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FEATURES
SOILS & NUTRIENTS
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www.goodfruit.com
Managing Editor
Jim Black
36
38
jim.black@goodfruit.com 509-853-3512
Editor
Geraldine Warner
gwarner@goodfruit.com 509-665-3330
Associate Editors
Melissa Hansen
mhansen@goodfruit.com 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnert
lehnert@goodfruit.com 616-984-6001
Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
Advertising Manager
Doug Button
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DEPARTMENTS
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Quick Bites
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Advertiser Index
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U.S. SUBSCRIPTIONS: $35.00 per year, 3 years $75.00. CANADIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS: $55.00 per year (U.S. funds, Canadian
G.S.T. included: G.S.T. Registration #135100949). SUBSCRIPTIONS OUTSIDE U.S.A. & CANADA: $100.00 per year (payment by credit card only). WASHINGTON STATE GROWER
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: $2.00 per year to deciduous tree fruit
growers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on commercially shipped fruit, either to the Washington State Fruit
Commission or to the Washington Apple Commission. Back issues
are not available. Single copies of current issues are $5.00. To
subscribe, call 1-800-487-9946.
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly
January through May, and monthly June through December, by the
Washington State Fruit Commission, 105 South 18th Street, Suite
205, Yakima, WA 98901-2149. Periodical postage paid at Yakima,
WA, and additional offices. Publications Mail Agreement No.
1795279.
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as an
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Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered, unless it is
specifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval or
endorsement.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower, 105
South 18th Street, Suite 217, Yakima, WA 98901-2177.
2012 by Good Fruit Grower
photobylaNceJohNsoN,
Printed in U.S.A.
yakima,washiNgtoN
www.goodfruit.com
30 Brad Hanson
2012 NoreproductioNordisplaywithoutwritteNpermissioN.
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Sysstem-CAL
The Perfect
PGR Partner
treatments. Fruit from trees receiving Growers Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal and MaxCel treatments. Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal-treated fruits.
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
35
30
mean shoot lenght (cm)
S Y S S T E M
S E R I E S
5SFBUNFOUT
1FUBMGBMM
Untreated Control
Carbaryl 1 lb/100 gal +
NAA 7.5 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb/100 gal +
NAA 7.5 ppm + SysstemCAL 2 qts/100 gal
NN
Control
Carbaryl 1 lb/100 gal +
MaxCel 100 ppm
Carbaryl 1 lb/100 gal +
MaxCel 100 ppm + SysstemCAL 2 qts/100 gal
GSVJUXHU HS
156 c
NN
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts
Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts
+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts
15
10
191 b
0 wk
1 wk
3 wk
5 wk
7 wk
9 wk
11 wk
255 a
Apples need early season calcium for best quality. Growers want
early applications of Apogee to manage terminal growth, but
calcium can be antagonistic to Apogee. University research from
WSU, Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have
documented that Sysstem-CAL does not interfere with Apogee,
allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire
blight more effectively.
&GGFDUTPG4ZTTUFN$BMPO4J[FPG(BMB"QQMFT
5SFBUNFOUT
20
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Carbaryl 24 oz
Carbaryl 24 oz +
Sysstem-Cal 2qts
25
Check
Apogee
Apogee + Sysstem-CAL
46.0
'SVJU4J[F
41.0
13.0
39.0
37.0
24.0
Large, firm apples, free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return. Private and university research shows Sysstem-Cals
positive effects on size. Dr. Duane Greene, UMass stated, clearly
Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel had a profound
effect on increasing fruit size. Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in
maximizing fruit size, but it also supplies needed calcium at the
same time for better firmness and storage life.
In 2011 Dr. Fallahi (Univ. of ID) saw similar results as Dr. Greene
(UMass) and had these comments: Un-treated controlled had
smallest fruits. But those with Sysstem-Cal 2Qts + MaxCel
128oz at 5-10mm@200G/A had the largest fruit of any of the
Science-Driven Nutrition SM
&GGFDUTPG4ZTTUFN$BM 4ZT
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Control
Maxcel 128oz PF
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel
128oz 5-10mm
Grower Std.(Sevin & NAA)
188.2
217.7
29.77
29.67
8.2
11.1
6.950
6.953
5.82
8.04
5.45
6.02
227.1
46.17
6.7
6.699
5.56
6.25
221.6
36.78
8.4
6.146
10.71
6.05
AGRO-K CORPORATION
2012 Agro-K Corporation. Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation. Sevin, MaxCel, and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer, Valent, and AMVAC, respectively. Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF.
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California.
QUICK BITES
Go to
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for the latest
industry news.
Call for:
WSU begins
faculty
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TREES
ROOTSTOCK
INTERSTEMS
BENCH GRAFTS
SLEEPING EYES
ROYALTIES
HIGH
QUALI EST
TY FR
TREES UIT
!
TOP QUALITY
VIRUS TESTED
VERY COMPETITIVE PRICING
Fruit Commission
announces appointments
he Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Department
of Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May: Tate
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district, and Mark Roy, Mark Zirkle, and
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district. The commission is required to submit two
nominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position. Alternates nominated are: Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions, and Rick Derrey,
Eric Monson, and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions.
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissions representative on the Northwest Horticultural Councils board of trustees for the coming year.
Gip Redman has been reappointed as the commissions representative on the Hort
Councils Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term.
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of the
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, serving a three-year term.
A TIMELY REMINDER:
Time to order 2013
Dormant Eyes, 2014
and 2015 Trees, and
2013 Rootstocks.
Paul Tvergyak: 509-669-0689
ptvergyak@genext.net
www.goodfruit.com
In short, Luna helps keep your apples healthy so you can deliver
a high quality product and deliver more of it. Can you really afford
to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide?
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicides.com.
Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer. Luna is not registered
in all states. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at www.BayerCropScience.us.
CR0112LUNAAA0214-R00
by Richard Lehnert
Walmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organics.
URE
OF
REDO
NAT
CE
www.redoxchem.com
TH
Distributed By
E P OW E R O
Ask your GS Long Co. representative about how you can grow
green while seeing more black on your bottom line.
THE SCIEN
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Expansion strategies
The apple industry has tried, and is trying, many
strategies to expand demand, ORourke said. These
include lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated, experimenting
with new varieties and strains, investing in club varieties,
diversifying into other fruits, expanding into niches like
organic or local, trying new products like fresh slices, and
exporting more apples.
By 2020, Washington States annual fresh production
will have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons, he said, and if
these apples stay in the U.S. market, it will drive prices
down. But to gain more sales in export may require concessions to countries like China, allowing more of their
fresh apples into U.S. markets.
Many worry that what China did with apple juice
concentrateflood the market with low-priced productit could also do in fresh apples, he said. On the
other hand, China has been exporting less apple juice
concentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth and
eat more fresh apples.
Chinas decisions may be crucial to world fresh and
processed apple markets, he said.
In the final analysis, however, ORourke says the real
competition is not between producing states or producing nations, but between the apple industry and those
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of
retailers and consumers.
The industrys promotional efforts are weak, he said,
with well-funded programs like those once run by the
Washington Apple Commission now gone. Many integrated marketers continue to promote, but their goal is to
win retailer business, not expand the total apple market,
he said.
Bottom line, he said, the apple industry will survive, as
it has for centuries. The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors.
www.goodfruit.com
Were now no
longer at the
table.
Gip Redman
Because of the financial crisis at the university, theres no guarantee that cherry
research will be provided at the level we
think it should be provided.
B.J. Thurlby, Fruit Commission president, said the cherry mailing list has since
been updated to make it more complete
and accurate. The Fruit Commission
board recommended unanimously that
the Research Commission consider running the referendum again and ensure
that growers understand why a rate of $4 a
ton is called for.
Tom Butler, a Research Commission
board member, said the higher rate for
cherries reflects the higher value of the
crop on both a per-ton and per-acre basis.
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton on
cherries would generate between
$600,000 and $700,000 a year based on a
crop of 150,000 to 175,000 tons. It would
be collected on fresh and processed fruit.
Jim McFerson, manager of the
Research Commission, said it seemed
clear, given the Fruit Commissions unanimous vote, that it should move ahead
with another referendum. He said a rate
of less than $4 on cherries would limit the
amount of research that could be done.
Its the only thing fiscally that makes
sense, he said. A dollar a ton doesnt
amount to much. It would probably not
fund more than one or two projects. You
dont attract researchers to work on a crop
where theres less funding.
The apple and pear assessment goes
into effect with the 2012 crop this fall, but
the cherry assessment could not begin
until the 2013 crop.
Ben McLuen, assistant director for
development at WSU, said it would probably take at least three months to prepare
for another referendum, and as long as six
months if the state requires another study
of the potential impacts on small
businesses.
McFerson expected that the soft fruit
referendum would be run again also.
10
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I R R I G AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
1987 R20*
1991 R10
1991 BR200*
1994 R2000
Rotator Evolution
1997 R5
1998 R2000WF
2007 R2000LP
2009 R33
2010 R5 POP-UP
www.goodfruit.com
11
Theres no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pears.
Got behind
Cool, wet, windy weather last spring made it difficult
for growers to get their sprays on, which made summer
control so much harder. We got behind the eight ball,
and at the end of the year, we had more growers with
sticky fruit than in many years, Gix said. Its a numbers
game. If you can knock the numbers down early in the
year, it makes the rest of the season work easier.
If were not able to control pear psylla, the pear industrys pretty seriously damaged, he said. Were slightly
different from apple in that regard because we have an
insect that pretty much can take us out of business. I
think Fred is just reminding us that even if we have a
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay, we
cant get there without controlling pear psylla.
Dr. Dan Bernardo, dean of WSUs College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Resources, said WSU does not
have the resources to hire personnel to work on single
commodities. Bernardo said the focus today is much
more interdisciplinary than in the past, and WSU has six
research entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatchee
who are expected to work with the specialty crop
industries to address their concerns.
I think having a pear entomologist doesnt fit how we
need to serve the industry nor how our faculty need to
compete federally and regionally for funds, he said.
Were just not going to hire a pear specialistor a raspberry specialistin entomology. They need to be able to
work across commodities and be responsive to the
industry.
Dr. Jay Brunner, executive director of WSUs Tree Fruit
Research Center, has since discussed the options with
pear industry representatives. Dr. Peter Shearer, research
entomologist at Oregon State Universitys Mid-Columbia
Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Hood
River, who works with pear growers in Oregon, took part
in the discussions.
The scientists are working with the industry to prioritize some researchable topics and draw up research proposals to obtain funding. Brunner said its possible that a
postdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee to
work with Beers, Shearer, and scientists at the U.S.
Department of Agriculture in Yakima, who are working on
pear psylla management.
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an integrated approach is needed to address pear pest problems.
This would include using different products at different
timings, enhancing biological control of key pests, using
mating disruption for codling moth, and, ultimately,
breeding psylla-resistant pear varieties.
12
www.goodfruit.com
Without Luna ,
life would be the pits.
In short, Luna helps keep your cherries healthy so you can deliver a
high quality product and deliver more of it. Can you really afford to
wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide?
Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicides.com.
Bayer CropScience LP, 2 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross, and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer. Luna is not registered
in all states. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at www.BayerCropScience.us.
CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00
return to orchards after spending the winter on other hosts. Growers also coat the
trees with Surround (kaolin clay), which is
somewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs. However,
both oil and Surround need to be applied
multiple times to be effective.
Dr. Dave Horton, entomologist with
the U.S. Department of Agriculture in
Syngenta Inspire
Repellent
2012 Syngenta. Important: Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngenta products. The
instructions contain important conditions of sale, including limitations of warranty and remedy. All crop protection products and
seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states. Please check with your state or local extension service before
buying or using these products. Inspire Super, the Alliance frame, the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta
Group Company. Syngenta Customer Center: 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368). www.FarmAssist.com
MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 04/12
14
www.goodfruit.com
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying.
15
Commodity
Shippers say there are different models that can be
used to launch new varieties, none of them easy.
The problem with opening up a variety to everyone is
that it risks becoming a commodity in terms of pricing,
and theres no incentive for shippers to put extra effort
Orchard Proven,
University Tested
MARKETERS CANT
promote too many varieties
16
Great name
For Verbrugge to be interested, the variety must have a
great name, along with all the right quality attributes.
Other shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under one
name.
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-volume item to sell in a few markets around the countryso
that marketers wouldnt be competing against each
otherit might be possible to have multiple names. But if
it is going into large-scale production, having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusing.
Having the right name is huge, Sand said. Who
could have come up with a better name than Honeycrisp?
And when they came up with Red Delicious, it was a great
apple, but it had a great name.
CALCIUM 6%
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For information only. Not a label. Prior to use, always read and follow the product label directions.
Wilbur-Ellis, Ideas to Grow With and FOLI-GRO are registered trademarks of Wilbur-Ellis Company. K-0312-176
17
Soils &
Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrisp
may overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out.
by Richard Lehnert
100 YEARS
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you expect and deserve !
2013
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The standard by which all others are measured
BENEFITS of mounding
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground, the
more dwarfing effect there is on the tree. Europeans have
used this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plantings to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soil, Perry said.
His rule of thumb suggests that, for the M.9 rootstock, every inch the graft union is above the ground
translates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height.
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problems
with dogwood borer, he has noted that those trees that
generated roots on the rootstock shanks have improved
vigor.
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing
rootstocks, this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers, he said. Thats already
quite a benefit when considering that forming the mound
is only done once at planting time rather than treating the
insects each year as they attempt to infest during those
first seven years when trees are vulnerable to attack.
www.goodfruit.com
19
Peach stem pitting is the most insidious and potentially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the Northeast,
Halbrendt said. Infected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infection. Trees may
become infected anytime after planting.
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broadleaved weeds like dandelions, plantains, and lambsquarters. Because these weeds are widespread, so are dagger
nematodes. These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring
spot virus, but the peach trees arent.
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spot
virus, and not all dagger nematodes are infected. But
because the virus can actually be carried in weed seeds,
orchards are always at risk from new weeds introduced
and growing from infected seed, Halbrendt said. His recommended approach is a combination of nematicides
applied before planting and good ongoing weed control
to suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematode
access to the virus.
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus, but
they are good hosts for dagger nematodes. Grass alleys in
an orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees. The
key is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by
controlling nongrassy weeds.
Dagger nematodes
Dagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus, to which all peach rootstocks are susceptible. The virus causes peach stem pitting. Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they
carry the virus.
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Other nematodes
Ring nematodes occur on sandy soil, especially in the
South, and are a major cause of a complicated disease
called peach tree short life.
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely
within two to three weeks in spring.
Methods of control
Nematode problems are more likely on replant sites
than on new sites, but new sites may be infected, so a test
is recommended, Halbrendt said. Heres the program he
recommends:
Remove tree root residues to reduce population density
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogens.
Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile and
improve internal drainage.
Rotate to field crops for at least two years to reduce
pathogen populations, help eradicate weeds, and
increase soil organic matter.
Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levels
for optimum tree growth and fruit production.
Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before tree
planting to determine nematode population densities
and the need for soil fumigation.
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If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site, the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian provide
protection, but both of these rootstocks are very susceptible to root-knot nematodes. The rootstock Nemaguard,
which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes, is
highly susceptible to ring nematode.
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease called
peach tree decline. Infected orchards show a slow decline
as they lose vigor and leaves.
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peach
replant disease. Infected trees dont grow or grow only
slowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots and
starves the trees.
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20
www.goodfruit.com
Soils &
Nutrients
Soil fumigation
Soil fumigation is recommended if nematode densities exceed damaging levels, if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases, or if highly susceptible cultivars
are to be planted, Halbrendt said. He recommends using
Telone C-17.
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly
fraught with regulations, an alternative approach is natural fumigation, sometimes referred to as biofumigation. This method involves planting a crop or, even
better, two crops, one immediately after the other, of the
brassica species Dwarf Essex rape. The rape contains precursor chemicals that release those that actually suppress
nematodes, and these are released only when the plant is
macerated.
The crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flail
mower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work
effectively, Halbrendt said.
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Leah Bosma
wins iPad
Although entries came in from around the
world, the winner of the Good Fruit Grower
promotion came from Outlook, Washington
less than an hours drive from our headquarters
in Yakima. Congratulations, Leah!
www.goodfruit.com
21
Soils &
Nutrients
Organic
matter
matters
A
Aggregate of soil
A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil. In an aggregate, a speck of
soil less than a millimeter in size or about the
size of a broken pencil lead, the following are
found:
Bacteria
Different sized rock particles (sand, silt, and
clay)
Mycorrhizae
Actinomycetes
Saprophitic fungus
Nematode
Ciliate protozoa
Flagellate protozoa
Mites
Water held by capillary force
Diversity
The soil activity is whats happening in
between the soil particles, Cassidy said. The
thing to be managing conceptually is managing the pore space and size of the pores.
22
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil, though it
may take several years.
Negative charge
Though sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces
(sand is just a larger piece than silt), clay is a
secondary mineral created by the dissolution
of primary minerals and then recrystallized or
synthesized into layered mineral sheets. The
silica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are where
nutrients like aluminum, silica, magnesium,
potassium, and such are held by net negative
charges that are a result of isomorphic substitutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrystallization. Sand and silt dont have a charge,
but clay has the all important negative charge.
And what gets stuck to the negative
charge? he asks. Positively charged nutrients
like potassium, calcium, magnesium, and most
everything else a tree needs to grow. Without
the negative charges, he noted that nutrients
www.goodfruit.com
ohn Carter, cherry and apple grower from The Dalles, Oregon, is an
organic matter convert. He, like soil scientist instructor James Cassidy, believes that organic matter is critical, and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soils.
The place I bought had 75 years of abuse, said Carter, who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf. My organic
matter level was very lowI cant even comprehend 5 percentand
my cation exchange capacity was in single digits.
Today, after several years of adding compost, compost teas, and
other natural products, he has raised his soils organic matter level to
2 percent (four years ago it was 1.4 percent), and his cation exchange
capacity is in the low double digits.
Ryan Kelsey
Cell: 509.308.9262
Main
1560 S. Main
Milton-Freewater,
Milton-Freewater, OR
541.938.0205
The McGregor
The
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Company
5251 Eltopia
WA c 509.297.4296
Eltopia West
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Eltopia, WA
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elter R
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1020 S. Clodf
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WA
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Apples
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The Dalles, OR
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23
Soils &
Nutrients
PLANNING
new apple
orchards
C
ornell University pomologist Dr. Terence Robinson would never tell apple
growers what to doexactly. Their decisions are strictly up to them, he tells
them.
But, when in the next sentence he starts, In my opinion, or We recommend, dont be surprised. He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results, graphs showing yields, and charts showing
economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years.
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting
circuit. He and his colleagues at CornellSteve Hoying, Mike Fargione,
Mario Miranda, Alison DeMaree, Kevin Iungerman, and othershave
been experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle, and a management system to go with it, for almost two
decades. Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind, and he gives
a passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers.
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the MidAtlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in
Hershey, Pennsylania, in February.
Cornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughts
about making
profitable orchards.
by Richard Lehnert
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently, his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University.
Plant highly feathered trees and manage them, with no pruning but by bending
and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year, so they will bear fruit already
in the second leaf.
Choose the right varieties. The price you receive for your fruit is more important
than any consideration of orchard design, he said.
Im convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every year.
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for growers will come from growing apples for the fresh market, he
acknowledged that in the Northeast, half or more of all
apples are grown for processing, and many growers plan
to continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially
for processing. Still, he said, fresh fruit is more profitable
by about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown for
processing.
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processing,
and anybody growing for processing should plant some
fruit varieties that can go fresh, he said. Nonetheless, he
has two separate lists of apples to grow, depending on the
intended market.
Terence Robinson
To minimize risk, he said, plant the best fresh-market
varieties on 50 percent of new orchards. For New York
growers, these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield; red strains of
McIntosh like LindaMac, RubyMac, Snappy, and Acey Mac; Empire and Cortland, especially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP); the best red strains
of Red Delicious; and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden Delicious.
To generate high returns, plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices. These include Honeycrisp; the Rubinstar, DeCoster and Red Prince strains of
Jonagold; Golden Supreme; the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder, Auvil Early,
and Beni Shogun; the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec, Kiku Fubrax, Top Export, and
Suprema; and Cameo.
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage, 10 percent, he said. In New York,
where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 and
New York 2, these should be planted in that gambling on the future category. It also
includes, for growers anywhere, the club varieties Ambrosia, Piata, Jazz, Envy, Pacific
Rose, Blondee, and SweeTango.
In the processing category, the solid-performing 50 percent in New York include
Idared, Jonagold, McIntosh, Cortland, Crispin, and Rome. You have additional ones
here, he told the Mid-Atlantic growers.
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include Autumn
Crisp and Granny Smith.
New York 2, which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple, fits into the gambling10-percent category for a processing apple.
25
Soils &
Nutrients
hoosing the right apple varietiesones that enjoy good consumer demand and sell for a good priceis the most important
step an apple grower can take toward profitability, says Dr.
Terence Robinson, Cornell University pomologist.
But once a grower makes his choices, the real hard work
begins. The orchard needs to be planted, and the choice of rootstocks
and spacings are vitally important.
If you do everything right, you can still make money if you plant the
right variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acre, Robinson told
apple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in
Hershey, Pennsylvania, in February.
But, he added, economic analyses show the highest profitability
occurs when growers plant about 1,000 trees per acre. It is up to the
grower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill the
space rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing.
In making decisions about rootstocks, growers must look at economics (precocity and productivity), liveability, rootstock vigor, scion vigor,
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26
Geneva rootstocks
Cornell has had a rootstock breeding program for
some time, and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reaching commercial availability. Robinson is convinced they
will be superior because they were selected to be disease
resistant, precocious, and productive. But there are not
enough of them now.
In making rootstock decisions to get the right
rootstock to fit the spacing, he suggests:
Use vigorous clones of M.9 (Nic29 or RN29) for
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replant
soil.
Use weak clones of M.9 (T337 or Flueren56) for
vigorous varieties or on virgin soil.
Use M.26, interstems, or M.7 for very weak varieties.
Use irrigation and/or fertigation to improve lack
of vigor.
Use limb bending and limb renewal pruning on tall
spindle system trees to keep trees slender.
There will be
500,000 G.11 liners
planted in U.S.
nurseries this
coming spring and
1 million in 2013.
Density effect
Robinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensate
for the density effect when choosing
Terence Robinson
M.26 rootstocks become infected, the tree
will die, he said.
Geneva rootstocks are resistant to
fireblight, he said. If the rootstock doesnt die, we can quickly regrow the parts of
the tree that are lost in a fireblight epidemic and not lose the orchard.
Cornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several years,
with the specific goal of putting fireblightresistant rootstocks and/or replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of
the current size niches from small trees
to large.
So far, not many Geneva rootstocks
have been available for growers to plant.
About 325,000 were produced in 2009,
400,000 in 2010, and 600,000 in 2011in a
market that needs 15 million rootstocks a
year, he said.
There will be 500,000 G.11 liners
planted in U.S. nurseries this coming
spring and 1 million in 2013, he said. Production of G.41 this year will be nearly
300,000, he said.
Geneva released seven rootstocks
before 2010, and another six since then.
Of the rootstocks now being commercialized, G.65 is the smallest (M.27 size), G.11
is the size of M.9 T337, G.935 is the size of
M.9 Pajam2, and G.41 and G.16 are in
between G.11 and G.935. G.202 is the size
of M.26 and G.30 the size of M.7 and
MM106.
The releases made in 2010 are G.214,
just larger than M.9 Pajam2; G.222, just
smaller than M.26; G.969 and G.213, just
bigger than M.26; G.210, the size of M.7MM106; and G.809, which is halfway
between M.7 and seedling size.
Growers should look closely at the NC140 rootstock trials to see which rootstocks perform best in their area. This is
critical, he said.
He noted that, at Champlain, New
York, the northerly production area just
south of Montreal, varieties on M.9 rootstocks yield only 67 percent as much as
the same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva, where winter temperatures are
warmer, he said.
Yet when planted on G.935, they do
equally well in both places. G.935 is a
cold-hardy rootstock, he said.
G.214, which is the size of M.9 Pajam2
and rated as highly yield efficient, productive, resistant to fireblight, and tolerant to
replant disease, has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial use.
We have had a setback in the development of stool beds of G.214, and its propagation is starting over, an 18-month
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27
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsa solid sod cover free of blooming
plants. This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits.
Before planting the trees, plant 25 to 75 pounds of fescue seed per acre, in late summer, into fertilized soil, he
suggests. Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soil,
and pack it firmly. Plant the fescue only where the permanent alleys will be. Where the tree rows will be, plant
perennial ryegrass, which grows fast.
In late fall or early the next spring, use the herbicide
glyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will be
planted, and plant directly into the killed sod. Killing the
sod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots to
break down, so using a tree planter will be easier in the
spring. The dead sod will provide organic matter, help
suppress weeds, and prevent soil erosion until the trees
are growing well. The width of the strip should be from 33
VAPOR GARD
FOR CHERRIES
No Gen
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28
No voles
One additional benefit comes from mowing. Majek
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower, rather
than a flail mower, and throw the grass clippings into the
weed-free strip. This addition of mulch replaces organic
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicides,
but does not make enough residue to be attractive to
rodents like voles.
Were it not for the problem of voles, he said, growers
might want to choose mulch as a better choice for weed
control than herbicides. In experiments he conducted,
fruit trees made their best growth and best yield under
mulches, either of fabric or of leaves or similar organic
materials like wood chips or hay. The mulches reduce soil
temperatures and increase both moisture and fertility.
But the problem of rodents, even under fabric, has not yet
been solved, he said.
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer program
that provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually. Some
of this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as the
sod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row.
Majek presented this information as the Ernie Christ
Memorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and
Vegetable Convention in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
www.goodfruit.com
Nutrients
Soils &
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes. Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests, but
repeated tillage damages soil structure.
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests.
by Richard Lehnert
decade and more ago, it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards was
a good thing, that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternative
food sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insect
and mite pests. But now, the thinking is, plant diversity is more beneficial to
diseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them.
Dr. Peter Shearer, an entomologist at Oregon State Universitys Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River, Oregon, participated in much of
the research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996. He still uses
that decades worth of data and those conclusions in
making recommendations to growers.
I was once a proponent of plant diversity, he said.
But it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more than
the beneficials do.
Our research at Rutgers and on growers farms
demonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf
weeds to minimize damage from several key pests, he
said. Managed-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rows
reduce catfacing insect abundance and damage in
peaches.
Clean orchardswhether clean tilled or with grass
sod alleysreduced damage by 60 percent, he said, and
similar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduced
damage in pears and apples as well.
Peter Shearer
In peaches, at least eight arthropod pests are associated with orchard ground cover, he said. These include tarnished plant, stinkbugs, green
peach aphids, tufted apple budmoth, two-spotted spider mites, false chinch bugs,
leafhoppers, and thrips.
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches, where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest. They, and stinkbugs, cause catfacing from
feeding on the fruit.
We know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weeds, he said.
In his studies, he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationby use of
herbicides or tillageeffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just above
zero, even when no insecticides were used to control it.
With no insecticides, orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percent
damage from tarnished plant bugs. Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky bluegrass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs, but less than half the number that were
found in orchards with white clover or weeds, where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent. Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plant
bugs in the orchard by a month, he said, reducing the number of sprays growers needed
to apply. Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards or
those with sod alleys.
Grasses are not good hosts for pests, but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering
and the formation of seed heads, he said.
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the base
of leaves, providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when there
are no flowers.
We know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weeds.
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FANTASTIC!
WONDERFUL!
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VALUABLE!
those are just a few of the words
we use to describe our customers.
We love what we do, and you make it possible!
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who come
back to us year after year.
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection of
apple and cherry trees, grafted on the heartiest rootstocks.
If youre looking for a variety you cant find anywhere else,
call ProTree Nurseries today.
APPLES
tBanning Red Fuji
tGranny Smith
tHilwell Braeburn
(USPP 7997)
tHoneycrisp
(USPP 19,007
McLaughlin cv)
tBeni Shogun
(USPP 7526)
tBlondee
(USPP 10,115)
tRubyMac
(USPP 7197)
tBrookfield Gala
(USPP 10,016)
tBuckeye Gala
(USPP 10,840)
t$ISJTPMZO
(USPP 12,900)
tManchurian Crab
tCrimson Gold Crab tMidnight Red Spur
tDandee Red
(serial 74/458,730)
(USPP 16,620)
tPacific Gala
tFrettingham Crab
(USPP 9681)
tGolden Delicious
tPearleaf Crab
(USPP 21,300)
tUltima Gala
tZestar!
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These apple varieties are available on B-10, B-118, EMLA-7, EMLA-26, EMLA-106, EMLA-111,
G-11, G-16, G-30, M-9 337T, NIC-29, or Supporter 4.
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www.goodfruit.com
29
Soils &
Nutrients
Glyphosate
resistance
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate, but
in the late 1990s they were proven wrong.
As weed scientists, we were flabbergasted, Dr. Bradley Hanson, extension weed specialist with the University of California, Davis, recalled during
a weed management seminar in Wenatchee, Washington, this winter.
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicides unique
mode of action and behavior in plants. But there are now at least 13 weed species in the
United States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Horseweed, also known as
marestail (Conyza canadensis), is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California, Oregon, and now Washington.
Some California populations of a related weed, hairy fleabane (Conyza
bonariensis), are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat.
What happened? Two things, Hanson says. Roundup-Ready soybeans,
introduced in 1996, soon accounted for 90 percent of the countrys 60 million acres of soybean plantings. Then came other Roundup-Ready crops,
such as corn, cotton, alfalfa, and sugar beets, which are also grown on
millions of acres. Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so that
by Geraldine Warner
the herbicides target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weeds
are vulnerable. While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds, they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide,
which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypes.
The other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000, and many generic formulations came onto the market. That led to a
tremendous increase in use of the product. Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970s,
compared with $50 in 2008. Today, growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less,
Hanson said.
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California, and
glyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used. The situation
is probably similar in Washington and Oregon.
Mutations
Resistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide. These mutations occur naturally and are not caused
by herbicides, Hanson said. Occasionally, one of these mutations enables a weed to survive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die.
When the herbicide continues to be applied, populations of these resistant plants increase. These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are, even at higher herbicide rates.
There are two types of resistance: target-site and nontarget-site.
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzyme
that plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants. Target-site
resistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbiBradley Hanson
cide, usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein.
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide in
the plant. There are several ways this can happen. A common type of nontarget-site
resistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade the
herbicide or move it away from the target site.
In the United States, about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide
families. Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others.
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides, which are Photosystem II
inhibitors, Hanson said. These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used in
the early 1970s. Growers switched to ALS inhibitors, which were introduced in the 1980s,
Thats
trouble
brewing.
www.goodfruit.com
Herbicide-resistant weeds
Weeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States.
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years.
Glycine
NUMBER OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT
WEED SPECIES
125 -
ALS inhibitor
Other
ACCase inhibitor
100 -
Bipyridilium
APPLES
Multiple resistant
75 -
Dinitroanaline
PSII inhibitor
50 -
Synthetic auxin
25 -
01970
1975
1980
1985
1990
YEAR
1995
2000
2005
2010
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s. This is now one of the most common
classes of herbicides facing resistance.
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, which are widely used in
tree fruits and grapes, is starting to show up, Hanson said. Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen), Aim (carfentrazone), Treevix (saflufenacil), Kixor, and
Chateau (flumioxazin).
Resistance to glycines, including glyphosate, is also causing concern, although it is still
relatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes. In Oregon, Italian
ryegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate).
Thats trouble brewing, Hanson said. Thats something were keeping an eye on.
Resistance management
Practices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops, not using tillage, having a
weakly competitive crop, and not using herbicides with different modes of action in
rotation, Hanson said.
For example, maybe I plant trees, dont use tillage, and only use Roundup. That
would be a bad way to manage resistance, he said. On the other hand, a complex rotation utilizing tillage, hand weeding, and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypes.
Since growers of perennial crops, such as tree fruits and grapes, cant easily rotate
crops or till the ground, herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with different
modes of action are the best option.
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seeds
and have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity, so that the ones that dont germinate right away can persist for a while. The worst weeds develop through two or three
generations per year.
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance are
those that have a single mode of action, are highly effective, are used frequently and at
high rates, and have a long residual life. The more individuals that are selected with the
herbicide, the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants, Hanson said. It boils
down to a numbers game.
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicides
with different modes of actionnot just different active ingredients or families of
herbicides, he stressed.
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds. Applying a herbicide
that targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance,
but managing the weed spectrum, Hanson said.
Keep good records of what you have used and where youve seen failures, he advised.
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance, but if healthy plants are intermixed
with dying plants of the same species, its a strong sign of resistance. A patch of uncontrolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance. Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems, he suggested.
www.goodfruit.com
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer
Manchurian
SOURCE: Brad Hanson, University of California, Davis, based on information from www.weedscience.org.
CHERRIES
Attika
Benton
Bing
BlackPearl
BurgundyPearl
Chelan
Joburn Braeburn
JonaStar Jonagold
Kumeu Crimson
LindaMac
Mariri Red Braeburn
Morning Mist
Early Fuji
Morrens Jonagored Supra
Redcort
Ruby Jon
Ruby Mac
Smoothee Golden
Spartan
Ultima Gala
Zestar!
Mt. Blanc
Mt. Evereste
Pearleaf
Snowdrift
EbonyPearl
Early Robin Rainier
Hudson
Kootenay
Lapins
Montmorency
PEARS
Bartlett
Columbia Red Anjou
Concorde
Comice
PEACHES
Allstar
Autumnstar
Blazingstar
Blushingstar
Brightstar
Pinedale Ruby
RadiancePearl
Rainier
Regina
Sam
Selah
DAnjou
Forelle
Golden Russet Bosc
Coral Star
Earlystar
Elberta
Glowingstar
Redhaven
Skeena
Sweetheart
Tieton
Van
White Gold
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Risingstar
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REPRESENTATIVES
Leonard Aubert
Jim Adams
Washington State
Payson, Utah
(509) 670-7879
(801) 465-2321
jimadams@willowdrive.com
Rey Allred
Larry Traubel
Rick Turton
Larry Lutz
Cedaredge, Colorado
(970) 856-3424
ltraubel@hotmail.com
Kelowna, B.C.
(250) 860-3805
Nova Scotia
(902) 680-5027
Larry.Lutz@scotiangold.com
31
Soils &
Nutrients
Selecting herbicides
FOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control.
by Richard Lehnert
ruit growers have a choice among several residual herbicides and postemergence herbicides
that are registered for application in tree crops,
and they should use several each year to manage
the vegetation in the tree strip.
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resistance to herbicides, proliferation of weed species that are
not suppressed by the chosen herbicides, or to a build-up
of herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury, says
Dr. Bernard Zandstra, the horticultural weed control
specialist at Michigan State University.
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides have
been labeled for fruit trees in recent years, and others are
in the process of registration. With several active herbicides available for residual weed control, he advises growers to know the modes of action of the various herbicides,
and then use herbicides with at least two different modes
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32
www.goodfruit.com
www.goodfruit.com
33
Soils &
Nutrients
W
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable.
or more
information,
download
the publication
Glyphosate
Stewardship:
Keeping an Effective
Herbicide Effective
from www.ipm
.ucdavis.edu/PDF/
PUBS/millerglyphosatesteward
ship.pdf
Trade name
Mode of action
2,4-D
many
synthetic auxin
acetic acid
WeedPharm
leaf desiccation
carfentrazone
Aim
PPO inhibitor
clethodim
Select
ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid
Stinger
synthetic auxin
Matran
leaf desiccation
dichlobenil
Casoron
diuron
Karmex
photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop
Fusilade
ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin
Chateau
PPO inhibitor
glyphosate
glufosinate
Rely
halosulfuron
Sandea
ALS inhibitor
indaziflam
Alion
isoxaben
Gallery
napropamide
Devrinol
norflurazon
Solicam
oryzalin
Surflan
oxyfluorfen
Goal
PPO inhibitor
paraquat
Gramoxone
photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin
Prowl
pronamide
Kerb
rimsulfuron
Matrix
ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil
Treevix
PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim
Poast
ACCase inhibitor
simazine
Princep
photosystem II inhibitor
terbacil
Sinbar
photosystem II inhibitor
trifluralin
Treflan
MIX it up
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods, rather than just one
repeatedly, scientists say.
Mix it up, Rick Boydston, weed scientist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Prosser,
Washington, urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State. Dont use any
method over and over until it fails. Mix it up to prevent resistance from developing.
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species, but if some portion of that mix is tolerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly, there will be a shift in the dominant
species.
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might include
other methods such as:
mechanical (cultivation, flaming, mowing and mulches)
cultural (screening irrigation water, cleaning field equipment, controlling weeds around the edges
of the orchard or vineyard, and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)
biological (releasing organisms, such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production).
Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management. Use cultivation,
mowing, or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering and
producing seed.
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resistant
weeds. When using chemicals, combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosate
(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control and
reduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate, advises Ed Peachey, weed scientist with Oregon
State University in Corvallis.
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed, use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mix
of postemergence products. Also consider using other nonselective herbicides, such as glufosinate or
paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone), Goal (oxyfluorfen), and Treevix (saflufenacil)
for burndown control.
To delay resistance, use high glyphosate rates. Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation, so it is important to use a full label rate
to delay resistance. This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in order
to reduce selection pressure.
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate, growers can continue to use glyphosate but should
tank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds when
they are small and easier to control. G. Warner
34
www.goodfruit.com
Surfactant
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves are
Generic formulations usually contain a surfactant,
clean and ensure maximum uptake of the product.
which changes the surface tension of the solution, makSpray volume
ing it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves.
Glyphosate seems to work better in lower spray volThough there is no need to add a surfactant, it doesnt
umes. Miller said its not clear exactly why, but it might be
harm to do so, Miller said. Normally, moisture beads up
because growers use smaller nozzles
on the leaf surface, and adding a surfacwhen using lower volumes, resulting in
tant to the mix can increase the surface
smaller droplets and better spray covercontact of the moisture on the leaf. It can
age. Another possibility is that when there
also slow evaporation of herbicide
is less volume of water, there are fewer
droplets and increase their rain-fastness.
cations to bind with the glyphosate and
Because glyphosate is negatively
more active ingredient available to work
charged, it binds tightly to phosphate
on the plant.
sorption sites in soils, and soil activity is
rare. Miller said thats an advantage if you
Tank mixtures
want to plant a crop right after the herbiSome other herbicides make glyphocide treatment, but it means that the hersate less effective against certain weeds
bicide will not provide long-term control
when theyre mixed together. Herbicides
because it has no residual effect, and it
with this possible effect include Aim
might need to be applied several times in
(carfentrazone), Spartan (sulfentrazone),
succession to provide complete weed
Sencor (metribuzin), and certain antidrift
control.
adjuvants. These should be applied
Negatively charged glyphosate can also
separately from glyphosate, rather than
bind to cations in the water, such as caltank mixed.
cium, sodium, magnesium, and iron. This
Miller said a possible reason for the
takes the glyphosate out of solution and
incompatibility is that the contact herbiprevents it getting into the plant and
cides might be killing the plant cells
killing it.
Tim Miller
before glyphosate, which tends to be slow
Fertilizer
acting, has a chance to translocate out
Adding a fertilizer, such as ammonium sulfate or
into the rest of the plant.
ammonium nitrate, can improve the activity of
You want to minimize the amount of damage to the
glyphosate, particularly in hard water. The negatively
plant to allow the translocation to occur, he said. Hit it
charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium,
with glyphosate first, and come back later with the
sodium, magnesium, and iron in the water and take
contact herbicide to knock it down quick.
them out of solution so they dont bind with the
Climate
glyphosate, while the positively charged ammonium
Temperature and humidity have a big impact on how
binds with the glyphosate, making it move through the
well glyphosate works, Miller said. The easiest plant to kill
plant cuticle more easily. More glyphosate in the plant
with glyphosate is a healthy, rapidly growing plant,
cells results in better translocation through the plant.
because the glyphosate is better able to translocate
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing
throughout all the tissues.
with ammonium sulfate for this reason. Water conditionIt will have much less effect on a plant thats suffering
ers have the same effect.
from cold stress, heat stress, or drought stress and is not
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility
growing rapidly. When applied in cold, spring weather,
test with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
the glyphosate might not work until the weather warms
whole tank. If dry ammonium sulfate is used, nonsoluble
up. Its not being detoxified, Miller said. Its just sitting
materials such as sand and gravel will need to be filtered
there waiting for the plant to start growing.
out. Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids before
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six
adding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the nozhours, because it should be taken up by the plant within
zles. Do this before adding the glyphosate, before the
that time.
glyphosate has chance to bind to the cations.
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels,
Miller said if the water is soft, adding a fertilizer might
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring, and
not be necessary, but he knows of no negative consethe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sugquences of adding ammonium sulfate, and it does
ars. For this reason, morning applications are thought to
improve control of some weed species, such as spotted
be better than afternoon treatments.
knapweed.
Hit it with
glyphosate
first, and
come back
later with
the contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quick.
Buffers
Dust
Because glyphosate binds with soil molecules, it will
also bind to the dust on foliage, making it ineffective. If
the foliage is dusty, it might be a good idea to irrigate
www.goodfruit.com
35
Grapes
36
A burn pile is all that's left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring.
INSET: With the trellis left in place, the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out.
Replant decisions
Once the reason why a vineyard should be replanted
is identified, the how can be decided, said Dean Desserault, vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in Prosser.
Once you decide if youre removing only plants, trellis
and plants, or trellis, plants, and irrigation system, then
you can plan the how.
If the replanting reason is to change a variety that
doesnt fit the current market or is not the right variety for
the site, Desserault said growers may or may not want to
leave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place. If
the plants were healthy and the soil healthy, but vines
were just the wrong variety, at Hogue we might leave the
trellis in place. If the plants coming out are unhealthy, but
Removal options
Its possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis in
place, though he admits the task is much easier if the
vines are young. With young vines, the cordon wire is cut
free from the vines, loppers are used to chop down the
vines and trunks, and roots are pulled out and placed in
the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching.
But older, larger vines are more difficult, Desserault
said. Plants are cut down below the cordon wire and
pulled out, then the cordon wire is cut and removed,
along with loose posts, and other wires.
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a more
complicated process. Wire must be removed (leave the
cordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out), wood
and/or steel stakes and posts pulled out, and anchor
posts removed. Vines are then removed and pushed into
piles for burning later. A root lifter is run through the vineyard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to the
surface.
We like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so the
burn piles can dry out, and then we get a permit and do
our burning in the spring, he said. Wire is collected from
the burn piles and removed from the vineyard.
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is an
option if the soil health and trellis system are sound.
Weve done this a little bitwith varying resultsbut it is
an option.
www.goodfruit.com
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37
Grapes
Reestablishing
a vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases.
by Melissa Hansen
#ONTACT*AVIER ,OPEZ
Cell: 509 391-0073
jlopez@farmersequip.com
soil tilth and reduce nematode populations. The only treatment hes aware of for
residual herbicides in the soil is adding
activated charcoal to the soil.
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also be
considered when deciding if vines only or
the entire vineyard will be removed. If
extensive soil work and amendments are
needed, its more effective to start with a
clean slate and remove everything.
In Wolfes viticulture consulting work,
the number-one problem he sees in existing vineyards is soil compaction and/or
caliche. If the vineyard wasnt crossripped originally, the ground will probably need cross-ripping now that its older,
a chore that is done more easily with the
existing trellis and irrigation system
removed.
Another common ailment he sees in
older vineyards that have been drip irrigated for many years is accumulation of
salts and sodium in the soil, both of which
can impede water penetration and affect
the growth of vines. And if the drip system
is 20 years old or more, the emitters are
likely plugged or semiplugged and should
be replaced. Treatment for salt accumulation includes banding sulfuric acid along
the vine row or adding sulfur. Calcium or
magnesium will also displace sodium,
and sprinkler irrigation can drive the salts
from the root zone.
Soil nutrient excesses are rare, he said,
though he has seen high nitrogen levels
where hops were grown for many years
before grapes. Soil samples will indicate if
nutrients need to be added before vines
are replanted.
If you need to do extreme soil amendment work, or need to do ripping or fumigation, its preferable to remove the trellis
and irrigation systems, he said during the
vineyard reestablishment session.
In a replant situation, growers may
want to change the row orientation from
the old vineyard. Our row orientation
ideas have changed from when we
planted everything in a north-south orientation, he said. Depending on your
block and slope, a southwest by northeast
slant may be more favorable.
www.goodfruit.com
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
APRIL
listing of upcoming
events, check
April 11May 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
the Calendar at
Spring Training Series, Supervisor
Sexual Harassment Training English/
www.goodfruit.com.
Spanish, Wednesdays, at various locations. For details and registration, go
to http://wafla.org/trainingandevents.
April 1719
Food Safety Summit, Washington, D.C., Convention Center, Washington, D.C.
For information, call (847) 405-4124 or go to www.foodsafetysummit.com.
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting, Portland Airport Sheraton, Portland, Oregon. For information, call
(503) 652-9720.
MAY
May 822
Washington Farm Labor Association/Moss Adams LLP Webinar Series: Fraud
and Embezzlement; Business Succession Planning; Key Employee Retention.
For details and registration, go to http://wafla.org/trainingandevents.
May 19
27th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet, Yakima Valley Museum, Yakima,
Washington. Contact Del Bise for information, (509) 966-2844.
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meeting, Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel, Portland, Oregon. For information, call (503) 652-9720.
JUNE
June 35
Food Logistics Forum, Royal Sonesta Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana. For
information, visit www.affi.org/events/2012-food-logistics-forum.
June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate, Amway Grand Hotel, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Reception
following. Registration, $75. For more information, contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association, K. Terry Morrison, e-mail mfpa@centurytel.net, or call
(231) 271-5752.
June 1821
2nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium, Icicle Inn, Leavenworth,
Washington. For information, check the Web site at www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/
organicfruit2012/ or contact David Granatstein at granats@wsu.edu.
June 1829
Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course, University of
California, Davis, Calfornia. One week of lectures/labs, second week (optional) field
tours. For information, call (530) 752-6941 or visit http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/
education/ptshortcourse/.
June 26-27
Food Safety Exchange Conference, Crowne Plaza Chicago OHare, Chicago, Illinois.
For information, visit ttp://us.mt.com/us/en/home/events/fairs/pius_food_safe.html.
JULY
July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associations Quebec Study Tour 2012. Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. For more information, visit the IFTA Web site www.ifruittree.org/?page=
2012StudyTour.
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