 Introduction  2nd generation

 Historical advances biomaterials

 Features expected
 Materials suitable to be
used as biomaterials
 Areas of biomat application
 1st generation biomaterials
 3rd generation
biomaterials
 Future implication &
advantage
 biomaterials in various
tissue replacement
“any substance of synthetic or natural origin,
that can be used for any period of time, as
whole or as part of a system which treats,
augments, or replaces any tissue, organ or
function of the body.”
 4000 years ago, the first biomaterials “experiments”
took place.
 Modern biomaterials can be traced back about 60
years.
 Cooperation between doctors , engineers &
aerospace industry resulted in growth.
 American Society for Artificial Internal Organs
founded in 1954
 Society For Biomaterials launched in 1975
 Controlled Release Society founded in 1978
 Tissue Engineering Society International founded
around 1995
 Biologically inert  Non‐teratogenic
 Easily handled  Inexpensive
 Easily sterilized  Sufficient strength
 Non‐allergenic to hold during
healing.
 Non‐corrosive
 Reabsorbed or
 Non‐toxic
removed without
 Non‐carcinogenic morbidity.
 Polymers
 Bio molecules
 Metals
 Glasses
 Ceramics
 Carbons
 Composites
 Biosensors
array diagnostics
 Biotechnology
Bio separations
Cell Culture
 Bio fouling-resistant materials
 Biomimetics for new materials
 Chromatography Supports
 Nanofabrication
 Neural computing / biocomputer
 Smart materials (e.g. artificial muscles)
 Microfluidics
 Imaging
 Bone and joint repair
 Construction of in-dwelling devices
 External items for the delivery of medical
care
 Incorporating nanomaterials to produce
desired qualities
 Enabling cell to repair their own tissue
 Promoting gene activation
 First generation biomaterials – BIOINERT.
 Second generation biomaterials – BIOACTIVE.
 Third-Generation Biomaterials – CELL AND GENE
ACTIVATING MATERIALS
 Genetic Control and Activation
 Molecularly Tailored Resorbable Polymers
 Developed during 1960-1970
 PRINCIPLE- To achieve minimum immune
response to the implant to reduce risk of
rejection.
 AIM- to achieve suitable combination of
physical properties to match that of replaced
tissue with minimum toxic response to the host.
 1980-there were 50 implantable devices made
from 40 different biomaterials.
 SIGNIFICANT FEATURE- BIO INERTNESS
 LIMITATION OF 1ST GEN BIOMAT-no any
tissue interaction, only replacement.
 They were developed after 1970’s.
 PRINCIPLE- they function by formation of
bond with living tissue.
 They could elicit a controlled action and
reaction in physiological environment.
 SIGNIFICANT FEATURE- BIO ACTIVE
 In mid 1080s and 1990s
development of bioactive Glasses and glass
ceramics
bone fixation, middle-ear prostheses, replacement of
vertebra.
 Another advancement –
Resorbable biomaterials
 No difference between
implant site and host tissue
 LIMITATION OF 2ND GEN BIOMAT-Living
tissue changes with physiological load and
biochemical stimuli but not implanted
biomaterials.
 Stimulates specific cellular response at the
molecular level.
 Route of repair is: TISSUE ENGINEERING
 Powders, solutions, or doped microparticles to
stimulate local tissue repair.

ionic dissolution products, or growth factors

Activate the cells

Cells Stimulate multiple generations of growing cells

to self-assemble into the required tissues in situ
 Human osteoblasts – ionic dissolution products of bioactive
glasses – up regulates seven families of genes
 Activated genes – stimulates – differentiation and
proliferation of osteoblasts

FACTORS INVOLVED:
(i) transcription factors and cell cycle regulators.
(ii) signal transduction molecules.
(iii) proteins involved in DNA synthesis, repair,
and recombination.
(iv) growth factors and cytokines that influence the
inflammatory response to the material;
(v) cell-surface antigens and receptors;
(vi) extracellular-matrix components; and
(vii) apoptosis regulators.
 They are used for NERVE REGENERATION.
 PLA/PGA copolymers were used to
incorporate nerve growth factor (NGF)
 Third-generation
biomaterials molecular
design of scaffolds for
tissue engineering and
for in situ tissue
regeneration and repair,
with minimally invasive
surgery.
 Economic advantage.
 Patient specific
treatment
BIOMATERIALS IN TISSUE REPLACEMENT
THANKYOU