(2nn)tosixsignicantguresforn=10,20,and30.Checkyourvaluesby(a)aStirlingseriesapproximationthroughtermsinn1,(b)
adoubleprecisioncalculation.ANS.(2010)=1.84756105,(4020)=1.378461011,(6030)=1.182641017.
481.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4788.3.11Writeaprogram(orsubprogram)thatwillcalculatelog10(x!)directlyfrom
Stirlingsseries.Assumethatx10.(Smallervaluescouldbecalculatedviathefactorialrecurrencerelation.)Tabulatelog10(x!)versusxforx=
10(10)300.CheckyourresultsagainstAMS55(seeAdditionalReadingsforthisreference)orbydirectmultiplication(forn=10,20,and30).
Checkvalue.log10(100!)=157.97.8.3.12UsingthecomplexarithmeticcapabilityofFORTRAN,writeasubroutinethatwillcalculateln(z!)for
complexzbasedonStirlingsseries.Includeatestandanappropriateerrormessageifzistooclosetoanegativerealinteger.Checkyoursubroutine
againstalternatecalculationsforzreal,zpureimaginary,andz=1+ib(Exercise8.2.23).Checkvalues.|(i0.5)!|=0.82618phase(i0.5)!=0.24406.
8.4.1Derivethedoublingformulaforthefactorialfunctionbyintegrating(sin2)2n+1=(2sincos)2n+1(andusingthebetafunction).8.4.19
TabulatethebetafunctionB(p,q)forpandq=1.0(0.1)2.0independently.Checkvalue.B(1.3,1.7)=0.40774.8.4.20(a)Writeasubroutinethatwill
calculatetheincompletebetafunctionBx(p,q).For0.5<x1youwillnditconvenienttousetherelationBx(p,q)=B(p,q)B1x(q,p).(b)
TabulateBx(32,32).SpotcheckyourresultsbyusingtheGaussLegendrequadrature.8.5.13(a)Writeasubroutinethatwillcalculatethe
incompletegammafunctions(n,x)and(n,x)fornapositiveinteger.Spotcheck(n,x)byGaussLaguerrequadratures.(b)Tabulate(n,x)and
(n,x)forx=0.0(0.1)1.0andn=1,2,3.8.5.14Calculatethepotentialproducedbya1Shydrogenelectron(Exercise8.5.4)(Fig.8.10).TabulateV
(r)/(q/40a0)forx=0.0(0.1)4.0.Checkyourcalculationsforr1andforr1bycalculatingthelimitingformsgiveninExercise8.5.4.8.5.15Using
Eqs.(5.182)and(8.75),calculatetheexponentialintegralE1(x)for(a)x=0.2(0.2)1.0,(b)x=6.0(2.0)10.0.Programyourowncalculationbutcheck
eachvalue,usingalibrarysubroutineifavailable.AlsocheckyourcalculationsateachpointbyaGaussLaguerrequadrature.
482.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES479Youllndthatthepowerseriesconvergesrapidlyandyieldshighprecisionfor
smallx.Theasymptoticseries,evenforx=10,yieldsrelativelypooraccuracy.Checkvalues.E1(1.0)=0.219384E1(10.0)=4.15697106.
8.5.16ThetwoexpressionsforE1(x),(1)Eq.(5.182),anasymptoticseriesand(2)Eq.(8.75),aconvergentpowerseries,provideameansof
calculatingtheEulerMascheroniconstanttohighaccuracy.Usingdoubleprecision,calculatefromEq.(8.75),withE1(x)evaluatedbyEq.
(5.182).Hint.Asaconvenientchoicetakexintherange10to20.(Yourchoiceofxwillsetalimitontheaccuracyofyourresult.)Tominimize
errorsinthealternatingseriesofEq.(8.75),accumulatethepositiveandnegativetermsseparately.ANS.Forx=10anddoubleprecision,=
0.57721566.9.2.16Bernoullisequation,dydx+f(x)y=g(x)yn,isnonlinearforn=0or1.Showthatthesubstitutionu=y1nreducesBernoullis
equationtoalinearequation.(SeeSection18.4.)ANS.dudx+(1n)f(x)u=(1n)g(x).9.2.17Solvethelinear,rstorderequation,Eq.(9.25),by
assumingy(x)=u(x)v(x),wherev(x)isasolutionofthecorrespondinghomogeneousequation[q(x)=0].Thisisthemethodofvariationof

parametersduetoLagrange.WeapplyittosecondorderequationsinExercise9.6.25.9.7.1VerifyEq.(9.168),(vL2uuL2v)d2=p(v2uu2v)
d2.9.7.5ThehomogeneousHelmholtzequation2+2=0haseigenvalues2iandeigenfunctionsi.ShowthatthecorrespondingGreens
functionthatsatises2G(r1,r2)+2G(r1,r2)=(r1r2)
483.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES480maybewrittenasG(r1,r2)=i=1i(r1)i(r2)2i2.Anexpansionofthis
formiscalledabilinearexpansion.IftheGreensfunctionisavailableinclosedform,thisprovidesameansofgeneratingfunctions.9.7.8Acharged
conductingringofradiusa(Example12.3.3)maybedescribedby(r)=q2a2(ra)(cos).UsingtheknownGreensfunctionforthissystem,
Eq.(9.187),ndtheelectrostaticpotential.Hint.Exercise12.6.3willbehelpful.9.7.9Changingaseparationconstantfromk2tok2andputtingthe
discontinuityoftherstderivativeintothezdependence,showthat14|r1r2|=14m=0eim(12)Jm(k1)Jm(k2)ek|z1z2|dk.
Hint.Therequired(12)maybeobtainedfromExercise15.1.2.9.7.10Derivetheexpansionexp[ik|r1r2|]4|r1r2|=ikl=0

jl(kr1)h(1)l(kr2),r1<r2jl(kr2)h(1)l(kr1),r1>r2

lm=lYml(1,1)Yml(2,2).Hint.TheleftsideisaknownGreens
function.Assumeasphericalharmonicexpansionandworkontheremainingradialdependence.Thesphericalharmonicclosurerelation,Exercise
12.6.6,coverstheangulardependence.9.7.11ShowthatthemodiedHelmholtzoperatorGreensfunctionexp(k|r1r2|)4|r1r2|hasthe
sphericalpolarcoordinateexpansionexp(k|r1r2|)4|r1r2|=kl=0il(kr<)kl(kr>)lm=lYml(1,1)Yml(2,2).Note.Themodied
sphericalBesselfunctionsil(kr)andkl(kr)aredenedinExercise11.7.15.
484.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4819.7.12FromthesphericalGreensfunctionofExercise9.7.10,derivetheplane
waveexpansioneikr=l=0il(2l+1)jl(kr)Pl(cos),whereistheangleincludedbetweenkandr.ThisistheRayleighequationofExercise
12.4.7.Hint.Taker2r1sothat|r1r2|r2r20r1=r2kr1k.Letr2andcancelafactorofeikr2/r2.9.7.13Fromtheresultsof
Exercises9.7.10and9.7.12,showthateix=l=0il(2l+1)jl(x).9.7.14(a)FromthecircularcylindricalcoordinateexpansionoftheLaplace
Greensfunction(Eq.(9.197)),showthat1(2+z2)1/2=20K0(k)coskzdk.ThissameresultisobtaineddirectlyinExercise15.3.11.(b)As
aspecialcaseofpart(a)showthat0K0(k)dk=2.9.7.15Notingthatk(r)=1(2)3/2eikrisaneigenfunctionof(2+k2)k(r)=0(Eq.
(9.206)),showthattheGreensfunctionofL=2maybeexpandedas14|r1r2|=1(2)3eik(r1r2)d3kk2.9.7.16UsingFouriertransforms,
showthattheGreensfunctionsatisfyingthenonhomogeneousHelmholtzequation(2+k20)G(r1,r2)=(r1r2)isG(r1,r2)=1(2)3
eik(r1r2)k2k20d3k,inagreementwithEq.(9.213).
485.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES4829.7.17ThebasicequationofthescalarKirchhodiractiontheoryis(r1)=14
S2eikrr(r2)(r2)eikrrd2,wheresatisesthehomogeneousHelmholtzequationandr=|r1r2|.Derivethisequation.Assumethatr1is
interiortotheclosedsurfaceS2.Hint.UseGreenstheorem.9.7.18TheBornapproximationforthescatteredwaveisgivenbyEq.(9.203b)(andEq.
(9.211)).Fromtheasymptoticform,Eq.(9.199),fk(,)eikrr=2m2V(r2)eik|rr2|4|rr2|eik0r2d3r2.ForascatteringpotentialV(r2)that
isindependentofanglesandforrr2,showthatfk(,)=2m20r2V(r2)sin(|k0k|r2)|k0k|dr2.Herek0isinthe=0(originalzaxis)
direction,whereaskisinthe(,)direction.Themagnitudesareequal:|k0|=|k|misthereducedmass.Hint.YouhaveExercise9.7.12tosimplify
theexponentialandExercise15.3.20totransformthethreedimensionalFourierexponentialtransformintoaonedimensionalFouriersine
transform.9.7.19Calculatethescatteringamplitudefk(,)foramesonicpotentialV(r)=V0(er/r).Hint.Thisparticularpotentialpermitsthe
Bornintegral,Exercise9.7.18,tobeevaluatedasaLaplacetransform.ANS.fk(,)=2mV0212+(k0k)2.9.7.20ThemesonicpotentialV
(r)=V0(er/r)maybeusedtodescribetheCoulombscatteringoftwochargesq1andq2.Welet0andV00buttaketheratioV0/tobe
q1q2/40.(ForGaussianunitsomitthe40.)Showthatthedierentialscatteringcrosssectiond/d=|fk(,)|2isgivenbydd=q1q2402
116E2sin4(/2),E=p22m=2k22m.Ithappens(coincidentally)thatthisBornapproximationisinexactagreementwithboththeexact
quantummechanicalcalculationsandtheclassicalRutherfordcalculation.
486.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES48310.1.5Un(x),theChebyshevpolynomial(typeII)satisestheODE,Eq.(13.1),(1
x2)Un(x)3xUn(x)+n(n+2)Un(x)=0.(a)Locatethesingularpointsthatappearintheniteplane,andshowwhethertheyareregularor
irregular.(b)Putthisequationinselfadjointform.(c)Identifythecompleteeigenvalue.(d)Identifytheweightingfunction.10.1.6Forthevery
specialcase=0andq(x)=0theselfadjointeigenvalueequationbecomesddxp(x)du(x)dx=0,satisedbydudx=1p(x).Usethistoobtaina
secondsolutionofthefollowing:(a)Legendresequation,(b)Laguerresequation,(c)Hermitesequation.ANS(a)u2(x)=12ln1+x1x,(b)
u2(x)u2(x0)=xx0etdtt,(c)u2(x)=x0et2dt.Thesesecondsolutionsillustratethedivergentbehaviorusuallyfoundinasecondsolution.Note.
Inallthreecasesu1(x)=1.10.1.7GiventhatLu=0andgLuisselfadjoint,showthatfortheadjointoperatorL,L(gu)=0.10.1.8Forasecond
orderdierentialoperatorLthatisselfadjointshowthatba[y2Ly1y1Ly2]dx=p(y1y2y1y2)|ba.10.1.9Showthatifafunctionisrequired
tosatisfyLaplacesequationinaniteregionofspaceandtosatisfyDirichletboundaryconditionsovertheentireclosedboundingsurface,thenis
unique.Hint.OneoftheformsofGreenstheorem,Section1.11,willbehelpful.
487.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES48410.1.11Withintheframeworkofquantummechanics(Eqs.(10.26)and
following),showthatthefollowingareHermitianoperators:(a)momentump=iih2(b)angularmomentumL=irih2r.Hint.In
CartesianformLisalinearcombinationofnoncommutingHermitianoperators.10.1.17AquantummechanicalexpectationvalueisdenedbyA=
(x)A(x)dx,whereAisalinearoperator.ShowthatdemandingthatAberealmeansthatAmustbeHermitianwithrespectto(x).10.1.18
Fromthedenitionofadjoint,Eq.(10.27),showthatA=Ainthesensethat1A2d=1A2d.Theadjointoftheadjointisthe
originaloperator.Hint.Thefunctions1and2ofEq.(10.27)representaclassoffunctions.Thesubscripts1and2maybeinterchangedor
replacedbyothersubscripts.10.1.19TheSchrodingerwaveequationforthedeuteron(withaWoodsSaxonpotential)is22M2+V01+exp[(r
r0)/a]=E.HereE=2.224MeV,aisathicknessparameter,0.41013cm.Expressinglengthsinfermis(1013cm)andenergiesin
millionelectronvolts(MeV),wemayrewritethewaveequationasd2dr2(r)+141.47EV01+exp((rr0)/a)(r)=0.Eisassumedknown
fromexperiment.ThegoalistondV0foraspeciedvalueofr0(say,r0=2.1).Ifwelety(r)=r(r),theny(0)=0andwetakey(0)=1.FindV0
suchthaty(20.0)=0.(Thisshouldbey(),butr=20isfarenoughbeyondtherangeofnuclearforcestoapproximateinnity.)ANS.Fora=0.4
andr0=2.1fm,V0=34.159MeV.10.1.20DeterminethenuclearpotentialwellparameterV0ofExercise10.1.19asafunctionofr0forr=
2.00(0.05)2.25fermis.Expressyourresultsasapowerlaw|V0|r0=k.
488.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES485Determinetheexponentandtheconstantk.Thispowerlawformulationis
usefulforaccurateinterpolation.10.1.21InExercise10.1.19itwasassumedthat20fermiswasagoodapproximationtoinnity.Checkonthisby
calculatingV0forr(r)=0at(a)r=15,(b)r=20,(c)r=25,and(d)r=30.Sketchyourresults.Taker0=2.10anda=0.4(fermis).10.1.22Fora
quantumparticlemovinginapotentialwell,V(x)=12m2x2,theSchrodingerwaveequationis22md2(x)dx2+12m2x2(x)=E(x),
ord2(z)dz2z2(z)=2E(z),wherez=(m/)1/2x.Sincethisoperatoriseven,weexpectsolutionsofdeniteparity.Fortheinitial
conditionsthatfollow,integrateoutfromtheoriginanddeterminetheminimumconstant2E/thatwillleadto()=0ineachcase.(Youmay
takez=6asanapproximationofinnity.)(a)Foraneveneigenfunction,(0)=1,(0)=0.(b)Foranoddeigenfunction,(0)=0,(0)=1.Note.
AnalyticalsolutionsappearinSection13.1.10.2.2(a)Thevectorsenareorthogonaltoeachother:enem=0forn=m.Showthattheyarelinearly
independent.(b)Thefunctionsn(x)areorthogonaltoeachotherovertheinterval[a,b]andwithrespecttotheweightingfunctionw(x).Showthat
then(x)arelinearlyindependent.10.2.5(a)ShowthattherstderivativesoftheLegendrepolynomialssatisfyaselfadjointdierentialequation
witheigenvalue=n(n+1)2.(b)ShowthattheseLegendrepolynomialderivativessatisfyanorthogonalityrelation11Pm(x)Pn(x)(1x2)dx
=0,m=n.Note.InSection12.5,(1x2)1/2Pn(x)willbelabeledanassociatedLegendrepolynomial,P1n(x).

489.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES48610.2.8(a)ShowthattheLiouvillesubstitutionu(x)=v()[p(x)w(x)]1/4,=xa
[w(t)p(t)]1/2dttransformsddxp(x)ddxu+[w(x)q(x)]u(x)=0intod2vd2+[Q()]v()=0,whereQ()=q(x())w(x())+
[p(x())w(x())]1/4d2d2(pw)1/4.(b)Ifv1()andv2()areobtainedfromu1(x)andu2(x),respectively,byaLiouvillesubstitution,showthatba
w(x)u1u2dxistransformedintoc0v1()v2()dwithc=ba[wp]1/2dx.10.2.10WithLnotselfadjoint,Lui+iwui=0andLvj+jwvj=0.(a)
ShowthatbavjLuidx=bauiLvjdx,provideduip0vjba=vjp0uibaandui(p1p0)vjba=0.(b)Showthattheorthogonalityintegralforthe
eigenfunctionsuiandvjbecomesbauivjwdx=0(i=j).10.2.11InExercise9.5.8theseriessolutionoftheChebyshevequationisfoundtobe
convergentforalleigenvaluesn.ThereforenisnotquantizedbytheargumentusedforLegendres(Exercise9.5.5).Calculatethesumoftheindicial
equationk=0Chebyshevseriesforn=v=0.8,0.9,and1.0andforx=0.0(0.1)0.9.Note.TheChebyshevseriesrecurrencerelationisgivenin
Exercise5.2.16.
490.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES48710.2.12(a)Evaluatethen==0.9,indicialequationk=0Chebyshevseriesforx
=0.98,0.99,and1.00.Theseriesconvergesveryslowlyatx=1.00.Youmaywishtousedoubleprecision.Upperboundstotheerrorinyour
calculationcanbesetbycomparisonwiththe=1.0case,whichcorrespondsto(1x2)1/2.(b)Theseseriessolutionsforeigenvalue=0.9and
for=1.0areobviouslynotorthogonal,despitethefactthattheysatisfyaselfadjointeigenvalueequationwithdierenteigenvalues.Fromthe
behaviorofthesolutionsinthevicinityofx=1.00trytoformulateahypothesisastowhytheproofoforthogonalitydoesnotapply.10.2.13The
Fourierexpansionofthe(asymmetric)squarewaveisgivenbyEq.(10.38).Withh=2,evaluatethisseriesforx=0(/18)/2,usingtherst(a)10
terms,(b)100termsoftheseries.Note.For10termsandx=/18,or10,yourFourierrepresentationhasasharphump.ThisistheGibbs
phenomenonofSection14.5.For100termsthishumphasbeenshiftedovertoabout1.10.2.14Thesymmetricsquarewavef(x)= 1,|x|<
21,2<|x|<hasaFourierexpansionf(x)=4n=0(1)ncos(2n+1)x2n+1.Evaluatethisseriesforx=0(/18)/2usingtherst(a)10
terms,(b)100termsoftheseries.Note.AsinExercise10.2.13,theGibbsphenomenonappearsatthediscontinuity.ThismeansthataFourier
seriesisnotsuitableforprecisenumericalworkinthevicinityofadiscontinuity.10.3.1ReworkExample10.3.1byreplacingn(x)bythe
conventionalLegendrepolynomial,Pn(x).11[Pn(x)]2dx=22n+1.UsingEqs.(10.47a),and(10.49a),constructP0,P1(x),andP2(x).ANS.P0
=1,P1=x,P2=32x212.10.3.9Formanorthogonalsetovertheinterval0x<,usingun(x)=enx,n=1,2,3,....Taketheweighting
factor,w(x),tobeunity.Thesefunctionsaresolutionsofunn2un=0,whichisclearlyalreadyinSturmLiouville(selfadjoint)form.Why
doesnttheSturmLiouvilletheoryguaranteetheorthogonalityofthesefunctions?
491.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES48810.4.6DierentiateEq.(10.79),|=f|f+f|g+g|f+g|g,withrespect
toandshowthatyougettheSchwarzinequality,Eq.(10.78).10.4.8Ifthefunctionsf(x)andg(x)oftheSchwarzinequality,Eq.(10.78),maybe
expandedinaseriesofeigenfunctionsi(x),showthatEq.(10.78)reducestoEq.(10.76)(withnpossiblyinnite).Notethedescriptionoff(x)asa
vectorinafunctionspaceinwhichi(x)correspondstotheunitvectore1.10.4.10Anormalizedwavefunction(x)=n=0ann(x).The
expansioncoefcientsanareknownasprobabilityamplitudes.Wemaydeneadensitymatrixwithelementsij=aiaj.Showthat(2)ij=
ij,or2=.Thisresult,bydenition,makesaprojectionoperator.Hint:Usedx=1.10.4.11Showthat(a)theoperator|i(x)i(t)|
operatingonf(t)=jcj|j(t)yieldsci|i(x).(b)i|i(x)i(x)|=1.Thisoperatorisaprojectionoperatorprojectingf(x)ontotheithcoordinate,
selectivelypickingouttheithcomponentci|i(x)off(x).Hint.Theoperatoroperatesviathewelldenedinnerproduct.10.5.3FindtheGreens
functionfortheoperators(a)Ly(x)=ddxxdy(x)dx.ANS.(a)G(x,t)=lnt,0x<t,lnx,t<x1.
492.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES489(b)Ly(x)=ddxxdy(x)dxn2xy(x),withy(0)niteandy(1)=0.ANS.(b)
G(x,t)=

12nxtn(xt)n,0x<t,12ntxn(xt)n,t<x1.ThecombinationofoperatorandintervalspeciedinExercise
10.5.3(a)ispathological,inthatoneoftheendpointsoftheinterval(zero)isasingularpointoftheoperator.Asaconsequence,theintegratedpart
(thesurfaceintegralofGreenstheorem)doesnotvanish.Thenextfourexercisesexplorethissituation.10.5.4(a)Showthattheparticularsolution
ofddxxddxy(x)=1isyP(x)=x.(b)ShowthatyP(x)=x=10G(x,t)(1)dt,whereG(x,t)istheGreensfunctionofExercise10.5.3(a).
10.5.5ShowthatGreenstheorem,Eq.(1.104)inonedimensionwithaSturmLiouvilletypeoperator(d/dt)p(t)(d/dt)replacing,mayberewritten
asbau(t)ddtp(t)dv(t)dtv(t)ddtp(t)du(t)dtdt=[u(t)p(t)dv(t)dtv(t)p(t)du(t)dt]ba.10.5.6UsingtheonedimensionalformofGreens
theoremofExercise10.5.5,letv(t)=y(t)andddtp(t)dy(t)dt=f(t)u(t)=G(x,t)andddtp(t)G(x,t)t=(xt).ShowthatGreenstheorem
yieldsy(x)=baG(x,t)f(t)dt+[G(x,t)p(t)dy(t)dty(t)p(t)tG(x,t)]t=bt=a.
493.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49010.5.7Forp(t)=t,y(t)=t,G(x,t)=lnt,0x<tlnx,t<x1,verifythat
theintegratedpartdoesnotvanish.10.5.13IntheFredholmequation,f(x)=2baG(x,t)(t)dt,G(x,t)isaGreensfunctiongivenbyG(x,t)=
n=1n(x)n(t)2n2.Showthatthesolutionis(x)=n=12n22n(x)baf(t)n(t)dt.10.5.14ShowthattheGreensfunctionintegral
transformoperatorbaG(x,t)[]dtisequaltoL1,inthesensethat(a)LxbaG(x,t)y(t)dt=y(x),(b)baG(x,t)Lty(t)dt=y(x).Note.Take
Ly(x)+f(x)=0,Eq.(10.92).10.5.15SubstituteEq.(10.87),theeigenfunctionexpansionofGreensfunction,intoEq.(10.88)andthenshowthat
Eq.(10.88)isindeedasolutionoftheinhomogenousHelmholtzequation(10.82).10.5.16(a)Startingwithaonedimensionalinhomogeneous
dierentialequation,(Eq.(10.89)),assumethat(x)and(x)mayberepresentedbyeigenfunctionexpansions.WithoutanyuseoftheDiracdelta
functionoritsrepresentations,showthat(x)=n=0ba(t)n(t)dtnn(x).Notethat(1)if=0,nosolutionexistsunless=nand(2)if
=n,nosolutionexistsunlessisorthogonalton.ThissamebehaviorwillreappearwithintegralequationsinSection16.4.
494.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES491(b)Interchangingsummationandintegration,showthatyouhaveconstructed
theGreensfunctioncorrespondingtoEq.(10.90).10.5.17TheeigenfunctionsoftheSchrodingerequationareoftencomplex.Inthiscasethe
orthogonalityintegral,Eq.(10.40),isreplacedbybai(x)j(x)w(x)dx=ij.InsteadofEq.(1.189),wehave(r1r2)=n=0n(r1)n(r2).
ShowthattheGreensfunction,Eq.(10.87),becomesG(r1,r2)=n=0n(r1)n(r2)k2nk2=G(r2,r1).11.1.9ShowthatJ0(x)=210cos
xt1t2dt.ThisintegralisaFouriercosinetransform(compareSection15.3).ThecorrespondingFouriersinetransform,J0(x)=21sinxt
t21dt,isestablishedinSection11.4(Exercise11.4.6),usingaHankelfunctionintegralrepresentation.11.1.15Aparticle(massm)iscontainedin
arightcircularcylinder(pillbox)ofradiusRandheightH.TheparticleisdescribedbyawavefunctionsatisfyingtheSchrodingerwaveequation
22m2(,,z)=E(,,z)andtheconditionthatthewavefunctiongotozerooverthesurfaceofthepillbox.Findthelowest(zeropoint)
permittedenergy.ANS.E=22mzpqR2+nH2,Emin=22m2.405R2+H2,
495.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES492wherezpqistheqthzeroofJpandtheindexpisxedbytheazimuthal
dependence.11.1.22Usingtrigonometricforms,verifythatJ0(br)=1220eibrsind.11.1.28Athinconductingdiskofradiusacarriesa
chargeq.Showthatthepotentialisdescribedby(r,z)=q40a0ek|z|J0(kr)sinkakdk,whereJ0istheusualBesselfunctionandrandzare
thefamiliarcylindricalcoordinates.Note.Thisisadicultproblem.OneapproachisthroughFouriertransformssuchasExercise15.3.11.Fora
discussionofthephysicalproblemseeJackson(ClassicalElectrodynamicsinAdditionalReadings).11.1.31Thecircularaperaturediraction
amplitudeofEq.(11.34)isproportionaltof(z)=J1(z)/z.Thecorrespondingsingleslitdiractionamplitudeisproportionaltog(z)=sinz/z.(a)
Calculateandplotf(z)andg(z)forz=0.0(0.2)12.0.(b)Locatethetwolowestvaluesofz(z>0)forwhichf(z)takesonanextremevalue.Calculate
thecorrespondingvaluesoff(z).(c)Locatethetwolowestvaluesofz(z>0)forwhichg(z)takesonanextremevalue.Calculatethecorresponding
valuesofg(z).11.1.32Calculatetheelectrostaticpotentialofachargeddisk(r,z)fromtheintegralformofExercise11.1.28.Calculatethe
potentialforr/a=0.0(0.5)2.0andz/a=0.25(0.25)1.25.Whyisz/a=0omitted?Exercise12.3.17isasphericalharmonicversionofthissame
problem.11.2.2Showthata0Jma2d=a22[J+1(m)]2,>1.HeremisthemthzeroofJ.Hint.Withn=m+,expand

J[(m+)/a]aboutm/abyaTaylorexpansion.11.2.8Forthecontinuumcase,showthatEqs.(11.51)and(11.52)arereplacedbyf()=0
a()J()d,a()=0f()J()d.
496.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES493Hint.ThecorrespondingcaseforsinesandcosinesisworkedoutinSection
15.2.TheseareHankeltransforms.Aderivationforthespecialcase=0isthetopicofExercise15.1.1.11.3.8Acylindricalwaveguidehasradius
r0.Findthenonvanishingcomponentsoftheelectricandmagneticeldsfor(a)TM01,transversemagneticwave(Hz=H=E=0),(b)TE01,
transverseelectricwave(Ez=E=H=0).Thesubscripts01indicatethatthelongitudinalcomponent(EzorHz)involvesJ0andtheboundary
conditionissatisedbytherstzeroofJ0orJ0.Hint.Allcomponentsofthewavehavethesamefactor:expi(kzt).11.3.9Foragivenmodeof
oscillationtheminimumfrequencythatwillbepassedbyacircularcylindricalwaveguide(radiusr0)ismin=cc,inwhichcisxedbythe
boundaryconditionJn2r0c=0forTMnmmode,Jn2r0c=0forTEnmmode.ThesubscriptndenotestheorderoftheBesselfunctionandm
indicatesthezeroused.FindthiscutowavelengthcforthethreeTMandthreeTEmodeswiththelongestcutowavelengths.Explainyourresults
intermsofthegraphofJ0,J1,andJ2(Fig.11.1).11.3.10WriteaprogramthatwillcomputesuccessiverootsoftheNeumannfunctionNn(x),that
isns,whereNn(ns)=0.TabulatetherstverootsofN0,N1,andN2.CheckyourvaluesfortherootsagainstthoselistedinAMS55(see
AdditionalReadingsofChapter8forthefullref.).Checkvalue.12=5.42968.11.5.12(a)VerifythatI0(x)=10cosh(xcos)dsatisesthe
modiedBesselequation,=0.(b)ShowthatthisintegralcontainsnoadmixtureofK0(x),theirregularsecondsolution.(c)Verifythe
normalizationfactor1/.
497.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49411.5.16Showthateax=I0(a)T0(x)+2n=1In(a)Tn(x),1x1.Tn(x)isthe
nthorderChebyshevpolynomial,Section13.3.Hint.AssumeaChebyshevseriesexpansion.UsingtheorthogonalityandnormalizationoftheTn(x),
solveforthecoecientsoftheChebyshevseries.11.5.17(a)WriteadoubleprecisionsubroutinetocalculateIn(x)to12decimalplaceaccuracyfor
n=0,1,2,3,...and0x1.Checkyourresultsagainstthe10placevaluesgiveninAMS55,Table9.11,seeAdditionalReadingsofChapter8
forthereference.(b)ReferringtoExercise11.5.16,calculatethecoecientsintheChebyshevexpansionsofcoshxandofsinhx.11.6.1In
checkingthenormalizationoftheintegralrepresentationofK(z)(Eq.(11.122)),weassumedthatI(z)wasnotpresent.Howdoweknowthatthe
integralrepresentation(Eq.(11.122))doesnotyieldK(z)+I(z)with=0?11.6.7(a)Usingtheasymptoticseries(partialsums)P0(x)andQ0(x)
determinedinExercise11.6.6,writeafunctionsubprogramFCT(X)thatwillcalculateJ0(x),xreal,forxxmin.(b)Testyourfunctionby
comparingitwiththeJ0(x)(tablesorcomputerlibrarysubroutine)forx=xmin(10)xmin+10.Note.Amoreaccurateandperhapssimpler
asymptoticformforJ0(x)isgiveninAMS55,Eq.(9.4.3),seeAdditionalReadingsofChapter8forthereference.11.7.12Setuptheorthogonality
integralforjL(kr)inasphereofradiusRwiththeboundaryconditionjL(kR)=0.Theresultisusedinclassifyingelectromagneticradiation
accordingtoitsangularmomentum.11.7.15DeningthesphericalmodiedBesselfunctions(Fig.11.16)byin(x)=2xIn+1/2(x),kn(x)=2x
Kn+1/2(x),showthati0(x)=sinhxx,k0(x)=exx.Notethatthenumericalfactorsinthedenitionsofinandknarenotidentical.
498.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49511.7.17ShowthatthesphericalmodiedBesselfunctionssatisfythefollowing
relations:(a)in(x)=injn(ix),kn(x)=inh(1)n(ix),(b)in+1(x)=xnddx(xnin),kn+1(x)=xnddx(xnkn),(c)in(x)=xn1xddxnsinhxx
,kn(x)=(1)nxn1xddxnexx.11.7.18Showthattherecurrencerelationsforin(x)andkn(x)are(a)in1(x)in+1(x)=2n+1xin(x),nin
1(x)+(n+1)in+1(x)=(2n+1)in(x),(b)kn1(x)kn+1(x)=2n+1xkn(x),nkn1(x)+(n+1)kn+1(x)=(2n+1)kn(x).11.7.19Derivethe
limitingvaluesforthesphericalmodiedBesselfunctions(a)in(x)xn(2n+1)!!,kn(x)(2n1)!!xn+1,x1.(b)in(x)ex2x,kn(x)exx,
x12n(n+1).11.7.21AquantumparticleofmassMistrappedinasquarewellofradiusa.TheSchrodingerequationpotentialisV(r)=V0,0
r<a0,r>a.TheparticlesenergyEisnegative(aneigenvalue).(a)Showthattheradialpartofthewavefunctionisgivenbyjl(k1r)for0r<a
andkl(k2r)forr>a.(Werequirethat(0)beniteand()0.)Herek21=2M(E+V0)/2,k22=2ME/2,andlistheangularmomentum(n
inEq.(11.139)).(b)Theboundaryconditionatr=aisthatthewavefunction(r)anditsrstderivativebecontinuous.Showthatthismeans
(d/dr)jl(k1r)jl(k1r)r=a=(d/dr)kl(k2r)kl(k2r)r=a.Thisequationdeterminestheenergyeigenvalues.
499.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES496Note.ThisisageneralizationofExample10.1.2.11.7.22Thequantum
mechanicalradialwavefunctionforascatteredwaveisgivenbyk=sin(kr+0)kr,wherekisthewavenumber,k=2mE/,and0isthe
scatteringphaseshift.Showthatthenormalizationintegralis0k(r)k(r)r2dr=2k(kk).Hint.Youcanuseasinerepresentationofthe
Diracdeltafunction.SeeExercise15.3.8.11.7.23DerivethesphericalBesselfunctionclosurerelation2a20jn(ar)jn(br)r2dr=(ab).Note.
AninterestingderivationinvolvingFouriertransforms,theRayleighplanewaveexpansion,andsphericalharmonicshasbeengivenbyP.Ugincius,
Am.J.Phys.40:1690(1972).11.7.24(a)WriteasubroutinethatwillgeneratethesphericalBesselfunctions,jn(x),thatis,willgeneratethe
numericalvalueofjn(x)givenxandn.Note.Onepossibilityistousetheexplicitknownformsofj0andj1andtodevelopthehigherindexjn,by
repeatedapplicationoftherecurrencerelation.(b)Checkyoursubroutinebyanindependentcalculation,suchasEq.(11.154).Ifpossible,compare
themachinetimeneededforthischeckwiththetimerequiredforyoursubroutine.11.7.25Thewavefunctionofaparticleinasphere(Example
11.7.1)withangularmomentumlis(r,,)=Ajl((2ME)r/)Yml(,).TheYml(,)isasphericalharmonic,describedinSection12.6.
Fromtheboundarycondition(a,,)=0orjl((2ME)a/)=0calculatethe10lowestenergystates.Disregardthemdegeneracy(2l+1valuesof
mforeachchoiceofl).CheckyourresultsagainstAMS55,Table10.6,seeAdditionalReadingsofChapter8forthereference.Hint.Youcanuse
yoursphericalBesselsubroutineandarootndingsubroutine.Checkvalues.jl(ls)=0,01=3.141611=4.493421=5.763502=6.2832.
500.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49711.7.26LetExample11.7.1bemodiedsothatthepotentialisaniteV0outside
(r>a).(a)ForE<V0showthatout(r,,)klr2M(V0E).(b)Thenewboundaryconditionstobesatisedatr=aarein(a,,)=out(a,
,),rin(a,,)=rout(a,,)or1ininrr=a=1outoutrr=a.Forl=0showthattheboundaryconditionatr=aleadsto
f(E)=kcotka1ka+k1+1ka=0,wherek=2ME/andk=2M(V0E)/.(c)Witha=402/Me2(Bohrradius)andV0=4Me4/22,
computethepossibleboundstates(0<E<V0).Hint.Callarootndingsubroutineafteryouknowtheapproximatelocationoftherootsoff(E)=0,
(0EV0).(d)Showthatwhena=402/Me2theminimumvalueofV0forwhichaboundstateexistsisV0=2.4674Me4/22.11.7.27Insome
nuclearstrippingreactionsthedierentialcrosssectionisproportionaltojl(x)2,wherelistheangularmomentum.Thelocationofthemaximum
onthecurveofexperimentaldatapermitsadeterminationofl,ifthelocationofthe(rst)maximumofjl(x)isknown.Computethelocationofthe
rstmaximumofj1(x),j2(x),andj3(x).Note.Forbetteraccuracylookfortherstzeroofjl(x).Whyisthismoreaccuratethandirectlocationofthe
maximum?12.1.7ProvethatPn(cos)=(1)nrn+1n!nzn1r.Hint.ComparetheLegendrepolynomialexpansionofthegeneratingfunction(a
z,Fig.12.1)withaTaylorseriesexpansionof1/r,wherezdependenceofrchangesfromztozz(Fig.12.7).
501.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49812.1.9TheChebyshevpolynomials(typeII)aregeneratedby(Eq.(13.93),Sec
tion13.3)112xt+t2=n=0Un(x)tn.UsingthetechniquesofSection5.4fortransformingseries,developaseriesrepresentationofUn(x).
ANS.Un(x)=[n/2]k=0(1)k(nk)!k!(n2k)!(2x)n2k.12.2.6FromPL(cos)=1L!LtL(12tcos+t2)1/2|t=0showthatPL(1)=1,
PL(1)=(1)L.12.2.10WriteaprogramthatwillgeneratethecoecientsasinthepolynomialformoftheLegendrepolynomialPn(x)=ns=0asxs
.12.2.11(a)CalculateP10(x)overtherange[0,1]andplotyourresults.(b)Calculateprecise(atleasttovedecimalplaces)valuesoftheve
positiverootsofP10(x).CompareyourvalueswiththevalueslistedinAMS55,Table25.4.(ForthecompletereferenceseeAdditionalReadingsof
Chapter8.)12.2.12(a)CalculatethelargestrootofPn(x)forn=2(1)50.(b)Developanapproximationforthelargestrootfromthehypergeometric
representationofPn(x)(Section13.4)andcompareyourvaluesfrompart(a)withyourhypergeometricapproximation.Comparealsowiththevalues
listedinAMS55,Table25.4.(ForthecompletereferenceseeAdditionalReadingsofChapter8.)References).12.2.13(a)FromExercise12.2.1and
AMS55,Table22.9developthe66matrixBthatwilltransformaseriesofevenorderLegendrepolynomialsthroughP10(x)intoapowerseries5

n=02nx2n.(b)CalculateAasB1.ChecktheelementsofAagainstthevalueslistedinAMS55,Table22.9.(Forthecompletereferencesee
additionalReadingsofChapter8.)(c)Byusingmatrixmultiplication,transformsomeevenpowerseries5n=02nx2nintoaLegendreseries.
502.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES49912.2.14WriteasubroutinethatwilltransformanitepowerseriesNn=0anxn
intoaLegendreseriesNn=0bnPn(x).Usetherecurrencerelation,Eq.(12.17),andfollowthetechniqueoutlinedinSection13.3foraChebyshev
series.12.3.11Theamplitudeofascatteredwaveisgivenbyf()=1kl=0(2l+1)exp[il]sinlPl(cos).Hereistheangleofscattering,listhe
angularmomentumeigenvalue,kistheincidentmomentum,andlisthephaseshiftproducedbythecentralpotentialthatisdoingthescattering.
Thetotalcrosssectionistot=|f()|2d.Showthattot=4k2l=0(2l+1)sin2l.12.3.14Achargeqisdisplacedadistanceaalongthezaxis
fromthecenterofasphericalcavityofradiusR.(a)ShowthattheelectriceldaveragedoverthevolumearRiszero.(b)Showthattheelectric
eldaveragedoverthevolume0raisE=zEz=zq40a2(SIunits)=znqa30,wherenisthenumberofsuchdisplacedchargesper
unitvolume.Thisisabasiccalculationinthepolarizationofadielectric.Hint.E=.12.3.18FromtheresultofExercise12.3.17calculatethe
potentialofthedisk.Sinceyouareviolatingtheconditionr>a,justifyyourcalculation.Hint.YoumayrunintotheseriesgiveninExercise5.2.9.
12.4.11BydirectevaluationoftheSchlaeiintegralshowthatPn(1)=1.12.4.12ExplainwhythecontouroftheSchlaeiintegral,Eq.(12.69),is
chosentoenclosethepointst=zandt=1whenn,notaninteger.12.5.17AnuclearparticleisinasphericalsquarewellpotentialV(r,,)=0
for0r<aandforr>a.Theparticleisdescribedbyawavefunction(r,,)whichsatisesthewaveequation22M2+V0=E,r<a,
503.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES500andtheboundarycondition(r=a)=0.ShowthatfortheenergyEtobea
minimumtheremustbenoangulardependenceinthewavefunctionthatis,=(r).Hint.Theproblemcentersontheboundaryconditiononthe
radialfunction.12.5.18(a)WriteasubroutinetocalculatethenumericalvalueoftheassociatedLegendrefunctionP1N(x)forgivenvaluesofN
andx.Hint.WiththeknownformsofP11andP12youcanusetherecurrencerelationEq.(12.92)togenerateP1N,N>2.(b)Checkyour
subroutinebyhavingitcalculateP1N(x)forx=0.0(0.5)1.0andN=1(1)10.CheckthesenumericalvaluesagainsttheknownvaluesofP1N(0)
andP1N(1)andagainstthetabulatedvaluesofP1N(0.5).12.5.19Calculatethemagneticvectorpotentialofacurrentloop,Example12.5.1.
Tabulateyourresultsforr/a=1.5(0.5)5.0and=0(15)90.Includetermsintheseriesexpansion,Eq.(12.137),untiltheabsolutevaluesofthe
termsdropbelowtheleadingtermbyafactorof105ormore.Note.ThisassociatedLegendreexpansioncanbecheckedbycomparisonwiththe
ellipticintegralsolution,Exercise5.8.4.Checkvalue.Forr/a=4.0and=20,A/0I=4.9398103.12.6.4(a)Expresstheelementsofthe
quadrupolemomenttensorxixjasalinearcombinationofthesphericalharmonicsYm2(andY00).Note.Thetensorxixjisreducible.TheY00
indicatesthepresenceofascalarcomponent.(b)ThequadrupolemomenttensorisusuallydenedasQij=(3xixjr2ij)(r)d,with(r)thecharge
density.Expressthecomponentsof(3xixjr2ij)intermsofr2YM2.(c)Whatisthesignicanceofther2ijterm?Hint.CompareSections2.9
and4.4.12.8.8Theelectriccurrentdensityproducedbya2PelectroninahydrogenatomisJ=q32ma50er/a0rsin.UsingA(r1)=04
J(r2)|r1r2|d3r2,
504.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES501ndthemagneticvectorpotentialproducedbythishydrogenelectron.Hint.
ResolveintoCartesiancomponents.Usetheadditiontheoremtoeliminate,theangleincludedbetweenr1andr2.12.9.4ShowthatEq.(12.199)isa
specialcaseofEq.(12.190)andderivethereducedmatrixelementYL1Y1YL.ANS.YL1Y1YL=(1)L1+1LC(1LL1|000)3(2L+1)4.
12.10.2FromEqs.(12.212)and(12.213)showthat(a)P2n(x)=(1)n22n1ns=0(1)s(2n+2s1)!(2s)!(n+s1)!(ns)!x2s.(b)P2n+1(x)=
(1)n22nns=0(1)s(2n+2s+1)!(2s+1)!(n+s)!(ns)!x2s+1.Checkthenormalizationbyshowingthatonetermofeachseriesagreeswiththe
correspondingtermofEq.(12.8).12.10.5VerifythattheLegendrefunctionsofthesecondkind,Qn(x),satisfythesamerecurrencerelationsas
Pn(x),bothfor|x|<1andfor|x|>1:(2n+1)xQn(x)=(n+1)Qn+1(x)+nQn1(x),(2n+1)Qn(x)=Qn+1(x)Qn1(x).item[12.10.7](a)Writea
subroutinethatwillgenerateQn(x)andQ0throughQn1basedontherecurrencerelationfortheseLegendrefunctionsofthesecondkind.Takexto
bewithin(1,1)excludingtheendpoints.Hint.TakeQ0(x)andQ1(x)tobeknown.b)TestyoursubroutineforaccuracybycomputingQ10(x)and
comparingwiththevaluestabulatedinAMS55(foracompletereference,seeAdditionalReadingsofChapter8).13.1.16(a)Showthatthesimple
oscillatorHamiltonian(fromEq.(13.38))maybewrittenasH=12d2dx2+12x2=12(aa+aa).Hint.ExpressEinunitsof.(b)Using
thecreationannihilationoperatorformulationofpart(a),showthatH(x)=(n+12)(x).ThismeanstheenergyeigenvaluesareE=(n+12)(),
inagreementwithEq.(13.40).
505.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES50213.1.17Writeaprogramthatwillgeneratethecoecientsas,inthepolynomial
formoftheHermitepolynomialHn(x)=ns=0asxs.13.1.18Afunctionf(x)isexpandedinaHermiteseries:f(x)=n=0anHn(x).Fromthe
orthogonalityandnormalizationoftheHermitepolynomialsthecoecientanisgivenbyan=12n1/2n!f(x)Hn(x)ex2dx.Forf(x)=x8
determinetheHermitecoecientsanbytheGaussHermitequadrature.CheckyourcoecientsagainstAMS55,Table22.12(forthereference,see
footnote4inChapter5ortheGeneralReferencesatbooksend).13.1.19(a)InanalogywithExercise12.2.13,setupthematrixofevenHermite
polynomialcoecientsthatwilltransformanevenHermiteseriesintoanevenpowerseries:B= 121204480016...
............... .ExtendBtohandleanevenpolynomialseriesthroughH8(x).(b)InvertyourmatrixtoobtainmatrixA,whichwill
transformanevenpowerseries(throughx8)intoaseriesofevenHermitepolynomials.ChecktheelementsofAagainstthoselistedinAMS55
(Table22.12,inGeneralReferencesatbooksend).(c)Finally,usingmatrixmultiplication,determinetheHermiteseriesequivalenttof(x)=x8.
13.1.20Writeasubroutinethatwilltransformanitepowerseries,Nn=0anxn,intoaHermiteseries,Nn=0bnHn(x).Usetherecurrencerelation,
Eq.(13.2).Note.BothExercises13.1.19and13.1.20arefasterandmoreaccuratethantheGaussianquadrature,Exercise13.1.18,iff(x)isavailable
asapowerseries.13.1.21WriteasubroutineforevaluatingHermitepolynomialmatrixelementsoftheformMpqr=Hp(x)Hq(x)xrex2dx,
506.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES503usingthe10pointGaussHermitequadrature(forp+q+r19).Includeaparity
checkandsetequaltozerotheintegralswithoddparityintegrand.Also,checktoseeifrisintherange|pq|r.OtherwiseMpqr=0.Checkyour
resultsagainstthespeciccaseslistedinExercises13.1.9,13.1.10,13.1.11,and13.1.12.13.1.22Calculateandtabulatethenormalizedlinear
oscillatorwavefunctionsn(x)=2n/21/4(n!)1/2Hn(x)expx22forx=0.0(0.1)5.0andn=0(1)5.Ifaplottingroutineisavailable,plotyour
results.13.1.23Evaluatee2x2HN1(x)HN4(x)dxinclosedform.Hint.e2x2HN1(x)HN2(x)HN3(x)dx=1
2(N1+N2+N31)/2(sN1)(sN2)(sN3),s=(N1+N2+N3+1)/2ore2x2HN1(x)HN2(x)dx=(1)(N1+N21)/2
2(N1+N21)/2((N1+N2+1)/2)maybehelpful.Provetheseformulas(seeGradshteynandRyshik,no.7.375onp.844,intheAdditional
Readings).13.2.3FromthegeneratingfunctionderivetheRodriguesrepresentationLkn(x)=exxkn!dndxn(exxn+k).13.2.11Thehydrogen
wavefunctions,Eq.(13.91),aremutuallyorthogonalastheyshouldbe,sincetheyareeigenfunctionsoftheselfadjointSchrodingerequation
n1L1M1n2L2M2r2drd=n1n2L1L2M1M2.Yettheradialintegralhasthe(misleading)form0er/2(r)LL2L+1n1L1(r)er/2
(r)LL2L+1n2L1(r)r2dr,whichappearstomatchEq.(13.83)andnottheassociatedLaguerreorthogonalityrelation,Eq.(13.79).Howdoyou
resolvethisparadox?ANS.Theparameterisdependentonn.Therstthree,previouslyshown,are2Z/n1a0.Thelastthreeare2Z/n2a0.Forn1=
n2Eq.(13.83)applies.Forn1=n2neitherEq.(13.79)norEq.(13.83)isapplicable.13.2.12AquantummechanicalanalysisoftheStarkeect
(paraboliccoordinate)leadstotheODEdddud+12E+Lm2414F2u=0.
507.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES504HereFisameasureoftheperturbationenergyintroducedbyanexternalelectric
eld.Findtheunperturbedwavefunctions(F=0)intermsofassociatedLaguerrepolynomials.ANS.u()=e/2m/2Lmp(),with=2E
>0,p=L/(m+1)/2,anonnegativeinteger.13.2.13Thewaveequationforthethreedimensionalharmonicoscillatoris22M2+12M2r2
=E.Hereistheangularfrequencyofthecorrespondingclassicaloscillator.Showthattheradialpartof(insphericalpolarcoordinates)may
bewrittenintermsofassociatedLaguerrefunctionsofargument(r2),where=M/.Hint.AsinExercise13.2.8,splitoradialfactorsofrlande

r2/2.TheassociatedLaguerrefunctionwillhavetheformLl+1/21/2(nl1)(r2).13.2.14Writeacomputerprogramthatwillgeneratethe
coecientsasinthepolynomialformoftheLaguerrepolynomialLn(x)=ns=0asxs.13.2.15Writeacomputerprogramthatwilltransformanite
powerseriesNn=0anxnintoaLaguerreseriesNn=0bnLn(x).Usetherecurrencerelation,Eq.(13.62).13.2.16TabulateL10(x)forx=
0.0(0.1)30.0.Thiswillincludethe10rootsofL10.Beyondx=30.0,L10(x)ismonotonicincreasing.Ifgraphicsoftwareisavailable,plotyour
results.Checkvalue.Eighthroot=16.279.13.2.17Determinethe10rootsofL10(x)usingrootndingsoftware.Youmayuseyourknowledgeof
theapproximatelocationoftherootsordevelopasearchroutinetolookfortheroots.The10rootsofL10(x)aretheevaluationpointsforthe10
pointGaussLaguerrequadrature.CheckyourvaluesbycomparingwithAMS55,Table25.9.(Forthereference,seefootnote4inChapter5orthe
GeneralReferencesatbooksend.)13.2.18CalculatethecoecientsofaLaguerreseriesexpansion(Ln(x),k=0)oftheexponentialex.Evaluate
thecoecientsbytheGaussLaguerrequadrature(compareEq.(10.64)).CheckyourresultsagainstthevaluesgiveninExercise13.2.6.Note.Direct
applicationoftheGaussLaguerrequadraturewithf(x)Ln(x)exgivespooraccuracybecauseoftheextraex.Tryachangeofvariable,y=2x,so
thatthefunctionappearingintheintegrandwillbesimplyLn(y/2).
508.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES50513.2.19(a)WriteasubroutinetocalculatetheLaguerrematrixelementsMmnp=
0Lm(x)Ln(x)xpexdx.Includeacheckofthecondition|mn|pm+n.(Ifpisoutsidethisrange,Mmnp=0.Why?)Note.A10pointGauss
Laguerrequadraturewillgiveaccurateresultsform+n+p19.(b)CallyoursubroutinetocalculateavarietyofLaguerrematrixelements.
CheckMmn1againstExercise13.2.7.13.2.20WriteasubroutinetocalculatethenumericalvalueofLkn(x)forspeciedvaluesofn,k,andx.
Requirethatnandkbenonnegativeintegersandx0.Hint.StartingwithknownvaluesofLk0andLk1(x),wemayusetherecurrencerelation,
Eq.(13.75),togenerateLkn(x),n=2,3,4,....13.2.22WriteaprogramtocalculatethenormalizedhydrogenradialwavefunctionnL(r).Thisis
nLMofEq.(13.91),omittingthesphericalharmonicYML(,).TakeZ=1anda0=1(whichmeansthatrisbeingexpressedinunitsofBohr
radii).AcceptnandLasinputdata.TabulatenL(r)forr=0.0(0.2)RwithRtakenlargeenoughtoexhibitthesignicantfeaturesof.Thismeans
roughlyR=5forn=1,R=10forn=2,andR=30forn=3.13.3.23(a)CalculateandtabulatetheChebyshevfunctionsV1(x),V2(x),andV3(x)
forx=1.0(0.1)1.0.(b)AsecondsolutionoftheChebyshevdierentialequation,Eq.(13.100),forn=0isy(x)=sin1x.Tabulateandplotthis
functionoverthesamerange:1.0(0.1)1.0.13.3.24Writeacomputerprogramthatwillgeneratethecoecientsasinthepolynomialformofthe
ChebyshevpolynomialTn(x)=ns=0asxs.13.3.25TabulateT10(x)for0.00(0.01)1.00.ThiswillincludethevepositiverootsofT10.Ifgraphics
softwareisavailable,plotyourresults.13.3.26DeterminethevepositiverootsofT10(x)bycallingarootndingsubroutine.Useyour
knowledgeoftheapproximatelocationoftheserootsfromExercise13.3.25orwriteasearchroutinetolookfortheroots.Thesevepositiveroots
(andtheirnegatives)aretheevaluationpointsofthe10pointGaussChebyshevquadraturemethod.Checkvaluesxk=cos[(2k1)/20],k=1,2,3,
4,5.13.6.1ForthesimplependulumODEofSection5.8,applyFloquetsmethodandderivethepropertiesofitssolutionssimilartothosemarked
bybulletsbeforeEq.(13.186).
509.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES50613.6.2DeriveaMathieufunctionanalogfortheRayleighexpansionofaplane
waveforcos(kcoscos)andsin(kcoscos).14.1.8CalculatethesumoftheniteFouriersineseriesforthesawtoothwave,f(x)=x,(,),
Eq.(14.21).Use4,6,8,and10termseriesandx/=0.00(0.02)1.00.Ifaplottingroutineisavailable,plotyourresultsandcomparewithFig.
(14.1).14.2.1Theboundaryconditions(suchas(0)=(l)=0)maysuggestsolutionsoftheformsin(nx/l)andeliminatethecorresponding
cosines.(a)VerifythattheboundaryconditionsusedintheSturmLiouvilletheoryaresatisedfortheinterval(0,l).Notethatthisisonlyhalfthe
usualFourierinterval.(b)Showthatthesetoffunctionsn(x)=sin(nx/l),n=1,2,3,...,satisesanorthogonalityrelationl0m(x)n(x)dx=l2
mn,n>0.14.3.9(a)ShowthattheFourierexpansionofcosaxiscosax=2asina12a2cosxa212+cos2xa222,an=(1)n2a
sina(a2n2).(b)Fromtheprecedingresultshowthatacota=12p=1(2p)a2p.Thisprovidesanalternatederivationoftherelation
betweentheRiemannzetafunctionandtheBernoullinumbers,Eq.(5.151).14.3.13(a)Usingf(x)=x2,<x<,showthatn=1(1)n+1n2=
212=(2).(b)UsingtheFourierseriesforatriangularwavedevelopedinExercise14.3.4,showthatn=11(2n1)2=28=(2).
510.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES507(c)Usingf(x)=x4,<x<,showthatn=11n4=490=(4),n=1
(1)n+1n4=74720=(4).(d)Usingf(x)=x(x),0<x<,x(+x),<x<0,derivef(x)=8n=1,3,5,...sinnxn3andshowthat
n=1,3,5,...(1)(n1)/21n3=1133+153173+=332=(3).(e)UsingtheFourierseriesforasquarewave,showthatn=1,3,5,...
(1)(n1)/21n=113+1517+=4=(1).ThisisLeibnizformulafor,obtainedbyadierenttechniqueinExercise5.7.6.Note.The
(2),(4),2),(1),and(3)functionsaredenedbytheindicatedseries.GeneraldenitionsappearinSection5.9.14.3.15Asymmetrictriangular
pulseofadjustableheightandwidthisdescribedbyf(x)=a(1x/b),0|x|b0,b|x|.(a)ShowthattheFouriercoecientsarea0=ab,an
=2ab(nb)2(1cosnb).SumtheniteFourierseriesthroughn=10andthroughn=100forx/=0(1/9)1.Takea=1andb=/2.(b)Calla
Fourieranalysissubroutine(ifavailable)tocalculatetheFouriercoecientsoff(x),a0througha10.14.3.16(a)UsingaFourieranalysissubroutine,
calculatetheFouriercosinecoecientsa0througha10off(x)=[1x2]1/2,x[,].
511.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES508(b)Spotcheckbycalculatingsomeoftheprecedingcoecientsbydirect
numericalquadrature.Checkvalues.a0=0.785,a2=0.284.14.3.17UsingaFourieranalysissubroutine,calculatetheFouriercoecientsthrough
a10andb10for(a)afullwaverectier,Example14.3.2,(b)ahalfwaverectier,Exercise14.3.1.Checkyourresultsagainsttheanalyticforms
given(Eq.(14.41)andExercise14.3.1).14.4.12FindthechargedistributionovertheinteriorsurfacesofthesemicirclesofExercise14.3.6.Note.
YouobtainadivergentseriesandthisFourierapproachfails.Usingconformalmappingtechniques,wemayshowthechargedensitytobe
proportionaltocsc.DoescschaveaFourierexpansion?14.5.3Evaluatethenitestepfunctionseries,Eq.(14.73),h=2,using100,200,300,
400,and500termsforx=0.0000(0.0005)0.0200.Sketchyourresults(vecurves)or,ifaplottingroutineisavailable,plotyourresults.14.6.2
Equation(14.84)exhibitsorthogonalitysummingovertimepoints.Showthatwehavethesameorthogonalitysummingoverfrequencypoints12N
2N1p=0(eiptm)eiptk=mk.14.6.5GivenN=2,T=2,andf(tk)=sintk,(a)ndF(p),p=0,1,2,3,and(b)reconstructf(tk)fromF(p)
andexhibitthealiasingof1=1and3=3.ANS.(a)F(p)=(0,i/2,0,i/2)(b)f(tk)=12sintk12sin3tk.14.6.6ShowthattheChebyshev
polynomialsTm(x)satisfyadiscreteorthogonalityrelation12Tm(1)Tn(1)+N1s=1Tm(xs)Tn(xs)+12Tm(1)Tn(1)= 0,m=nN/2,
m=n=0N,m=n=0.Here,xs=coss,wherethe(N+1)sareequallyspacedalongtheaxis:s=sN,s=0,1,2,...,N.
512.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES50914.7.1Determinethenonleadingcoecients(n)n+2forse1.Deriveasuitable
recursionrelation.14.7.2Determinethenonleadingcoecients(n)n+4force0.Derivethecorrespondingrecursionrelation.14.7.3Derivethe
formulaforce1,Eq.(14.155),anditseigenvalue,Eq.(14.156).15.1.2AssumingthevalidityoftheHankeltransforminversetransformpairof
equationsg()=0f(t)Jn(t)tdt,f(t)=0g()Jn(t)d,showthattheDiracdeltafunctionhasaBesselintegralrepresentation(tt)=t0
Jn(t)Jn(t)d.ThisexpressionisusefulindevelopingGreensfunctionsincylindricalcoordinates,wheretheeigenfunctionsareBesselfunctions.
15.1.3FromtheFouriertransforms,Eqs.(15.22)and15.23),showthatthetransformationtlnxileadstoG()=0F(x)x1dxand
F(x)=12i+iiG()xd.ThesearetheMellintransforms.AsimilarchangeofvariablesisemployedinSection15.12toderivethe
inverseLaplacetransform.15.1.4VerifythefollowingMellintransforms:(a)0x1sin(kx)dx=k(1)!sin2,1<<1.(b)0x1
cos(kx)dx=k(1)!cos2,0<<1.Hint.Youcanforcetheintegralsintoatractableformbyinsertingaconvergencefactorebxand
(afterintegrating)lettingb0.Also,coskx+isinkx=expikx.
513.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51015.3.2LetF()betheFourier(exponential)transformoff(x)andG()bethe
Fouriertransformofg(x)=f(x+a).ShowthatG()=eiaF().15.3.12Acalculationofthemagneticeldofacircularcurrentloopincircular

cylindricalcoordinatesleadstotheintegral0coskzkK1(ka)dk.Showthatthisintegralisequaltoa2(z2+a2)3/2.Hint.Trydierentiating
Exercise15.3.11(c).15.3.13AsanextensionofExercise15.3.11,showthat(a)0J0(y)dy=1,(b)0N0(y)dy=0,(c)0K0(y)dy=2.15.3.14
TheFourierintegral,Eq.(15.18),hasbeenheldmeaninglessforf(t)=cost.ShowthattheFourierintegralcanbeextendedtocoverf(t)=costby
useoftheDiracdeltafunction.15.3.15Showthat0sinkaJ0(k)dk=(a22)1/2,<a,0,>a.Hereaandarepositive.Theequation
comesfromthedeterminationofthedistributionofchargeonanisolatedconductingdisk,radiusa.Notethatthefunctionontherighthasaninnite
discontinuityat=a.Note.ALaplacetransformapproachappearsinExercise15.10.8.15.3.16Thefunctionf(r)hasaFourierexponentialtransform
g(k)=1(2)3/2f(r)eikrd3r=1(2)3/2k2.Determinef(r).Hint.Usesphericalpolarcoordinatesinkspace.ANS.f(r)=14r.15.3.17(a)
CalculatetheFourierexponentialtransformoff(x)=ea|x|.(b)Calculatetheinversetransformbyemployingthecalculusofresidues(Section7.1).
514.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51115.4.1TheonedimensionalFermiageequationforthediusionofneutrons
slowingdowninsomemedium(suchasgraphite)is2q(x,)x2=q(x,).Hereqisthenumberofneutronsthatslowdown,fallingbelow
somegivenenergypersecondperunitvolume.TheFermiage,,isameasureoftheenergyloss.Ifq(x,0)=S(x),correspondingtoaplanesource
ofneutronsatx=0,emittingSneutronsperunitareapersecond,derivethesolutionq=Sex2/44.Hint.Replaceq(x,)withp(k,)=12
q(x,)eikxdx.Thisisanalogoustothediusionofheatinaninnitemedium.15.4.2Equation(15.41)yieldsg2()=2g()fortheFourier
transformofthesecondderivativeoff(x).Theconditionf(x)0forxmayberelaxedslightly.Findtheleastrestrictiveconditionforthe
precedingequationforg2()tohold.ANS.df(x)dxif(x)eix=0.15.4.4Forapointsourceattheoriginthethreedimensionalneutron
diusionequationbecomesD2(r)+K2D(r)=Q(r).ApplyathreedimensionalFouriertransform.Solvethetransformedequation.Transform
thesolutionbackintorspace.15.4.5(a)GiventhatF(k)isthethreedimensionalFouriertransformoff(r)andF1(k)isthethreedimensionalFourier
transformoff(r),showthatF1(k)=(ik)F(k).ThisisathreedimensionalgeneralizationofEq.(15.40).
515.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES512(b)ShowthatthethreedimensionalFouriertransformoff(r)isF2(k)=(ik)2
F(k).Note.Vectorkisavectorinthetransformspace.InSection15.6weshallhavek=p,linearmomentum.item[15.5.2]F()andG()arethe
Hankeltransformsoff(r)andg(r),respectively(Exercise15.1.1).DerivetheHankeltransformParsevalrelation:0F()G()d=0f
(r)g(r)rdr.15.5.4StartingfromParsevalsrelation(Eq.(15.54)),letg(y)=1,0y,andzeroelsewhere.FromthisderivetheFourierinverse
transform(Eq.(15.23)).Hint.Dierentiatewithrespectto.15.6.1Thefunctioneikrdescribesaplanewaveofmomentump=knormalizedtounit
density.(Timedependenceofeitisassumed.)Showthattheseplanewavefunctionssatisfyanorthogonalityrelation(eikr)eikrdxdydz=
(2)3(kk).15.6.2Aninniteplanewaveinquantummechanicsmayberepresentedbythefunction(x)=eipx/.Findthecorresponding
momentumdistributionfunction.Notethatithasaninnityandthat(x)isnotnormalized.15.6.3Alinearquantumoscillatorinitsgroundstatehas
awavefunction(x)=a1/21/4ex2/2a2.Showthatthecorrespondingmomentumfunctionisg(p)=a1/21/41/2ea2p2/22.15.6.4The
nthexcitedstateofthelinearquantumoscillatorisdescribedbyn(x)=a1/22n/21/4(n!)1/2ex2/2a2Hn(x/a),whereHn(x/a)isthenth
Hermitepolynomial,Section13.1.AsanextensionofExercise15.6.3,ndthemomentumfunctioncorrespondington(x).Hint.n(x)maybe
representedby(a)n0(x),whereaistheraisingoperator,Exercise13.1.14to13.1.16.
516.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51315.6.5Afreeparticleinquantummechanicsisdescribedbyaplanewavek(x,t)
=ei[kx(k2/2m)t].Combiningwavesofadjacentmomentumwithanamplitudeweightingfactor(k),weformawavepacket(x,t)=
(k)ei[kx(k2/2m)t]dk.(a)Solvefor(k)giventhat(x,0)=ex2/2a2.(b)Usingtheknownvalueof(k),integratetogettheexplicitformof
(x,t).Notethatthiswavepacketdiuses,orspreadsout,withtime.ANS.(x,t)=e{x2/2[a2+(i/m)t]}[1+(it/ma2)]1/2.Note.Aninteresting
discussionofthisproblemfromtheevolutionoperatorpointofviewisgivenbyS.M.Blinder,EvolutionofaGaussianwavepacket,Am.J.Phys.
36:525(1968).15.6.6Findthetimedependentmomentumwavefunctiong(k,t)correspondingto(x,t)ofExercise15.6.5.Showthatthe
momentumwavepacketg(k,t)g(k,t)isindependentoftime.15.6.7Thedeuteron,Example10.1.2,maybedescribedreasonablywellwithaHulth
enwavefunction(r)=Ar[erer],withA,,andconstants.Findg(p),thecorrespondingmomentumfunction.Note.TheFourier
transformmayberewrittenasFouriersineandcosinetransformsorasaLaplacetransform,Section15.8.15.6.9Checkthenormalizationofthe
hydrogenmomentumwavefunctiong(p)=23/2a3/205/2(a20p2+2)2bydirectevaluationoftheintegralg(p)g(p)d3p.
517.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51415.6.12TheonedimensionaltimeindependentSchrodingerwaveequationis2
2md2(x)dx2+V(x)(x)=E(x).ForthespecialcaseofV(x)ananalyticfunctionofx,showthatthecorrespondingmomentumwaveequation
isViddpg(p)+p22mg(p)=Eg(p).DerivethismomentumwaveequationfromtheFouriertransform,Eq.(15.62),anditsinverse.Donotusethe
substitutionxi(d/dp)directly.15.7.1Derivetheconvolutiong(t)=f()(t)d.15.8.6Theelectrostaticpotentialofachargedconducting
diskisknowntohavethegeneralform(circularcylindricalcoordinates)(,z)=0ek|z|J0(k)f(k)dk,withf(k)unknown.Atlargedistances(z
)thepotentialmustapproachtheCoulombpotentialQ/40z.Showthatlimk0f(k)=q40.Hint.Youmayset=0andassumea
Maclaurinexpansionoff(k)or,usingekz,constructadeltasequence.15.10.8Theelectrostaticpotentialofapointchargeqattheoriginincircular
cylindricalcoordinatesisq400ekzJ0(k)dk=q401(2+z2)1/2,(z)0.FromthisrelationshowthattheFouriercosineandsine
transformsofJ0(k)are(a)2Fc{J0(k)}=0J0(k)coskdk=(22)1/2,>,0,<..(b)2Fs{J0(k)}=0J0(k)sinkdk=0,
>,(22)1/2,<,.Hint.Replacezbyz+iandtakethelimitasz0.
518.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51515.10.21TheLaplacetransform0exsxJ0(x)dx=s(s2+1)3/2maybe
rewrittenas1s20eyyJ0(ys)dy=s(s2+1)3/2,whichisinGaussLaguerrequadratureform.Evaluatethisintegralfors=1.0,0.9,0.8,...,
decreasingsinstepsof0.1untiltherelativeerrorrisesto10percent.(Theeectofdecreasingsistomaketheintegrandoscillatemorerapidlyper
unitlengthofy,thusdecreasingtheaccuracyofthenumericalquadrature.)15.10.22(a)Evaluate0ekzkJ1(ka)dkbytheGaussLaguerre
quadrature.Takea=1andz=0.1(0.1)1.0.(b)Fromtheanalyticform,Exercise15.10.7,calculatetheabsoluteerrorandtherelativeerror.16.1.5
Verifythatxaxaf(t)dtdx=xa(xt)f(t)dtforallf(t)(forwhichtheintegralsexist).16.3.2Solvetheequation(x)=x+1211(t+x)(t)dtby
theseparablekernelmethod.ComparewiththeNeumannmethodsolutionofSection16.3.ANS.(x)=12(3x1).16.3.6Iftheseparablekernel
techniqueofthissectionisappliedtoaFredholmequationoftherstkind(Eq.(16.1)),showthatEq.(16.76)isreplacedbyc=A1b.Ingeneralthe
solutionfortheunknown(t)isnotunique.16.3.13Theintegralequation(x)=10J0(xt)(t)dt,J0()=0,
519.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES516isapproximatedby(x)=10[1x2t2](t)dt.Findtheminimumeigenvalue
andthecorrespondingeigenfunction(t)oftheapproximateequation.ANS.min=1.112486,(x)=10.303337x2.16.3.14Youaregiventhe
integralequation(x)=10sinxt(t)dt.ApproximatethekernelbyK(x,t)=4xt(1xt)sinxt.Findthepositiveeigenvalueandthe
correspondingeigenfunctionfortheapproximateintegralequation.Note.ForK(x,t)=sinxt,=1.6334.ANS.=1.5678,(x)=x0.6955x2(+
=314,=314).16.3.16Usingnumericalquadrature,convert(x)=10J0(xt)(t)dt,J0()=0,toasetofsimultaneouslinear
equations.(a)Findtheminimumeigenvalue.(b)Determine(x)atdiscretevaluesofxandplot(x)versusx.Comparewiththeapproximate
eigenfunctionofExercise16.3.13.ANS.(a)min=1.14502.16.3.17Usingnumericalquadrature,convert(x)=10sinxt(t)dttoasetof
simultaneouslinearequations.(a)Findtheminimumeigenvalue.(b)Determine(x)atdiscretevaluesofxandplot(x)versusx.Comparewith
theapproximateeigenfunctionofExercise16.3.14.
520.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES517ANS.(a)min=1.6334.16.3.18GivenahomogeneousFredholmequationofthe
secondkind(x)=10K(x,t)(t)dt.(a)Calculatethelargesteigenvalue0.Usethe10pointGaussLegendrequadraturetechnique.Forcomparison
theeigenvalueslistedbyLinzaregivenasexact.(b)Tabulate(xk),wherethexkarethe10evaluationpointsin[0,1].(c)Tabulatetheratio1

0(x)10K(x,t)(t)dtforx=xk.Thisisthetestofwhetherornotyoureallyhaveasolution.(a)K(x,t)=ext.ANS.exact=1.35303.(b)K(x,t)=
12x(2t),x<t,12t(2x),x>t.ANS.exact=0.24296.(c)K(x,t)=|xt|.ANS.exact=0.34741.(d)K(x,t)=x,x<t,t,x>t.ANS.exact=
0.40528.Note.(1)TheevaluationpointsxiofGaussLegendrequadraturefor[1,1]maybelinearlytransformedinto[0,1],xi[0,1]=12(xi[1,1]
+1).ThentheweightingfactorsAiarereducedinproportiontothelengthoftheinterval:Ai[0,1]=12Ai[1,1].16.3.19Usingthematrix
variationaltechniqueofExercise17.8.7,reneyourcalculationoftheeigenvalueofExercise16.3.18(c)[K(x,t)=|xt|].Trya4040matrix.
Note.Yourmatrixshouldbesymmetricsothatthe(unknown)eigenvectorswillbeorthogonal.
521.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES518ANS.(40pointGaussLegendrequadrature)0.34727.17.2.9Findtherootofpx0
=cothpx0(Eq.(17.39))anddeterminethecorrespondingvaluesofpandx0(Eqs.(17.41)and(17.42)).Calculateyourvaluestovesignicant
gures.17.2.10Forthetworingsoaplmproblemofthissectioncalculateandtabulatex0,p,p1,andA,thesoaplmareaforpx0=
0.00(0.02)1.30.17.2.11Findthevalueofx0(tovesignicantgures)thatleadstoasoaplmarea,Eq.(17.43),equalto2,theGoldschmidt
discontinuoussolution.ANS.x0=0.52770.17.6.2FindtheratioofR(radius)toH(height)thatwillminimizethetotalsurfaceareaofarightcircular
cylinderofxedvolume.17.6.8Adeformedspherehasaradiusgivenbyr=r0{0+2P2(cos)},where01and|2||0|.FromExercise12.5.16
theareaandvolumeareA=4r20201+45202,V=4r303a301+35202.Termsoforder32havebeenneglected.(a)Withthe
constraintthattheenclosedvolumebeheldconstant,thatis,V=4r30/3,showthattheboundingsurfaceofminimumareaisasphere(0=1,2=
0).(b)Withtheconstraintthattheareaoftheboundingsurfacebeheldconstant,thatis,A=4r20,showthattheenclosedvolumeisamaximum
whenthesurfaceisasphere.Noteconcerningthefollowingexercises:Inaquantummechanicalsystemtherearegidistinctquantumstatesbetween
energiesEiandEi+dEi.Theproblemistodescribehowniparticlesaredistributedamongthesestatessubjecttotwoconstraints:(a)xednumber
ofparticles,ini=n.(b)xedtotalenergy,iniEi=E.
522.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES51917.6.10ForidenticalparticlesobeyingthePauliexclusionprinciple,theprobabil
ityofagivenarrangementisWFD=igi!ni!(gini)!.ShowthatmaximizingWFD,subjecttoaxednumberofparticlesandxedtotalenergy,
leadstoni=gie1+2Ei+1.With1=E0/kTand2=1/kT,thisyieldsFermiDiracstatistics.Hint.TryworkingwithlnWandusingStirlings
formula,Section8.3.Thejusticationfordierentiationwithrespecttoniisthatwearedealingherewithalargenumberofparticles,ni/ni1.
17.6.11Foridenticalparticlesbutnorestrictiononthenumberinagivenstate,theprobabilityofagivenarrangementisWBE=i(ni+gi1)!ni!(gi
1)!.ShowthatmaximizingWBE,subjecttoaxednumberofparticlesandxedtotalenergy,leadstoni=gie1+2Ei1.With1=E0/kT
and2=1/kT,thisyieldsBoseEinsteinstatistics.Note.Assumethatgi1.17.6.12PhotonssatisfyWBEandtheconstraintthattotalenergyis
constant.Theyclearlydonotsatisfythexednumberconstraint.Showthateliminatingthexednumberconstraintleadstotheforegoingresultbut
with1=0.17.7.6ShowthatrequiringJ,givenbyJ=ba[p(x)y2xq(x)y2]dx,tohaveastationaryvaluesubjecttothenormalizingconditionba
y2w(x)dx=1leadstotheSturmLiouvilleequationofChapter10:ddxpdydx+qy+wy=0.
523.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES520Note.Theboundaryconditionpyxy|ba=0isusedinSection10.1inestablishing
theHermitianpropertyoftheoperator.17.8.1FromEq.(17.128)developindetailtheargumentwhen0or<0.Explainthecircumstances
underwhich=0,andillustratewithseveralexamples.17.8.7Inthematrixeigenvector,eigenvalueequationAri=iri,whereisannn
Hermitianmatrix.Forsimplicity,assumethatitsnrealeigenvalues(Section3.5)aredistinct,1beingthelargest.Ifrisanapproximationtor1,r=
r1+ni=2iri,showthatrArrr1andthattheerrorin1isoftheorder|i|2.Take|i|1.Hint.Thenriformacompleteorthogonalset
spanningthendimensional(complex)space.17.8.8ThevariationalsolutionofExample17.8.1mayberenedbytakingy=x(1x)+a2x2(1x)2.
Usingthenumericalquadrature,calculateapprox=F[y(x)],Eq.(17.128),foraxedvalueofa2.Varya2tominimize.Calculatethevalueofa2
thatminimizesandcalculateitself,bothtovesignicantgures.Compareyoureigenvaluewith2.18.2.8RepeatExercise18.2.7for
Feigenbaumsinsteadof.18.2.11RepeatExercise18.2.9forFeigenbaums.18.3.1Useaprogrammablepocketcalculator(orapersonal
computerwithBASICorFORTRANorsymbolicsoftwaresuchasMathematicaorMaple)toobtaintheiteratesxiofaninitial0<x0<1and
f(xi)forthelogisticmap.ThencalculatetheLyapunovexponentforcyclesofperiod2,3,...ofthelogisticmapfor2<<3.7.Showthatfor<
theLyapunovexponentis0atbifurcationpointsandnegativeelsewhere,whilefor>itispositiveexceptinperiodicwindows.Hint.See
Fig.9.3ofHilborn(1994)intheAdditionalReadings.18.4.4Plottheintermittencyregionofthelogisticmapat=3.8319.Whatistheperiodofthe
cycles?Whathappensat=1+22?
524.CHAPTER5.UNUSEDSIXTHEDITIONEXERCISES521ANS.Thereisatangentbifurcationtoperiod3cycles.19.4.7Apieceofuranium
isknowntocontaintheisotopes23592Uand23892Uaswellasfrom0.80gof20682Pbpergramofuranium.Estimatetheageofthepiece(and
thusEarth)inyears.Hint.Assumetheleadcomesonlyfromthe23892U.UsethedecayconstantfromExercise19.4.5.19.6.4Ifx1,x2,,xnare
asampleofmeasurementswithmeanvaluegivenbythearithmeticmeanxandthecorrespondingrandomvariablesXjthattakethevaluesxjwith
thesameprobabilityareindependentandhavemeanvalueandvariance2,thenshowthatx=and2(x)=2/n.If2=1nj(xjx)2is
thesamplevariance,showthat2=n1n2.
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