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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ns
nr
Vi-1
Vi
Ii
ri
xi
Pi +jQ i
sending node
receiving node
sending end voltage
receiving end voltage
branch current.
resistance of the branch
reactance of the branch
load at receiving end
The phasor diagram of equivalent radial distribution system between two nodes is shown in Fig. 2.
OA =
Vi =
Vi cosq
+
Ii ri
1 cosy
AB =
Vi=
Vi sin q
+
Ii xi
1 siny
(1)
(2)
ViOA 2 +
AB 2 =
OB 2 .
1 =
=
(Vi cos q
+
I i ri ) 2 +
(Vi sin q
+
I i xi ) 2
(3)
P +
Q
2
ViVi 2 +
2ri Pi +
2 x i Qi +
( ri 2 +
xi 2 )[ i 2 i ] (4)
1 =
Vi
Where,
Pi =
Vi I i cos q
.
Qi =
Vi I i sin q
.
1
2
( Pi +
Qi ) 2
Ii =
Vi
Re-arranging the equ(4),
2
ViVi +
2ri Pi +
2xiQi +
ri co s2 q
Ii (1 +
tan2 q
)
1 =
2
+
xi cos2 q
I i (1 +
tan2 q
)
(5)
Further re-arranging, as in equation (5) and writing in generalized form with respect to the ith
node, for the network having 'n' no. of nodes, the receiving end node voltage equation is obtained as under:
2
ViV 12
1 Vi 2 =
( ri Pi +
xi Qi )
[{ i ( ri Pi +
xi Qi )}2 2
2
1
( ri 2 +
xi 2 )( Pi 2 +
Qi 2 )] 2 =
X
Y.
(6)
Here,
2
Vi 1 X=
( ri Pi +
x i Qi )
2
1
V 12
Y =
[{ i ( ri Pi +
xi Qi )}2 ( ri 2 +
xi 2 )( Pi 2 +
Qi 2 )] 2
2
As in equation (6) mathematically the voltage solution does not exist when the term Y2 becomes
negative. Therefore the solution exists when,
2
V 1
{ i( ri Pi +
xi Qi )} 2 ( ri 2 +
xi 2 )( Pi 2 +
Qi 2 )
0.
2
(7)
The possible solution, as in equation (7) at particular load defines loadability limit at that node. In
order to determine the maximum loadability, the existing load (Pi + jQi) is replaced by the term {MLIi * (Pi+
jQi)}while the load power factor is assumed constant. Further, modifying, as in equation as quadratic
equation by equating it to zero, the MLIi is calculated as under:
2
Vi(ri Pi +
x i Qi ) +
(ri 2 +
xi 2 )(Pi 2 +
Qi 2 ) ]
1 [MLIi =
2 (xi Pi +
ri Qi )2
(8)
Using equation (8), the MLI can be estimated at different loading conditions. To illustrate the
estimation of MLI, a lossy distribution system is considered. The sending end voltage, load power factor,
the line resistance and reactance is assumed to be |1.0| p.u, 0.8, 2.8 and 2.2 respectively. The value of
MLI reaches to '1', indicating that additional load leads to voltage collapse. The network loadability limit
when MLI=1.000 is found to be 8.496MVA, which is called as critical loading limit. The fourth column of
Table 1 gives the additional load, which is obtained by taking the difference of individual MVA load from
the critical load value i.e. 8.496. The additional load indicates the extra load, which can be connected to the
receiving end node of the sample system without the cause of voltage collapse of the system.
TPL =I i 2 ri
i=
1
(9)
Where, Ii and ri are the current magnitude and resistance respectively of the branch 'i'. Separating
the real and reactive components of current the power loss can be expressed as:
i1
i1
TPL =I ai 2 ri +I ri 2 ri
(10)
Therefore,
(11)
TPL =
TPLa +
TPLr
Where, TPLa is power loss due to active components of current and TPLr is power loss due to
reactive components of current. The placement of the capacitor aims to maximize the system loss reduction
and the mathematical equations are obtained as follows:
If a capacitor of current Ick is placed at a node k, the total real power loss of the system is given by
equation (12)
n
TPL =
( I ri +
I ck ) 2 ri +
I r+
I r
i=
b( j )
i
b ( j ) ri i
i=
1 ai i
(12)
Here 'b' is the branch segments in radial path from source to candidate nodes.
The total loss reduction TPLk can be expressed by equation (13) as:
k
D
TPLk =
2 I ck
I rI ck
r (13)
i=
b( j ) ri i
i=
b( j) i
The capacitor current Ick that provides the maximum loss saving can be obtained from by taking
the first derivative of equation (13) with respect to Ick,
d
(D
TPLk )
k
k
=
2(
I ri ri +
I ck
r)=
0 (14)
i
=
b
(
j
)
i=
b( j ) i
d
I ck
Solving equation (14), the capacitor current for maximum loss saving is given by equation (15) as:
k
I ck
I r
=
(
)
r
i=
b( j ) ri i
k
i=
b( j ) i
(15)
It is assumed that there is no significant improvement in the node voltage Vk after capacitor
placement, due to change in active component of load current, at respective nodes. Therefore, the size of
capacitor at candidate node can be calculated as:
Qck =
I ck Vk
(16)
The size of capacitor calculated, as in equation (16), may differ at each node. The placement of
these sizes of capacitor at respective node does not guarantee to improve the required parameters uniformly.
B. Calculation of Power Loss Index
The network when compensated by Qck (i.e. optimal capacitor size calculated, as in (16) releases
the feeder KVAR capacity and reduces resultant power loss). The power loss reduction in the compensated
network varies from minimum to maximum value, and is calculated for each ith node using equation (17)
given below:
TPLi = TPLi (Base) - TPLi (compensated, Qck )
(17)
Based on the loss reduction, the power loss index PLI (i.e. normalized value in (0 1) range) can be
(18)
Using power loss index, the reduction in active power loss is calculated which in turn is used in
determining the selection criterion for optimal capacitor placement. The optimal location for the capacitor
placement is identified as the node having the maximum PLI.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed work is simulated in a benchmark standard IEEE 15-bus radial distribution system,
whose single line diagram is shown in Fig. 3. The bus data and branch data of the test system are taken from
[2] and the substation voltage is maintained at 1.0p.u. The distribution system is assumed to be balanced
and operating under constant power load model. Initially by assuming flat voltage profile as 1p.u. and line
power loss as zero the load flow program is run. The base case load flow solution obtained by Newton
Raphson method for the IEEE 15-node distribution system is shown in Table 2.
The maximum loadability limit calculated for each bus using equation (8) is shown in Table 3. The
system MVA load is varied at bus 7 and the values of node voltage and MLI evaluated are tabulated in Table
4. It has been observed that the small variation in load in 7th bus after 6.628MVA leads to sudden shutdown
of the system due to voltage collapse which has been highlighted in the Table 4. It results in the severe
interruptions while supplying power. Therefore, to operate the system under such critical loading
conditions, especially when power demand is growing, the loadability limit has to improve. This can be
achieved by optimal capacitor placement. Capacitor placement at suitable location proves to improve the
maximum loadability limit by locally supplying reactive power demand and reducing the line power loss.
BusNo.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Qloss(pu)
0.4693
0.4664
0.3978
0.4526
0.4640
0.4569
0.4568
0.4076
0.4174
0.4658
0.4520
0.3792
0.4629
0.3828
0.4524
MLI
Bus
No
MLI
252.32
7
26.791
8
79.444
9
252.32
10
79.444
11
79.444
12
26.791
13
26.791
14
252.32
15
79.444
26.791
252.32
26.791
79.444
Bus
No
MLI
Tabl e
Load in
MVA
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
6.628
7
The optimum capacitor size in KVAr to be installed at respective nodes computed using equation
(16) is shown in Table 5. The network becomes reconfigured by placement of capacitor with suitable size at
various nodes. In order to analyze the performance of the reconfigured network, the percentage measure of
average voltage profile improvement and average reduction in total real power loss attained with respect to
base case solution after placing the capacitor of calculated size (Qck) at the respective nodes is detailed in
Table 5. Fig. 4 shows the voltage profile improvement and power loss reduction with respect to capacitor
placed at respective nodes. It is observed from Fig. 4 and Table 5 that maximum voltage profile and
maximum power loss reduction occurs when a capacitor of size 708.8937 KVAr is installed at 14th bus.
Table 5 Dete rmination of capacitor size
Bus No.
C apaci tor
Voltage
Real
Size (KVAr)
Profi le
Power
Improvem Loss
en t (%)
Reduction
(% )
2
43.1839
0.0573
0.5427
3
714.0000
1.4600
12.742
4
143.0000
0.3400
3.1313
5
142.8261
0.3493
3.1120
6
485.4295
0.8313
7.7680
7
531.6006
0.9267
8.2413
8
375.8294
0.6827
6.7913
9
104.6100
0.1620
1.6267
10
118.0891
0.1900
1.8120
11
103.3249
0.2533
2.4547
12
496.5955
1.3387
12.1613
13
466.0855
1.2840
11.0287
14
708.8937
1.7373
14.988
15
373.9869
0.8947
7.7160
The optimal capacitor placement can also be determined using the power loss index calculated
using equation (18) for various capacitor sizes calculated as shown in Table 6. Fig. 5 shows the variation of
PLI (power loss index) and Qck (size of the capacitor) in every node of the network system. The node
having maximum value of PLI is identified as the suitable candidate node for the capacitor placement. It is
observed from Table 6 and Fig. 5 that node 12 has a maximum PLI value of 1.000.
Qck (MVAr)
0.0432
0.7140
0.1430
0.1428
0.4854
0.5316
0.3758
0.1046
0.1181
0.1033
0.4966
0.4661
0.7089
0.3740
PLI
0.4269
0.8017
0.5053
0.3710
0.2899
0.2553
0.8648
0.8589
0.3947
0.5398
1.0000
0
0.8760
0.3445
1
0.9
Qck
0.8
PLI
0.7
0.6
PLI&Qck
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
BusNo
Fig. 5 Var iation of PLI &Qck at all the buses
From the above simulation results, voltage improvement is found to be maximum at 14th bus and
then at 3rd bus. The maximum capacitor size needed to be installed at 3rd bus is of size 714 KVAr. Based on
PLI value, the first priority for the capacitor placement is given to 12th node with sizing 496.5955 KVAr
followed by the consecutive capacitor placement at 14th, 8th, 9th, 3rd nodes and so on. Hence, based on the
estimation of PLI, the capacitor placement problem is found to be optimized, achieving a significant
improvement in system voltage profile and reduction in system loss, thereby enhancing overall efficiency
of the system.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has proposed an efficient method for the optimal location and sizing of capacitors in radial
distribution systems. The paper has also presented a conventional method for the determination of
maximum loadability limit and power loss index. The results presented has clearly indicated that a
considerable improvement in power loss reduction and voltage profiles is achieved by optimal capacitor
placement and sizing. The future scope of work will focus on the inclusion of cost savings in capacitor
installation.
REFERENCES
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Location and Sizing of Capacitors in Distribution Systems, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 78,
2008, pp. 1192-1203.
[2] D.das, D.P. Kothari, A.Kalam, A simple and efficient method for load flow solution of radial
distribution networks, Int. Journal of Electrical power & energy systems, vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 335-346,
1995.
[3]Ikbal Ali, Mini S. Thomas, Pawan Kumar, Optimal capacitor placement in smart distribution systems to
improve its maximum loadability and energy efficiency, Int. Journal of Engineering, Science and
Technology, Vol. 3, No. 8, 2011, pp. 271-284.
[4] Mesut E. Baran and Felix F.Wu, Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system,
IEEE Transactions on power delivery, Vol. 4,No. 1, January 1989.
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system research 3T (1996) 181-187,PO Box 4400,university of new Brunswick, Frederiction, N.B, Canada
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