8 BIT GENERAL PURPOSE MICROPROCESSOR

CDAC NOIDA
TITTLE:
8 bit general purpose microprocessor

TEAM:
Project Leader:
Naresh Kumar gupta
Team members:
Raushan
Md. Javed qureshi
Vikas pal
Phone no.-8285967639
Email id: gupta1992naresh@gmail.com

TECHNICAL DETAILS:
INTRODUCTION:
Our project represents the design and simulation of the 8 bit general purpose microprocessor
using Verilog synthesis with tool Xilinx and the simulation tool will be Modelsim.
Microprocessor is basically an electronic device that consist circuitry which is required to
function as computers CPU. Microprocessor is integrated circuit that interprets and executes
the program instructions.

PROGRAM COUNTER:
Program counter is the important register in the microprocessor. Program is used to store the
address of the next instruction which is to be executed. The wider the program counter will be
the more memory locations a microprocessor can access.

INSTRUCTION REGISTER:
Instruction register is the microprocessor that stores the instructions which is currently being
executed but not its address. While it holds the instruction it decodes the cp-code and
determines the operands in the memory and then it retrieves them from the memory.

MULTIPLEXER:
The multiplexer used in the microprocessor is 16:8 multiplexer which is formed by joining 8
2:1 multiplexer. The 2:1 multiplexer is buffered by implementing 2 inverters at the output of
the multiplexer. The final design of the 16-to-8 multiplexer is designed such that only 1
control signal is supplied by the PLA to either pass the PC register or the B registers.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic unit)

ALU is the most essential part in processor for arithmetic, logical and decision making
operations such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, etc. It is considered to be the most important unit
of processor as the entire processor depends on it.
In ALU, two input data buses are used to provide data and the resultant output is obtained
based on the desired operation and is send to the memory register for temporary storage of
data. The design of an ALU decides how powerful CPU is, but at the same time it consumes
large energy and generate heat. Therefore an efficient designing of ALU is necessary to make
the CPU powerful.

Design of an 8-Bit ALU

Design a 8-Bit Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU) which can perform arithmetic and logical
operations between two operands only.
1. Arithmetic Operations
2. Logic Operations
3. Shift Operations

Mode of function operation

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110

A and B
A Or B
A Nor B
A Nand B
A Xor B
A Xnor B
A Not A
A Buff A
A+B ADD
A- B SUB
A* B MUL
A / B DIV
A%B RMD
A >>B RSF
A<<B LSF

MAIN MEMORY
In A microprocessor have a storage device which is called memory where the data are store
and perform the taskaccording instructions and send the data at particular location of memory
address. If we want to data erase or further use then uses two type of memory which is part of
main memory 1.RAM and 2.ROM
Which have different different task to hold the data and process .

RAM & ROM

RAM (random access memo) is used for storing values that are liable to change during the
course of the execution of a program.
RAM contents are (usually) lost each time systems are turned off/on. As a result of this, RAM
is not very useful for long term program storage you don't want to have to reload the
control program for your photo copier each time you plug it out.
ROM (read only memory) does not lose its contents when power is removed.
Thus it is generally used for storing programs (but not variables).
There are different technologies used to implement ROM program memory such as EPROM,
EEPROM and Flash memory.
Both ROM and RAM consist of arrays of storage locations, oftenarranged in byte or
multiples of bytes in some sort of module (suchas a chip). These modules/chips have an
address bus which iscontrolled by some external device (CPU). The address bus selectswhich
of the internal memory locations is connected to the module'sdata bus.

Register uses in microprocessor

A Microprocessor has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data. These are identified
as B, C, D, E, H, and L. They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to
perform some 16-bit operations. The programmer can use these registers to store or copy data
into the registers by using

In microprocessor mainly 5 registers uses which are 1. General purpose registers and Register Pair- these registers are (B (8), C (8), D (8), E
(8), H(8), L (8)). These register are use to perform 16 bit operations. Each registers are 8 bit.
The Programmer can use these register to store or copy data into the registers by using data
copy instructions.
2. Stack Pointer (16)- stack pointer is used to memory location to R/W memory.
3. Programme Counter (16) - Microprocessor use this register to sequencing the execution
of instruction.

4. Instruction Register (8) - Temporary store for the current instruction of a programme.
Latest instruction sent here from memory prior to execution.
5. Flag Register (8)- flag register are 8 bit register which is perform their task by five flip
flop register , which are set or reset an operation according to data condition. These are
Zero(Z), Carry(CY),Sign(S),Parity(P),Auxiliary Carry(AC). Microprocessor use these
register to check data conditions.