International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013)

Design, Static and Modal Analysis of A Propeller Shaft for

Reducing Vibrations Using Composite Damping
Srimanthula Srikanth1, Jithendra Bodapalli2, Avinash Gudimetla3
1

Student of M.Tech (CAD/CAM) in Dept. Of ME, NCET College, Vegavaram.

2
Assoc. Professor and HOD, Dept. Of ME, NCET College, Vegavaram
3
Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ME, Pragati Engineering college, surampalem
A structure subjected to oscillatory deformation consists
of a combination of kinetic and potential energy. In the
case of real structures consists of energy dissipative
elements as some of the energy is lost in each cycle. The
amount of energy dissipated is a measure of the structures
inherent damping. Damping can be viewed as the
conversion of mechanical energy of a vibrating structure
into thermal energy, which ultimately is lost to the
structures environment.
Vibration control can be accomplished through active
and/or passive damping treatments. Active damping
control involves the use of a feedback control system that
senses structural vibrations and then calculates the
necessary control input for actuators. On the other hand,
passive damping control refers to a structures ability to
damp its own oscillations as a result of its structural design,
material properties, or by the incorporation of devices like
coatings and elastomers that dissipate energy.

Abstract-- With the growing demand for the energy

efficient and smart materials, the necessity for reducing the
vibrations in the highly sophisticated parts of the machinery is
playing a major role. High-technology structures often have
stringent requirements for structural dynamics. Suppressing
vibrations is crucial to their performance. Passive damping is
used to suppress vibrations by reducing peak resonant
response. Viscoelastic damping materials add passive
damping to structures by dissipating vibration strain energy
in the form of heat energy. The incorporation of damping
materials in advanced composite materials offers the
possibility of highly damped, light-weight structural
components that are vibration-resistant.
The main theme of the project is to analyze a shaft with
and without damping material and also for various isotropic
and orthotropic materials. Along with alloys of various
materials, composite materials are also considered to analyze
the case to increase its robustness. The materials used for
shaft are steel, carbon Epoxy and E Glass Epoxy. The model
of a particular shaft is taken and analyzed using ANSYS. The
structural analysis is done to verify the strength of the shaft
and to compare the results for the three materials. Modal
analysis is also done on the shaft to determine mode shapes
and to find their frequencies.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Viscoelastic damping materials add passive damping to
structures by dissipating vibration strain energy and
generate heat energy. The incorporation of damping
materials in advanced composite materials offers the
possibility of highly damped, light weight structural
components that are vibration resistant. Concurring
viscoelastic damping materials in composites has shown to
be successful in greatly increasing the damping of
composite structures. The damping performance, however,
is often not as high in co cured composites as in
secondarily bonded composites, where the damping
material does not undergo the cure process. Substituting
composite structures for conventional metallic structures
has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness
and specific strength of composite materials. The fiber
enhanced Viscoelastic damping polymer is intended to be
applied to lightweight flexible structures as a surface
treatment for passive vibration control.

Keywords Viscoelastic damping, frequency, Propulsion

Shaft, Damping Material, Carbon Epoxy, steel, Carbon
Epoxy, E-Glass Epoxy

I. INTRODUCTION
All engineering structures experience vibratory motion
whether in reference to the worlds tallest building or a
printed circuit board in a flight control computer. The
effect of operating environments and inherent dynamic
behavior cause the transmission of periodic waves
throughout a structure. In turn, the structure undergoes
mechanical vibrations. These unwanted vibrations result in
fatigue and catastrophic failure of structures. Hence, the
control of vibrations is a serious concern for engineering
design.

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A desirable packing geometry for the composite material
is proposed, which is expected to produce maximum shear
strain in the Viscoelastic damping matrix. A general
method for modeling material damping in dynamical
systems is presented and it is primarily concerned with a
dissipation model based on Viscoelastic assumptions.
Different numerical approaches for modeling and analyzing
the behavior of structures having constrained layer
damping. Two numerical studies are presented that reveal
the accuracy limits of the different finite element modeling
approaches for additive and integrally damped plate type
structures. Now through the use of improved computational
based approaches (i.e. finite element method) along with
the availability of reliable damping materials with accurate
thermal and dynamic property characterizations, it is
possible to incorporate damping treatments as part of the
initial structural design process, thereby virtually
eliminating sharp resonant peaks. Cylindrical shells with a
constrained damping layer treatment are studied using three
theories. Constrained layer damping in structures is a very
popular method to control resonant amplitudes of vibration.
Shells of revolution (e.g., cylindrical and conical) find wide
application in the aerospace industry. An efficient method
is described for finite element modeling of three-layer
laminates containing a viscoelastic layer. Modal damping
ratios are estimated from undamped normal mode results
by means of the Modal Strain Energy (MSE) method. The
solution for a radially simply supported shell has been
obtained and the procedure for determining the damping
effectiveness in terms of the system loss factor for all
families of the modes of vibration in a multilayered shell
with elastic and viscoelastic layers is reported.
Approximately 85% of the passive damping treatments in
actual applications are based on viscoelastic materials. The
solution for the vibration and damping analysis of a general
multilayered cylindrical shell consisting of an arbitrary
number of orthotropic material elastic and viscoelastic
layers with simply supported end conditions has been
reported. Damping mechanics for predicting the damped
dynamic characteristics in special composite structures
with compliant inter laminar damping layers are presented.
Designed in passive damping for structures is usually
based on one of four technologies: Viscoelastic materials,
viscous fluids, magnetic, or passive piezoelectrics. The
technology of using viscoelastic materials for passive
damping is discussed in more detail than the other methods
since it is presently the most widely used type of damping
technology. The effectiveness of damping treatments in
structures is related to the amount of vibration energy
converted into other forms of energy.

Two viscoelastic models, namely ADF and GHM, which

account for frequency dependence and allow frequency and
time domain analysis of hybrid active-passive damping
treatments, is compared which is made of viscoelastic
layers constrained with piezoelectric actuators. The ever
increasing need to improve the efficiency of structural
system places a growing importance on dynamic analysis
in the design or development cycle. Damping analysis is
performed by the complex stiffness (modulus and loss
factor) approach (variation of material properties and
damping factors with frequency is taken into account), and
by consideration of the dissipation of vibratory energy
through friction. It is well known that considerable
reduction in resonant vibration can be realized by the use of
highly damped viscoelastic materials as cores in sandwich
structures. Such reductions are of practical interest in
design applications where resonant excitation cannot be
avoided. Embedding viscoelastic materials to dissipate
energy within the structures provides a robust means of
incorporating damping without encountering several of the
common disadvantages associated with external damping
treatments. A systematic analytical study of the
improvement of damping in polymer composites at the
micromechanical level under transverse normal loading by
the use of special fiber coatings is described. The
formulation of a theory for the prediction of damping and
natural frequencies laminated composite beams with
multiple viscoelastic damping layers are described.
III. OBJECTIVE
This project work expresses the difference between the
structures with and without damping material. The effect
of damping on the performance of isotropic (steel) and
orthotropic (Carbon Epoxy & E-Glass Epoxy) structures is
to be analyzed by using Finite Element Analysis. The
values of the static deflection for Steel Shaft, Carbon
Epoxy Shaft and E-Glass Epoxy Shaft are to be compared
with and without visco elastic polymer (Rubber).
IV. NEED FOR DAMPING
When a structure suffers from excessive vibration or
noise, it is being subjected to undesirable excitations. These
excitations can be reduced by varying the parameters
damping, modal stiffness and mass. Consider a structure
excited at its boundary and vibrating in its fundamental
mode of vibration. Such a structure can be represented by a
single degree of freedom system shown below.

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In Fig.3, by keeping the mass and damping constant the
effect of the structure can be seen by varying the stiffness.
The response is same as that in the case of change of effect
in mass.
C .Effect of Damping Changes for the Boundary
Fig1: Boundary Excitation

The equation of motion of such a system can be written

in the form:
..

m w k (1 i)( w w 0 ) 0

Where k, m and are the modal stiffness, mass and

damping values, respectively. The ratio of the response of
the mass to the input vibration, w/ wo is illustrated in
forthcoming figures.

Fig 4: Temperature Vs Frequency for two different damping values

A. Effect of Mass Changes For The Boundary Excitation

Case

In this case by keeping the mass and stiffness constant

the effect of the structure can be seen by varying the
damping. In this case it reduces the maximum amplitude by
increasing the damping. .
There are three different zones in the above figures.
One below the natural frequency
One above the natural frequency
One at the natural frequency
It is evident from the above figures that the stiffness and
mass modifications affect the frequency range above
resonance, whereas damping affects the response near
resonance, and no important changes occur below the
resonant frequency from changes in damping, mass or
stiffness.
The primary effect of increased damping in a structure is
a reduction of vibration amplitudes at resonance's, with
corresponding decreases in stresses, displacements, fatigue,
and sound radiations.

Fig2: Temperature Vs Frequency for two masses

In the Fig.2 by keeping the stiffness and damping

constant the effect of the structure can be seen by varying
the mass. Here the same amount of response is occurred but
at different frequency.
B. Effect of Stiffness Changes for the Boundary
Excitation Case

V. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A. Introduction to Propulsion Shaft:
The torque transmission capability of the propeller shaft
for ship should be larger than 3,500 Nm and fundamental
natural bending frequency of the propeller shaft should be
higher than 6,500 rpm to avoid whirling vibration. The
outer diameter of the propeller shaft should not exceed 100
mm due to space limitations. The propeller shaft of
transmission system is shown in figure 4, for following
specified design requirements as shown in Table 1. The
description of shaft is given in fig. Due to
space
limitations the outer diameter of the shaft is restricted to
90.24 mm.

Fig3: Temperature Vs Frequency for two different stiffness values

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Typically in a static analysis the kind of matrix solved is
[K] * [X] = [F]
Where K is called the stiffness matrix, X is the
displacement vector and F is the load matrix. This is a force
balance equation. Some times, the K matrix is the function
X. Such systems are called non-linear systems.
Nodal Displacements ui, uj
Nodal Forces
fi, fj
Spring constant
k
Spring force displacement relationship
F = k with = uj ui
Where K = F/ (>0) is the force needed to produce a unit
stretch.
Consider the equilibrium forces for the spring.
At node i, we have

Fig5: Pictorial representation of shaft transmission system.

B. Problem Description:
The one-piece hollow composite drive shaft should
satisfy three design specifications, such as static torque
transmission capability, torsional buckling capacity and the
fundamental natural bending frequency. For given
specification, the damping factor for Steel, carbon Epoxy
and E-Glass Epoxy are to be calculated and compared with
and without damping material (Rubber).

fi = -F = -k(uj ui) = kui kuj

And at node j,
fj = F = k(uj ui) = - kui + kuj
Ductile material
Under combined static loading, the machine parts made
of ductile material will fail by yielding. The working or
allowable stress is therefore, passed on the yield point
stress. The maximum shear stress theory will be used for
the design because it is conservative and easy to apply.

Table 1
Problem Specification

S. No

Parameter

Notation

Units

Value

1.

Torque

N-m

3500

2.

Max
Speed
Length

RPM

6500

1.250

3.

Brittle materials
Failure in brittle materials, takes place by fracture.
Brittle materials do not have a distinct yield point and so,
the ultimate strength is used as the basis for determining
the allowable or design stress. Separate design equations
should be used in tension and compression, since for
materials like cast iron; the ultimate compressive strength
is considerably greater than the ultimate tensile strength.
The maximum principal stress theory will be used for the
design. Due consideration will be given to the sign of
principal stresses. If both the principal stresses (2-D case)
are of the same sign, the effect of the smaller stress is
neglected. If the two principal stresses are of opposite sign,
then the maximum principal stress theory does not give
conservative results. In that case another equation should
be used.

Table 2
Material Properties

A. Static Analysis Comparison of Theoretical and Ansys

Analysis
In this part static deflection of the steel shaft is
calculated and compared with ANSYS results. The
specification for the shaft is given in the Table 3. For
calculating the deflection, the boundary condition is taken
by considering its self weight.

VI. BRIEF OVER VIEW OF STRUCTURAL STATIC ANALYSIS

Static analysis is one in which the loads/boundary
conditions are not the functions of time and the assumption
here is that the load is applied gradually. The most common
application of FEA is the solution of stress related design
problems.

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Table 3
Specification for Steel Shaft

Sl. No.

Parameters

Values

Outer Diameter

0.09024 m

Thickness

2.1 e -3

VII. STEEL SHAFT

A. Steel Shaft without damping material
Material for Shell 99
In this case shell element is taken to calculate the
deflection value for steel shaft. Here Shell element is taken
due to specify the number of layers to include the damping
polymer. Here steel shaft without damping material is
considered and specifications are tabulated in table 3.

Fig7: Meshed Model

Using ANSYS the deflection value is calculated. The

value is 0.252e-4m. The deformed shape of the shaft is
shown in the Fig 7.
B. Steel Shaft with Damping Material
In this type a damping material (i.e.) Rubber is inserted
between the two layers of shaft and the deflection value is
calculated using ANSYS. The specification of the shaft
with damping material is shown in the Table 4.
Table4
Specifications for Steel Shaft with Rubber

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Fig 6: Steel Solid model

102

Parameters
Outer Diameter
Thickness of each
layer
Number of layers
Damping Material
Element

Values
0.09024 m
1.05 e -3 m
3
Rubber
Shell 99

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Fig8: Stacking Sequence for Steel Shaft with Rubber

In the above Fig 8. Stacking sequence of the steel shaft

with damping material is shown.

Fig 10: Stacking Sequence for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

In the above Fig 10. The stacking sequence of the

Carbon Epoxy shaft without damping material is shown .
Fig 9: Deflection of Steel Shaft with Rubber

Using ANSYS the deflection value is calculated. The

value is 0.41 e -4 m. The deformed shape of the shaft is
shown in the Fig 9.
C. Carbon Epoxy Shaft without Damping Material
In this case Carbon Epoxy shaft is modeled with 13
layers by considering the shell element. The specifications
are shown in the table5.
Table 5
Specification for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4

Parameters
Outer Diameter
Thickness of each
layer
Number of layers
Element

Fig 11: Static Deflection for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

Values
0.09024 m

The value is 0.376 e

shaft is shown in Fig 11.

1.5 e -4 m

-4

m. The deformed shape of the

D. Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Damping Material

In this case Carbon Epoxy shaft is modeled with
damping material (Rubber) and it is incorporated in
between the layers. The specification of the shaft is shown
in the Table 6.

13
Shell 99

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Table 6
Specification for Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Rubber

Sl. No.
1

Parameters
Outer Diameter

Values
0.09024 m

Thickness of each layer

1.5 e -4 m

3
4
5

Number of layers
Damping Material
Element

14
Rubber
Shell 99

The stacking sequence of the Carbon Epoxy shaft with

damping material (Rubber) is shown in the fig 12. Here the
8th layer is the rubber.
Fig14: Stacking Sequence Layers from 1 to 12

Fig 12: Stacking Sequence for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

Fig 15: Stacking Sequence Layers from 13to23

The stacking sequence of the Carbon Epoxy shaft

without damping material is shown in above figures.

Fig 13: Static Deflection for Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Rubber.

The value is 0.712 e -4 m. The deformed shape of the

shaft is shown in the Fig 13.
Fig16: Static Deflection for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft

E. E-Glass Epoxy Shaft without Damping Material

In this case E-Glass Epoxy shaft is modeled with 23
layers by using the shell 99 element. The specifications are
shown in the table 7.

The value is 0.00116 m. The deformed shape of the shaft

is shown in the Fig 16.

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F. E-Glass Epoxy Shaft with Damping Material
In this case E-Glass epoxy shaft is modeled with
damping material (Rubber) and it is incorporated in
between the layers. The specification of the shaft is shown
in the table 8.

The stacking sequence of the E-Glass Epoxy shaft with

damping material (Rubber). Here the 12th layer is the
rubber.
Table 8
Specification for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft with Rubber

Table 7
Specification for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft

Sl.
No.

Parameters

Values

Outer Diameter

.09024 m

Thickness of each
layer

1.5 e m

Number of layers

24

Damping Material

Rubber

Element

Shell 99

-4

Sl. No.

Parameters

Values

Outer Diameter

0.09024 m

Thickness of each layer

1.5 e -4 m

Number of layers

23

Element

Shell 99

Fig 19: Static Deflection for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft with Rubber

The value is 0.102 e -3 m. The deformed shape of the

shaft is shown in the Fig 19.
VIII. MODAL ANALYSIS
Any physical system can vibrate. The frequencies at
which vibration naturally occurs, and the modal shapes
which the vibrating system assumes are properties of the
system, and can be determined analytically using Modal
Analysis.
Modal analysis is the procedure of determining a
structure's dynamic characteristics; namely, resonant
frequencies, damping values, and the associated pattern of
structural deformation called mode shapes. It also can be a
starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis,
such as a transient dynamic analysis, a harmonic response
analysis, or a spectrum analysis.
Modal analysis in the ANSYS family of products is a
linear analysis. Any nonlinearities, such as plasticity and
contact (gap) elements, are ignored even if they are
defined. Modal analysis can be done through several mode
extraction methods: subspace, Block Lanczos, Power
Dynamics, Reduced, Unsymmetric and Damped. The
damped method allows you to include damping in the
structure.

Fig17: Stacking Sequence Layers from 1 to 13

Fig18: Stacking Sequence Layers from 14to24

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A. Uses of Modal Analysis
Modal analysis is used to determine the natural
frequencies and mode shapes of a structure. The natural
frequencies and mode shapes are important parameters in
the design of a structure for dynamic loading conditions.
They are also required to do a spectrum analysis or a
mode superposition harmonic or transient analysis. Another
useful feature is modal cyclic symmetry, which allows
reviewing the mode shapes of a cyclically symmetric
structure by modeling just a sector of it.

E. Modal Analysis of Carbon Epoxy Shaft without And

With Rubber

B. Modal Analysis of Steel Shaft without Damping

Material by Shell Element
In this part Modal analysis of the shaft is calculated
using the same specifications given in the static analysis.
Modal analysis is needed because the output of this
analysis is used in the transient analysis to calculate the
time step.

Fig22: Modal Analysis for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

C. Modal Analysis of Steel Shaft Using Shell Element

Without and With Rubber
In this case Steel shaft is modeled using Shell 99. The
specifications used are same as in the Static Analysis

Fig23: Modal Analysis for Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Rubber

F. Modal Analysis of E-Glass Epoxy Shaft without and

With Rubber

Fig20: Modal Analysis for Steel Shaft using Shell 99

In this case Rubber is embedded in between the steel

layers. The stacking Sequence and the specifications are
same as in the Static Analysis.

Fig 24: Modal Analysis for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft

Fig 21: Modal Analysis for Steel Shaft with Rubber

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C. Comparison of E-Glass Epoxy Shaft with and Without
Damping Material
Table 10
Comparison of Results for Carbon Epoxy Shaft

Type of the
Shaft

Results
Static
Deflection
(in m)

Fig25: Modal Analysis for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft with Rubber

Glass Epoxy
without
Damping
Material

Glass Epoxy with

Damping Material

0.102 e -3

0.00116

Table 11
Comparison of Results for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft

IX. RESULTS
In this case all the results of Static and Modal Analysis
of Steel Shaft, Carbon Epoxy Shaft and E-Glass Epoxy
shaft with and without damping polymer are tabulated and
compared.

Type of the
Shaft
Results

Static Deflection
(in m)

Carbon Epoxy
without
Damping
Material
0.42 e -4

Carbon Epoxy
with
Damping
Material
0.376 e -4

X. CONCLUSIONS
As the aim of the project is to reduce the damping
effects of the driven shaft, the major sources used for this
purpose are composite materials. By using three different
kind of composite materials steel, carbon epoxy, E-glass
epoxy the project has been carried out. For controlling the
damping effects by using passive damping the materials
which reduces these damping like rubber are employed in
the center of the shaft. Shaft is analyzed using layer
stacking method in ANSYS software which utilizes finite
element method technologies. These layer stacking
techniques are employed for shafts with and without
damping material. Static analysis is done for observing the
steady loading conditions. The results have shown that the
shaft with damping material made of any composite
material has less damping effects when compared with
shaft without damping material. The results have clearly
proved that the static deflection of the shaft made with
three composite materials with damping material when
compared with without damping material. For the purpose
of dynamic loading conditions and for determining natural
frequencies, mode shapes modal analysis is also done.

Fig 26: Modal Analysis for Steel Shaft with Rubber

A. Comparison of Steel Shaft with and Without Damping

Material
Table 9
Comparison of Results for Steel Shaft

Type of
the
Shaft
Results
Static Deflection
(in m)

Steel without
Viscoelastic
Material
0.41 e -4

Steel with
Viscoelastic
Material
0.252e-4

B. Comparison of Carbon Epoxy Shaft with and Without

Damping Material

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[6]

Jin Kook Kim, Dai Gil Lee, and Durk Hyun Cho, 2001,
Investigation of Adhesively Bonded Joints for Composite Propeller
shafts, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol.35, No.11, pp. 9991021.
[7] T. E. Alberts and Houchun Xia, Design and Analysis of Fiber
Enhanced Viscoelastic Damping Polymers, Journal of Vibration
and Acoustics, Vol. 117, October 1995, pp. 398-404.
[8] K. J. Buhariwala and J. S. Hansen, "Dynamics of Viscoelastic
Structures", AIAA
Journal, Vol. 26, February 1988, pp 220-227.
[9] J. B. Kosmatka and S. L. Liguore, Review of Methods for
Analyzing Constrained Layer Damped Structures, Journal of
Aerospace Engineering, Vol.6, No.3, July 1993, pp. 268-283.
[10] T. C. Ramesh and N. Ganesan, Vibration and Damping Analysis of
Cylindrical Shells with Constrained Damping Treatment- A
Comparison of Three Theories, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,
Vol. 117, April 1995, pp. 213 219.

The final result of the project is the shaft made with

composite material and damping material has less damping
effects compared with composite material shaft.

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