A NEW METHOD FOR GRAVITY TERRAIN CORRECTIONS

by

Woong Bong Chang

B.Sc. (Eng.)

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate

Studies and Research in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Engineering

Department of Mining Engineering

and Applied Geophysics
McGill University
Montreal

June 1970

A NEW METHOD FOR GRAVITY TERRAIN CORRECTIONS

by Woong Bong Chang B.Sc.

ABSTRACT

A different approach for making terrain corrections using the

terrain profiles is described for use with gravitY prospecting.

simple formula for a three-demensional shell is obtained in cylindrical

coordinates with a closed expression.

This proved to be satisfactory

in comparison with previous work.

Graticules were constructed for an area of 130,000 ft. x 130,000 ft
The terrain effect ls calculated by counting the number of gratlcule
elements after superimposing the graticules upon the terrain profiles.
Graticule terrain corrections are compared with conventional
methods and agree within the value of 0.1 milllgals.

ACKNOWLEGmEN'l'

l wish to express my heartfe1t gratitude to Professor W. M.

Telford, the Director of this thesis for his encour.agement and kind
guidance.
And l a1so thank Mr. li. F. King, Mr. C. K. Park, Mr. C. R. S.

Haslam, Mr. S. Vonpaisal, in this deputment for a great deal of he1p

in preparation of the work

'

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

CHAPrER
I.

INTRODUCTION
1. 1

General

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 The Principles of Gravit y Work and Terrain Corrections

(a)

Gravi tational Field

(b)

Reduction of Gravit y Data

1.3 Previous Work on Terrain Corrections

II.

5
7

ATTRACTION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL f1ASSES IN CYLINDRICAL

COORDINATE SYSTEMS
2.1

Introduction

12
12

2.2 The Derivation of the Formula for the Gravitational

12

17

20

Attraction of a Cylindrical Shell

2.J
III.

Comparison with Other Methods

GRATICULE

TERRAn~

CORRECTION HETHOD

J.1

Introduction

J.2

Zone Construction

J.J

Construction of Graticules

20

24-

24-

(a)

Angle Division

(b)

Construction of Radius

(c)

Four

(d)

l1ethod of usine Graticules

Grou~~

20

of Graticules

.............
............

2424-

26

Page

CHAPl'ER

3.4 Use of Graticules

IV.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF GRATICULES

4.1

... ... ......

Terrain Corrections in Glendyer Brook Grid

37
37
45

48

. . . . . . . . . . . . ..

51

CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

35

.................

4.2 Accuracy of Results

v.

APPENDICES
Appendix

A -

Computer Program for the Calculation

of Radii for Graticules

Appendix

B -

Radii for Construction of Graticules

Appendix

C -

Diagram of Graticules

53
55

(in pocket)

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Table
1.

Comparison of Terrain Corrections Obtained by Graticules,

Prisms and Cyl indri cal Approximation of Prisms

2.

Cosine and Tangent used for Construction of Graticules

J.

Terrain Corrections in using Graticules in Glendyer Brook

(Line iO +

4.

00

N)

18

25

Terrain Corrections in using Graticules in Glendyer Brook

5 (a)(b). Comparison of Graticules and Hammer Terrain Corrections

..

47

A-i. Construction of Radii for Graticules of the First Inner Zone

55

A-2. Comstruction of Radii for Graticules of the Second Inner Zone

56

A-J. Construction of Radii for Graticules of the First Outer Zone

60

in Glendyer Brook

A-4 (a)(b)(c). Construction of Radii for Graticules of the Second

Outer Zone

.....................

64

LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Figure
Gravitational Effect of the Mass Element

2.

Bouguer and Terrain Correction

3.

Gra:vitational Attraction of a Cylindrical Segment

4.

Gravitational Attraction of a Prism

5 (a)(b). Construction of Zones

6 (a)(b).

. .. ... ..... ..

Hammer Terrain Correction Chart

7.

Construction of Angles for Inner Zone

8.

Construction of Angles for Outer Zone

9.

Construction of Graticules for the First Inner Zone

10.

......

13
19
21
22
27

28

29

Construction of Graticules for the Second Inner Zone

......
.....

11.

Construction of Graticules for the First Outer Zone

31

12.

Construction of Graticules for the Scond Outer Zone

32

13 (a) (b).

Method of Drawing Mean Topographie Profile

14 (a)(b).

Calculation of the Gravit y Effect

30

33

J4

15.

Interpolation Graphs for the Fust Outer Zone

.36

16.

Interpolation Graphs for the Second Outer Zone

36

17.

Glendyer Brook Area

38

18.

Selection of Computing Points for the Fust Outer Zone

19 (a)(b)(c).

20.

39

Interpolation Graphs for the First Outer Zone

in Glendyer Brook Grid

...........

1.

... ........ . ...

40

Interpolation Graphs for the Second Outer Zone in Glendyer

Brook Grld

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

...

43

Page

Figure

A-1.

Graticule for Zone

o - 100

(in pockek)

A-2.

Graticule for Zone

100 - 200

"

A-3.

Graticule for Zone

200 - 400

"

A-4.

Graticule for Zone

o - 400

"

A-5

Graticule for Zone 400 - 800

"

A-6.

Graticule for Zone

800 - 1200

"

A-7.

Graticule for Zone

1200 - 2000

"

A-8.

Graticule for Zone

2000 - 3000

"

A-9.

Graticule for Zone

o - 3000

"

A-10.

Graticule for Zone

3000 - 7000

"

A-11.

Graticule for Zone

7000 - 11000

"

A-12.

Graticule for Zone

11000 - 15000

"

A-13.

Graticule for Zone

5000 - 5000

"

A-14.

Graticule for Zone

5000 - 15000

"

A-15.

Graticule for Zone 1.5000 - 25000

"

A-16.

Graticule for Zone

25000 - 35000

"

A-17.

Graticule for Zone

35000 - 45000

"

A-18.

Graticule for Zone 45000 - 55000

"

A-19.

Graticule for Zone 55000 - 65 0 00

"

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION
1 1.

General
In conducting gravity surveys in areas of rugged topography, it

is necessary to calculate the effect of local terrain about each station,

and apply the results as terrain corrections to each observed gravity
value.
A number of methods for terrain corrections have been presented
both for gravit y prospecting and geodetic regional work.
and geodetic surveys

In large regional

Hayford-Bowie charts are often used, while Hammer

charts are suitable for detailed gravity work.

However a high speed digital

computer, i f available, is very convenient for much of the calculation in

large surveys.
It is needless to say that the conventional zone chart terrain
correction methods are time-consuming and tedious.

Since an electronic

computer is not normally available in the field office, a simple, speedy

an4 reasonably accurate desk-calculator method is required for terrain
corrections.

With the Hammer chart method a terrain correction often

requires one-half to one hour

per station.

It is difficult to estimate

the correct average elevation in each compartment, and the probable error
of the observed gravity values is of the order of 1/10 milligal, even
assUllling that adequate topographie maps are available and the correct

average elevation in each compartment is used

The present work was therefore done with the purpose of improving
the speed and accuracy of the terrain correction method for gravit y
prospecting.

1.2. The Principles of Gravity Work and Terrain Corrections

(a)

Gravitational Field
The strength of the gravitational field of a body obeys the inverse

square Law and is proportional to its density.

The density ranges (with the

mean value shown shown in brackets) for various rock types and minerals arel

Material

Rock

Density
(!}DJcm 3

Density
3
gmJcm

sandstone

1.61 - 2.76 (2.32)

petroleum

0.6 - 0.9

shale

1.77 - 2.45 (2.42)

graphite

1.9 - 2.3

limestone

1.93 - 2.90 (2.54)

diamond

3.5 - 3.6

chalcopyrite

4.1 - 4.3

2.30 - 3.11 (2.61)

Magnetite

4.9 - 5.2

2.36 - 2.90 (2.70)

cuprite

5.7 - 6.0

smaltite

6.4 - 6.6

galena

7.4 - 7.6

uraninite

8.0 - 9.7

acidic igneous
rock
dolomite
metamorphic
rock

2.40 - 3.10 (2.74)

basic igneous
rock

2.09 - 3.17 (2.79)

gold

15.6 - 19.4

Thus for the purpose of the study of the distribution of rocks, minerals
and general geological structure of the earth, gravit Y methods measure the

variation in magnitude of the vertical gravitational field, due to local

variations in density.
According to Newton's Law of unlversal gravltation, two mass points
attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

If

the magnitude of the force of attractlon ls denoted by F, the masses of two

bodies by m1 and m2, and the distance between them by r,
(1.1)

where G ls the proportionality constant, called the gravitational constant.

In the cgs system the value of G is 6.664 x 10-8
The force acting on a unit

MaSS

at the general point P, distance

from mass mi (Fig. 1), is defined as the gravitational field of the particle

x
Fig. 1.

Gravitational Effect of the Hass Element

mi' which is written

_ 1-:::)
mt F \r _ - G ---- r
r3

(1.2)

Since the gr.avitational field is conservative this force May be

found by differentiation of a gravitational scalar potent1a1 function, U,

Jf cr) = :.. u u (r)

(1.3)

If P is on the earth's surface, the gravitational attraction there

is denoted bf the symbol g which is written

(1.4)
g 15 the negative field intensity and is called the gravitational field or
the gra"itational acceleration.
and the direction 15
An

The unit of g is the gal (. 1cm/sec2 ),

definition everywhere vertical and downwards.

observed gravity anomaly which is really the change in the earth ',s

gravitational acceleration caused by local bodies of anomalous density is

defined by the relation

where gobs is the observed gravity value at a station and go is the

theoretical gravitY value at the same station or usually sorne relative
value at a base station.

Because of the magnitude involved the gravity

anomaly L:.. g is measured in milligals

1 milligal e 10-3 cm/sec 2

(b)

Reduction of Gravity Data

The small variations in g recorded by the gravit y meter, when

measuring at stations on the surface, generally include several effects

unrelated to geology, which must be removed from the data.
latitude, free-air, Bouguer and terrain corrections.
gravity data is weIl discussed Qy Grant and West

These are the

The reduction of

(1965) and Dobrin (1962).

The latitude correction accounts for the variation of gravitational

acceleration of the earth with latitude and is given by:
Agrat

1,)07 sin

where ri is the geocentric latitude.

2r1

milligals/mile N-S

(1.6)

Since the tendency is for g to

increase from the equator to the poles, the latitude correction is added
to the readings as one moves toward the equator.

At 45

latitude the varia-

tion is about 0.1 milligals for each 400 ft. of displacement in the northsouth direction.
The Free-air correction is based on the assumption that no masses
other than air exist between the station and some datum plane.
from equation
center.

It is derived

(1.2) considering the earth's mass to be concentrated at its

The value of the elevation correction is

d gFA

= 0.09406 h mllligals

(1.7)

where h is the elevation difference between the statiOll and datum in ft.
For stations above the datum plane these corrections are added; for those

below. they are subtracted

The Bouguer correction accounts for the attraction of the mass of

the material between the station and datum plane (Fig. 2).

It is derived

from the formula for the attraction of an 1nfinite slab having a thickness
h and a density cr.
gB =
If

2~GOh

The Bouguer correction is given by

- 0.01277 cr h milligals

(1.8)

cr is taken as 2.67 gm/cm 3 for an average of crustal rocks, this

correction amounts to 0.034 milligals per foot.

This correction is opposite

to the free-air correction.

The resultant of the two corrections (free-air and Bouguer) is
simply 0.06 milligals per foot, when cr

= 2.67

gm/cm3 Although this is

a convenient number, the assumed value of cr - 2.67 is not necessarily

correct in Many cases.
The terrain correction accounts for the effect of aIl mater1a1
above and/or lack of material below the gravity station in its vicinity.
That is to say, it corrects for local terrain irregularities in the form
of hills, valleys and, in some cases, known subsurface features such as
mine workings, caves etc.

Obviously the Bouguer correction over-estimates

the gravitational attraction of the actual mass below the station unless
the surface is fIat and doesn't remove the effect of the maSS above the
station, (which tends to reduce the observed gravity value).

This correc-

tion ls always positive.

The terrain correction is given by the following integral

c11Sr

c:

cr (r)

J.

r2

cos 9

(1. 9)

1n wh1ch the volume v 1s conta1ned between the land surface and the Datum
plane as shown in F1g. 2.

Since topography 1s irregular and can not be

expressed mathemat1ca11y, 1t 1s diff1cult to make terra1n correct10ns.

A method of numer1ca1 1ntegrat10n of equat10n (1.9) 1s needed for th1s
purpose.
After app1ying a11 the correct10ns ment10ned above, the grav1ty
anoma1y is obtained.

This is ca11ed the Bouguer anoma1y which is given

by the fo110wing expressions

Applications of the gravity method in the search for sma11, local

anoma11es require precise data.

To meet this need terrain corrections

must be made in areas of rugged topography.

However, they are unnecessary

un1ess the heights (or depths) of the topographic features exceed onetwentieth of their distance from the station.

1.3. Previous Work on Terrain Corrections

As ment10ned in section 1.1, two conventiona1 template methods for
terrain corrections
United States.

~~e

often used for gravity surveys in Canada and the

The Hammer and Hayford-Bowie charts are both based on the

block cy1inder type of terrain approximation.

Hayford-Bowie (1912) charts were deve10ped in conjunction with the
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey's investigation of geodetic

prob1ems in 1912 and were later modified by Bowie (1917).

lnasmuch as the

distances between stations were in the order of hundreds of miles, these

Hill

Station

Surface
Bouguer plane

Datum plane
Fig. 2.

Bouguer and Terrain Correction.

(X)

charts were designed. to coyer wide area and large ranges in elevation.
A terrain correction method with precision for gravitY prospecting
was presented by S. Hammer (1939)e

The calculations were based upon the

well-known formula for the gravitational attraction of a vertical cylinder

at a point on the axis and in the plane of one end of the cylinder.

The

gravitY effect of a sectorial column of such a cylinder is given by.

(1.11)
where

e is

the sector angle in radian, R1 and R are the 1nner and outer radii
2
and h is the height of the cy1inder. The ca1culations were car.ried out by
solving this equation for h in terme of the radii and an adopted unit
gravitationa1 attraction for one compartment.

To obtain the most nearly

"square" compartments the ratio of the outer and inner radii (i.e. the
radial extent) of a zone was related to the width of the compartments in
that zone by the condition R2/Rl - (n + 'fT) / (n - 'fT) where n is the number
of compartments in the zone.

The areas of the various compartments in the

tables are maximum (i. e., the total nUlJlber of compartments i8 a minimum)
consistent with practica1 accuracy in the determinations of the mean elevat ion of the terrain in the comp:Lrtments.

The tables comprise 12 zones,

"Bit to "Mit, which in turn are subdivided into a total of 132 oomIBrtments.

The sallest zone 13 has an 1nner radius of

6.56

ft. and the largest zone

M has an outer radius of 13.5 miles (71,996 ft.).

Zone A, the area within

two metera of the station, is not given because on1y very extreme terrain
conditions will give appreciablo effect within the sal1 area and in such
cases the accuracy would be poor.

This is equivalent to saying that a

10

gravitY reading taken et the ed.ge of a steep cliff is of little signif1cance.

Curvature of the earth is ignored as its effect on the tabulated. elevat10ns
1s practically negligible with1n the area covered. by the tables.
effects are tabulated to 0.001 and 0.01 mil11ga1s.

Gravity

This method permit::: the

contribution of terrain to the gravity value measured. at the station to be

determined quantitative1y to a relative accuracy of 0.1 m111iga1s.
C. H. Sandberg (1958) presented terra1n correction tables for an
inc1ined plane.

This approximation seems to be reasonab1e for an area

which can be approximated. by such a two dimensiona1 feature near a gravit y

station.
John Bible (1962) modified. the Hammer terrain correction

ta~le

for

use in oi1 exploration, by expanding the table to accommodate the areas of

rugged topography.

The table was simp1ified somewhat to faci1itate use and

improve the accuracy by reducing the limitation of certain estimates.

The zones and their radii remain the same as proposed. by Hammer, but number
of compartments in certain zones is reduced or increased.

For corrections

1arger than 0.01 mi11iga1s the table was graduated in steps of 0.01 mi11iga1s.
A simp1ified gravit y terrain correction method was described by H. A.
Winkler (1962).

Corrections are separated into near and far terrain effects.

The method for far terrain consists simp1y of computing corrections by one
of the standard techniques at wide1y spaced points and contouring the resu1ts
on the basis of topographie contours.
separately.

Near terrain effects must be ca1culated

The method is on1y s11ght1y less accurate than standard graphlca1

techniques and saves computlng time

11

Recently computer oriented techniques have been described by M. H.

P. Bott

(1958), M. Talwani and M. Ewing (1960), M. F. Kane (1962), B.

Karle~o

(1963), and D. Nagy (1966). Methods programmed for digital comput ers depend
essentially upon fitting mathematical surfaces to point values of the elevation.

In the method described by M. Talwani and M. EWing an expression is

used for the gravitY anomaly at an external point caused by a

lamina with the boundary of an irregular polygone

hori~ontal

For two-dimensional

features it is simpler to use the method given by Talwani, et al.

to determine the terrain correction.

(1959)

In the methods presented by Bott and

Kane the terrain correction for the inner

~one

(about 2 km x 2 km) must be

calculated by conventional methods, and the correction for the outer

is done using approximate expressions with computer.
hand, includes the inner zone as

~ell.

D. Nagy

~one

Karlemo, on the other

(1966) developed a formula

for the gravitational attraction of a prism with sides parallel to the

rectangular coordinate axes, and used this formula to calculate

tel~in

corrections.
Another procedure uses graticules in which the attraction of each
element is the same, regardless of distance or angle.

They may be prepared

for use in plan view (with contour lines) or in vertical section (with
terrain profiles).

Methods of this type, due to K. Jung and Haalck, are

described by Heiland

(1940)

12

CHA PTE R

II

ATTRACTION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL MASSES

2.1. Introduction
Numerous methods have been developed for calculating the gravitational
attraction of simple shapes such as the sphere, cylinder, ellipsoid and prism.
Only the most elementary of these can he solved analytical1y; genera11y the
resu1ts are approximationsobtained by numerica1 integration.

In the fol1owing we will derive a c10sed expression for ca1cu1ating

gravitational attraction of a cylindrica1 shell using cy1indrical coordinates.
This solution is the basis for the construction of graticules to be used for
terrain corrections as described in the fo1lowing chapter.

In order to

estab1ish the val id ity of the solution, it is applied to a prism and the
resu1ts are compared with those obtained by two other workers.
2.2.

The Derivation of the Formula for the Gravitational Attraction of a

Cylindrical Shell
As indicated in Fig. 3, the mass of a cylindrica1 segment is

dm ... aR de d.R dy where

is the radius from point

and y the 1ength from

the station P to the point 0 of the masse

The gravitationa1 attraction of such an e1ement at station P with
distance 1 is given bYI

L:i

dm
g1 - G ~
1,G

- Ga tana da de dy

(2.1)

13

...

...

....

..

'.:a, -,.,...y
, "" 1

- - - ," ...
,

Fig.

3.

Gravitational Attraction of a Cyl indri cal Segment.

14

since l _ Y seca, R - Y tana and dR ". Y sec 2a da, where a is the angle
between OP and FQ.
Then, the vertical component of gravity bounded by the angles a and
1

a2 and by the angles e and 92 and by the distances Y1 and Y2' can be obtained
1
by integrating Ag sina and sine over the volume, i.e.,
1
Ag ". Go'

re2 sine de rY2Ja2 tana sina da dy

Je 1

(2.2)

jY1 ~

". Go' e2 sine de JYJa

2 2 sin2~ da dy

(2.3)

Y1 a1 cos

e1

Carrying out the integration with respect to a and without substituting

the limits, one obtains
l 1-

ISin

2
a da
cosa
(2.4)

The integration of equation (2.4) with respect to y may be obtained by

substituting s1nCl .,.
(y-R +

R/h2 + R2 and tan (T + T) _(y + R + }y2 + R2)/

Jy2 + R2)

I2-JIl

dy

--J$2:
- JIn

H2

dy

(y - H

+ ln ( Y + R +

Jy2

+ R2) dy

Ji! +

R2) dy

(2.5)

15

In the second of these, we let

du

Juu2 --

ca

2Ru dy
R

and integrating with respect to u and transforming back to the original

variables, we get
122

III

ln(y + R + Jy2 + R2) -

ln(y +

Jy2 + Ri)

Jy2
+ R2
- -Z- 2
R

(2.6)

In the third integral of equation (2.5), we let

dV..

jvV2 ++ R2RV

dy

and carrying out the integration with respect to V and transforming back
to the original variables, we have

(2.7)
With the substitution of equation (2.6) and (2.7) into (2.5), the
integral (2.5) becomes

-l

ln{y - R

~) dy

= Y ln( Y v R + Jy2 + R2 , _ R
Y - R + Jy2 + R2

(2.8)

16

Applying the limits of integration, the second term in equation (2.8)

drops out.
We therefore obtain the following general expression for the vertical
component of the gravitational attraction of a cylindrical shell whose axis
is parallel to the horizontal surface,

(2.9)

When we apply the limits of integration, equation

= Go( cose 1 - cos9 2 )

Y2 - R1 +
- ln

- ln

- R

Yl

+ R1 +

JY~ + R~
J
2
2
+
+

Y2 + R2 +
ln
y 1 - R1

~-~-+-R-]

h~2
2
+.1:' 2 + R1

Yl - R1

i Y2 [

(2.9) becomes,

~]}
J
2 2
+ Yl + R

Yl

rlln

Y1

R2

Yl + R2 +
Y1 + R2 +

Jy

R~

JY12 + R22
(2.10)

Designating the terms within the brackets by Ti' T2 , T) and T4' one obtains
the followinga

(2.11)

17

If we consider the special case of R ... 0, we have

(2.12)
In the case that R and y1 are both equal to zero, we obtain,

Ag

os

Ga (cos el - cos e 2)

i Y2Tl J

(2.13)

As mentioned in section 2.1 equations (2.11) (2.12) or (2.13)

are used to develop graticules suitable for terrain corrections.

These

are described in detail in chapter III.

2.3.

Comparison with Other Methods

Although the formulae in section 2.2 were derived specifically for

terrain corrections, clearly they can be used generally to tletermine

attraction of

three dimensional mass which can be approximated by the

cylindrical shell.

In order to test the accuracy of the method we will

compare the results obtained for a prism using three different approaches,
including the above.
The attraction of a prism can be approximated by that of an annular
ring with the sarne height as the prism, multiplied by the ratio of the area
of a horizontal section of the prism to that of a horizontal section of
the rlng as descrlbed by M. F. Kane (1962).

The gravity effect on the

axis of the annular ring ls easlly obtained as the difference of two cylinders.

The formula is.

(2.14)

18

where C is the length of a horizontal side of the prisme

Another formula used is a closed expression for the attraction of
a prism, derived by D. Nagy (1966).

However the formula has long terms

consisting of logarithmic and arcsin functions.

In order to get the correct

value for the gravity effect, the prism should be subdivided into a number
of horizontal sections parallel to the surface and the effect of each section
summed up.

Failure to subdivide the prism May result in errors in the gravity

effect by as much as a factor of two.

the station.

This is critical for prisms close to

It is not necessary to subdivide prisms whlch are remote from

the station.
Table

compares the values obtained by these two methods with

that developed in sec. 2.2, for the attraction of the prism shown in Fig. 4.
TABLE 1
Comparison of Graticules with Prisms and Cylindrical
Approximation of Prisms (in milligals).

Elevation of

Graticules

Prisms

Cylindrical

(Nagy)

Appr. of Prisms
(Kane)

Station
(ft.)

(Chang)

2,000

.017

.014

.017

3,000

.039

.039

.039

4,000

.069

.070

.068

5,000

.104

.110

.106

6,000

.150

.157

.152

7,000

.206

.209

.206

8,000

.270

.269

.267

19

f,

-,- ~,--------~--------~
h

~~'--------+------------'

Distance in ft.

station

Fig. 4.

Gravitational Attraction of a Prism.

20

CHA PTE R

III

GRATICULE TERRAIN CORRECTION METHOD

3.1.

Introduction
To make terrain corrections using topographie profiles, the area

surrounding the station is divided into a number of rectangular zones as

shown in Fig. 5.

Graticules are superimposed over the profiles of the

terrain of each zone.

Hence by counting the number of elements enclosed

by the terrain profile and the graticule horizon, the terrain effect is
evaluated in each of these zones, and the sum gives the total terrain
correction.

Graticules are drawn using equations (2.11), (2.12) or (2.13),

whichever is appropriate.
To save computing time (and for convenience) the terrain corrections
are made by calculating the effect of the inner zone, the first outer zone,
and the second outer zone separately.
3.2.

Zone Construction
In order to make use of graticules, it is necessary to divide the

terrain surrounding the station into several zones of a certain width.

The

topographic profile of each zone is drawn and then the graticule correspond!ng to that zone is superimposed upon the terrain profile.

The Hammer

chart shown in Fig. 6 is included in order to compare the dimensions and

shapes of zones with graticules.

The choice of width of zones is important, because it determines both

21

~,

(a) Outer Zone

G5000

S5OO0
-45iXX>
35000

250CO

-Irw

-7000

o _
5000

1::3000

=t7'i.

3000

-3l.AJ

15000
5000

l~ 88'6

'8)00

35000

45ODO
55DOO

Scala 1

G500J

50,000

Station
(b) Inner,Zone
3000

2000
1200

BOO

o
400
800

"Igg-?
2

t--.:.--

~~

400

-?

1200
2000

Scala 1"
3000

Fig. 5.

Construction of Zones.

2000'

22

(a) Zones G thr~ugh M

Scale 1

50,000

station
(b) Zones B through F

Scale 1" - 2000'

Fig. 6. Hammer Terrain Correction Chart

23

the accuracy and s peed of the terrain corrections.

Thus the zones near the

station are inevitab1y sma11, whi1e on the other hand these remote from the
station can be very large.
The present system covers an area 130,000 ft. x 130,000 ft. with the
station at the center.

The area ls divided into the flrst and second lnner

zones of areas 400 ft. x 400 ft. and 6,000 ft. x 6,000 ft. respectlve1y and
the flrst and second outer zones having areas of 30,000 ft. x 30,000 ft. and
130,000 ft.

x 130,000 ft. respectlve1y. These zones are subdivided lnto a

number of rectangular strips or subzones : the f1rst 1nner zone has three
subzones, the second inner zone has ten subzones, the first outer zone has
elght subzones and the second outer zone has ten subzones.

The rectangular

subzones have a definite lnner and outer distance from the center (e.g. 200
ft. and 400 ft. respective1y for zone 200-400).
Bear10g ln mind that the 0 110e goes through the station and that
the rectangles are symmetrica1 on elther side of the 0 110e (Fig.
zones are deslgnated as fol10ws:
Inner zone
first lnner zone:

0-100, 100-200, 200-400 ft.

second inner zone:

0-400, 400-800, 800-1200

1200-2000, 2000-3000

ft.

Outer zone
first outer zone

0-3000, )000-7000,
7000-11000, 11000-15000 ft.

5), the

24

second outer zone

5000 - 5000, 5000 - 15000, 15000 - 25000

25000 - 35000, 35000 - 45000, 45000 - 55000
55000 - 65000

3.3.

ft.

Construction of Graticules

(a)

Angle Division
To make graticules, equations (2.11), (2.12) or (2.13) are used.

According to these formulae, the gravitationa1 attraction depends upon

cosa.

The values of a, cosa and tana which were used to construct Fig.?

and Fig. 8 are llsted in Table 2.

Fig.? shows the division of angle for

the inner zone and Fig. 8 for the outer zone.

(b)

Construction of Radius
The calculation of the radii for the graticules using equation (2.10)

was carried out on the IBM )60 digital computer.

program is shown in Appendix A.

An example of the computer

The data for aIl the rectangular zones are

shown in Tables A-1 to A-4.

(c)

Four Groups of Graticules

The graticules (Fig. A-1 to Fig. A-19) can be divided into four

groups by a combinat ion of angles and radii.

Group 1 (the first inner zone)

are drawn to a sca1e of 1" _ 100 ft., Group 2 (the second inner zone) to a
scale of 1" - 200 ft., Group 3 (the first outer zone) to a scale of 1
10,000, and Group 4 (the second outer zone) to a scale of 1

20,000.

The examples of graticules belonging to each group are shown in Fig. 9,

25

TABLE 2

Cosine and Tangent used for Construction of Graticules.

Degrees Minutes Cosine

1.

Tangent

0.0

Degrees Minutes

Cosine

Tangent

19

57

.940

.3630

.99980

.0198

21

J4

.930

.3953

17

.99975

.0224

22

20

.925

.4108

37

.99960

.0282

.920

.4258

59

.99940

.0346

2'
24

30

.910

.4557

17

.99920

.0399

25

50

.900

.4841

34

.9990

.0448

31

47

.850

.6196

37

.9980

.0635

36

52

.800

.7499

.9960

.0898

41

25

.750

.8822

5
6

44

.9950

.1004

45

34

.700

1.020

17

.9940

.1101

49

27

.650

1.169

15

.9920

.1272

53

.600

1.334

.990

.1423

56

)8

.550

1.519

53

.988

.1563

60

.500

1.732

J6

.986

.1691

63

15

.450

1.984

.56

.985

.1753

66

25

.400

2.291

10

16

.984

.1811

69

31

.350

2.677

10

53

.982

.1923

72

33

.300

3.181

11

29

.980

.2032

75

31

.250

3.871

26

TABLE 2 (Contlnued)
Degrees Minutes

Cosine

Tangent

Degrees Minutes

Cosine

Tangent

12

50

.975

.2278

78

28

.200

4.901

14

.970

.2506

81

22

.150

6.586

15

12

.965

.2717

84

.100

9.960

16

16

.960

.2918

87

.050

19.855

17

15

.955

.3105

90

18

12

.950

.3288

00

....

Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12 respectively with the same saales mentioned above.
The numbers on the radii in Fig. 9 to Fig. 12 indicate the gravitational attraction of

cylinders in millig.als.

The effect of one element

of the inner zone ls 0.001 milligals for the upper part of the graticules
and 0.005 milligals for the lower part of the gr.aticules, as dlstinguished

by the heavy line.

For the outer zone these value are 0.002 milligals and

0.01 mll1iga1s respectlvely.

(d)

Method of usins Graticules

The graticules are superimposed on the terrain profiles of the corres-

ponding zone with the origin at the sarne elevation as the station for whlch
the terrain correction is being calculated: The number of elements between
the horizon and the terrain profile ls counted.

The gravlty effect of the

terra ln in each zone is then determined.

As an example the Mean topographie profile for zone 200-400 is drawn
in Fig. 13 (a) (b) and the calculation of the gravity effect of zone 200-400

1\)

"-"J

Fig. 7.

Construction of Angle for Inner Zone.

.---.9998
~~~

.99~

:.99$

.999
.9~

996
.9~

.992
.990

.988
.986
.984

.982

.98
.97
.96

~
:'.,;)

0.05 .10.15 .20.25 .30 .35 .40 45 .50 .55

Flg. 8.

.65

.70

Construction of' Angle for Outer Zone.

.75

.85

..,

.075

.0004

'u

Fig. 9.

Construction of Craticules for the First Inrler Zone.

JO

o
.....

if

...........

------------------

.0004

.05

.50

.',

Fig. 11.

Construction of Graticules for the First Outer Zone.

w
......

.....

.05

.0004

.50

2.50

w
"'\)

Fig.

1~.

Construction of Graticules forthe.Second Outer Zone

~~an Topoera{)hlc

Proflle for

7,('Ine

200 - 400

.. 50

400

~tation

350

(b) Plan View of Topography of Zone 200 - 400

1
o

(\J

Distance in ft.

(\J

\...J
\...J

392

o
Fig. 1) (a) (b).

Station

Hethod of Drawing Mean Topogra];ilic Profile.

ZONE

200'- 400

Station
elevat10n
plane

~ean

to pogra.[ilic

-+-

profile for
zone 200-400

station

Fig. 14.

calculation of the Gravity Effect.

':d

35

is shown in Fig. 14.

There are 24t elements with an effect of 0.001

milligals which lie between the horizon and the terrain profile, and
element with an effect of 0.005 miIligals.

The total effect of the zone

is therefore 0.0270 milligals.

3.4. Use of Graticules

The terrain corrections for the inner zone must be calculated
separately at each station, but the sarne terrain profile of each rectagular
zone rnay be used for aIl the stations on the same line.
For the first outer zone a simplified terrain correction method
presented by H. A. Winkler (1962) may be used.

The rnethod consists simply

of computing terrain corrections at widely spaced points and then

contouring the results on the se of topographie contours.

In this case

several points may be chosen and corrections are calculated at these points
for several hypothetical elevations at convenient intervals so that the
~isting

actual elevations in the vi c1n l ty of each point are bracketed.

The computed values are then plotted against elevation.

With this graph

corrections May be lnterpolated between the cornputed points for aIl existing
alevation changes.

This is sean !rom Fig. 15 (a) (b).

In the second outer zone the effect of terrain sc&rcely varies with

station location, since the grid ls very small compu-ed to the area itself.
However, the corrections do vary somewhat with station elevatlon.
effect of terrain beyond the 30,000 ft.

Once the

x 30,000 ft. at the center of the

grid has been calculated, a graph may be d.ra.wn of computed value of terrain
correction vs. elevation.

The terrain effect of the whole grid May then be

determined by using a curve of the type shown in Fig. 16.

(a)

Topogra}ily Section

(b)

Iso-Correction Diagram.

.......

-t!!

,.- 2 3 _

.......

_ _ .230
,. .229
-.220
~

~.213

t!!
'-'

"
fi

0(

.2/3

,. .218

_ J I .21;1

.207

-.210
_ .220 -

,. . 2 3 2 - . 230
_.240

.239

'-'-:218

- .210

Coaputing elevation

Fig.

.2/7

.207

-;-:-223

___________

" .247

" .208
,. .2/9
,. .237
---;-".255

Iso-correction value (Jlilligals )

15 (a) (b). Interpolation Gra!ls for the Fust Outer Zone.

Blevation (ft.)
Fig. 16.

Interpolation Graphs for the Second Outer Zone.

37

CHAPTER

IV

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE GRATICULE TERRAIN CORRECTION METHOD

4.1.

Terrain corrections in Glendyer Brook Area

Terrain corrections were made for seventy stations in the Glendyer

Brook area, Inverness County, Nova Scotia to compare with the corrections
obtained with the Harnmer chart, which were done during the summer of 1969.
The area is shown in Fig. 17.

The elevation of the gravit y stations lies

between 322 and .543 ft. and the surrounding topography is moderately rugged,
varying from -200 ft. to 1,100 ft. w1thin the area of the 130,000 ft. x

130,000 ft.

As shown in Fig. 18. the nine computing points for the first

outer zone corrections were selected as 1 +ooW, 9 +ooW, 17 + ooW on Lines

+00, 6 +ooN and 12 +ooN.

The five elevations chosen for drawing the Iso-correction diagrams
were 333, 375, 417, 458, 500 and 542 ft. with an interval of 41.7 ft.
Iso-correction diagrams are shown in F1g. 19 (a) (b) (c).

The

For the correction

of the second outer zone one station, 9 +ooW on Line 6 +ooN, (wh1ch is
located at the center of the grid) was chosen.

The computed values were

graphed against elevat10ns for elevations of 200 to 600 ft. as shown in Fig.

20.

The terrain corrections for the outer zone were interpolated or extra-

polated with those graphs.

The correction were made separately at each

station for the inner zone.

The outer zone corrections were completed by the method described

above in about ten hours.

After the terrain profiles were drawn in about

J8

OThe area considered on the map.

Fig. 17.

Scale

1 ,50,000

Glendyer Brook Area

14 +ooW

12 +ooN

8 +ooN

r
4 +ooN

Fig. 18.

)(

o +00

')c

B.L.

4 +ooW

8 +ooW

12 +ooW

)(

)(

)C

x 0

o )(

station

cOllputing point for

the f1rst outer zone

GD Comput1ng point for

the second outer zone

Selection of Coaputing Points for the Outer Zone

VJ
\0

(a)

600

Line

0 +00

1'"

.230
.220

.210

500

Iso-correction value (mill!s!~)

""
~

ft.4
.......,
s::=

400

./90
.200

Q)

r-4
~

300

.200

.210
.220
... 230

-:

.2S0

.240

:-

16 +ooW

14 +ooW

Fig. 19 (a) (b) (c).

12 +ooW

10 +ooW

8 +ooW

6 +ooW

4 +ooW

2 +ooW

B.L.

Interpolation Gra}i1s for the First OUter Zone in Glendyer Brook Grid.
~

(b) Line 6 +ooN

600

.240 - - - - - -_ __
.230

.220

~~r--------------:I~S-o_-c-o-rr--ec-t~1~0-n-va~1~u-e~(m-1~1:1~1-g&~1~s~)~-------------,......

~-=-------

-- -:::::=---

.2/0

---s:: 400

.210

----

.220
.230

1!11

300

16 +00\1

14 +00\01

12 +ooV

10 +00\01

8 +00\1

6 +00\1

4 +oow

2 +ooW

B.L.
.(::"
~

(c) Line

12 +ooN

600 r-

---------

~.2/0

500 ~

---

./70

s::

G)

/80

.. -

.200

Iso-correctlon value (mU11gals)

400

.190

r=-----

--_~_

.200
.2/0

--------

.220
.230

)00 1-

_1

16 +OOW

14 +ooW

12 +ooW

10 +ooW

8 +ooW

6 +ooW

4 +ooW

2 +ooW

B.L.

f\)

.240

.220

ia

.200

.180

.160

.140

.120

200

Fig. 20.

300

400
Elevation (ft.)

500

Interpolation Graph for the Second Outer Zone in

Glendyer Brook Grid.

600

TABLE

Terrain Corrections in using Graticules in Glendyer Brook (in milligals).

Line
1

10+00

N
Zone

Inner

The first

The second Total

0- 400- 800- 1200- 2000-

Zone

outer Zone

outer Zone Correc-

Station Elevation Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone

Zone

of Station

B.L.

o - 100- 200-

(ft.)

100

200

360

.040 .022

400

tion

400

800 1200

2000

3600

.007 .065

.083 .036

.023

.021

.297

.205

.130

.632

+00

330

.054 .023 .020 .069 .102 .048

.045

.030

.393

.219

.120

.732

+00

380

.046 .018 .020 .022 .054 .024

.014

.019

.217

.219

.136

.572

+00

400

.021 .009 .017 .020 .057 .024

.018

.015

.191

.195

.142

.528

+00

393

.021 .009 .013 .013 .079 .029

.021

.017

.202

.196

.140

.538

10

+00

385

.038 .010 .019 .013 .093 .035

.019

.017

.244

.198

.138

.580

12

+00

378

.038 .008 .028 .019 .129 .036

.029

.019

.297

.198

.136

.631

14 +00

383

.038 .009 .018 .019 .105 .044

.034

.017

.281

.197

.137

.615

16

+00

370

.036 .011

.022 .112 .039

.037

.015

.292

.210

.135

.637

18

+00

J40

.066 .017 .019 .015

.114 .046

.049

.030

.358

.222

.123

.703

W.

.021

-----

45

six hours, ten to thirteen minutes were required to calculate the terrain
corrections of the 10ner zone for each station.

This resulted in about

twelve ho urs more since there were seventy stations.

Therefore the whole

operation for seventy stations required about twenty eight hours.

If the

station spac10g was 100 ft. the terrain corrections for 280 stations would
consume about 72 yours since the time for profiling the terrain is not
proportional to the number of stations.
The locations, elevations, and computed terrain corrections for
these stations are listed in Table 4.
shown in Table

(An example of the calculation is

3.).

4.2 Accuracy of Results

The corrections for twenty of the above stations on Line 0 +

00

and Line 10 +ooN in varying topographical conditions have been calculated

both by graticules and by the Hammer charts.

The corrections using the

Hammer chart required about 15 hours (roughly 45 minutes for each station),
compared to about 8 hours using graticules.
in Table 5.

These corrections are compared

The largest discrepancy between the two methode is 0.09

milligals and the average difference ie 0.037 milligals.

46

TABLE 4
Terrain Corrections using Graticules in Glendyer Brook (in milligals).
(The figures in parenthesis show the elevation in ft.)
station

0+00 2 +00 4 +00 6 +00 8 +00 10 +00 12 +ooN.

B.L.

()64)
.65

(361)
.65

(355)
.66

()46)

.73

(357)
.64

()60)
.63

(365)
.57

2 +00

(356)
.72

(351)
.76

()43)
.73

(335)
.84

(335)
.78

(330)
.73

(324)
.68

4 +00

(373)
.80

(390)
.79

(396)
.74

(396)
.70

(lW2)

.64

(380)
.57

()48)
.53

(4i.8)

.79

(468)
.81

(450)
.70

(429)
.63

(412)
.56

(400)
.53

()67)
.50

8 +00

(495)
.86

(503)
.88

(l~69 )

.72

(437)
.62

(411)
.58

(393)

(367)

10 +00

(535)
.89

(510)
.76

(481)
.73

(443)
.67

(412)
.60

(385)
.58

(357)
.56

12 +00

(543)
.89

(509)
.73

(493)
.84

(452)
.68

(l~06 )

.64

(378)
.63

()48)

14 +00

(539)
.86

(509)
.75

(484)
.80

(440)
.78

(402)
.64

(383)
.62

(350)
.56

16 +00

(535)
.91

(484)
.79

(466)
.81

(425)
.80

(385)
.63

(370)
.64

()46)

(506)
.85

(462)
.83

(443)
.85

(389)
.81

(366)
.70

(340)
.70

(322)
.58

6 +00

18 +00

\~.

.54

.54

.54

.56

47

48

CHAPTER

CONCLUSIONS
Graticules were constructed for the purpose of increasing the speed
and accuracy and relieving the tedlum in making terrain corrections.
Equation (2.11) is a closed expression suitable for ma king gratlcules
for the gravitational attraction of a cyllndrical shell. It is believed that
the equation (2.11) can be employed in the analysis of gravitational problems
of three-dimensional masses as weIl as in making terrain corrections.

The

use of the formula ln computer programs for terrain corrections wou Id have
the advantage of simpler terms in the formula than those of previous methods.
As has been described above, graticules for terrain correction have
been applied in Glendyer Brook area and the results compared wlth those
obtained from the Hammer charts.

The terrain corrections were made faster

wlth graticules than the Hammer charts.

The corrections for one station

using graticules required about 24 minutes compared to about 45 minutes using

the Hammer charts.

The average difference between the two methods was 0.037

milligals and the largest was 0.09 milligals.

This large discrepancy ls

probably due to one or more of the following reasons.

The corrections for

zones D, E and F of the Hammer charts were calculated as 0.53 . of a total of

0.80 milligals.

This was due to relatively large difference in helght of

those compartments and the station elevatlon.

The estimation of the average

elevatlon in each compartment of those zones was difficult and a small

difference in helght would have a large effect on the corrections. (e.g.

height of 47 ft. for a compartment of zone D gives 0.02 milligals, while

49

49 ft. for that zone glves 0.03 milligals).

In the graticule method, the

zones D, E and F correspond to that part of the inner zone for which the
effect of one element ls 0.001 milligals.
Several random stations were chosen to compare the values obtalned
by the method described in this work (Interpolation for the correction for
the outer zone) with the computed values.

For example at the station

10 + ooN 4 + ooW, the correction by interpolation for the outer zone was
0.355, whlle by computing It was 0.351.

This comparlson shows agreement

wlthln 0.004 milligals.

The Hammer chart method results in a probable error of the order of
1/10 milligals assuming that completely adequate topographie maps are
available and that the average elevation in each compartment has been
determined correctly.

Actually, the determination of the average elevation

Is frequently rather difflcult and requires experience.

The advantages of the graticule approach are as follows
Profillng the terrain and countlng graticules require little experlence or judgement which may serve to increase the accuracy in making terrain
corrections.

The upper part of the graticules gives the effect of terrain

as 0.001 milligals for the ioner zone and 0.002 milligals for the outer
zones.

These are used more often than the lower part of the graticules,

where the effect of terrain for one graticule element is 0.005 milligals for
the inner zone and 0.01 milligals for the outer zone.

Thus the larger possible

error ln the lower section do es not influence the results significantly.

This small effect of one element of the graticules should increase accuracy
of the correction.

It is to be noted that the correction of zone 0 - 100

50

should he done carefully since it gives a large terrain effect in a small

distance.
The speed of operations increases with the number of stations or
the density of stations.

With an increase in the density of stations the

corrections by graticule would be done considerably faster than the conventional Methode

About 28 hours are required to complete the terrain correc-

iOns for seventy stations (roughly 24 minutes for each station) with a grid
interval of 200 ft.

If the station spacing is 100 ft., the terrain correc-

tions for 280 stations are calculated. in about 72 hours (roughly 15 minutes
for each station).

In both cases of the above a terrain correction using

the Hammer charts requirea JO to 60 minutes per station, i.e. a minimum time
of J5 and 140 hours.

In the graticule method once a terrain profile is

drawn for a given area, the corrections for an additional number of stations
can be made without drawing any more profiles.

It i8 also clear that the

values obtained by graticules and by conventional methods are in good

agreement

51

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.

Bowie, W.,

Inyestigation of Gravity and Isostasyl U. S. Coast and

Geod. Survey Spec. Pub. 40, 1917.

2.

Bible, J., L.,

Terrain Correction Tables for GravitYI Geophysics,

V. 27, p. 715-718, 1962.

J. Bott, M. P. H.,

The Use of Electronic Digital Computers for the

Evaluation of Gravimetrie Terrain Corrections 1 Geophys. Prosp., V. 7, p. 45-54., 1959.

4.

Dobrin, M. B.,

Introduction to Geophysical Prospectingl McGraw-

Hill Book Co. Inc., Toronto, Second Edition, 1960.

5. Grant, F. S. and West, G. F.,

Interpretation Theory in Applied

Geophysicsi McGraw-Hi11 Book Co. Ine., Toronto, 1965.

6.

Hammer, S., Terrain Corrections for Gravimeter Stationsl

physics,

7.

Hayford, J. F.,

v. 4,

Geo-

p. 184-194., 1939.

and Bowie, W., The Effect of Topographie and

Isostatic compensation upon the Intensity of GravitYI

U. S. Coast and Geod. Survey Spec. Pub. 10, 1912.
8.

Heiland, C. A.,

Geophysical Explorationl New York, Prentice

Hall Inc., 1940.

9.

Kane, M. F.,

A Comprehensive System of Terrain Corrections using

a Digital Computera Geophysics, V. 27, p. 455-462, 1962

52

10 Karlemo, B.,

Calculation of Terrain Corrections in Gravity Studies

using the Electronic Computer: Geoexploration l, 1963.

11. Nagy, D.,

The Gravitational Attraction of a right Rectangular

Prism: Geophysics, V. 31, p. 362-371, 1966.

12 Nagy, D.,

The Prism

~tethod.

for Terrain Corrections using Digital

Computersl Pageoph, V. 63, p. 31-39, 1966.

13. Sandberg, C. H.,

Terrain Corrections for an Inclined Plane in

Gravity Computations: Geophysics, V. 23 p. 701-711, 1958.

14. Talwani,' M. and Ewing, 11,

Rapid Computation of Gravitational

Attraction of Three Dimensional Bodies of Arbitrary

Shape. Geophysics, V. 25, p. 203-225, 1960.

15. Talwan,i-. : M., Worzel, J. Iamar, and Landisman, M.,

Rapid Gravity

Computations for Two-Dimensional Bodies with Application

to the Mendocino Submarine Fracture Zone: Jour. Geophys.
Res., V. 64, p. 49-59, 1959.

16. Winkler, H. A.,

Simplified Gravity Terrain Corrections: Geophys.

Prosp., V. 10, p. 19-)6, 1962.

53

Appendix A -'Computer Program for the Calulation of nadi! for Graticules

---------------------_.
1,
UD
~~

4IIIORTRAN IV G ~EVf.L

7012'-+

CCCRDJNAlES AFf GIVEt.; IN FEET. YI,Y? APf HCRIlC~TAL

01STMJCES FRO~ THE STATICN. R2 IS RADIUS OF THE CYLpJOER.

C
C
C
C
C
C
C

THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF GR~VITATI0NAL ATTPACTIO~

OF Illt CYLINOEP. rs C~.LClJLATED IN UNITS OF J/IOO MILLIGALS
FOR DENSITY 2.67 GP/CM~*3.

D1 IAf NSIC N y 1 l ( 4) ,Y 1 2 ( 4 )
DIMENSION RH2(4CGO) ,CEL G(4000'
cor~r-.10N Yl,Y2

0001

00 40 1=1,4000
40 RH2( 1 )=0.
REAO(5,9,FND=999) N
DO 15 1<= l , N
1 5 P. E pD ( 5 , l) Y 1 1 ( K ) , y 1 2 ( K )
WP Il E ( , 7)
DO J 7 t<= 1, N

0007

0008

ooet)

0010
0011

17

0012
0013
0014

v-IR 1 TE ( (;, 6) Y1l ( K , ,

DO 90 K= 1, N
W~ITE(,31

YI 2 (

I~ )

Yl1(K),VI2(K)

Yl=VIl(!<)
Y2=YI2(K)

0015
0016
0017

R2=1.
OEL G{ l)=f)EL GA(R2)
RH 2 ( 1 ) =1.
DO 41 1=2,4000

0018
0019

RH2(Il=P.H2(I-l)+4.

0020
0021

R 2 =P. H 2 ( 1 )
CEL G( 1'=OEL G[)(R2)
t..l Rtl2CI,=P2
DO 50 I=1,10CO
50 wrUTf(l.,,4) RH?'(I),OEL G(I),RHZ(I+IOC:0),CEl G(l+lOI)(') ,
lRH2( r + 2rOC'), DE L G( 1 +2000) ,RH2( 1 +3000) ,DEL G( If- 30.00)

0022
OO~3

0024
0025

90 CONT 1f';U[
CALL EXIT

'0026
0027

9 Forp~t\i tI 5)
l FrHH-1 AT (Z Fl 0 1 ,
7 F 0 RIv1 AT (1 Hl, I l , l 7 X, 'Y l' , l 7 X, Y2 )

0028
0029
0030

6 F(1R~~AT{lH

0031
0032
0033

,10X,flC.l,lCX,FlO.ll

3 fORMAT(lHl,2X,2F20.1l

4 FORMAT{}H
999

0034

,5X,8Fl~.2)

STOP
END

0035

~ TOTA L

DATE

TERRAIN COPRECTICNS FOR MAKING GRATICULES IN

CYLfNORICAL COORDINAlE SYSTEM.

C
C

0002
0003
0004
0005
0006

t4A IN

,~

MEtj CRV

RE QU 1 P E"EN TS C081B0 SV TES

j
. J

Appendix A (Cbntinued)
1

FORTRAN

1 V G LEV ELI,

DELGB

Cor..j~ON

0002
0003

CONS=O.5428

0004
0005
0006

Y12=Yl ;;'*2
y 2 2 = y 2 )).:r)! 2
R22=R2*i,.:2
'01 2 =S0 P T ( Y1 2 + R 2 2 )
022=SQRT(Y22+P.22)

0001
0008

0009
0010
0011
0012
0013

QP 1=Q22+Y2
QP3=Q12+Yl
R~1=QP1+R2

RN2=QP1-R2
RN5=QP3+R2
RN6=QP3-R2

0014

0015
0016
0017
0018
0019
C020
0021
0022
0023
0024
0025
0026
0021
002B
0029

CM=P.Nl/RN2

RATIOl=R2/QPl
IF ( R AT 101-1. )3 0 l ,7:; 0,7 SC
30 1 1F ( CM) 701 , 1 f) 1 , 101
101 V 1 =A lOG ( C'.t )
IF(YI )333,138,333

333 RATI03=P2/0P3
S~=RN5/P.Nf

IF(RATIC3-1.)303,755,755
303 IF(SM)7C~,703,lC3
103 V3=AlO(;( S~'1)
400 OEl GB=CCNS*(Y2*Vl-Yl*V3)
500 DEL GB=ABS(OEL GB)
RETURN
701 DEL G8=11111.1

0030
0031
0032

GO TO 500

703 DEL G8=33333.3

GO TO

0033
0034
0035
0036

750 DEL

seo

GB=75000.0

GO TO 5Ct)
755 DEL GB=75555.5
GO TO 500

0037
0038

788 V3=O.
GO TO
END

0039
004~

FUNCTICN DEL GB(R2'

Yl,Y2
DEL GP..=O.

'.0001

TOTAL

~1O[1

ME~CRY

~co

REQUIPEMENTS on030E BYTES

DAT E

10124

55
Appendix B - Radii for Construction of Graticules

TABLE A-1

Construction of Radi1 for Graticules of the First Inner Zone.

Ag

Zone

o-

Zone

Zone

o -100

100 100-200 200-400

ft.

ft

mllligals

0004

18

28

.25

48

.005

43

68

.30

58

.01

55

87

.35

69

.02

73

112

.40

81

.03

85

130

.45

93

.04

96

145

.50

105

106

158

.60

1;4

.06

115

170

.70

168

.07

123

181

.80

207

.08

131

192

.90

253

.09

139

202

1.00

308

mllligals

.05

Zone

ft.

9.2

ft.

.10

18.5

147

212

1.10

373

.15

28

183

255

1.20

451

.20

J8

219

294

Zone

Zone

100-200 200-400
ft.

ft.

292

367

373

438

466

TABLE A-2

Construction of Radii for the Graticules of the Second Inner Zone.

Zone

Zone

A g

0 - 400

400 - 800

(mill1gals)

(ft.)

(ft.)

Zone

Zone

800-1200

1200-2000

2000-3000

(ft.)

(ft.)

(:ft.)

Zone

.0004

46

80

100

145

.005

107

187

234

J43

.01

136

238

296

435

.02

174

J03

375

551

.03

200

350

432

633

.04

222

389

478

700

.05

242

422

517

757

.06

259

452

556

808

.07

275

479

584

854

.08

290

504

613

897

.09

303

527

640

936

.10

316

550

660

972

.15

373

647

776

1129

.20

423

732

868

1260

.30

510

879

1024

1478

.40

588

1011

1158

1663

.50

662

1136

1279

1829

.60

7J4

1257

1392

1983

57

TABLE A-2 (Continued)

Zone

Zone

0-400

400 - BOO

BOO-1200

(ft.)

(ft.)

(ft.)

.70

B05

1376

1499

2127

.80

876

1495

1602

2265

.90

~7

1615

1702

2398

1.00

1020

1737

1801

2527

1.10

1094-

1861

1899

2654

1.20

1169

198B

1994-

2778

1.)0

1247

2119

20B9

2901

1.40

1327

2252

2176

3022

1.50

1409

2391

22BO

1.60

1493

2533

2375

1.70

1581

2681

2470

1.80

1672

2834

2566

4g

(aUl1ga.l.s )

Zone

Zone

Zone

1200-2000

2000-3000

(ft.)

1.90

396

1767

2993

2663

2.00

423

1865

3157

2761

2.10

450

1967

2860

2.20

478

2072

2959

2.)0

508

2183

3060

2.40

538

2297

3161

2.50

569

2417

2.60

602

2541

(ft.)

TABLE -2 (Continued)

Ag

Zone

Zone

(m1l11gals)

0 - 400

400 - 800

(ft.)

(ft.)

2.70

636

2671

2.80

671

2809

2.90

708

2949

3.00

746

3096

3.10

786

3.20

828

3.30

871

3.40

916

3.50

963

3.60

1012

3.70

1063

3.80

1116

3.90

1172

4.00

1231

4.10

1291

4.20

1355

4.30

1422

4.40

1491

4.50

1564

4.60

1639

Zone
800-1200

(:rt. )

Zone

Zone

1200-2000 2000-'000

(ft.)

(ft.)

59

TABLE A-2 (Continued)

Ag

Zone

Zone

0 - 400

400 - 800

(m11ligals)

(ft.)

4.70

1720

4.80

1802

4.90

1890

5.00

1981

5.10

2076

5.20

2176

5.30

2279

5.40

2389

5.50

2503

5.60

2623

5.70

2747

5.80

2878

5.90

3015

6.00

3156

(ft.)

Zone
800-1200

(ft.)

Zone

Zone

1200-2000

2000-'000

(ft.)

(ft.)

60

TAl3LE A-3
Construction of Radii for the Graticules of the First Outer Zone.
Zone
Ag

(milligals)

Zone

Zone

Zone

o - 3000

3000 - 7000

7000 - 11000

11 000 - 15000

(ft.)

(ft. )

(ft. )

(ft. )

.0004

165

325

490

.01

498

973

14;0

.02

630

1229

1805

.04

797

15.54

2285

.05

860

1677

2465

.06

916

1785

2622

.08

1011

1970

2895

.10

1093

2128

3123

.20

1395

2711

3981

.40

1795

~77

5105

.60

2091

4042

5929

.80

2339

4510

6613

1.00

2557

4921

7213

1.20

2755

5293

1.40

2938

56)6

1.60

3110

1.80

3274

2.00

~31

6554

9590

61

TABLE A-3 (Continued)

Zone
Ag
(mllligals)

o -3000
(ft.)

Zone

Zone

Zone

3000 - 7000

7000-11000

11000-15000

(ft.)

(ft. )

(ft.)

2.20

3582

2.40

3729

2.60

3870

2.80

4009

3.00

4145

3.20

4278

3.40

4409

3.60

4538

3.80

4665

4.00

4792

4.20

4916

4.40

5040

4.60

5161

4.80

5283

5.00

5404

520

5524

5.40

5643

6.00

6000

11273

7.00

6587

12346

8.00

7175

13418

9.00

7767

14498

7875

11509

9063

1J233

10185

14861

62

TABLE A- 3 (Continued)

Zone
Ag

(ml111gals)

o-

3000

(ft.)

Zone

Zone

Zone

3000 - 7000

7000-11000

11000-15000

(ft. )

(ft.)

(ft.)

10.00

8)68

11.00

8980

12.00

9605

13.00

10248

14.00

2909

10908

15.00

3174

11588

16.00

3447

12291

17.00

3734

13019

18.00

4034

13771

19.00

4350

14553

20.00

4684

21.00

5034

22.00

5404

23.00

5794

24.00

6205

25.00

6641

26.00

7105

27.00

7588

28.00

8104

29.00

8650

63

TiBLE A-3 (Cont1nued)

Zone
Ag

o - 3000

(aUl1ga1s)

(ft. )

JO. 00

9229

31.00

9843

32.00

10493

33.00

11184

34.00

11917

35.00

12694

)6.00

13520

37.00

14396

)8.00

15327

Zone

Zone

Zone

3000 - 7000

7000-11000

11000-15000

(ft.)

(ft.)

(ft. )

64

TABLE A-4

Construction of Radii for the Graticules of the Second Outer Zone.

(a) Zone 5000 - 5000
Ag

(milligals)

Radius

Radius

Radius

(ft. )

(mill1gals)

(ft. )

(milligals)

(ft.)

98.00

14796

126.00

25227

154.00

42521

100.00

15382

128.00

26192

156.00

44128

102.00

15988

130.00

27192

156.00

45765

103.00

16300

132.00

28230

160.00

47523

104.00

16616

133.00

28762

162.00

49316

106.00

17267

134.00

29306

163.00

50238

108.00

17941

1,36.00

30421

164.00

51177

110.00

18639

138.00

31580

166.00

53106

112.00

19364

140.00

32778

168.00

55109

113.00

19735

142.00

34021

170.00

57186

114.00

20114

143.00

34661

172.00

59340

116.00

20891

144.00

35313

173.00

60446

118.00

21698

146.00

,36651

174.00

61574

120.00

22532

148.00

38039

176.00

63893

122.00

23397

150.00

39478

178.00

66298

123.00

23844

152.00

40972

124.00

24296

153.00

41740

TABLE A-4 (Continued)

(b) Zone 5000-15000
Ag

Radius

(milligals)

(ft.)

.Ag

(milllgals)

Radius

(ft. )

Ag

(mill1gals)

Radius

(ft.)

22.00

14809

45.00

26915

68.00

4364e

23.00

15280

46.00

27524

69.00

44528

24.00

15754

47.00

28243

70.00

45423

25.00

16231

48.00

28762

71.00

46333

26.00

16712

49.00

29409

72.00

47260

27.00

17197

50.00

30057

73.00

48201

28.00

17607

51.00

30713

74.00

49159

29.00

18180

52.00

31)80

75.00

50133

30.00

18679

53.00

32059

76.00

51125

31.00

19182

54.00

32748

77.00

52133

32.00

19693

55.00

3J446

78.00

53160

33.00

20207

,56.00

34157

79.00

54205

34.00

20728

57.00

34879

80.00

55267

35.00

21255

58.00

35613

81.00

.56350

)6.00

21788

59.00

36358

82.00

57449

37.00

22326

60.00

37117

83.00

58569

)8.00

22875

61.00

37866

84.00

59708

39.00

23429

62.00

)8669

85.00

60870

40.00

23990

63.00

39464

86.00

62051

41.00

24558

64.00

40274

87.00

63253

42.00

25135

65.00

41096

88.00

64476

43.00

25720

66.00

41933

89.00

65721

44.00

26312

67.00

42783

66

TABLE A-4 (Continued.)

(c) Zone 15000-25000
[).g

(ft. )

545

.01

(ft.)

(ft.)

(:ft. )

850

1150

1400

1700

1577

2417

3256

4065

4905

.02

1986

3049

4105

5158

6177

.04

2512

3858

5185

6497

7823

.05

2705

4293

5591

7015

8437

.06

288tJ

4421

5947

7460

8967

.08

3173

4873

6552

8218

9889

.10

3423

5257

7052

8865

10667

.20

4339

6664

8955

11234

13509

.40

5521

8473

11385

14284

17172

.50

5972

9162

12313

15448

18571

.60

6372

9776

13135

16475

19809

.80

7066

10835

14555

18257

21952

1.00

7664

11749

15781

19793

23797

1.20

8205

1.40

8682

1.60

9130

1.80

9550

2.00

9945

15225

20441

25633

30814

2.20

10321

.0004

Zone 55000-65000

15000-25000 25000-35000 35000-45000 45000-55000 55000-65000

(ft. )

(milligals)

TABLE A-4 (Continued)

(c) Zone 15000-2.5000 ~ Zone 55000-65000

.Ag
(milligals)

15000-25000 25000-35000 35000-45000 45000-55000 55000-65000

(ft. )

2.40

10680

2.50

10854

2.60

11024

2.80

11357

3.00

(ft. )

(ft.)

(ft.)

(ft. )

16605

22290

27951

33597

11676

17854

23963

30045

36113

4.00

13147

20088

26953

33788

40609

5.00

14468

22088

29629

37138

4463.3

6.00

15688

23935

32097

40230

48345

7.00

16839

25673

)4421

43138

51838

8.00

17936

27331

)6641

45913

55171

9.00

18996

28930

38779

48590

58382

10.00

20027

30487

408,56

51189

615Qt1.

11.00

21034

32007

42886

53729

64554

12.00

22024

33500

44880

56223

67.548

13.00

23001

34971

~846

58683

14.00

23968

)6429

48793

61117

1500

24928

37875

50723

63532

16.00

25882

39313

52643

65935

17.00

26835

40747

54558

18.00

27785

42178

56470

68

TABLE A-q.

(Continued.)
(c) Zone 15000-25000

Ag

Zone 55000-65000

15000-25000 25000-35000 35000-1.1.5000 45000-55000 55000-65000

(m1l11gals)

(ft.)

(ft. )

(ft.)

19.00

28745

43611

58381

20.00

29688

1.1.5044

60297

21.00

30644

46483

62217

22.00

31603

1.1.7927

64-145

23.00

32567

49380

66083

24.00

33537

50839

25.00

34-513

52309

26.00

35496

53790

27.00

36488

55283

28.00

37488

56789

29.00

38498

58309

30.00

39518

59844-

31.00

4054-8

61395

32.00

41590

62964

33.00

4264-2

64-550

34-.00

43708

66154

35.00

44786

36.00

45877

37.00

46983

38.00

48103

(ft.)

(ft.)

TABLE A-4 (Continued)

(c) Zone 15000-25000 Ag

(m1lligals )

Zone 55000-65000

15000-25000 25000-35000 35000-45000 45000-55000 55000-650 00

(ft.)

39.00

49237

40.00

50387

41.00

51553

42.00

52735

4).00

53935

44.00

55150

45.00

S6J84

46.00

57635

47.00

58906

48.00

60196

49.00

61505

50.00

62835

51.00

64185

52.00

65557

(ft.)

(ft.)

(ft. )

(ft. )

Fig. A-1

o -100

Fig. A-2

100-200

Fig. A-3

200 -400

o-!

Fi g. A-4

400

.~

Fi g. A-5

400 -

) -800

Fig. A-6

800 -

..

, - 1200

Fig. A-7

1200 -

0-2000'

Fig. A-8

2000 - 3C

3000

Fig. A-g

Fig. A-10

3000

3000

.
1

7000

__

-~------,-------_----r----_.'-'.'-'
1

--_.

7000

Fi g. A-11

- -- - -

- -

Fig. A-12
- - - - -

11000
--

- -

- -

- -

- -

- - - - - - -

- - - -

1 1000
----,------------------~------------------------

15000