Article (grammar)

For articles in English, see English articles.

1 Denite article
Denite article redirects here. For the Eddie Izzard
comedy DVD, see Denite Article.
A denite article indicates that its noun is a particular
one (or ones) identiable to the listener. It may be someAn article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or prex or thing that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may
sux) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of ref- be something uniquely specied. The denite article in
erence being made by the noun. Articles specify gram- English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
matical deniteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the
The children know the fastest way home.
English language are the and a/an, and (in certain contexts) some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old The sentence above refers to specic children and a speEnglish 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number cic way home; it contrasts with the much more general
'one' (compare 'on', in Saxon dialects) and survived into observation that:
Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' (respelled
'one' by the Normans) and 'an' survived into Modern EnChildren know the fastest way home.
glish, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' ('a', before
nouns that begin with a consonant sound) as an indenite
The latter sentence refers to children in general and their
article.
specic ways home. Likewise,
Traditionally in English, an article is usually considered
to be a type of adjective. In some languages, articles are
Give me the book.
a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined
with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles refers to a specic book whose identity is known or obto be part of another part of speech category such as a vious to the listener; as such it has a markedly dierent
determiner, an English part of speech category that com- meaning from
bines articles and demonstratives (such as 'this and 'that').
In languages that employ articles, every common noun,
with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain
deniteness (e.g., denite or indenite), just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical
number (e.g., singular or plural). Every noun must be
accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its
deniteness, and the lack of an article (considered a
zero article) itself species a certain deniteness. This
is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which
are typically optional. This obligatory nature of articles
makes them among the most common words in many
languagesin English, for example, the most frequent
word is the.[1]

Give me a book.
which does not specify what book is to be given.
The denite article can also be used in English to indicate
a specic class among other classes:
The cabbage white buttery lays its eggs on
members of the Brassica genus.

However, recent developments show that denite articles

are morphological elements linked to certain noun types
due to lexicalization. Under this point of view, deniteness does not play a role in the selection of a denite artiArticles are usually characterized as either denite or incle more than the lexical entry attached to the article. [3]
denite.[2] A few languages with well-developed systems [4]
of articles may distinguish additional subtypes. Within
each type, languages may have various forms of each ar- The denite article is sometimes also used with proper
ticle, according to grammatical attributes such as gender, names, which are already specied by denition (there
is just one of them). For example: the Amazon, the Henumber, or case, or according to adjacent sounds.
brides. In these cases, the denite article may be considered superuous. Its presence can be accounted for
by the assumption that they are shorthands for a larger
phrase in which the name is a specier, i.e. the Amazon River, the Hebrides Islands. Where the nouns in such
1

4 NEGATIVE ARTICLE

longer phrases cannot be omitted, the denite article is

universally kept: the United States, the Peoples Republic of China. This distinction can sometimes become a
political matter: the former usage the Ukraine stressed
the words Russian meaning of borderlands"; as Ukraine
became a fully independent state following the collapse
of the Soviet Union, it requested formal mentions of its
name omit the article. Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo (Brazzaville) and (Kinshasa); a move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia.

The word some is used as a functional plural of a/an. An

apple never means more than one apple. Give me some
apples indicates more than one is desired but without
specifying a quantity. This nds comparison in Spanish,
where the singular indenite article 'un/una' (one) is
completely indistinguishable from the unit number, except where it has a plural form ('unos/unas): Dame una
manzana (Give me an apple) > Dame unas manzanas
(Give me some apples). However, some also serves as
a quantier rather than as a plural article, as in There are
some apples there, but not many.

Some languages also use denite articles with personal

names. For example, such use is standard in Portuguese:
a Maria, literally: the Maria. It also occurs colloquially
in Spanish, German and other languages, and is sometimes heard in Italian. In Hungary it is considered to be
a Germanism.

Some also serves as a singular indenite article, as in

There is some person on the porch. This usage differs from the usage of a(n) in that some indicates that the
identity of the noun is unknown to both the listener and
the speaker, while a(n) indicates that the identity is unknown to the listener without specifying whether or not
it is known to the speaker. Thus There is some person on
the porch indicates indeniteness to both the listener and
the speaker, while There is a person on the porch indicates
indeniteness to the listener but gives no information as
to whether the speaker knows the persons identity.

Indenite article

An indenite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identiable to the listener. It may
be something that the speaker is mentioning for the rst
time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement
about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old
English forms of the number 'one', as its primary indenite article. The form an is used before words that begin
with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with
a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a
European).

3 Partitive article
A partitive article is a type of indenite article used with
a mass noun such as water, to indicate a non-specic
quantity of it. Partitive articles are used in French and
Italian in addition to denite and indenite articles. The
nearest equivalent in English is some, although this is considered a determiner and not an article.
French: Veux tu du caf ?

She had a house so large that an elephant would

get lost without a map.
Before some words beginning with a pronounced (not
silent) h in an unstressed rst syllable, such as hallucination, hilarious, historic(al), horrendous, and horric,
some (especially older) British writers prefer to use an
over a (an historical event, etc.).[5] An is also preferred
before hotel by some writers of British English (probably reecting the relatively recent adoption of the word
from French, where the h is not pronounced).[6] The
use of an before words beginning with an unstressed
h is more common generally in British English than
American.[6] American writers normally use a in all these
cases, although there are occasional uses of an historic(al)
in American English.[7] According to the New Oxford
Dictionary of English, such use is increasingly rare in
British English too.[5] Unlike British English, American
English typically uses an before herb, since the h in this
word is silent for most Americans. The correct usage in
respect of the term hereditary peer was the subject of
an amendment debated in the UK Parliament.[8]

Do you want (some) coee? (or, dialectally but

more accurately, Do you want some of this coffee?)
See also more information about the French
partitive article.
Haida has a partitive article (suxed -gyaa) referring to
part of something or... to one or more objects of a given
group or category, e.g., tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang 'he is
making a boat (a member of the category of boats).'[9]

4 Negative article
A negative article species none of its noun, and can thus
be regarded as neither denite nor indenite. On the
other hand, some consider such a word to be a simple
determiner rather than an article. In English, this function is fullled by no, which can appear before a singular
or plural noun:

3
No man has been on this island.
No dogs are allowed here.
No one is in London.

Zero article

See also: Zero article in English

The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages
having a denite article, the lack of an article specically
indicates that the noun is indenite. Linguists interested
in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner.[10] In English, the zero article rather
than the indenite is used with plurals and mass nouns,
although the word some can be used as an indenite
plural article.
Visitors end up walking in mud.

Variation among languages

Articles are found in many Indo-European, Semitic,

and Polynesian languages but formally are absent from
some large languages of the world, such as Indonesian,
Japanese, Hindi and Russian.
Linguists believe the common ancestor of the IndoEuropean languages, Proto-Indo-European, did not have
articles. Most of the languages in this family do not have
denite or indenite articles; there is no article in Latin,
Sanskrit, nor in some modern Indo-European languages,
such as the families of Slavic languages (not including
Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian, which are rather
distinctive among the Slavic languages in terms of grammar) and Baltic languages. Although Classical Greek has
a denite article (which has survived into Modern Greek
and which bears strong resemblance to the German definite article), the earlier Homeric Greek used this article
largely as a pronoun or demonstrative. Articles developed
independently in several language families.
Not all languages have both denite and indenite articles, and some languages have dierent types of denite
and indenite articles to distinguish ner shades of meaning; for example, French and Italian have a partitive article used for indenite mass nouns, whereas Colognian
has two distinct sets of denite articles indicating focus
and uniqueness, and Macedonian uses denite articles in
a demonstrative sense, with a tripartite distinction (proximal, medial, distal) based on distance from the speaker
or interlocutor. The words this and that (and their plurals, these and those) can be understood in English as, ultimately, forms of the denite article the (whose declension in Old English included thaes, an ancestral form of
this/that and these/those).
In many languages, the form of the article may vary according to the gender, number, or case of its noun. In
some languages the article may be the only indication of
the case. Many languages do not use articles at all, and
may use other ways of indicating old versus new information, such as topiccomment constructions.
In the above examples, the article always precedes its
noun (with the exception of the Arabic tanween and the
Hebrew ha-). In some languages, however, the denite
article is not always a separate word, but may be suxed,
attached to the end of its noun as a sux. For example,
Albanian: zog, a bird; zogu, the bird

Articles in languages in and around Europe

indenite and denite articles
only denite articles
indenite and suxed denite articles
only suxed denite articles
no articles
Note that although the Saami languages spoken in northern parts
of Norway and Sweden lack articles, Norwegian and Swedish are
the majority languages in this area. Note also that although the
Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages lack indenite articles they
too are minority languages in this area, with English being the
main spoken language.

Aramaic: , peace; , the peace

Note: Aramaic is written from right to left, so
an Aleph is added to the end of the word.
Bengali: Boi, book; Boiti/Boita/Boikhana :
The Book
Romanian: drum, road; drumul, the road (the article
is just l, u is a connection vowel" Romanian:
vocal de legtur)
Icelandic: hestur, horse; hesturinn, the horse

9
Persian: sib, apple; sibe, the apple
Danish: stol, chair; stolen, the chair
Swedish and Norwegian: hus, house; huset, the
house; if there is an adjective: det gamle (N)/gamla
(S) huset, the old house
Bulgarian: stol, chair; stolt, the chair
(subject); stola, the chair (object)
Macedonian: stol, chair; stolot, the
chair; stolov, this chair; stolon, that
chair

Example of prexed denite article:

Hebrew: , transcribed as yeled, a boy; , transcribed as ha-yeled, the boy
A dierent way, limited to the denite article, is used by
Latvian. The noun doesn't change but the adjective can
be dened or undened: galds, a table / the table; balts
galds, a white table; baltais galds, the white table.

Evolution

Articles have developed independently in many dierent

language families across the globe. Generally, articles develop over time usually by specialization of certain adjectives.

REFERENCES

Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple denite articles. Macedonian, for example, in which the articles are suxed, has (stolot), the chair;
(stolov), this chair; and (stolon), that chair. These
derive from the Common Slavic demonstratives *t this,
that, *ov this here and *on that over there, yonder respectively. Colognian prepositions articles such as
in dat Auto, or et Auto, the car; the rst being specically selected, focussed, newly introduced, while the latter is not selected, unfocussed, already known, general,
or generic. Standard Basque distinguishes between proximal and distal denite articles in the plural (dialectally,
a proximal singular and an additional medial grade may
also be present). The Basque distal form (with inx -a-,
etymologically a suxed and phonetically reduced form
of the distal demonstrative har-/hai-) functions as the default denite article, whereas the proximal form (with
inx -o-, derived from the proximal demonstrative hau/hon-) is marked and indicates some kind of (spatial or
otherwise) close relationship between the speaker and the
referent (e.g., it may imply that the speaker is included
in the referent): etxeak (the houses) vs. etxeok (these
houses [of ours]"), euskaldunak (the Basque speakers)
vs. euskaldunok (we, the Basque speakers).

7.2 Indenite articles

Indenite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning
one. For example, the indenite articles in the Romance
languagese.g., un, una, unederive from the Latin
adjective unus. Partitive articles, however, derive from
Vulgar Latin de illo, meaning (some) of the.

Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language[11]

describes the cycle of the denite article": Denite articles (Stage I) evolve from demonstratives, and in turn
can become generic articles (Stage II) that may be used
in both denite and indenite contexts, and later merely
noun markers (Stage III) that are part of nouns other than
proper names and more recent borrowings. Eventually
articles may evolve anew from demonstratives.

The English indenite article an is derived from the same

root as one. The -n came to be dropped before consonants, giving rise to the shortened form a. The existence
of both forms has led to many cases of juncture loss, for
example transforming the original a napron into the modern an apron.

7.1

8 See also

Denite articles

Denite articles typically arise from demonstratives

meaning that. For example, the denite articles in the
Romance languagese.g., el, il, le, laderive from the
Latin demonstratives ille (masculine) and illa (feminine).
The English denite article the, written e in Middle English, derives from an Old English demonstrative, which,
according to gender, was written se (masculine), seo (feminine) (e and eo in the Northumbrian dialect), or t
(neuter). The neuter form t also gave rise to the
modern demonstrative that. The ye occasionally seen
in pseudo-archaic usage such as "Ye Olde Englishe Tea
Shoppe is actually a form of e, where the letter thorn
() came to be written as a y.

The Persian indenite article is yek, meaning one.

English articles
Al- (denite article in Arabic)
Deniteness
Denite description

9 References
[1] The 500 Most Commonly Used Words in the English
Language. World English. Archived from the original
on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-14.

[2] The Use and Non-Use of Articles

[3] Daz Collazos, Ana Mara. https://www.academia.edu/
6254347/Spanish_indefinite_articles_in_the_Nikkei_
as_Colombian-Japanese_community
[4] Recasens, Taul and Mart http://www.researchgate.net/
publication/228748115_First-mention_definites_more_
than_exceptional_cases
[5] New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1999, usage note for
an: There is still some divergence of opinion over the
form of the indenite article to use preceding certain
words beginning with h- when the rst syllable is unstressed: a historical document or an historical document; a hotel or an hotel. The form depends on whether
the initial h is sounded or not: an was common in the 18th
and 19th centuries, because the initial h was commonly
not pronounced for these words. In standard modern English the norm is for the h to be pronounced in words like
hotel and historical, and therefore the indenite article a
is used; however, the older form, with the silent h and the
indenite article an, is still encountered, especially among
older speakers.
[6] Brown Corpus and Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus,
quoted in Peters (2004: 1)
[7] Algeo, p. 49.
[8] www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/
vo990427/text/90427-43.htm.
[9] Lawrence, Erma (1977). Haida dictionary. Fairbanks:
Alaska Native Language Center. p. 64.
[10] ScienceDirect Master, Peter (1997) The English Article
System: acquisition, function, and pedagogy in: System,
Volume 25, Issue 2, pp. 215232
[11] Genetic Linguistics

10

External links

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Article (grammar) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article%20(grammar)?oldid=642321381 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, Lee

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ftw, ArthurBot, Masonhasbigboobsandtinyballs, LovesMacs, Kingmike99, Coolo 619, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Schlep16,
Sup foos1, Capricorn42, Dmhorgan, Queernan, Mononomic, Davidcallowhill, Snappy57, DSisyphBot, Tackle54, SportzCrazy620, Maddie!, Reporter Tintin, GrouchoBot, Happy sk8ter chick, Alumnum, Dojoz12, Animato22, Frankie0607, Shirik, RibotBOT, Mike1126, Satanist333, Roxas1111, Wikiscrewerupper, Doulos Christos, Crod123, 4325790lidk e, Editor101482, E0steven, Erik9, Us441, Sesu Prime,
Kierkkadon, Tppersaud, Noobybanana, K Fuchs 45784578, Ndaren, Qiik, FrescoBot, Westeldfreak13, Fuzzmanfuzz, 23443o, Jamesoe,
Zero Thrust, VI, PandaElMano, A little insignicant, Youmeyourpop, Dadsawq3, Ilovesma, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Getoar TX,
Gamocamo, LittleWink, Calmer Waters, A8UDI, ShenariaX, RedBot, SpaceFlight89, le ottante, Lgkga1, FoxBot, Jawsx188, Triggermj2,
Vrenator, Duoduoduo, Nims123, AndrzejMily, Kielbasa1,
, Tonyyu8, Canuckian89, Operationjulie, Innotata, Uber smart man, Minimac, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Cromulant, Ilovepork, Austinqwer1223, Conorbrady.ie, Skamecrazy123, DASHBot, EmausBot, Seomad2010,
Katherine, Dewritech, GoingBatty, RA0808, Wikipelli, Frglz, Qweero09, Anir1uph, Everard Proudfoot, A930913, Jedallen, L Kensington, Donner60, Rsg70007, Status, Lguipontes, 28bot, Cgtdk, ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, This lousy T-shirt, Rtucker913, A520,
Ecubar, Bped1985, Feedintm, Amos ben Avraham, The Master of Mayhem, Widr, BG19bot, Consorveyapaaj2048394, Interchangeable,

11.2

Images

MusikAnimal, Instar.se, Mark Arsten, Vainosuomi, Snow Blizzard, Glacialfox, Poodough, Pratyya Ghosh, Victor Yus, Ducknish, Garbetoglu1967, Farhanwarsame1, Lugia2453, Meghdisha, Theconorra, Sagar062, Sarwanpap, Melonkelon, Everymorning, NickDragonRyder,
Saralikesart, Hoppeduppeanut, Sanjeevsingh144, Jb423, Ginsuloft, Shammy01, Salmaodesk, Salmaislambd, Ott123com, Br100x, Elievenson, Randomic Mod, Adiazcoll, St170e, Deepika venktesh, Poepkop, Filedelinkerbot, Spastic mouse, HappyZappy, TerryAlex, Crazysmarthuman, Yashnaren123, Saver123098 and Anonymous: 956

11.2

Images

File:EuropeArticleLanguages.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/EuropeArticleLanguages.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Daniel Nikoli
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0