CHAPTER 7

PERIODIC TABLE
1. Matter in our universe is made of about 100 chemical elements. The periodic
Tables make the study of chemistry of these elements easier.
2. Scientists are thankful to Dobereiner, Newlands, Meyer, Mendeleev and Moseley
who made great contributions to the development of the Periodic Table.
3. The Periodic Table contains elements that arranged with their proton numbers in
increasing order.
4. The horizontal of the periodic table (columns) is known as a group and the
ventricle (rows) of the periodic table is known as a periods.
5. There is 18 groups and elements are grouping by identified the electron
valence. The same electron valence is in the same group.
6. Elements in the same groups have same chemical properties.
7. Atoms in groups 1, 2 and 3 have 1, 2 and 3 electron in the outermost electron
valence. All the elements are metals. Atoms in groups 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are
non-metals.
8. All metals are on the left side and non-metals are on the right side of the periodic
table.
9. Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost electrons and
similar chemical properties.
10. There are 7 period in periodic table. All elements in the same periods have the
same orbits of electron valence. Periods 1, 2 and 3 have 1, 2 and 3 orbit of
electron valence.
11. The proton numbers increase across the period and atomic size decrease.
12. The elements in group 3 to group 12 are called transition elements.
13. The elements in the first row are called lanthanoids (the old name is lanthanides).
The elements in the second row are called the actinoids (the old name is
actinides).
PERIODIC TABLE
1
H

13

14

15

16 17

18
He

Li

Be

Ne

Al

Si

Cl Ar

Na Mg
K

Transition elements
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Ca

Sc

Ti

Rb Sr

Zr

Nb Mo Tc

Cs

Ba

Lu Hf Ta

Fr

Ra

Lr

Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In

Sn

Sb Te I

Pb

Bi

Re

Os Ir

Rf Db Sg

Bh

Hs Mt

Pt

Au Hg Ti

Xe

Po At Rn

Exercise: Complete the table below with the Chemical Symbols of the elements.
Group
1
2
17
18

Name

Chemical Symbols of the elements.

Alkali metal
Alkali earth metal
Halogen
Noble gas

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
F, Cl, Br, I, At
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

14. There is a number written above the chemical symbol of the element in each box.
It starts with number 1, increases by one unit as we move to the right, and ends
with number 112.
15. This number used to be called atomic number. It is now called proton number.
Proton number is the number of protons in an atom of an element. For
example, the proton number for oxygen is 8. It means that oxygen atom has eight
protons.
16. The proton number also indicates the number of electrons in an atom of an
element. This information and the position of the elements in the Periodic Table
enable us to write the electron configuration of the elements.
Proton
number

8
O
16.00

A. Electron configuration
electrons
nucleus

XX
X

1. An atom is made of a very small nucleus in the centre and one or more electrons
outside the nucleus
2. An electron configuration indicates how the electrons are arranged outside the
nucleus
3. The first shell has a maximum of 2 electrons. The second shell and the rest of
shells has a maximum of eight electrons
4. The electron configuration of an element indicates its group and period. Group 1
has 1 electron in their outermost.
5. Examples:
Proton
number
Electron
configuration

3
Li
2.1

Chemical
symbol

(a) The electron configuration of lithium (chemical symbol, Li) is 2.1. It is made
up of two numbers separated by a dot. The two numbers indicate that the
element is in Period 2. The last number is 1, indicate that the elements is in
Group 1. The sum of all the numbers is 3, which is the proton number of
lithium.
(b) The electron configuration of chlorine (chemical symbol, Cl) is 2.8.7. It is
made up of three numbers separated by two dots. The three numbers indicate
that the element is in Period 3. The last number is 7, indicating that the
element is in Group 17. The sum of all the numbers is 17, which is the proton
number of chlorine.
(c) the last number in the electron configurations is the same for all the elements
placed in the same group and the proton number increases by one as we move
from one element to the next, that is from left to right
Activity 7.2: Electron configuration
Part of the Periodic Table below shows elements with proton numbers 1 to 20 only. These
elements are in Group 1, Group 2, Group 13 to Group 18, and in Period 4. The number or
numbers written below the chemical symbol of selected elements are the electron
configuration of the element. Study them and then write the electron configurations for
the other elements.
B. Naturally-occurring, radioactive and synthetic elements
1. Some of elements are radioactive. Radioactive elements emit harmful radiations,
such as gamma rays and X-rays. The last elements in several groups and all
actionoids are radioactive. Some examples are francium, Fr; astatine, At; radon,
Rn; and uranium, U.
Exercise 7.1
1. How many elements is (a) in Group 14? (b) In Period 4?
2. Write the chemical symbol of the alkaline earth metal in Period 3 and the first
transition metal in Period 5.
3. The electron configuration of the element with proton number 9 is
________________
4. The electron configuration of an element x is 2.8.8.2. Element X is in Group ___ and
Period ___. Its proton number is _______ and its chemical symbol is ______.
5. The proton number increases across a period and down a group. [True/False].
6. Element X (electron configuration 2.2) and element Y (electron configuration 2.8.8.2)
are in the same group. [True/False]

7. Element Q (electron configuration 2.3) and element R (electron configuration 2.8) are
in the same period. [True/False].
GROUP 1 (SOFT METALS)
1. There are six elements in Group 1. The elements are lithium, Li; sodium, Na;
potassium, K; rubidium, Rb; caesium, Cs; and francium, Fr. Notice that their
names have the ending ium. This is because these elements are metals.
Elements
Lithium
Sodium
Pottasium

Electron configuration
Outermost electrons
2,1
(two orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
2,8,1
( three orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
2,8,8,1
( four orbit with one electron in the
outermost)

Rubidium

2,8,8,8,1
(five orbit with one electron in the
outermost)

Caesium

2,8,8,8,8,1
( six orbit with one electron in the
outermost)

A. Physical and chemical properties

1. The characteristic of elements in group 1
Physical properties
Soft metals
Lithium is harder and has higher melting point than
sodium, and that sodium is harder and has a higher
melting point than potassium.
The melting point and the boiling point are decrease
down the group.

Chemical properties
Donate an electron to form
ionic atoms.
Na - e
Na+
Reactivity of elements in
group 1 is increase down the
4

groups.

Element

Radius/ Relative Density/ Melting

nm
atomic
g cm-3 point/oC
mass
Lithium
0.16
6.9
0.53
181
Sodium
0.19
22.9
0.97
98
Potassium
0.24
39.1
0.86
63
These elements are metals. Thus, their atoms are
bonded to each other by metallic bonding. As the
size of the atom increases, the strength of the
metallic bond decreases. This will make the
element with a bigger atom softer and has a lower
melting point.
Good conductor

React with water to form

alkali
solution
(metal
hydroxide) and hydrogen
gases. A lot of heat is also
given out.
The general equation for
the equation is:

2M + 2H2O
Metal Water

2MOH +
H2
Metal
Hydrogen
hydroxide

2Li + 2H2O
Lithium Water

2LiOH + H2
Lithium Hydrogen
Hydroxide
2 NaOH + H2

2Na + 2H2O

Density increase down the group

Lithium has the lowest density in the group
because its relative atomic mass is the lowest.

Burn with oxygen to form

metal oxide.
Na + O2
Na2O
Burn with inert gases to form
metal halide.
Na + Cl2
NaCl

B. Predicting the physical and chemical properties of other Group 1 elements

Melting point (oC)

1. It is difficult to study the physical and chemical properties of Rubidium ,Caesium

and Francium
2. Their physical and chemical properties by studying the changes in the physical
and chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium.
3. For example, a graph of melting point versus proton number can be used to
estimate the melting points of rubidium, caesium and francium. The melting
points of rubidium and caesium are 39oC and 29oC respectively
4.

180 Li
150
120
90 Na
K Rb
60
Cs

30

Fr

0
20 Table
40 60
C. The position of hydrogen in the Periodic

80 100
Proton number
of melting
proton
1. The electron configurationAofgraph
hydrogen
is 1.point
Thisversus
suggests
that the element should
number
for
group
1
elements.
be in Period 1 and Group 1. Some Periodic Table shows that hydrogen in Period 1

but not in Group 1.

Activity 7.3: The position of hydrogen in the Periodic Table
The actual physical and chemical properties of hydrogen are given in table below. Write
the expected properties of hydrogen if it is a Group 1 element located above lithium. The
actual physical states are already written for you in the Table 7.3. Is there any agreement
between the actual and expected values?
Property

Actual

Physical state
Density/g cm-3
Melting
point/oC
Reaction with
water

Gas
8.9 x 10-5
-259

Expected if in
Group 1
Solid

No reaction

2. In fact, hydrogen does not belong to any group. It is in a group by itself

Exercise 7.2
1. Write an equation for the reaction of rubidium with water.
2. The hardest element in Group 1 is __________ and the most reactive element is
___________
3. The melting point of the elements in Group 1 increases from Li to Fr. [True/False].
4. The softest Group 1 metal has the lowest melting point. [True/False].
5. Hydrogen is in Period 1 of the Periodic Table. [True/False].
6. Hydrogen is not a Group 1 element because it is a gas at room temperature.
[True/False].
GROUP 17 (HALOGEN)
1. There are only five elements in Group 17, namely fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl,
bromine, Br; iodine, I and astatine, At.
Name
Fluorine F
Chlorine Cl

electron configuration
outermost electrons
2,7
( two orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
2,8,7
( three orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)

Bromine Br

2,8,8,7
( four orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)

Iodine I

2,8,8,8,7
( five orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)

Astantine As

2,8,8,8,8,7
( six orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)

A. physical and chemical properties

1. The characteristic of elements in group 17
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Non-metals and exits in simple diatomic molecules X2.
The most reactive non For example, the chemical formula of chlorine, bromine and metals
The
reactivity
of
iodine is Cl2, Br2 and I2,
elements in group 17 is
Chemical Relative Physical Colour Density/g Boiling
-3
o
decrease
down
the
formula molecular
state
cm
point/ C
group.
mass
Cl2

71

Gas

Pale
yellow

1.66

-34.0

Br2

160

Liquid

Dark
redbrown

3.19

59.5

I2

254

Solid

Black

3.96

185.2

The melting point and boiling point a low.

React with water to form
These molecules are attracted to each other by weak forces, acidic solution.
If X represents Group
known as Van der Waals forces. The strength of these
forces increases when the molecular size increases. The size
17 elements, the general
of chlorine molecule is smaller than bromine and iodine
equation for the reaction
molecules. Thus, the Van der Waals forces between chlorine
with water is
molecules are weaker than between bromine and iodine X2 + H2O
HX + HOX
molecules. It follows that chlorine has a lower boiling point
HX and HOX are acids.
and exists as a gas at room temperature.
HOX is also a bleaching
agent. Thus, they change
the colour of the
universal indicator from
green to initially red and
finally colourless
Density is low.
React with metals hydroxide
to form salts.
The general equation for
the reaction with an
aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is
X2 + 2NaOH
NaX
+NaOX+ H2O
NaX and NaOX are
salts. NaOX is also a

bleaching agent. Thus,

the products of the
above reaction will
change the colour of the
universal indicator from
green to colourless.
Reacts with sodium and iron
The general equations
for the reaction of
Group 17 elements with
sodium and iron are:
X2 + 2Na
2NaX

Not good conductors.

3X2 + 2Fe

2FeX3

There are solutes in organic solution.

C. Predicting the physical and chemical properties of other Group 17 elements
1. Fluorine is the most reactive element known. Astatine is radioactive and instable
Activity 7.4: Physical and chemical properties of fluorine and astatine
The physical and chemical properties of fluorine and astatine can be predicted by
studying the changes in the physical and chemical properties of chlorine, bromine and
iodine. Study the physical and chemical properties of these three elements and then
complete the table for fluorine and astatine.
Fluorine

Astatine

More reactive/less reactive*

than chlorine

More reactive/less
reactive* than

Chemical formula
Physical state
Colour
Density
Boiling point
Products from the reaction with NaOH
(aq)
Reaction equation for the reaction
with Na
Relative reactivity

iodine
*highlight the correct answer
Exercise 7.3
1. In Group 17, the chemical symbol of the elements larger than bromine is ________,
and the most reactive element is ________.
2. write an equation for the reaction of astatine with:
a) H2O
b) NaOH
c) Na
d) Fe
3. Fluorine is a colourless gas. [True/False].
4. The products formed from the reaction of Br2 with NaOH are NaBr and NaOBr.
[True/False].
5. NaOCl changes the colour of the universal indicator from green to initially red and
finally colourless. [True/False].
GROUP 18 ( INERT GASES )
1. Known as inert gas or noble gases.
2. The elements in this group are in stable situation because their
outermost electron are octet ( count of 8 ).
3. The elements is Helium He, Neon Ne, Argon Ar, Krypton Kr,
Xenon Xe and Radon Rn.
4. There are radioactive, unreactive gases and used as
Radon
Neon
Argon
Kripton
xenon
Helium

He

Ne

Cancer therapy.
Used in advertisement lights.
Used in incandescent lights bulb.
Argon gas is mixed with nitrogen gas in incandescent light
bulbs to prevent the tungsten filament from burning.
Used in traffic light and flash camera.
Used as laser.
Used in weather balloons.
Combine with oxygen as a diving tank gases.

Ar

Kr

Xe

5. The physical properties of group 18 down write the table is

i.
size atoms are increasing
ii.
density of elements are increasing
iii.
melting point and boiling point are increasing
Element
Helium

Chemical
symbol
He

Density
/gcm-3
0.00017

Rn

Boiling
point/oC
-268.9
10

Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon

Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn

0.00084
0.00166
0.00346
0.00545
-

-245.9
-185.7
-152.9
-106.9
-

iv.
v.

The elements of Group 18 exist as colourless, monoatomic gases.

They do not form compound naturally with any elements. They are
said to be inert.
6. The chemical properties of elements in group 18 is
i.
Unreactive gases.
ii.
Gases in room temperature and stable (free atoms).
Activity 7.5
The relationship between inert characteristics and electron configurations.
The elements of Group 1 and Group 17 are very reactive while the elements of Group
18 are inert. Compare the last numbers in the electron configurations of these elements
and then answer the following questions.
Group 1

Group 17

Li
2.1
Na
2.8.1
K
2.8.8.1
Rb
2.8.18.8.1
Cs
2.8.18.18.8.1
Fr
2.8.18.18.32.8.1

F
2.7
Cl
2.8.7
Br
2.8.18.7
I
2.8.18.18.7
At
2.8.18.18.32.7

Group 18
He
2
Ne
2.8
Ar
2.8.8
Kr
2.8.18.8
Xe
2.8.18.18.8
Rn
2.8.18.18.32.8

a) Which element has a duplet electron arrangement in the outermost shell?

[`duplet means `two]
b) Which element has an octet electron arrangement in the outermost shell?
[`octet means `eight]
c) An atom with a duplet or an octet of outermost electrons is inert. [True/False]
Exercise 7.4

11

1. The element in Group 18 that has the lowest boiling point is ___________, the
smallest atom is ____________, and less dense than air is ___________.
2. The Van der Waals forces in Helium(He) is stronger/weaker than in Neon(Ne).
3. The atoms of Group 18 elements have either a duplet or an octet of outermost
electrons. [True/False]
4. Liquid helium is used as a coolant because it has a very low boiling point.
[True/False]
5. Radon is used to kill cancer cells because it is radioactive. [True/False]
PERIOD 3
Group
Proton number
Symbol
Physical
characteristic

1
2
3
11
12
13
Na
Mg Al
metal
Solid conductor

14
14
Si
metalloid
Solid
semiconductor

15
16
17
15
17
17
P
S
Cl
Non-metal
Solid or gas insulator

18
18
Ar

A. Atomic size
1. Proton number increases across the period. The proton number indicates the
number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
2. Thus, it is able to attract the outermost negatively-charged electrons closer to
it. This reduces the size of the atom
B. Acid-base properties
1. The physical characteristic of the elements changes from metal (sodium,
magnesium, aluminum) to metalloid (silicon) to non-metal (phosphorus, sulphur,
chlorine and argon).
2. Mg reacts with O2 to form MgO. Magnesium oxide is only slightly soluble in
water. Metal oxide reacts with acid to form salt and water. This means that
magnesium oxide is a base. In general, metallic oxides are bases.
2Mg + O
MgO + 2HCl

2 MgO
MgCl2 + H2O

3. Silicon dioxide, SiO2 is a compound of silicon. It is insoluble in water, does not

react with acids, but reacts with strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide.
SiO2 + 2NaOH

Na2SiO3 + H2O

4. Sulphur burn in air to form sulphur dioxide SO2. The gas react with water to form
acid rain.

12

S + O2
SO2 +H2O

SO2
H2SO3

C. Uses of metalloids
Uses of silicon in daily life
Silicon is the second element in Group 14. It is a metalloid. This means
that it is an insulator at room temperature and a conductor when
heated. However, this characteristic is not suitable in electrical devices
as its electrical conductivity would depend on temperature.
The electrical conductivity of silicon at room temperature is
increased by adding a small amount of an element from Group 13 to
Group 15. For example, adding boron (a Group 13 element) produces a
p-type semiconductor while adding arsenic (a Group 15 element)
produces an n-type semiconductor.
A transistor is formed when n-type and p-type semiconductors
are joined in the following way: p-n-p or n-p-n. A transistor can control
the flow of electrons in circuits very accurately and requires very little
power to operate. A silicon chip, the size of a fingernail can hold more
than 4 million transistors in a single integrated circuit. Transistors are
components of modern solid-state electronic devices. Some electronic
devices that use transistors are televisions, calculators and high-speed
computers.
Another use of silicon is to make solar cells. Solar cells convert
sunlight into electricity. A solar cell may be made up of a thinner layer
of n-type semiconductor at the bottom. Solar cells are used in
calculators, watches, spacecrafts, communication satellites, and as a
source of electricity in remote areas such as on islands or jungles.

Exercise 7.5
1. In Period 3 of the Periodic Table, the elements _____________ are metals,
____________ is a metalloid and ____________ are non-metals.
2. Metalloids are conductors/semiconductors/insulators.
3. Name two elements in Period 3 that react with oxygen to form basic oxides.
4. Silicon dioxide reacts with HCl/NaOH.
5. The elements that are added to silicon to improve its conductivity are from Group
13 and Group ________.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS OF PERIOD 4

13

1. The transition elements in period 4 are metals known as scandium, titanium,

vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. These
elements are situated from group 3 to group 12.
2. The physical properties of transition elements is
i.
Metallic in color with shining surface.
ii.
Mulur, boleh ditempa and boleh diregang.
iii.
Hard and solid.
iv.
High melting point and boiling point.
v.
High density.
Elements
Density /
gcm-3
Melting
point / oC

K
Sc
0.86 3.00
64
vi.

Ti
4.50

V
6.10

Cr
7.20

Mn
7.44

Fe
7.86

Co
8.86

Ni
8.90

Cu
8.92

Zn
7.14

1539 1675 1900 1890 1244 1535 1495 1453 1083 419
Conductor in electricity and heat.

3. Transition elements easily recognized because

i.
The compounds are in color.
Copper (II) sulphate ( blue compound)
Cobalt (ll) chloride ( reddish compound)
ii.
The ionic solution are in color.
Cu2+ - blue solution
Fe2+ - white green solution
Fe3+ - yellow-orange solution
Ni2+ - Green solution
Cr3+ - green solution
Co2+ - redish solution.
iii.
Naturally found as a color stone such as
Kromium( batu delima - red), nikel & ferum ( batu zamrud
green ), ferum & titanium ( batu nilam - blue )
ferum & mangan ( batu kecubung - purple )
4. The uses of transition elements in daily life.
Wayering
Painting
Accessory

Elements
Copper and silver
Titanium (lV) oxide

uses
Making wayer and water pipe .
Making paint, papers and plastic in
white in color.
Chromium,
nickel, Making decorative materials and
silver,
gold
and jewellery.
platinum
Titanium
Coloring hair yellowish

Coloring hair

14

Alloy
Insulators

Ferum, copper and

Cobalt
Molibdenum
Ferum and carbon
Vanadium (V)oxside
Ferum
Nicle

Coloring hair brownish.

Coloring hair reddish.
Making steel ( alloy)
Contact process
Haber process
Ostwald process

Exercise 7.6
1. Name the chemical symbol of this transition element, K4[Fe(CN)6].
2. Copper (Cu) has lower/higher density than bromine (Br2) and lower/higher melting
point than potassium (K).
3. List two uses of transition elements and their compounds.

Exercise 7.7
1. The gases argon, Ar; nitrogen, N2 and oxygen, O2 are examples of elements /
compounds.
2. The liquids water, H2O and ethanol, CH3CH2OH are examples elements / compounds.
3. The chemical formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO4. The elements in sulphuric acid are
____________, ____________ and _____________.
4. How many different elements are in copper (II) nitrates, Cu(NO3)2?
QUESTIONS:
1. State the principal of elements arranged in the Periodic Table.
2. Explain the electron configuration of elements in groups of Periodic Table.
3. List six elements of Group 1.State their atomic number and their electron
configuration.
Elements

Atomic number

Electron configuration

4. State the physical properties and chemical properties of Group 1 decrease the group.

15

5. List six elements of Group 17.State their atomic number and their electron
configuration.
Elements

Atomic number

Electron configuration

6. State the physical properties and chemical properties of Group 17 decrease the group.
7. State two elements of Group 18 and explain their used.
Elements

The uses

8. State two elements of Period 3 and Period 4 and explain their uses.
Elements

The uses

Period 3
Period 4
Review Question
Section A
1. Which of the following statements about the Periodic Table is correct?
A. The elements are arranged in eight groups.
B. The inert gases are in Period 1 to Period 7.
C. There are ten transition elements in Period 4.
D. The actinoids are synthetic elements.
2. The electron configuration of element X is 2.8.5. Elements X is
A. in Period 5.
B. in Group 5.
C. a non-metal.
D. a transition element.
16

3. Hydrogen is not a Group 1 element because

A. Its proton number is 1.
B. Its electron configuration is 1.
C. Its chemical formula is H2.
D. Its does not react with water.
4. Astatine is a radioactive element in Group 17. Which of the following statements is
true about astatine?
A. It is colourless.
B. Its melting point is lower than iodine.
C. It is more reactive than fluorine.
D. It reacts with water.
5. Which of the following changes that occurs across any period in the Periodic Table is
incorrect?
A. The proton number increases.
B. The last number in the electron configuration increases.
C. The atomic size decreases.
D. The melting point increases.
6. Which of the following oxides is basic?
A. MgO
B.
SiO2
C. SO2
D.
SO3
7. The following compounds are coloured, except
A. V2O5
B. [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
C. KMnO4
D. MgCl2
8. Potassium is a Group 1 element. Which of the following statements about potassium
is true?
I. It is a metal.
II. It is very reactive.
III. It is softer than rubidium.
IV. It reacts with bromine.
A. I and II
C. I, II and IV

B.
D.

II and IV
I, II, III and IV

9. Which of the following is true about all elements in Group 18?

I. Gases.
II. Inert.
III. Stable.
IV. Less than air.

17

A. I and II
C. I, II and IV

B.
D.

II and IV
I, II, III and IV

10. Which of the following statements is true about HCl?

I It is covalent compound.
II It has low melting point.
III Its hydrogen , H atom has a duplet
valence electron configuration.
IV It is insoluble in water.
A
B
C
D

I, II and III
I and II
II and III
I, II, III and IV

Section B:
1

The electron configuration of element X is 2.8.2 .

(a)

Explain how element X may achieve stability.

(b)

What is the symbol for element X?

(c)

Draw a dot and cross diagram for a compound formed between element X
and oxygen.

(d)

What type of chemical bond is formed between an atom of X and an atom

of oxygen?

(e)

State three characteristic properties of a compound with the chemical

formula XO.

Sodium chloride, NaCl and carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 are common laboratory
chemicals.
(a)

Draw the dot and cross diagrams for the formation of NaCl and CCl4.

(b)

Compare the stability of NaCl with Na and Cl2.

(c)
(d)

Explain the stability of C in CCl4.

What is the difference in the electrical conductivity of NaCl and CCl4?

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