Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ISSN: 2320-2491
11
ISSN: 2320
2320-2491
frequencies of these fluctuations are spread over a wide spectrum, the general effects
effec of
dynamic loading on bolted joints are similar. The main effects are:
(1) Loosening
oosening of the nut/bolt and
and,
(2) Fatigue failure.
In most situations, both of the above effects may occur in one joint. It is common
experience that vibration loosening of joints may occur when a bolted joint undergoes
dynamic load fluctuations. There are a large number of thread-locking
thread locking devices available in
the market in order to alleviate joint loosening problems. However, use of such devices needs
n
to be done with care. It is very important to understand the root causes and mechanisms
behind the phenomenon of vibration loosening in order to decide the optimum method of
alleviating the problem.
This paper discusses the mechanisms preventing loosening,
loosening, mechanisms of loosening
and guidelines on using various thread
thread-locking
locking devices commonly available in the market.
1.1. Root Cause for Bolt Failure
Figure 1.
1 Main Root Cause for Bolt Failure
1.2. Why Do Fasteners Self Loosen
Preloaded fasteners self-loosen
loosen when relative movement occurs between the mating
threads and the fasteners bearing surface. Such relative movement will occurs when the
transverse force acting on the joint is larger than the frictional resisting force generated by th
the
bolts preload. Under repeated transverse movements this mechanism can completely loosen
fasteners.
12
ISSN: 2320-2491
13
ISSN: 2320-2491
Accessories used
M8X1.25X60
8.8
Trivalent Silver White
1. Without Washer
2. With plain Washer
3. With Spring Washer
4. With Wave Washer
Clamp Load Reduction with Respect of Original Clamp Load at Tightening with
Different Accessories
Part Description: M8X1.25X60, 8.8 Grade, Yellow Trivalent
Start Clamp
Clamp Load
Torque
Parameters
Load
KN After 100
Nm
KN
Cycles
30
8
5.1
30
7.7
5.1
Plain Bolt
30
7.7
5.5
30
8
7.4
30
9
6.9
30
14.3
8.8
30
12.7
10
With Plain Washer
30
15.3
11.8
30
14.7
10.5
30
11.2
8.5
30
12.3
10.2
30
13.7
10.9
With Spring washer
30
12.1
8.1
30
12.9
9.8
30
15.5
10.6
30
16
11.5
30
17.5
12.6
With Wave washer
30
13.3
9.9
30
18.7
13.1
30
17.3
12.2
Clamp Load
Reduction %
-63
-65
-70
-92
-76
-61
-78
-76
-70
-75
-82
-79
-66
-75
-67
-71
-71
-73
-69
-70
Mean Clamp
Load Reduction
%
73%
72%
74%
71%
14
ISSN: 2320
2320-2491
Vibration loosening of fasteners sets with different types of washers was clearly
evident. As from above table it can be concluded that on an average 71-75
71 75 % clamp load lost
in 100 cycles in all cases. Initial clamp load is highest in case of bolt with wave washer so
due to this clamp load reduction is least in this case
15
ISSN: 2320-2491
7. Increasing thread friction will also increase the minimum vibration level required to
loosen the joint
8. Effect of pre-load is further accentuated with increasing thread friction
9. Bearing friction is only effective when there is a pre-load. Increasing pre-load will
accentuate the effect of bearing friction in preventing vibration loosening
10. Finer threads will perform better in a vibration environment
11. Fine threads have a high possibility of vibration tightening under certain conditions
12. At lower pre-loads smaller thread flank angles are more susceptible to vibration
loosening. This is why the buttress thread is not recommended for applications
subject to vibration
13. Pre-load is the most economical way of preventing vibration loosening
14. A minimum pre-load of 65% of the proof load of the fastener should prevent vibration
loosening under most common vibration environments
15. When the inertial torque of the nut/bolt exceeds the prevailing torque loosening may
occur
16. For a right hand thread, an anti-clockwise acceleration of the shaft will cause the nut
to tighten while a clockwise acceleration will cause the nut to loosen if adequate preload is not provided.
17. To minimize vibration loosening of rotating equipment; for fastening to a clockwise
rotating shaft a left handed screw thread and for fastening to an anti-clockwise
rotating shaft a right hand screw thread must be used.
References
[1] Bickford, J.H. An introduction to the design and behaviour of bolted joints. Marcel
Dekker Inc., New York 1990.
[2] Bykhovsky, I. Fundamentals of Vibration Engineering. Mir Publishers, Moscow, Jan
1972.
[3] Barret, R.T. Locking Methods for Fasteners. American Fastener Journal, Nov/Dec
1998.
[4] Fernando, S. An engineering insight into the fundamental behaviour of tensile bolted
joints. Journal of the Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Steel Construction,
Vol 35, No 1, March 2001.
16