GFG-April 15.2012 PDF

SOILS & NUTRIENTS
APRIL 15, 2012
www.goodfruit.com
VOL. 63, NO. 8
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APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER
www.goodfruit.com
www.goodfruit.com
FEATURES
SOILS & NUTRIENTS
18
20
22
24
Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out.
Protect peaches from nematodes
To lengthen tree life, control viruses and the nematodes
that transmit them.
Organic matter matters
Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties.
Planning new apple orchards

Cornell pomologist Dr. Terence Robinson shares his thoughts
about making profitable orchards.
26
28
29
24
30
32
34
Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices make the most money.
Orchard floor management
Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants.
Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored
Glyphosate resistance
Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant.
Selecting herbicides for tree fruit
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance.
Get the most out of glyphosate

The many formulations available do about the same job, but rates differ.
8
32
14
10
The future for organic apple sales is not bright

Economist suggests that sustainable has a better outlook than organic.
Second Washington State cherry referendum considered
Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment.
12
Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control
14
Pheromones explored for psylla
16
Marketing new varieties is the hard part

When a new apple is launched as an open variety, it risks
becoming a commodity.
www.goodfruit.com
GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15, 2012
growing with growers since 1946
Managing Editor
Jim Black
GOOD GRAPE GROWER
36
38
jim.black@goodfruit.com 509-853-3512
Editor
Geraldine Warner
Options for when

its time to replant
Identify why a vineyard needs
replanting before planning
how to do it.
gwarner@goodfruit.com 509-665-3330
Associate Editors
Melissa Hansen
mhansen@goodfruit.com 509-968-3922
Richard Lehnert
lehnert@goodfruit.com 616-984-6001
Reestablishing a vineyard
has its challenges
Advertising Manager
Doug Button
36
DEPARTMENTS
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Quick Bites
dbutton@goodfruit.com 509-853-3514
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Theresa Currell
Good Stuff
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Good Deals
Production Manager
Nancy Jo Born
Advertiser Index
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Production
Aurora Lee
Classifieds
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18 Ron Perry
WEB EXTRAS
Circulation
Steve Call
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Advisory Board
Go to www.goodfruit.com for the latest tree fruit

industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER
staff writers.
Jeff Colombini, Lindsay Hainstock, Denny Hayden,

Steve Hoying, Jim Kelley, Jim McFerson, Ian Merwin,
Don Olmstead, Mercy Olmstead, Marvin Owings, Mark
Roy, Vicky Scharlau, Mark Tudor, Chris Van Well,
Mike Wittenbach
22 James Cassidy
Fertilizing pear orchard,

Walter Hugh Ranch,
Hood River Valley,
Oregon
U.S. SUBSCRIPTIONS: $35.00 per year, 3 years $75.00. CANADIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS: $55.00 per year (U.S. funds, Canadian
G.S.T. included: G.S.T. Registration #135100949). SUBSCRIPTIONS OUTSIDE U.S.A. & CANADA: $100.00 per year (payment by credit card only). WASHINGTON STATE GROWER
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: $2.00 per year to deciduous tree fruit
growers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on commercially shipped fruit, either to the Washington State Fruit
Commission or to the Washington Apple Commission. Back issues
are not available. Single copies of current issues are $5.00. To
subscribe, call 1-800-487-9946.
Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly
January through May, and monthly June through December, by the
Washington State Fruit Commission, 105 South 18th Street, Suite
205, Yakima, WA 98901-2149. Periodical postage paid at Yakima,
WA, and additional offices. Publications Mail Agreement No.
1795279.
The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as an
endorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good
Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered, unless it is
specifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval or
endorsement.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower, 105
South 18th Street, Suite 217, Yakima, WA 98901-2177.
2012 by Good Fruit Grower
photobylaNceJohNsoN,
Printed in U.S.A.
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509 853-3520, 1-800-487-9946, Fax 509853-3521
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30 Brad Hanson
2012 NoreproductioNordisplaywithoutwritteNpermissioN.
www.goodfruit.com
Sysstem-CAL
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treatments. Fruit from trees receiving Growers Treatment (Sevin
and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and
the Sysstem-Cal and MaxCel treatments. Enrichment with Ca
from Sysstem-Cal could have also contributed to higher firmness
in Sysstem-Cal-treated fruits.
Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth
35
30
mean shoot lenght (cm)
Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

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1 wk
3 wk
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7 wk
9 wk
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Trial conducted by Dr. J. Schupp, Penn State - 2009
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Apples need early season calcium for best quality. Growers want
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Apogee
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Large, firm apples, free from bitter pit generate the highest per
acre return. Private and university research shows Sysstem-Cals
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Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel had a profound
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In 2011 Dr. Fallahi (Univ. of ID) saw similar results as Dr. Greene
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smallest fruits. But those with Sysstem-Cal 2Qts + MaxCel
128oz at 5-10mm@200G/A had the largest fruit of any of the
The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite. This patent-pending technology provides rapid
calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium
is most needed. Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall
development, resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out
while maximizing storage and shelf life. Call 800-328-2418 or visit
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4VOCVSO
'JSNOFTT
NUIT4UPSBHF
3PUUFO
$B QQN
Control
Maxcel 128oz PF
Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel
128oz 5-10mm
Grower Std.(Sevin & NAA)
188.2
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11.1
6.950
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8.04
5.45
6.02
227.1
46.17
6.7
6.699
5.56
6.25
221.6
36.78
8.4
6.146
10.71
6.05
%S&TTJF'BMMBIJ 6OJWPG*EBIP
AGRO-K CORPORATION
2012 Agro-K Corporation. Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation. Sevin, MaxCel, and Fruitone are registered trademarks
of Bayer, Valent, and AMVAC, respectively. Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF.
Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California.
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tXXXBHSPLDPN
QUICK BITES
Go to
www.goodfruit.com
for the latest
industry news.
Call for:
WSU begins
faculty
search
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Custom Contracted Apple,

Pear, Cherry & Peach Trees
ashington State University is seeking candidates for

two faculty positions that have been created as a
result of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruit
industries. The money will come from a special research assessment on growers.
One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production systems, based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee. This person
will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry. Areas of research may include
crop load management, training systems, rootstock/scion interactions, drought and
nutrient stresses, flowering and fruit set, plant growth regulators, physiological aspects of
orchard system performance, whole tree photosynthesis, and cold or heat tolerance.
WSU molecular biologist Dr. Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee, which
will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22. The target
hiring date is September 1.
The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader, who will lead efforts
to disseminate information and technologies from WSUs expanding tree fruit research
programs and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to major
issues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry. This position can be based either in
Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Prosser.
Screening of applications will begin on May 13, with a target hiring date of August 16.
Fruit Commission
announces appointments
he Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Department
of Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May: Tate
Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district, and Mark Roy, Mark Zirkle, and
Peter Verbrugge from the southern district. The commission is required to submit two
nominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position. Alternates nominated are: Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions, and Rick Derrey,
Eric Monson, and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions.
Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissions representative on the Northwest Horticultural Councils board of trustees for the coming year.
Gip Redman has been reappointed as the commissions representative on the Hort
Councils Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term.
Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of the
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, serving a three-year term.
A TIMELY REMINDER:
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Hybrid protein blocks

Pierces disease
team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xylella

fastidiosa, a bacterium that causes Pierces disease and poses a significant threat to
grape growers.
Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of California, and
U.S. Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that produce a
hybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection. The research was published in
the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins, growers may be able to
reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter, an
insect with a wide host range that carries the disease. Early in an XF infection, molecules
on the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine. By interfering with that interaction, scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on to
produce a healthy crop of grapes, according to a news release.
The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases, such
as phony peach disease, plum leaf scald, almond leaf scorch, and citrus X disease in
Brazil.
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6
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The future for organic

apple sales is not bright
Economist suggests that sustainable has a better outlook.
Desmond ORourke
by Richard Lehnert
astern United States apple growers fear that

organic fruit production will really take off. That
was evident in questions posed to the speaker.
How can we compete with western growers
who grow in desert conditions when we have all
these insects and diseases to contend with? asked Paul
Rood, fruit grower from southwest Michigan. Will we be
able to modify organic practices to fit our conditions?
I hear that Walmart is going organic big time, said
Fruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome. If they go that
way, all the other big retailers will follow, and where will
that leave us?
The speaker, apple industry analyst Desmond
ORourke, didnt seem to share their fears. He noted that
organic practices are rigid, not flexible, andaddressing
Roods questioncant be altered no matter what the situation. That, he said, is a huge disadvantage. Its like trying to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind
your back, he said. The only reason growers would
choose to do that is if there is a price

What organic producers need is a tarpremium.
geted marketing campaign, something
His take on Walmart was not at all like
they have not so far done.
Thomes. Walmart has had a long dalIn his view, sustainable has a much
liance with organic and has decided it
better outlook than does organic.
does not fit the needs of their clientele, he
ORourke, who is president of Belrose,
said. Walmart is very lukewarm on
Inc., came to Michigan from Pullman,
organics, and its prospects at Walmart are
Washington, to speak to the Michigan Prodefinitely up in the air.
cessing Apple Growers Association about
About 8 or 9 percent of the apple
the future of the apple industry. The growacreage in the West is organic, he said, but
ers belong to a legally constituted associaDesmond ORourke
in some years as much as 20 percent of the
tion accredited under Michigan law to
fruit is sold as conventional because it doesnt meet buybargain with apple processors on price and other terms of
ers standards. So the price premium is not there for all
sale. The association enjoys good grower support, with
the fruit that organic growers raise.
about 60 percent of processing appleswhether sort-outs
There has been no increase in organic apple acreage
or apples grown especially for processingrepresented by
in Washington in the last two years, he said. The price
the members. At their annual meeting, they were enjoying
premium, once more than 50 percent, has fallen to 30
successprices for juice apples and apples for other
percent now.
processed products have been good in recent times.
Walmart
is very
lukewarm
on
organics.
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Still, as ORourke noted, those prices, while stronger in

Michigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York
and Washington, are not close to fresh-market fruit
prices. Current prices in Michigan were running about
$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up for
peelers.
His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 percent of the apple crop goes for processing, just slightly
less than the 67 percent of 15 years ago. Meanwhile, the
U.S. industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh market. Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago, and
about 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010. You still have a
long way to go, he told the Michigan growers.
In general, ORourke paints a less than optimistic
future for apples. While U.S. consumption has risen
slightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per person, all the increase has come in juice consumption
where more than 85 percent of the product is imported,
almost all from China.
Per-capita consumption of fresh, canned, frozen, and
dried have all fallen, he said. Only fresh apple slices are
higher, but they represent only 1 percent of the total.
World apple production has grown from 50.2 million
metric tons in 1995 to 71.3 million metric tons in 2009, and
will continue to grow, ORourke said. While rising incomes
in some countries will foster increased consumption,
worldwide demographic changes toward smaller families
and older populations are causing a decline in core
apple-buying households, those with two adults and two
children. And older people eat less, he added.
In the United States, incomes are high but growing
slowly, and added income is not spent on basic foods.
Even when buying fruit, they prefer fresh over processed,
exotic over mundane, he said.
The current recession has wrought permanent
changes. Many consumers have lost assets, income, and
access to credit, so they have become financially
stretched and more thrifty. The experience may color
buying habits for years, just as the Great Depression did,
he said.
Moreover, long-term residue from the recession and
the large generation of young people unemployed and
looking for work will affect young peoples income,
spending, and savings, delay marriages and formation of
new households, delay births, and negatively affect consumption of products like apples.
Expansion strategies
The apple industry has tried, and is trying, many
strategies to expand demand, ORourke said. These
include lowering costs by adopting new technologies and
getting larger and vertically integrated, experimenting
with new varieties and strains, investing in club varieties,
diversifying into other fruits, expanding into niches like
organic or local, trying new products like fresh slices, and
exporting more apples.
By 2020, Washington States annual fresh production
will have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons, he said, and if
these apples stay in the U.S. market, it will drive prices
down. But to gain more sales in export may require concessions to countries like China, allowing more of their
fresh apples into U.S. markets.
Many worry that what China did with apple juice
concentrateflood the market with low-priced productit could also do in fresh apples, he said. On the
other hand, China has been exporting less apple juice
concentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth and
eat more fresh apples.
Chinas decisions may be crucial to world fresh and
processed apple markets, he said.
In the final analysis, however, ORourke says the real
competition is not between producing states or producing nations, but between the apple industry and those
other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of
retailers and consumers.
The industrys promotional efforts are weak, he said,
with well-funded programs like those once run by the
Washington Apple Commission now gone. Many integrated marketers continue to promote, but their goal is to
win retailer business, not expand the total apple market,
he said.
Bottom line, he said, the apple industry will survive, as
it has for centuries. The challenge for an orchardist is to
be among the survivors.
www.goodfruit.com
Second cherry referendum considered

Washington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment.
by Geraldine Warner
he Washington Tree Fruit

Research Commission is considering rerunning a referendum
asking Washington soft fruit
growers if they are willing to pay
a special assessment to fund research at
Washington State University.
In a referendum last fall, apple and
pear growers voted to pay a special assessment in addition to the regular research
assessment, but cherry and soft fruit

growers voted it down. The proposed
assessment rate was equal to the rate they
already pay: $4 a ton for cherries and $1
for soft fruits. The rate is $1 a ton for
apples and pears. Research assessments
are paid on both fresh and processed fruit.
The additional funds collected through
the special apple and pear assessment,
which should amount to $27 million over
the next eight years, will pay for new

research and extension positions and
research orchard updates, all focusing
exclusively on pome fruits.
Only 44 percent of the 308 ballots
returned in the cherry referendum were in
favor of the special assessment. A similar
percentage of stone fruit growers voted in
favor. Simple majorities were required for
the measures to pass.
At a meeting in March, the Washington

State Fruit Commissions board members
attributed the failure of the cherry referendum to an incomplete mailing list and
a lack of information about why cherry
growers were being asked to pay $4 a ton,
compared with $1 a ton for the other
fruits.
Gip Redman, Washington State Fruit
Commission chair, said he fears that the
cherry industry will miss out as WSU
recruits some of the best researchers in
the world to work on pome fruit issues.
Were now no longer at the table, he
said. Our voice has been taken away.
Were now no
longer at the
table.
Gip Redman
Because of the financial crisis at the university, theres no guarantee that cherry
research will be provided at the level we
think it should be provided.
B.J. Thurlby, Fruit Commission president, said the cherry mailing list has since
been updated to make it more complete
and accurate. The Fruit Commission
board recommended unanimously that
the Research Commission consider running the referendum again and ensure
that growers understand why a rate of $4 a
ton is called for.
Tom Butler, a Research Commission
board member, said the higher rate for
cherries reflects the higher value of the
crop on both a per-ton and per-acre basis.
Research
A special assessment of $4 a ton on
cherries would generate between
$600,000 and $700,000 a year based on a
crop of 150,000 to 175,000 tons. It would
be collected on fresh and processed fruit.
Jim McFerson, manager of the
Research Commission, said it seemed
clear, given the Fruit Commissions unanimous vote, that it should move ahead
with another referendum. He said a rate
of less than $4 on cherries would limit the
amount of research that could be done.
Its the only thing fiscally that makes
sense, he said. A dollar a ton doesnt
amount to much. It would probably not
fund more than one or two projects. You
dont attract researchers to work on a crop
where theres less funding.
The apple and pear assessment goes
into effect with the 2012 crop this fall, but
the cherry assessment could not begin
until the 2013 crop.
Ben McLuen, assistant director for
development at WSU, said it would probably take at least three months to prepare
for another referendum, and as long as six
months if the state requires another study
of the potential impacts on small
businesses.
McFerson expected that the soft fruit
referendum would be run again also.
10
www.goodfruit.com
I R R I G AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E
1987 R20*
1991 R10
Nelson engineers have

made an impressive number
of advancements to Rotator
Technology in the 25 years
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R20 back in 1987.
1991 BR200*
1994 R2000
Rotator Evolution
1997 R5
1998 R2000WF
2007 R2000LP
FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED:

tNo riser vibration.
tNo hang up in weeds or crop.
tNo splash down from impact arm.
tLong wear life.
R33 & R33LP TAKE ON 3/4 IMPACTS:

t New two-speed rotation technology
improves uniformity in larger-sized
sprinklers and provides greater distance
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THE R10 OFFERED:

tLower application rates.
t Color-coded nozzles.
tA new class of low-cost mini sprinklers.
t Highly uniform full coverage irrigation.
R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO

A NEW LEVEL:
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t The first rapid flush-and-clean
inlet screen.
t The first complete protection of
tubing from damage.
t And full protection from insect intrusion.
THE BR200 INTRODUCED:

tModularity.
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11
Pear growers plead for help with pest

WSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control.
by Geraldine Warner
ear growers in Washingtons Wenatchee Valley

losing this pear industry that its very frightening. If you
are hoping that Washington State University
drive up and down the Wenatchee Valley, you will observe
will help them find ways to control their key
the fact that were not controlling pear psylla. Trees are
pest pear psylla, so they can stay in business.
black from pear psylla honeydew.
Last year, the pest got out of control in the
Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on the
late season, leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much
nymphs. When psylla populations are high, honeydew
of the fruit downgraded. Pickers dont like
to work in sticky trees, and growers are
also concerned that when labor is short,
they might have difficulty finding people
to pick their crops.
Since WSU no longer has a researcher
dedicated to pear entomology, the growers
felt they had no place to turn for help.
Theres no way we can operate in the
pear industry without an entomologist on
pears, field horticulturist Fred Valentine
told the Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission during its February pear
Fred Valentine
research review.
Growers have been battling pear psylla
Fred Valentine
since it was first discoverd in Washington
can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve as
State in 1939. Entomologist Dr. Everett
a medium for growth of sooty mold,
Burts joined WSUs Tree Fruit Research Center in
which can turn trees black. Honeydew on fruit can cause
Wenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla, which had by
russet and make the fruit unmarketable.
then developed resistance to parathion. Several other
Budget cuts
organophosphates, such as malathion, diazinon, and
Dr. John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear
azinphos-methyl, which were introduced in the 1950s,
entomology after Burts retired. Dunley left WSU two years
controlled the pest for a time. But the pest has shown a
ago to work in private industry. He is not being replaced.
remarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals.
Over the past several years, WSU has endured severe
Weve had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing
budget cuts. Five researchers have left the Wenatchee
with pear psylla control, Valentine said, Were so close to
Theres no way
we can operate in
the pear industry
without an
entomologist
on pears.
research and extension center lately, in addition to

Dunley. Entomologist Dr. Elizabeth Beers, one of the five
faculty remaining, has a small program screening new
pesticides for efficacy against pear psylla.
Bob Gix, field horticulturist with Blue Star Growers
in Cashmere, said the need for a pear entomologist is
very real.
Growers spend close to $4,000 per acre to produce a
crop of pears, and that $4,000 is put at risk if they cant get
people to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if the
fruit is marked and is not marketable, he said.
Pear psylla is found in other areas, such as California,
but Washingtons cold winters seem to toughen the insect
and make it harder to control with pesticides, he said.
In Washington, prebloom treatments are considered
key to successful season-long control. Psylla migrate out
of the orchards in the winter. Growers apply a kaolin clay
to the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter them
from moving back into the trees. The insects dont like the
clay surface, and it dries out some of the eggs. Growers
also apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormant
season, but use of that product on pears will end in 2013.
Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormant
period but, in his career, six to eight products have been
lost because of resistance.
Got behind
Cool, wet, windy weather last spring made it difficult
for growers to get their sprays on, which made summer
control so much harder. We got behind the eight ball,
and at the end of the year, we had more growers with
sticky fruit than in many years, Gix said. Its a numbers
game. If you can knock the numbers down early in the
year, it makes the rest of the season work easier.
If were not able to control pear psylla, the pear industrys pretty seriously damaged, he said. Were slightly
different from apple in that regard because we have an
insect that pretty much can take us out of business. I
think Fred is just reminding us that even if we have a
[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay, we
cant get there without controlling pear psylla.
Dr. Dan Bernardo, dean of WSUs College of Agriculture, Human, and Natural Resources, said WSU does not
have the resources to hire personnel to work on single
commodities. Bernardo said the focus today is much
more interdisciplinary than in the past, and WSU has six
research entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatchee
who are expected to work with the specialty crop
industries to address their concerns.
I think having a pear entomologist doesnt fit how we
need to serve the industry nor how our faculty need to
compete federally and regionally for funds, he said.
Were just not going to hire a pear specialistor a raspberry specialistin entomology. They need to be able to
work across commodities and be responsive to the
industry.
Dr. Jay Brunner, executive director of WSUs Tree Fruit
Research Center, has since discussed the options with
pear industry representatives. Dr. Peter Shearer, research
entomologist at Oregon State Universitys Mid-Columbia
Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Hood
River, who works with pear growers in Oregon, took part
in the discussions.
The scientists are working with the industry to prioritize some researchable topics and draw up research proposals to obtain funding. Brunner said its possible that a
postdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee to
work with Beers, Shearer, and scientists at the U.S.
Department of Agriculture in Yakima, who are working on
pear psylla management.
Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an integrated approach is needed to address pear pest problems.
This would include using different products at different
timings, enhancing biological control of key pests, using
mating disruption for codling moth, and, ultimately,
breeding psylla-resistant pear varieties.
12
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Pheromones explored for psylla

Male psylla are attracted to pheromone lures.
by Geraldine Warner
educing pear psylla populations in the spring is the key to

keeping the pest in check later
in the season, entomologists
say, and a recently discovered
pear psylla pheromone might play a role.
Currently, pear growers apply pesticides with oil in the delayed dormant season to target winterform adults as they
return to orchards after spending the winter on other hosts. Growers also coat the
trees with Surround (kaolin clay), which is
somewhat repellent to the psylla and
deters females from laying eggs. However,
both oil and Surround need to be applied
multiple times to be effective.
Dr. Dave Horton, entomologist with
the U.S. Department of Agriculture in
Yakima, believes that it might be possible

to use the pear psylla pheromone to disrupt mating and delay egg laying by winterform females after they return to the
orchard, as a supplement to the standard
controls, although he cautions that this is
all very hypothetical at the moment. He is
exploring in the laboratory whether saturation of airspace with pheromone could
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affect the ability of males to rapidly find

females and thus delay mating.
Delays in egg laying lead to more
synchrony in egg hatch, which in turn
simplifies control of the developing
summerform generation, Horton said.
Horton and colleague Dr. Christelle
Gudot began testing the pheromone in
the field three years ago. The research
shows that theres a period in January and
February when the females are not
producing the pheromone during which
males are attracted to traps with
pheromone lures. Once the winterform
females begin producing the pheromone
in March, the traps with lures become less
effective in attracting males. Horton is trying to improve the lure by testing different
dosages of the pheromone and different
types of traps.
Horton and Gudot have also studied
the summerform pear psylla and found
that the competitive effects of females are
less. From June through August, traps
with lures consistently attract more male
psylla, regardless of the psylla density.
Horton said he will explore this further by
tests of different pheromone dosages and
will explore whether saturation with the
pheromone could affect the ability of the
males to find females and thus delay
mating and egg laying.
Unlike the pheromones of some other
insects, the psylla pheromone appears
only to work at close range, he said. The
pheromone was isolated from the cuticle
of the female insect and is not known at
this time to be something she emits.
Horton said that a scientist in Japan
has discovered a simple procedure to synthesize the pheromone, so if it does have
commercial potential for controlling pear
psylla, the new procedure might help
keep costs down.
I would suggest that if we could find a
practical purpose for this, the best opportunity might be in disrupting winterform
females as theyre returning to the
orchard, he said. The females are not yet
mated at that time of year. Growers want
to push that egg laying back as far as possible, and if we can saturate the orchard
with enough pheromone, there might be
a way of slowing mating in late winter and
spring as theyre returning to the
orchard.
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14
Horton is also testing a psyllid repellent that was discovered by scientists

exploring why citrus trees planted near
guava trees had fewer citrus psyllids. The
compound dimethyl disulphide (DMSD)
identified in volatiles emitted by the
guava trees was found in laboratory tests
to be highly repellent to citrus psyllid.
Recent trials have shown that the potato
psyllid is also repelled by the compound.
ISCA Technologies has manufactured a
wax-based formulation called SPLAT to
release DMDS. In tests in citrus, psyllids
left plots that were treated with the repellent within three days. Horton said the
DMDS disappeared within 28 days as it
volatilized, but in pears, an application
would only need to cover the period in
www.goodfruit.com
photo by christelle gudot
Dave Horton, USDA-Yakima
late winter when the insects are returning

to the orchard. Horton plans to test the
response of both winterform and summerform psylla to the repellent on caged
pear trees.
www.goodfruit.com
Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear
psylla in the spring and delay egg laying.
15
Marketing is the HARD PART

When a new apple is launched as an open variety, it risks becoming a commodity.
by Geraldine Warner
eveloping a new apple variety that beats those

already available is far from easy. But marketing it successfully could be the harder part,
Washington tree fruit shippers say.
Washington State University has released
three apple varieties from its apple breeding program.
The first, known as WA 2, is available for commercial
plantings to growers in Washington State.
One thing they have to face up to is these new varieties are fantastic eating and many of them are very
enjoyable, but the marketing of that variety is the hard
part, said Roger Pepperl, marketing director at Stemilt
Growers, Inc., Wenatchee, Washington. Its really hard,
and however hard people think it is, its harder than that.
WSUs apple varieties are owned by the WSU Research
Foundation which has granted the Washington Tree Fruit
Research Commission the license to commercialize them.
The varieties are released as numbered varieties without
names. The original commercialization plan allows all
Washington growers to plant the varieties, since they have
contributed towards their development through taxes and
assessments. And it allows any Washington shipper to pack
and market them using a trade name of their choice. For
the latest release, WA 38, the commission is considering
revising the commercialization procedure.
Commodity
Shippers say there are different models that can be
used to launch new varieties, none of them easy.
The problem with opening up a variety to everyone is
that it risks becoming a commodity in terms of pricing,
and theres no incentive for shippers to put extra effort
into promoting it, Pepperl says. If they

Brian Sand, sales manager at Auvil Fruit
have more than one marketing company
Company, Orondo, said its probably going
selling the applewhich it sounds like
to take some marketing push by shippers
how do you get people to put some effort
to make a new variety successful.
behind it? he asked.
If the Research Commission is hoping
If its available to everyone, then its
someone will launch the variety with a big
likely to take the same pathway as Gala or
marketing campaign, then it could pick
Fuji, Pepperl said, but it took 20 to 30
one of the top ten apple shippers or maryears for them to succeed. Consumer
keters, convince them that the variety can
recognition takes a long time to develop.
be their exclusive apple, and let them run
Two years ago, Stemilt did a consumer
with it.
study that showed that only 51 percent of
Another option would be to have marconsumers knew what a Gala apple was.
keting organizations bid for the rights to
Cameo is an example of a good apple that
the apple, and see who applies, but when
Peter Verbrugge
never did make it into the top-ranking
the University of Minnesota did that with
varieties, he added.
Minneiska
(commercialized
as
Peter Verbrugge, president of Sage Fruit Company,
SweeTango), it was sued by disgruntled producers who
Yakima, said its understandable that a single shipper
didnt have full access to the variety. It did prevail in the
would not be entitled to exclusive rights to a variety that
lawsuit, however.
was developed with public funding, but he agrees that
Brand
marketers would be less committed to it than to an
Pepperl thinks that for any variety to succeed nowaexclusive apple, particularly if it had no name.
days, there must be a marketing concept and a marketing
I would still participate in it, he said. But it would be
strategy for the shippers. And there also must be someone
a different model, knowing that other companies are
to manage the brand and decide on a name. The brand
growing and planting it. Theres a reluctance on our part
management company could be owned by a conglomerto invest in an apple anyone can grow and sell under a
ation of shippers or by the license holder, he said.
different name, and the retailers going to be reluctant to
Suzanne Wolter, marketing director at Rainier Fruit
get behind a variety unless theres some consumer pull. I
Company, Selah, said that before making a commitment
have a hard time believing theres going to be good
to a variety, producers will want some proof that it is
consumer pull without brand recognition.
worth investing in, not only on the grower side, but the
Given that the Washington Apple Commission is no
sales and marketing side, because it takes a significant
longer able to promote varieties on the domestic market,
investment to get it into the marketplace and convince
consumers that it is a good variety.
There are so many varieties in the market right now,
she said. Everybody has at least one.
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Bee-Scent research data obtained from

Dr. Dan Mayer, Washington State University
ashingtons major apple marketers say that

promoting new apple varieties is so time consuming and expensive that they have to limit
their efforts to just a couple of varieties.
Roger Pepperl, marketing director at Stemilt Growers in Wenatchee, said Stemilt has put tremendous
resources into promoting and marketing the two trademarked apples that it produces and sells: Piata and
SweeTango. It takes so much focus and effort that the
company did not have the resources to push any more
than those two new varieties, he said.
We have been very selective at Stemilt, he said. If
we had four of them at the same time, we would not have
done it. Were doing all sorts of things behind the scenes
that people dont realize are happening with Piata.
Suzanne Wolter, marketing director at Rainier Fruit
Company, Selah, said Rainier has two club varieties:
Lady Alice and Junami. The company spent three years
with a heavy focus on Lady Alice before it brought in
the second variety, and shed like to spend another two
or three years focusing on Junami before considering a
third variety.
It takes a tremendous amount of time and effort
both from the marketing staff and the sales staff to get it
to go through because its by no means an easy sell,
she said.
Before the company decides to go ahead and spend
all the money, time, and energy marketing a new
variety, it must be convinced that the apple will grow
well in this environment and produce consistently
good eating quality year after year, she said.
G. Warner
www.goodfruit.com
Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties has

shown that it takes a certain critical mass, in terms of volume, to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace.
Sage has two managed varietiesSonya and Breeze
both from New Zealand. It has purchased the marketing
rights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage.
It takes a large amount of time and money to build
demand for a variety, Verbrugge said. And thats one of
the struggles weve seen with the club varieties. It makes it
tough to be successful if you dont do that.
The whole idea behind managed varieties was that the
licensee could control the quality and control the market
and pricing, but since there are now so many available in
the marketplace, they are competing with each other.
I can control the price of Sonya, but the retailer can
say, I can buy Jazz cheaper. They become competitive
with each other, said Verbrugge, who is nonetheless still
looking for exceptional new varieties.
We feel like we need to be doing that, he said. Were
still making sure were investing in and looking at varieties
and club varietiesmaking sure we have control over
them because it does create excitement in the
marketplace.
Keep the Gears

in Motion
Great name
For Verbrugge to be interested, the variety must have a
great name, along with all the right quality attributes.
Other shippers agree that a new variety would have a
better chance of success if it was marketed under one
name.
Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-volume item to sell in a few markets around the countryso
that marketers wouldnt be competing against each
otherit might be possible to have multiple names. But if
it is going into large-scale production, having multiple
names would make it challenging and confusing.
Having the right name is huge, Sand said. Who
could have come up with a better name than Honeycrisp?
And when they came up with Red Delicious, it was a great
apple, but it had a great name.
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17
Soils &
Nutrients
Mounding Honeycrisp
may overcome weak soils
Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out.
by Richard Lehnert
rchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soil
three or more inches above the graft union
and leaving it for the first two or three years
after planting.
Michigan State University horticulturist Dr. Ron Perry
gave that advice while speaking to growers in the Traverse
City, Michigan, area, where soils are sandy, even gravelly,
and Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocks
often runt out before they fill their space in the orchard.
Perry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard and
Vineyard Show in January.
You can grow high-quality Honeycrisp hereprobably better than anywhere, he said. But its a weak-growing variety. You definitely want to keep the precocity of
the dwarfing rootstocks, so dont use MM.106 to get
greater vigor.
Perry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of
Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees
on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwood

borer.
We are beginning to notice that mounding may also
improve canopy vigor on this weak-growing variety, he
said, emphasizing that this is an observation, not the
result of a controlled, scientific study.
Growers dont want to plant trees deeper, because that
can cause scion rooting, Perry stressed. He recommends
that apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six
inches above the soil line. Scion rooting can result in trees
that are 20 feet tall after ten years, which makes them
problematic in high-density plantings.
Trees settle in the ground following planting. Overgrowth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result in
the expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil and
striking roots, Perry explained. Scion roots more than
one-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing
rootstock influence, especially after the fifth growing
season.
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18
Taming burr knots

Growers face something of a Catch 22. When the union
is set at six inches or higher above the soil, the rootstock
shank is exposed, which for most dwarfing rootstocks
means the potential development of burr knots, he said.
Burr knots are troublesome because they attract
damaging insects.
The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graft
union will protect newly planted trees from dogwood
borers and also from cold weather during the first winter.
Borers, and also woolly apple aphid, are attracted to the
burr knots, feeding on and laying eggs in these primordial root sites, he said. The borer larvae invade and can
stunt or even girdle and kill the trees. New York
researchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwarfing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borers,
Perry said. He suggested that it is nearly that high in
Michigan as well.
Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsban
(chlorpyrifos) to control borers, the only chemical treatment available and one that might not survive U.S. Environmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the future.
Thorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in each
year of the first five years in late June to mid-July.
MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost total
control could be achieved by covering the rootstock with
soil, eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment.
At the same time, covering burr knots will encourage
the resting primordial roots to extend into the soil as
adventitious roots, and that may add vigor to the growing
tree in the early years, Perry said.
In his work with dogwood borer suppression, soil is
mounded about three inches above the union within a
month after planting. After three years, he noticed, if the
mound is still in place, adventitious roots might initiate
above the union from scion tissue, and that should be
avoided. By the third year, the mounded soil might have
eroded and settled to below the union, but if not, it must
be removed with high-pressure water or some other
method. Adventitious roots that initiate from the scion,
once exposed to air, will die or can be clipped off. If
woody scion roots have been established, cut them off.
Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knots
on the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and no
longer provide a food source for the insect larvae. These
roots become woody with bark similar to that seen on
errys presentation can be found

in video and PDF format at
www.hrt.msu.edu/ronald-perry/pg3.
www.goodfruit.com
WIND MACHINES
The standard by which all others are measured
photo by RoN pERRy
These machines really work
Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock
and protecting it from dogwood borer
infestation. They also noticed a boost in
tree vigor.
BENEFITS of mounding
George and Bill Fritz

Brookside Farms; Gobles, Michigan
My Orchard-Rites paid for themselves
Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rot.
Allows shallow planting, which avoids potential
of scion rooting, but exposes rootstock shank to
air, encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonal
rootstocks. Burr knots deform the trunk and
attract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids.
When covered, root primordia in burr knots
extend into soil, reducing the burr knots attractiveness to dogwood borer. Mounding is the least
costly and most sustainable approach to avoiding dogwood borer.
Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstockunion/shank in first winter.
Extension of adventitious root initials can
enhance canopy vigor.
branches and trunks. These bark-covered roots do not

express phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatments
are directly applied, Perry said.
Trees in orchards where scion roots have been generated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years, and
this problem cant be rectified, he said.
Dwarfing effect
The higher the bud union is above the ground, the
more dwarfing effect there is on the tree. Europeans have
used this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plantings to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as
high as 12 inches above soil, Perry said.
His rule of thumb suggests that, for the M.9 rootstock, every inch the graft union is above the ground
translates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height.
In using the practice of mounding to avoid problems
with dogwood borer, he has noted that those trees that
generated roots on the rootstock shanks have improved
vigor.
In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing
rootstocks, this could be an additional benefit beyond
avoidance of dogwood borers, he said. Thats already
quite a benefit when considering that forming the mound
is only done once at planting time rather than treating the
insects each year as they attempt to infest during those
first seven years when trees are vulnerable to attack.
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19
Protect peaches from nematodes

To lengthen tree life, control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them.
by Richard Lehnert
each trees, it is often said, love to die and will

find any excuse to do it.
Thats a bit harsh. But peach trees, and other
stone fruits, are much more susceptible to virus
diseases than are the pome fruits like apple,
and these viruses wear down orchards. Growers lose a
few trees every year until, finally, the orchard is uneconomical. The name of the game is warding off tree death
as long as possible. There are no cures for virus-caused
diseases or for nematodes that often transmit the viruses.
The name of the game is prevention.
Dr. John Halbrendt, a Pennsylvania State University
plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus diseases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center in
Biglerville, recommends a step-by-step approach that
starts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new
orcharda test that can be done even before an old
orchard is pulled out.
Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodes,
and knowing which ones are present determines the next
steps. Nematodes are plant parasites that attack roots,
causing loss of vigor, reduced yield, reduced winter
hardiness, and that may vector viruses that kill trees.
Peach stem pitting is the most insidious and potentially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the Northeast,
Halbrendt said. Infected trees show symptoms of stress
and die within two or three years of infection. Trees may
become infected anytime after planting.
The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broadleaved weeds like dandelions, plantains, and lambsquarters. Because these weeds are widespread, so are dagger
nematodes. These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring
spot virus, but the peach trees arent.
Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spot
virus, and not all dagger nematodes are infected. But
because the virus can actually be carried in weed seeds,
orchards are always at risk from new weeds introduced
and growing from infected seed, Halbrendt said. His recommended approach is a combination of nematicides
applied before planting and good ongoing weed control
to suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematode
access to the virus.
Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus, but
they are good hosts for dagger nematodes. Grass alleys in
an orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees. The
key is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by
controlling nongrassy weeds.
Dagger nematodes
Dagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they
vector tomato ring spot virus, to which all peach rootstocks are susceptible. The virus causes peach stem pitting. Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct
damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they
carry the virus.
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Other nematodes
Ring nematodes occur on sandy soil, especially in the
South, and are a major cause of a complicated disease
called peach tree short life.
An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely
within two to three weeks in spring.
Methods of control
Nematode problems are more likely on replant sites
than on new sites, but new sites may be infected, so a test
is recommended, Halbrendt said. Heres the program he
recommends:
Remove tree root residues to reduce population density
of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogens.
Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile and
improve internal drainage.
Rotate to field crops for at least two years to reduce
pathogen populations, help eradicate weeds, and
increase soil organic matter.
Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levels
for optimum tree growth and fruit production.
Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before tree
planting to determine nematode population densities
and the need for soil fumigation.
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If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site, the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian provide
protection, but both of these rootstocks are very susceptible to root-knot nematodes. The rootstock Nemaguard,
which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes, is
highly susceptible to ring nematode.
Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease called
peach tree decline. Infected orchards show a slow decline
as they lose vigor and leaves.
Root lesion nematodes are associated with peach
replant disease. Infected trees dont grow or grow only
slowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots and
starves the trees.
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20
www.goodfruit.com
Soils &
Nutrients
Soil fumigation
Soil fumigation is recommended if nematode densities exceed damaging levels, if the site has a history of
other soil-borne diseases, or if highly susceptible cultivars
are to be planted, Halbrendt said. He recommends using
Telone C-17.
Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly
fraught with regulations, an alternative approach is natural fumigation, sometimes referred to as biofumigation. This method involves planting a crop or, even
better, two crops, one immediately after the other, of the
brassica species Dwarf Essex rape. The rape contains precursor chemicals that release those that actually suppress
nematodes, and these are released only when the plant is
macerated.
The crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flail
mower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work
effectively, Halbrendt said.
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www.goodfruit.com
21
Soils &
Nutrients
Organic
matter
matters
A
dd organic matter. Thats the short

answer to better managing your soil,
says James Cassidy, soil science
instructor at Oregon State University
and manager of the student-run
university farm.
Cassidy, known for holding his student
audience spellbound during soil lectures
through his enthusiasm and wit, links everything in life back to soil. Its all about soilit all
comes from soil and all goes back to soil,
sooner or later. Every single atom in your body
has been through the soil system. He believes that a better
understanding of soilhow it
works and stores nutrients
will lead to growing better quality fruit.
Soil is the most diverse habitat on earth, composed of 45
by Melissa Hansen
percent minerals, 5 percent
organic matter, and the rest air
and water. A single pinch of soil contains more
than a billion living organisms, existing in a
four-dimensional, complex habitat, he said.
Soil, which has formed over time through
decomposition, is essentially rotted rocks and
decomposing organic matter, he explained
during a cherry research symposium sponsored by Oregon State University and held at
The Dalles, Oregon, earlier this year.
Organic matter has

a big influence on
soil properties.
Aggregate of soil
A complete ecosystem is contained within
an aggregate of soil. In an aggregate, a speck of
soil less than a millimeter in size or about the
size of a broken pencil lead, the following are
found:
Bacteria
Different sized rock particles (sand, silt, and
clay)
Mycorrhizae
Actinomycetes
Saprophitic fungus
Nematode
Ciliate protozoa
Flagellate protozoa
Mites
Water held by capillary force
Diversity
The soil activity is whats happening in
between the soil particles, Cassidy said. The
thing to be managing conceptually is managing the pore space and size of the pores.
22
Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil, though it
may take several years.
Diversity is the key to pore space and size.

Big, medium, small, and super tiny pore sizes
distributed throughout the soil profile help the
soil drain and hold water, as well as provide air
to the roots.
Macro pore sizes, like worm channels, help
pull raindrops, irrigation water, and oxygen
together, bringing water and gas exchange to
the roots. The way to manage pore size is to
disturb the soil as little as possible, he said,
adding that minimizing soil disturbance is a
good way to preserve pore size distribution.
We have the power with large tractors to
work the soil, but resist that urge, he said. The
more we disturb soils, the less water and oxygen get in. One measure of soil quality is how
quickly water penetrates.
Diversity of pore size leads to diversity of
soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms that
leads to diversity of function that leads to the
breaking down of rock, said Cassidy. While its
all about diversity, he acknowledges that in
agriculture, growers are trying to grow one
thing, which can work counter to building a
diverse ecosystem.
Negative charge
Though sand and silt are primary minerals
that have been ground down into small pieces
(sand is just a larger piece than silt), clay is a
secondary mineral created by the dissolution
of primary minerals and then recrystallized or
synthesized into layered mineral sheets. The
silica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are where
nutrients like aluminum, silica, magnesium,
potassium, and such are held by net negative
charges that are a result of isomorphic substitutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrystallization. Sand and silt dont have a charge,
but clay has the all important negative charge.
And what gets stuck to the negative
charge? he asks. Positively charged nutrients
like potassium, calcium, magnesium, and most
everything else a tree needs to grow. Without
the negative charges, he noted that nutrients
could not be stored in the soil and would leach

away.
A soils cation exchange capacity is a measure of the amount of net negative charge per
kilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure of
how much nutrient can be stored, he said. A
soil test number of 20 would be good, below 5
is considered low, and above 40 would be high.
Moreover, the cation exchange capacity
determines the value of a soil, he said, as soils
with low CEC have a low net negative charge
and do not hold nutrients in the soil as well as
soils with a high CEC number.
Small portion but mighty

Organic matter, which is only a small portionat best 5 percentof the total makeup of
soil, packs a mighty punch. Organic matter
influences soil properties and plant growth far
greater than its low percentage would indicate.
Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutrients to the soil, provides nutrient storage
because its negatively charged, and is the glue
that creates soil structure. Organic matter, with
its negative charge can help improve soils with
low cation exchange capacity. It also provides
carbon and energy (food) for the soil microorganisms.
The easiest way to add organic matter to soil
is to grow it in place and mow and blow the
green manure where its wanted. But adding
compost is also effective. He advised growers to
pay attention to the organic matter percentage
in their soil test results and experiment on
parts of their orchard to raise soil organic matter levels. Over time, see if water infiltration
rates improve and organic matter levels are
increased.
Cassidy noted that slow water infiltration
rates are undesirable for several reasons: The
first two things lost in the runoff are clay particles and organic matter. That causes the soil to
become sandier, and because sand doesnt
have a charge, the soil loses some of its negative
charge and cant store nutrients.
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ORGANIC MATTER convert
ohn Carter, cherry and apple grower from The Dalles, Oregon, is an
organic matter convert. He, like soil scientist instructor James Cassidy, believes that organic matter is critical, and gives credit to
organic matter for improving his abused soils.
The place I bought had 75 years of abuse, said Carter, who
describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf. My organic
matter level was very lowI cant even comprehend 5 percentand
my cation exchange capacity was in single digits.
Today, after several years of adding compost, compost teas, and
other natural products, he has raised his soils organic matter level to
2 percent (four years ago it was 1.4 percent), and his cation exchange
capacity is in the low double digits.
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Start with soil sample

He recommends that growers start first with a soil sample, having
the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extraction
method. The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil
solubility, he said.
Then add compost that matches what nutrients you need in the
soil, he said. And do it slowly. Ive seen recommendations calling
for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre. You cant afford 70 tons per acre.
An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of compost covering the area, he noted. Few growers can afford to do whats
needed to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one year,
but they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre.
Its the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and provide
food for, he said, adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank up
their activity and make the soil better. You have to get an analysis
from the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic
matter, but it also has nutrients. M. Hansen
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23
Soils &
Nutrients
PLANNING
new apple
orchards
C
ornell University pomologist Dr. Terence Robinson would never tell apple
growers what to doexactly. Their decisions are strictly up to them, he tells
them.
But, when in the next sentence he starts, In my opinion, or We recommend, dont be surprised. He firmly states his views and backs them up with
slides showing experimental results, graphs showing yields, and charts showing
economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years.
Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting
circuit. He and his colleagues at CornellSteve Hoying, Mike Fargione,
Mario Miranda, Alison DeMaree, Kevin Iungerman, and othershave
been experimenting with and developing an orchard design system
called tall spindle, and a management system to go with it, for almost two
decades. Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind, and he gives
a passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers.
Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the MidAtlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in
Hershey, Pennsylania, in February.
Cornell pomologist
Terence Robinson
shares his thoughts
about making
profitable orchards.
by Richard Lehnert
Not too old
For those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old to
change, I hope to change your minds, he said.
He described a 50-40-10 plan for orchard planting
and renewal, in which growers make some new plantings
every year. He recommends that half the new plantings
be made using solid-performing wholesale varieties,
while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-price,
high-demand varieties, and 10 percent are new varieties
that look promising, but are gambles on the future. Here
are his recommendations, step by step:
Conduct a continual replanting program. Im convinced that every apple grower should be planting some
new orchards every year, he said. It allows you to stay on
the cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systems,
and to take advantage of the new things you learn each
year.
Replant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually. This
keeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent and
allows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 years,
he said.
Plant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1,300
trees per acre in the tall spindle system. Trees should be
3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows, and a
thousand trees per acre is probably the most profitable
density.
Plant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to
700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system. Trees
should be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows.
24
Terence Robinson
travels widely and
speaks frequently, his
laptop computer
keeping him in touch
with home base at
Cornell University.
Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards.
Plant highly feathered trees and manage them, with no pruning but by bending
and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year, so they will bear fruit already
in the second leaf.
Choose the right varieties. The price you receive for your fruit is more important
than any consideration of orchard design, he said.
Im convinced
that every
apple grower
should be
planting some
new orchards
every year.
photos by richard lehnert
Right varieties
While Robinson believes that the best profits for growers will come from growing apples for the fresh market, he
acknowledged that in the Northeast, half or more of all
apples are grown for processing, and many growers plan
to continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially
for processing. Still, he said, fresh fruit is more profitable
by about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown for
processing.
Some varieties can go for either fresh or processing,
and anybody growing for processing should plant some
fruit varieties that can go fresh, he said. Nonetheless, he
has two separate lists of apples to grow, depending on the
intended market.
Terence Robinson
To minimize risk, he said, plant the best fresh-market
varieties on 50 percent of new orchards. For New York
growers, these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield; red strains of
McIntosh like LindaMac, RubyMac, Snappy, and Acey Mac; Empire and Cortland, especially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP); the best red strains
of Red Delicious; and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden Delicious.
To generate high returns, plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at
high prices. These include Honeycrisp; the Rubinstar, DeCoster and Red Prince strains of
Jonagold; Golden Supreme; the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder, Auvil Early,
and Beni Shogun; the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec, Kiku Fubrax, Top Export, and
Suprema; and Cameo.
Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage, 10 percent, he said. In New York,
where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 and
New York 2, these should be planted in that gambling on the future category. It also
includes, for growers anywhere, the club varieties Ambrosia, Piata, Jazz, Envy, Pacific
Rose, Blondee, and SweeTango.
In the processing category, the solid-performing 50 percent in New York include
Idared, Jonagold, McIntosh, Cortland, Crispin, and Rome. You have additional ones
here, he told the Mid-Atlantic growers.
Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include Autumn
Crisp and Granny Smith.
New York 2, which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple, fits into the gambling10-percent category for a processing apple.
25
Soils &
Nutrients
Get spacing and

rootstock right
Growers making the best choices
make the most money.
by Richard Lehnert
Photo by richard lehnert
hoosing the right apple varietiesones that enjoy good consumer demand and sell for a good priceis the most important
step an apple grower can take toward profitability, says Dr.
Terence Robinson, Cornell University pomologist.
But once a grower makes his choices, the real hard work
begins. The orchard needs to be planted, and the choice of rootstocks
and spacings are vitally important.
If you do everything right, you can still make money if you plant the
right variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acre, Robinson told
apple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in
Hershey, Pennsylvania, in February.
But, he added, economic analyses show the highest profitability
occurs when growers plant about 1,000 trees per acre. It is up to the
grower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill the
space rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing.
In making decisions about rootstocks, growers must look at economics (precocity and productivity), liveability, rootstock vigor, scion vigor,
Terence Robinson, in orchard with microphone, talking

about tall spindle orchard design, is a familiar sight to
growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest
and Northeast.
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climate, soil type and fertility, irrigation/fertigation,

replant disease, spacing, and training system, he said.
Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindle
system, in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tall
in a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffold
limbs. Using that system, a thousand trees planted three
to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acre.
He suggests the following:
Use a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vigor
varieties.
Use a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varieties.
From strongest to weakest, he ranks scion vigor in this
order: Mutsu, Northern Spy, Jonagold, McIntosh, Cameo,
Fuji, Gala, Empire, Idared, Greening, Macoun,
SweeTango, Jazz, Spur Delicious, NY1, and Honeycrisp.
Geneva rootstocks
Cornell has had a rootstock breeding program for
some time, and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reaching commercial availability. Robinson is convinced they
will be superior because they were selected to be disease
resistant, precocious, and productive. But there are not
enough of them now.
In making rootstock decisions to get the right
rootstock to fit the spacing, he suggests:
Use vigorous clones of M.9 (Nic29 or RN29) for
medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replant
soil.
Use weak clones of M.9 (T337 or Flueren56) for
vigorous varieties or on virgin soil.
Use M.26, interstems, or M.7 for very weak varieties.
Use irrigation and/or fertigation to improve lack
of vigor.
Use limb bending and limb renewal pruning on tall
spindle system trees to keep trees slender.
Rootstocks that live

In choosing a rootstock, the primary consideration is,
will the tree live, he said.
Fireblight is devastating in New York and in Michigan
and some other areas, he said. Some method to control
fireblight is critical. Fireblight infects blossoms and can
move, in 60 days, down into the rootstock. If M.9 and
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There will be
500,000 G.11 liners
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coming spring and
1 million in 2013.
Large means large
rootstocks. While the rootstock itself affects

the size of a tree, and thus determines how
closely they can be spaced, the spacing
affects root competition, so closer spacing
itself produces smaller trees.
Management of the tree also affects its
size. When limbs point upward, the tree
will grow shorter and wider, he said. If the
feathers are bent down below horizontal,
trees will be taller and slenderer.
delay, Robinson told growers in January

during the International Fruit Tree Association tour to Chile. That news was
published in the January 15 Good Fruit
Grower magazine.
Density effect
Robinson also said that growers must
learn from experience how to compensate
for the density effect when choosing
Large branches create large trees, he

said. Smaller branches are taxed more
heavily to support fruit than are large
branches. Consequently, large branches
transport more carbohydrate back to the
trunk, and the tree will become still
larger.
Terence Robinson
M.26 rootstocks become infected, the tree
will die, he said.
Geneva rootstocks are resistant to
fireblight, he said. If the rootstock doesnt die, we can quickly regrow the parts of
the tree that are lost in a fireblight epidemic and not lose the orchard.
Cornell has been working to breed and
prove new rootstocks for several years,
with the specific goal of putting fireblightresistant rootstocks and/or replant
disease-resistant rootstocks into each of
the current size niches from small trees
to large.
So far, not many Geneva rootstocks
have been available for growers to plant.
About 325,000 were produced in 2009,
400,000 in 2010, and 600,000 in 2011in a
market that needs 15 million rootstocks a
year, he said.
There will be 500,000 G.11 liners
planted in U.S. nurseries this coming
spring and 1 million in 2013, he said. Production of G.41 this year will be nearly
300,000, he said.
Geneva released seven rootstocks
before 2010, and another six since then.
Of the rootstocks now being commercialized, G.65 is the smallest (M.27 size), G.11
is the size of M.9 T337, G.935 is the size of
M.9 Pajam2, and G.41 and G.16 are in
between G.11 and G.935. G.202 is the size
of M.26 and G.30 the size of M.7 and
MM106.
The releases made in 2010 are G.214,
just larger than M.9 Pajam2; G.222, just
smaller than M.26; G.969 and G.213, just
bigger than M.26; G.210, the size of M.7MM106; and G.809, which is halfway
between M.7 and seedling size.
Growers should look closely at the NC140 rootstock trials to see which rootstocks perform best in their area. This is
critical, he said.
He noted that, at Champlain, New
York, the northerly production area just
south of Montreal, varieties on M.9 rootstocks yield only 67 percent as much as
the same varieties and rootstocks planted
at Geneva, where winter temperatures are
warmer, he said.
Yet when planted on G.935, they do
equally well in both places. G.935 is a
cold-hardy rootstock, he said.
G.214, which is the size of M.9 Pajam2
and rated as highly yield efficient, productive, resistant to fireblight, and tolerant to
replant disease, has not as yet produced
any liners for commercial use.
We have had a setback in the development of stool beds of G.214, and its propagation is starting over, an 18-month
www.goodfruit.com
Here Are the Facts You Need to Know

about the Pink Lady Brand.
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27
Orchard floor management

Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants.
by Richard Lehnert
PPhoto courtesy of Peter shearer, osu
well-managed orchardwhether pome fruit

or stone fruitis made up of the right trees
planted in weed-free strips separated by
lawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all
flowering plants.
Thats the look advocated by Rutgers University weed
specialist Dr. Bradley Majek. He contends that when
labels on insecticides say, dont apply during bloom, it
doesnt mean just tree bloom, it means bloom in the
orchard of any kind.
That labeling is meant to protect pollinators, no matter what is attracting them to the orchard, he said. That
could mean dandelions in the spring, white clover in the
summer, or goldenrod and white asters later in the
season.
That means the sod alley should really be sod and
not just a collection of whatever happens to grow there.
Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hard
fescue when establishing an orchard.
Both types of fescue are tolerant to disease, drought,
low pH, and low fertility, he said. They compete effectively with weeds, do not spread or creep into the tree row
by rhizome or stolen growth, and are semi-dormant
during the hot dry summer months.
Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily
established, he said, but requires more frequent mowing.
The addition of clover or other legumes is not
recommended for orchard sods, he said.
While they do fix some nitrogen, they are alternate
hosts for pests, especially tomato ringspot virus, and they
flower, luring bees to the orchards and exposing them to
insecticides.
This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsa solid sod cover free of blooming
plants. This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits.
Before planting the trees, plant 25 to 75 pounds of fescue seed per acre, in late summer, into fertilized soil, he
suggests. Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soil,
and pack it firmly. Plant the fescue only where the permanent alleys will be. Where the tree rows will be, plant
perennial ryegrass, which grows fast.
In late fall or early the next spring, use the herbicide
glyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will be
planted, and plant directly into the killed sod. Killing the
sod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots to
break down, so using a tree planter will be easier in the
spring. The dead sod will provide organic matter, help
suppress weeds, and prevent soil erosion until the trees
are growing well. The width of the strip should be from 33
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28
to 40 percent of the alley width, or narrower if a more

vigorous rootstock is used. The sod can be used to reduce
vigor somewhat, he said.
It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense sod
competitive with weeds, he said. During that time, he
suggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annual
grasses and 2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds. The herbicide 2,4-D works well on dandelions but is weaker on
white clover. Stinger, which is better on clover, is labeled
for use on stone fruits. Starane Ultra will suppress white
clover in pome fruits, he said.
Tillage not recommended

While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchards
today, clean tillage was once widely used, especially by
peach growers. The pros and cons of tillage or no tillage
were once debated.
Weeds compete for water, nutrients, sunlight, and
space, he said, and are a host for pest insects and diseases
and provide cover for rodents. They can compete for
pollination, and they reduce harvest efficiency.
Clean tillage eliminates these problems, but at the
expense of soil quality. Tillage destroys organic matter,
which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltration, and opens the ground to soil erosion. Tillage also
damages tree roots, making them vulnerable to diseases
and less able to take up nutrients and water.
Sod, he said, adds roots to the soil that improve soil
structure, water uptake, and formation of healthy soil
aggregates.
Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trees
for water and nutrients, he said. They provide a good
working surface for machinery.
No voles
One additional benefit comes from mowing. Majek
recommends growers use a side-discharge mower, rather
than a flail mower, and throw the grass clippings into the
weed-free strip. This addition of mulch replaces organic
matter that can not grow there because of the herbicides,
but does not make enough residue to be attractive to
rodents like voles.
Were it not for the problem of voles, he said, growers
might want to choose mulch as a better choice for weed
control than herbicides. In experiments he conducted,
fruit trees made their best growth and best yield under
mulches, either of fabric or of leaves or similar organic
materials like wood chips or hay. The mulches reduce soil
temperatures and increase both moisture and fertility.
But the problem of rodents, even under fabric, has not yet
been solved, he said.
Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer program
that provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually. Some
of this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as the
sod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row.
Majek presented this information as the Ernie Christ
Memorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and
Vegetable Convention in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
www.goodfruit.com
Nutrients
photos by bradley Majek
Soils &
Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for
damaging nematodes. Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests, but
repeated tillage damages soil structure.
Avoid weedy
orchard floors
Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests.
by Richard Lehnert
decade and more ago, it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards was
a good thing, that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternative
food sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insect
and mite pests. But now, the thinking is, plant diversity is more beneficial to
diseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them.
Dr. Peter Shearer, an entomologist at Oregon State Universitys Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River, Oregon, participated in much of
the research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996. He still uses
that decades worth of data and those conclusions in
making recommendations to growers.
I was once a proponent of plant diversity, he said.
But it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more than
the beneficials do.
Our research at Rutgers and on growers farms
demonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf
weeds to minimize damage from several key pests, he
said. Managed-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rows
reduce catfacing insect abundance and damage in
peaches.
Clean orchardswhether clean tilled or with grass
sod alleysreduced damage by 60 percent, he said, and
similar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduced
damage in pears and apples as well.
Peter Shearer
In peaches, at least eight arthropod pests are associated with orchard ground cover, he said. These include tarnished plant, stinkbugs, green
peach aphids, tufted apple budmoth, two-spotted spider mites, false chinch bugs,
leafhoppers, and thrips.
Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches, where they are
season-long pests from prebloom to harvest. They, and stinkbugs, cause catfacing from
feeding on the fruit.
We know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weeds, he said.
In his studies, he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationby use of
herbicides or tillageeffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just above
zero, even when no insecticides were used to control it.
With no insecticides, orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percent
damage from tarnished plant bugs. Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky bluegrass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs, but less than half the number that were
found in orchards with white clover or weeds, where damage levels in the study were
about 10 percent. Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plant
bugs in the orchard by a month, he said, reducing the number of sprays growers needed
to apply. Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards or
those with sod alleys.
Grasses are not good hosts for pests, but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering
and the formation of seed heads, he said.
Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the base
of leaves, providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when there
are no flowers.
We know
we can get
reduced
pest
pressure by
controlling
weeds.
SUPER!
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we use to describe our customers.
We love what we do, and you make it possible!
A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who come
back to us year after year.
ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection of
apple and cherry trees, grafted on the heartiest rootstocks.
If youre looking for a variety you cant find anywhere else,
call ProTree Nurseries today.
APPLES
tBanning Red Fuji
tRising Sun Fuji

tRubyJon
(USPP 16,624 P2)
tGranny Smith
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McLaughlin cv)
tIndian Summer Crab tSchlect Spur Delicious

tSeptember Wonder
tJoburn Braeburn
Fuji (USPP 11,193)
(USPP 11,992)
tJonaStar JonaGold tSimpson Crab
tSnowdrift Crab
(USPP 20,590)
tTorres Fuji
tLindaMac
tBeni Shogun
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tBlondee
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tRubyMac
(USPP applied for)
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(USPP 21,300)
(USPP applied for)
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tZestar!
(USPP 11,367)
These apple varieties are available on B-10, B-118, EMLA-7, EMLA-26, EMLA-106, EMLA-111,
G-11, G-16, G-30, M-9 337T, NIC-29, or Supporter 4.
CHERRIES
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877.457.6901 (Henry Sanguinetti)
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www.protreenursery.com
www.goodfruit.com
29
Soils &
Nutrients
Glyphosate
resistance
M
any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate, but
in the late 1990s they were proven wrong.
As weed scientists, we were flabbergasted, Dr. Bradley Hanson, extension weed specialist with the University of California, Davis, recalled during
a weed management seminar in Wenatchee, Washington, this winter.
Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicides unique
mode of action and behavior in plants. But there are now at least 13 weed species in the
United States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Horseweed, also known as
marestail (Conyza canadensis), is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing
resistance to glyphosate in California, Oregon, and now Washington.
Some California populations of a related weed, hairy fleabane (Conyza
bonariensis), are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat.
What happened? Two things, Hanson says. Roundup-Ready soybeans,
introduced in 1996, soon accounted for 90 percent of the countrys 60 million acres of soybean plantings. Then came other Roundup-Ready crops,
such as corn, cotton, alfalfa, and sugar beets, which are also grown on
millions of acres. Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so that
by Geraldine Warner
the herbicides target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weeds
are vulnerable. While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance
in weeds, they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide,
which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypes.
The other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent
expired in 2000, and many generic formulations came onto the market. That led to a
tremendous increase in use of the product. Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970s,
compared with $50 in 2008. Today, growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less,
Hanson said.
About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California, and
glyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used. The situation
is probably similar in Washington and Oregon.
Some orchard and

vineyard weeds
are resistant.
Mutations
Resistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make
them unaffected by the herbicide. These mutations occur naturally and are not caused
by herbicides, Hanson said. Occasionally, one of these mutations enables a weed to survive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die.
When the herbicide continues to be applied, populations of these resistant plants increase. These are weeds that used to be controlled but no
longer are, even at higher herbicide rates.
There are two types of resistance: target-site and nontarget-site.
Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzyme
that plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants. Target-site
resistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbiBradley Hanson
cide, usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein.
Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide in
the plant. There are several ways this can happen. A common type of nontarget-site
resistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade the
herbicide or move it away from the target site.
In the United States, about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide
families. Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others.
Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides, which are Photosystem II
inhibitors, Hanson said. These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used in
the early 1970s. Growers switched to ALS inhibitors, which were introduced in the 1980s,
photos Courtesy of tim miller, Washington state university
Thats
trouble
brewing.
Horseweed, also known as marestail, has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California, Oregon, and Washington. Pictured top to
bottom: in bloom, as a young stalk, and as a rosette.
30
www.goodfruit.com
Herbicide-resistant weeds
Weeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States.
The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)
has increased over the past 15 years.
Glycine
NUMBER OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT
WEED SPECIES
125 -
ALS inhibitor
ROOTSTOCK VARIETIES POLLINATION
Other
ACCase inhibitor
100 -
Quality from the Start
Bipyridilium
APPLES
Multiple resistant
75 -
Dinitroanaline
Aztec Fuji (DT2 variety)

Blondee
Brookfield Gala
Buckeye Gala
Cameo brand
Granny Smith
Honeycrisp
It Red Delicious
PSII inhibitor
50 -
Synthetic auxin
25 -
01970
1975
1980
1985
1990
YEAR
1995
2000
2005
2010
but resistance was already seen by the 1990s. This is now one of the most common
classes of herbicides facing resistance.
Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, which are widely used in
tree fruits and grapes, is starting to show up, Hanson said. Products with this mode of
action include Goal (oxyfluorfen), Aim (carfentrazone), Treevix (saflufenacil), Kixor, and
Chateau (flumioxazin).
Resistance to glycines, including glyphosate, is also causing concern, although it is still
relatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes. In Oregon, Italian
ryegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate).
Thats trouble brewing, Hanson said. Thats something were keeping an eye on.
Resistance management
Practices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops, not using tillage, having a
weakly competitive crop, and not using herbicides with different modes of action in
rotation, Hanson said.
For example, maybe I plant trees, dont use tillage, and only use Roundup. That
would be a bad way to manage resistance, he said. On the other hand, a complex rotation utilizing tillage, hand weeding, and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will
minimize selection of resistant biotypes.
Since growers of perennial crops, such as tree fruits and grapes, cant easily rotate
crops or till the ground, herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with different
modes of action are the best option.
The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seeds
and have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity, so that the ones that dont germinate right away can persist for a while. The worst weeds develop through two or three
generations per year.
The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance are
those that have a single mode of action, are highly effective, are used frequently and at
high rates, and have a long residual life. The more individuals that are selected with the
herbicide, the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants, Hanson said. It boils
down to a numbers game.
Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicides
with different modes of actionnot just different active ingredients or families of
herbicides, he stressed.
Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds. Applying a herbicide
that targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance,
but managing the weed spectrum, Hanson said.
Keep good records of what you have used and where youve seen failures, he advised.
Not every weed control failure is due to resistance, but if healthy plants are intermixed
with dying plants of the same species, its a strong sign of resistance. A patch of uncontrolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance. Monitor
your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems, he suggested.
or more information, download the publication Selecting Pressure,

Shifting Populations, and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerance from
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PDF/PUBS/hanson-herbicideresistance.pdf.
www.goodfruit.com
POLLENIZERS
Indian Summer
Manchurian
SOURCE: Brad Hanson, University of California, Davis, based on information from www.weedscience.org.
CHERRIES
Attika
Benton
Bing
BlackPearl
BurgundyPearl
Chelan
Joburn Braeburn
JonaStar Jonagold
Kumeu Crimson
LindaMac
Mariri Red Braeburn
Morning Mist
Early Fuji
Morrens Jonagored Supra
Redcort
Ruby Jon
Ruby Mac
Smoothee Golden
Spartan
Ultima Gala
Zestar!
Mt. Blanc
Mt. Evereste
Pearleaf
Snowdrift
EbonyPearl
Early Robin Rainier
Hudson
Kootenay
Lapins
Montmorency
PEARS
Bartlett
Columbia Red Anjou
Concorde
Comice
PEACHES
Allstar
Autumnstar
Blazingstar
Blushingstar
Brightstar
Pinedale Ruby
RadiancePearl
Rainier
Regina
Sam
Selah
DAnjou
Forelle
Golden Russet Bosc
Coral Star
Earlystar
Elberta
Glowingstar
Redhaven
Skeena
Sweetheart
Tieton
Van
White Gold
Red Clapps Favorite

Red Sensation Bartlett
Seckel
Redstar
Risingstar
Starfire
Flamin Fury Series

PF-19-007 PF-7
PF-24-007 PF-17
PF-35-007 PF-25
PF Lucky 13
Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory.
REPRESENTATIVES
Leonard Aubert
Jim Adams
Hood River, Oregon

(541) 308-6008
aubert@gorge.net
Washington State
Payson, Utah
(509) 670-7879
(801) 465-2321
jimadams@willowdrive.com
Rey Allred
Larry Traubel
Rick Turton
Larry Lutz
Cedaredge, Colorado
(970) 856-3424
ltraubel@hotmail.com
Kelowna, B.C.
(250) 860-3805
Nova Scotia
(902) 680-5027
Larry.Lutz@scotiangold.com
WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY, INC.

1-888-54-TREES
Ephrata, Washington | www.willowdrive.com
31
Soils &
Nutrients
Selecting herbicides
FOR TREE FRUIT
Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance
and improve weed control.
by Richard Lehnert
ruit growers have a choice among several residual herbicides and postemergence herbicides
that are registered for application in tree crops,
and they should use several each year to manage
the vegetation in the tree strip.
Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resistance to herbicides, proliferation of weed species that are
not suppressed by the chosen herbicides, or to a build-up
of herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury, says
Dr. Bernard Zandstra, the horticultural weed control
specialist at Michigan State University.
Zandstra reported that several new herbicides have
been labeled for fruit trees in recent years, and others are
in the process of registration. With several active herbicides available for residual weed control, he advises growers to know the modes of action of the various herbicides,
and then use herbicides with at least two different modes
of action when making applications of preemergence

materials in fall and spring. Then rotate herbicides with
different modes of action every year. Along with the residual herbicides, he recommends using foliar-active
herbicides to kill emerged weeds.
Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at the
Northwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in
January 2012. He outlined some model herbicide
programs that fruit growers might use over several years.
Weed control in apples

In apple orchards established for three years or more,
Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples
(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated, not
per acre of orchard):
Starting in the spring of year one, apply 1 pound of
Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron). Then
follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ounces

of Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl). In the fall, use 5 ounces of
Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate.
In the spring of the second year, apply 4 ounces of
Matrix (rimsulfuron), 3 pounds of Karmex, and
glyphosate. In June, apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacil)
and 1 ounce of Venue. In the fall, apply 4 pounds of
Solicam (norflurazon) and 1.4 gallons of Casoron CS
(dichlobenil), and 1 quart of glyphosate.
In year three, start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazine)
plus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2O
(pendimethalin) in the spring. In June, apply 3 pints of
Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of Venue.
In the fall of year 3, apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chateau
(flumioxazin), plus glyphosate.
Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twice
each year, in spring and in fall, to kill emerged weeds. If no
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32
www.goodfruit.com
photo by RIChARD LEhNERt
Bernard Zandstras herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of
individual herbicides.
weeds are present, the glyphosate might not be needed.

Zandstra also reminded the growers that young trees are
susceptible to glyphosate injury, and their stems should
not be sprayed. He said that the rotation of herbicides
and modes of action is important, not the particular
chemical order. You can start a herbicide rotation in
spring or fall.
Weed control in cherries

For weed control in cherries, Zandstra recommends
use of glyphosate only once each year in the fall.
Heres his model three-year program for cherries:
In the spring, apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4
ounces of Matrix. Then in June, use 2 ounces of Aim (carfentrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue. That fall, apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate.
In year two, start in the spring with 2 quarts of GoalTender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan. In June, use
a quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venue,
but remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvest
interval. In the fall, use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a
quart of glyphosate.
In the third year, start in the spring with 4 quarts of
Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix. In June, use 2 quarts of
Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue. That fall, apply 5
ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate.
Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try
Alion for long residual control in apples and cherries.
Alion, from Bayer CropScience, is a new herbicide registered for pome and stone fruits, and it will be registered
for additional fruit crops in the future. Alion has long
residual activity, and is active against weeds that have
developed resistance to Karmex, Princep (simazine),
glyphosate, and other widely used herbicides, he said.
Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for preemergence and postemergence control of yellow
nutsedge in apples. It also controls pigweeds and most
composites. The Sandea label will be expanded to include
other fruit crops in the coming years.
Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially
effective against horseweed (marestail). It currently is
labeled for apples and pears.
Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)
is an old herbicide that is very effective against quackgrass, especially when applied in the fall. He also said that
Select Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicide
for postemergence control of annual bluegrass, which is
often a problem in fruit orchards in the spring.
Stinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in
cherries for control of horseweed, common groundsel,
dandelion, Canada thistle, goldenrod, and legumes.
There are several other herbicides being developed for
tree fruit, including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK
Biosciences, Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciences,
Spartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC, and Pindar (penoxsulam plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences. Zandstra
encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that these
herbicides are labeled for their crops.
www.goodfruit.com
33
Soils &
Nutrients
Get the most out of

GLYPHOSATE
The many formulations available do about the
same job, but the rates required can differ.
by Geraldine Warner
W
Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds
the bud stage is the most vulnerable.
hile glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds, including annual

and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds, many factors play a role in how
well it works, says Tim Miller, weed scientist with Washington State
University in Mount Vernon.
Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000, many different formulations
have been marketed. At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington State.
Glyphosate is formulated as a salt. About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain
isopropylamine salt.
Others include potassium, diammonium, trimethylsulfonium, or sesquidodium. The
salt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher, and it
also stabilizes the product. It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little more
easily, and it moves better throughout the plant.
Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations, they do
differ in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acid
equivalent. For example, Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallon,
and requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 0.75 pounds of acid equivalent, whereas
most generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces per
acre to achieve the 0.75 pounds of acid equivalent.
or more
information,
download
the publication
Glyphosate
Stewardship:
Keeping an Effective
Herbicide Effective
from www.ipm
.ucdavis.edu/PDF/
PUBS/millerglyphosatesteward
ship.pdf
Herbicide modes of action

Active
ingredient
Trade name
Mode of action
2,4-D
many
synthetic auxin
acetic acid
WeedPharm
leaf desiccation
carfentrazone
Aim
PPO inhibitor
clethodim
Select
ACCase inhibitor
clopyralid
Stinger
synthetic auxin
clove leaf oil
Matran
leaf desiccation
dichlobenil
Casoron
cell wall synthesis inhibitor
diuron
Karmex
photosystem II inhibitor
fluazifop
Fusilade
ACCase inhibitor
flumioxazin
Chateau
PPO inhibitor
glyphosate
Roundup, others EPSP synthase inhibitor
glufosinate
Rely
glutamine synthase inhibitor
halosulfuron
Sandea
ALS inhibitor
indaziflam
Alion
isoxaben
Gallery
napropamide
Devrinol
very long chain fatty acid inhibitor
norflurazon
Solicam
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
oryzalin
Surflan
microtubule assembly inhibitor
oxyfluorfen
Goal
PPO inhibitor
paraquat
Gramoxone
photosystem I inhibitor
pendimethalin
Prowl
pronamide
Kerb
rimsulfuron
Matrix
ALS inhibitor
saflufenacil
Treevix
PPO inhibitor
sethoxydim
Poast
ACCase inhibitor
simazine
Princep
terbacil
Sinbar
trifluralin
Treflan
MIX it up
uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods, rather than just one
repeatedly, scientists say.
Mix it up, Rick Boydston, weed scientist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Prosser,
Washington, urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State. Dont use any
method over and over until it fails. Mix it up to prevent resistance from developing.
An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species, but if some portion of that mix is tolerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly, there will be a shift in the dominant
species.
Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might include
other methods such as:
mechanical (cultivation, flaming, mowing and mulches)
cultural (screening irrigation water, cleaning field equipment, controlling weeds around the edges
of the orchard or vineyard, and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)
biological (releasing organisms, such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production).
Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management. Use cultivation,
mowing, or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering and
producing seed.
Preventing resistance
Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resistant
weeds. When using chemicals, combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosate
(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control and
reduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate, advises Ed Peachey, weed scientist with Oregon
State University in Corvallis.
If resistance to glyphosate has not developed, use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mix
of postemergence products. Also consider using other nonselective herbicides, such as glufosinate or
paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone), Goal (oxyfluorfen), and Treevix (saflufenacil)
for burndown control.
To delay resistance, use high glyphosate rates. Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation, so it is important to use a full label rate
to delay resistance. This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in order
to reduce selection pressure.
If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate, growers can continue to use glyphosate but should
tank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds when
they are small and easier to control. G. Warner
SOURCE: University of California IPM
34
www.goodfruit.com
Surfactant
before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves are
Generic formulations usually contain a surfactant,
clean and ensure maximum uptake of the product.
which changes the surface tension of the solution, makSpray volume
ing it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves.
Glyphosate seems to work better in lower spray volThough there is no need to add a surfactant, it doesnt
umes. Miller said its not clear exactly why, but it might be
harm to do so, Miller said. Normally, moisture beads up
because growers use smaller nozzles
on the leaf surface, and adding a surfacwhen using lower volumes, resulting in
tant to the mix can increase the surface
smaller droplets and better spray covercontact of the moisture on the leaf. It can
age. Another possibility is that when there
also slow evaporation of herbicide
is less volume of water, there are fewer
droplets and increase their rain-fastness.
cations to bind with the glyphosate and
Because glyphosate is negatively
more active ingredient available to work
charged, it binds tightly to phosphate
on the plant.
sorption sites in soils, and soil activity is
rare. Miller said thats an advantage if you
Tank mixtures
want to plant a crop right after the herbiSome other herbicides make glyphocide treatment, but it means that the hersate less effective against certain weeds
bicide will not provide long-term control
when theyre mixed together. Herbicides
because it has no residual effect, and it
with this possible effect include Aim
might need to be applied several times in
(carfentrazone), Spartan (sulfentrazone),
succession to provide complete weed
Sencor (metribuzin), and certain antidrift
control.
adjuvants. These should be applied
Negatively charged glyphosate can also
separately from glyphosate, rather than
bind to cations in the water, such as caltank mixed.
cium, sodium, magnesium, and iron. This
Miller said a possible reason for the
takes the glyphosate out of solution and
incompatibility is that the contact herbiprevents it getting into the plant and
cides might be killing the plant cells
killing it.
Tim Miller
before glyphosate, which tends to be slow
Fertilizer
acting, has a chance to translocate out
Adding a fertilizer, such as ammonium sulfate or
into the rest of the plant.
ammonium nitrate, can improve the activity of
You want to minimize the amount of damage to the
glyphosate, particularly in hard water. The negatively
plant to allow the translocation to occur, he said. Hit it
charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium,
with glyphosate first, and come back later with the
sodium, magnesium, and iron in the water and take
contact herbicide to knock it down quick.
them out of solution so they dont bind with the
Climate
glyphosate, while the positively charged ammonium
Temperature and humidity have a big impact on how
binds with the glyphosate, making it move through the
well glyphosate works, Miller said. The easiest plant to kill
plant cuticle more easily. More glyphosate in the plant
with glyphosate is a healthy, rapidly growing plant,
cells results in better translocation through the plant.
because the glyphosate is better able to translocate
Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing
throughout all the tissues.
with ammonium sulfate for this reason. Water conditionIt will have much less effect on a plant thats suffering
ers have the same effect.
from cold stress, heat stress, or drought stress and is not
Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility
growing rapidly. When applied in cold, spring weather,
test with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a
the glyphosate might not work until the weather warms
whole tank. If dry ammonium sulfate is used, nonsoluble
up. Its not being detoxified, Miller said. Its just sitting
materials such as sand and gravel will need to be filtered
there waiting for the plant to start growing.
out. Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids before
A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six
adding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the nozhours, because it should be taken up by the plant within
zles. Do this before adding the glyphosate, before the
that time.
glyphosate has chance to bind to the cations.
Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels,
Miller said if the water is soft, adding a fertilizer might
perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring, and
not be necessary, but he knows of no negative consethe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sugquences of adding ammonium sulfate, and it does
ars. For this reason, morning applications are thought to
improve control of some weed species, such as spotted
be better than afternoon treatments.
knapweed.
Hit it with
glyphosate
first, and
come back
later with
the contact
herbicide
to knock it
down
quick.
Buffers
Stage of weed growth
At a low pH level, more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid. A slightly acidic spray solutionbetween 4
and 6results in better glyphosate uptake. If the pH is
higher than 7, consider using a buffer. Buffers are commonly used with pesticides and fungicides but not often
with herbicides, but Miller said it could make a difference
with glyphosate.
With most perennial weeds, the bud stage is the most

vulnerable, either in spring or early summer. Glyphosate
can also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still has
at least 50 percent green tissue.
Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year. By
the second year, they are producing seeds and are more
tolerant of the herbicide.
Treat annuals as early as possible, as soon as seed
germination is complete for the year, but wait until most
of the weeds are up and growing, since glyphosate has no
residual activity, Miller advised.
Dust
Because glyphosate binds with soil molecules, it will
also bind to the dust on foliage, making it ineffective. If
the foliage is dusty, it might be a good idea to irrigate
www.goodfruit.com
35
Grapes
Options for when its time to replant

Identify why a vineyard
needs replanting before
planning how to do it.
by Melissa Hansen
36
photo by Rick hamman
ine grape vineyards are replanted for a

host of reasonsto change varieties,
replace diseased or winter-damaged
vines, and change trellis systems or vine
spacings. When its time for vineyard
reestablishment, what are the options, challenges, and
economics of replanting?
The recent spate of vineyard replanting in Washington
State is not unprecedented, says Jim McFerran, director of
viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa. Vineyards
of Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed in
the 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued
varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay.
In the 1990s, replanting was due to winter freezes (1991
and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vine
death, and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir and
Lemberger varieties.
But lately, interest in replanting has resulted from a
culmination of factors, McFerran said. A lot of vineyards
are now 25 to 30 years old. Were beginning to see the seriousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards, and to a lesser degree, Merlot and Chardonnay, and
many of these same vineyards have been through five or
six major freeze events in their life and are in decline.
McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment
experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards, owned by brothers
Butch and Jerry Milbrandt, and the companys approach
during a session on vineyard reestablishment that was
part of the annual meeting of the Washington Association
of Wine Grape Growers in February.
In 2007, Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing
vineyard on the Wahluke Slope. The 130-acre vineyard
was planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks, with many blocks
less than four acres in size. We knew wed be challenged
with the block design and multitude of varieties,
McFerran said. At Milbrandt, we already have about 200
acres that look exactly like that, and we cater those
vineyards and blocks toward the boutique market.
The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard should
be changed was to determine where the grapes would
goto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company for
bulk wine, Milbrandt Vineyards wines, or high-end,
boutique wineries. McFerran said they considered the
following in regards to the newly purchased vineyard:
isolated location (access is by canal road, 30 minutes
from central operations)
timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to
already-owned vineyards
operating expenses (remote location increases
operating expenses)
level of attention to detail that can be given in such a
remote location
labor demands and supervision
potential wine quality and yield
potential revenue of site
site and variety suitability (hot, windy site)
age of vines, productivity, and severity of leafroll
disease
existing vine row width and length (row widths were
two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standard
spacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)
marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries
A burn pile is all that's left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring.
INSET: With the trellis left in place, the root systems of these young vines are in the process of
being pulled out.
When we considered all these things, we ultimately

decided there was opportunity for change, McFerran
said, adding that the company believed the vineyard
would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the
Wahluke Wine Company. If we set those targets, we
believed that we could manage the vineyard to the best of
our ability.
Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead to
better managementremoving some rows and roads,
lengthening row distances, expanding block sizes, removing some varieties and planting others. The vineyard went
from 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8. Varieties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit
Verdot, and Merlot.
We wanted to farm the parcel in a professional manner, he said. Were glad that we made all these changes,
though we ask ourselves why did we spend as much
money on the changes as we did for the property. It might
not make a lot of sense, but its an awesome site, and
some of our very best wines come from this vineyard.
Replant decisions
Once the reason why a vineyard should be replanted
is identified, the how can be decided, said Dean Desserault, vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in Prosser.
Once you decide if youre removing only plants, trellis
and plants, or trellis, plants, and irrigation system, then
you can plan the how.
If the replanting reason is to change a variety that
doesnt fit the current market or is not the right variety for
the site, Desserault said growers may or may not want to
leave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place. If
the plants were healthy and the soil healthy, but vines
were just the wrong variety, at Hogue we might leave the
trellis in place. If the plants coming out are unhealthy, but
the soil is healthy, again, we might leave the trellis in

place.
But if any soil work needs to be done, such as fumigation or ripping, he usually removes the trellis system. And
if the trellis system needs repair and upgrading, or vine
spacing needs changing, the trellis goes.
Removal options
Its possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis in
place, though he admits the task is much easier if the
vines are young. With young vines, the cordon wire is cut
free from the vines, loppers are used to chop down the
vines and trunks, and roots are pulled out and placed in
the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching.
But older, larger vines are more difficult, Desserault
said. Plants are cut down below the cordon wire and
pulled out, then the cordon wire is cut and removed,
along with loose posts, and other wires.
Removing both plants and the trellis system is a more
complicated process. Wire must be removed (leave the
cordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out), wood
and/or steel stakes and posts pulled out, and anchor
posts removed. Vines are then removed and pushed into
piles for burning later. A root lifter is run through the vineyard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to the
surface.
We like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so the
burn piles can dry out, and then we get a permit and do
our burning in the spring, he said. Wire is collected from
the burn piles and removed from the vineyard.
Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is an
option if the soil health and trellis system are sound.
Weve done this a little bitwith varying resultsbut it is
an option.
www.goodfruit.com
There are many good

reasons for growers
to use
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They are watching out for your bottom line.
Popular varieties and sizes are still available.

Need a few skips or have some open ground?
Give us a call tt.
For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative, call:
800-233-2040
Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp.
Hanover, PA 17331
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS
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Grapes
Reestablishing
a vineyard
Challenges usually include diseases.
by Melissa Hansen
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38
hen planting or replanting

a site with vines, disease
and site contamination
are often the two biggest
challenges that growers
must mitigate, said Dr. Wade Wolfe, consultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe
Winery, Prosser, Washington.
Essentially all of the old vineyards
have some level of disease contamination, Wolfe said, adding that growers
should test vines for leafroll and other
viruses to determine vine health status
before deciding if everything (vines,
trellis, and irrigation system) should be
removed or just the vines, leaving the
trellis and irrigation system in place.
Site contamination issues include:
NematodesSeveral species of nematodes are found in Washington. Nematodes are common problems in the light,
sandy soils of eastern Washington. Vineyard soil samples should be tested for
nematodes before planting or replanting.
PhylloxeraAreas with heavier soils
may have problems with phylloxera, a
tiny louse that feeds on vine roots. Potential problem areas are western Washington, some areas of Walla Walla, and
Oregons Willamette Valley. Phylloxera has
been found in Washington on old Concord vineyards, though not in wine grape
vineyards.
Soil-borne fungal diseasesThese are
usually not a concern, although he has
seen some problems with verticillium wilt
where grapes followed potato crops.
WeedsNoxious weeds that cause
problems are field bindweed, Canadian
thistle, and Bermuda grass. He recommended eradicating noxious weeds
before planting the vineyard.
Residual herbicidesKnow the cropping history of the ground, especially if it
was planted to something beside grapes.
Was simazine heavily used? Wolfe has
seen Merlot vines struggle to become
established in land that was extensively
farmed in mint.
Heavy metalsHeavy metals, such as
arsenic, were used as pesticides years ago
in apple and pear orchards and can affect
establishment of new vineyards, though
this is rare.
VertebratesOld vineyards are often
heavily infested with gophers, sage rats,
and other rodents, which should be
eradicated before planting young vines.
To treat weeds and nematodes, he suggested soil fumigation or leaving the
ground fallow for one to two years and
growing brassica as green manure to add
soil tilth and reduce nematode populations. The only treatment hes aware of for
residual herbicides in the soil is adding
activated charcoal to the soil.
Soil amendments
The condition of the soil should also be
considered when deciding if vines only or
the entire vineyard will be removed. If
extensive soil work and amendments are
needed, its more effective to start with a
clean slate and remove everything.
In Wolfes viticulture consulting work,
the number-one problem he sees in existing vineyards is soil compaction and/or
caliche. If the vineyard wasnt crossripped originally, the ground will probably need cross-ripping now that its older,
a chore that is done more easily with the
existing trellis and irrigation system
removed.
Another common ailment he sees in
older vineyards that have been drip irrigated for many years is accumulation of
salts and sodium in the soil, both of which
can impede water penetration and affect
the growth of vines. And if the drip system
is 20 years old or more, the emitters are
likely plugged or semiplugged and should
be replaced. Treatment for salt accumulation includes banding sulfuric acid along
the vine row or adding sulfur. Calcium or
magnesium will also displace sodium,
and sprinkler irrigation can drive the salts
from the root zone.
Soil nutrient excesses are rare, he said,
though he has seen high nitrogen levels
where hops were grown for many years
before grapes. Soil samples will indicate if
nutrients need to be added before vines
are replanted.
If you need to do extreme soil amendment work, or need to do ripping or fumigation, its preferable to remove the trellis
and irrigation systems, he said during the
vineyard reestablishment session.
In a replant situation, growers may
want to change the row orientation from
the old vineyard. Our row orientation
ideas have changed from when we
planted everything in a north-south orientation, he said. Depending on your
block and slope, a southwest by northeast
slant may be more favorable.
n analysis of the costs of vineyard

replanting and how to return
profitability to an old vineyard
will be shared in the next issue of Good
Fruit Grower.
www.goodfruit.com
GOOD TO GO
For a complete
APRIL
listing of upcoming
events, check
April 11May 9
Washington Farm Labor Association
the Calendar at
Spring Training Series, Supervisor
Sexual Harassment Training English/
www.goodfruit.com.
Spanish, Wednesdays, at various locations. For details and registration, go
to http://wafla.org/trainingandevents.
April 1719
Food Safety Summit, Washington, D.C., Convention Center, Washington, D.C.
For information, call (847) 405-4124 or go to www.foodsafetysummit.com.
April 19
Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint
meeting, Portland Airport Sheraton, Portland, Oregon. For information, call
(503) 652-9720.
MAY
May 822
Washington Farm Labor Association/Moss Adams LLP Webinar Series: Fraud
and Embezzlement; Business Succession Planning; Key Employee Retention.
For details and registration, go to http://wafla.org/trainingandevents.
May 19
27th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet, Yakima Valley Museum, Yakima,
Washington. Contact Del Bise for information, (509) 966-2844.
May 30-31
Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meeting, Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel, Portland, Oregon. For information, call (503) 652-9720.
JUNE
June 35
Food Logistics Forum, Royal Sonesta Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana. For
information, visit www.affi.org/events/2012-food-logistics-forum.
June 6
Fruit Crop Guesstimate, Amway Grand Hotel, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Reception
following. Registration, $75. For more information, contact the Michigan Frozen
Food Packers Association, K. Terry Morrison, e-mail mfpa@centurytel.net, or call
(231) 271-5752.
June 1821
2nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium, Icicle Inn, Leavenworth,
Washington. For information, check the Web site at www.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/
organicfruit2012/ or contact David Granatstein at granats@wsu.edu.
June 1829
Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course, University of
California, Davis, Calfornia. One week of lectures/labs, second week (optional) field
tours. For information, call (530) 752-6941 or visit http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/
education/ptshortcourse/.
June 26-27
Food Safety Exchange Conference, Crowne Plaza Chicago OHare, Chicago, Illinois.
For information, visit ttp://us.mt.com/us/en/home/events/fairs/pius_food_safe.html.
JULY
July 26-27
International Fruit Tree Associations Quebec Study Tour 2012. Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. For more information, visit the IFTA Web site www.ifruittree.org/?page=
2012StudyTour.
Unmatched Performance,
Quality Built and Affordable!
Best Technology
We have been using Victair Sprayer
on our own farm for 40+ years.
When I went into business for
myself, the Victair was a natural
choice. It has exceptional coverage
(what else do you buy a sprayer
for), its easy to maintain, and using
lower HP tractors saves on fuel
costs. While in the commercial
application business for 35 years, we have sprayed
grapes, almonds, tree fruit, citrus, walnuts, and pecans. This sprayer can handle
them all. Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron), we can use less
water while maintaining coverage and, therefore, less chemicalsusually 30 to
40 percent less. This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobs.
Its the best technology on the market.
Larry Meisner, Kerman, California
H.F. HAUFF
COMPANY INC.
ENGINEERING RELIABILITY
& PERFORMANCE
1801 Presson Place, Yakima, WA 98903
509-248-0318
hfhauff@gmail.com
www.goodfruit.com
fax 509-248-0914
www.hfhauff.com
39
GOOD STUFF
A selection of
the latest products
and services for tree
Trap app
S
pensa Technologies has released MyTraps, an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide records.
MyTraps allows growers to:
growers.
log trap data in the field
visualize pest populations and easily spot trends
keep all their pesticide records in one place
analyze past data to plan better for the future
To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial, go to www. mytraps.com.
Spensa Technologies was founded by Dr. Johnny Park, an electrical and computer engineer at Purdue University, Indiana. Parks areas of research include sensor networks, computer vision, computer graphics, and robotics. He formed the company in 2009 to design, develop, and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that
will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency, while being environmentally friendly.
fruit and grape
Tree-injection
system
randt Consolidated, Inc., has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Amrica to manufacture and distribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the
University of Cordba in Spain.
FT Soluciones Amrica is an affiliate of Fertinyect S.A.
in Spain. The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesticides, nutrients, and biostimulants to trees through the
Fertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situations where conventional foliage or soil applications are
not optimal. The injection system is considered to be an
efficient, economical, environmentally friendly, and safe
way to apply chemicals for plant protection, tree nutrition, and sustainable tree production, according to a
press release from Brandt. The company will supply agricultural and landscape markets worldwide.
For more information, check the Web site
www.brandt.com.
Online fruit
trading
ince opening last August, a new online fruit trading

platform, www.tacler.com, has attracted more than
2,600 registered users from more than 100 countries.
Users have been exchanging between 2,500 and 3,000

messages a day. The site provides marketing information,
hosts discussions about the fruit industry, and facilitates
online networking and trading.
Biofungicide
registered
ertis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry Company of

Tokyo, Japan, have launched new bacterial biofungicides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (Ba
D747). Kumiai scientists discovered and patented Ba
D747, which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in Japan.
In 2010, Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA for
global development.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
registration of several Ba D747-based products last
December. The first will be launched in April under the
name Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildew,
botrytis, and bacterial diseases of tree fruit, grapes, and
other crops.
Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy, where it
will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and other
fungal diseases in grapes, strawberries, and vegetables,
and for control of fireblight in pome fruit.
In New Zealand, Ba D747 will be launched under the
name Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungal
and bacterial diseases of berries and onions.
Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued in
other countries.
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GOOD DEALS
Products and services for progressive growers
GFG BOOKSTORE
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Better coverage
Improved penetration and control
3-Point and motor models
Wurdeman & Company

309 45th Avenue Greeley, CO 80634
970-352-3902 www.wurdemanco.com
Excellent for spraying
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Successful growers from
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17 information-packed
issues per year!
REAL ESTATE
HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES!!
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OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALE

AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD
For more information contact:
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POLLINATION
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SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS
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s
Grower WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRY
PRUNING
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Fanno Saws
The Competitive
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CREATING
CONSISTENT QUALITY
MANURE COMPOST
Is your orchard
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Call Today:
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anno saws
have been the
choice of fruit and
nut growers for
almost 75 years. Our
reputation for quality and
durability speaks for
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Fanno Saw Works
are specialist in what
we do. We have
developed and
manufactured 40
different combinations
of saws and saw blades.
Fanno Saw Works
has and will continue to
be a quality source of tools
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Contact Fanno Saw Works for
all your pruning tool requirements.
Write for catalog and nearest distributor.
FANNO SAW WORKS

P.O. 628 CHICO, CALIFORNIA 95927
530-895-1762
www.fannowsaw.com
41
GOOD DEALS products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK
BRANDTS FRUIT TREES

MAXMA 14
BROKFOREST cv rootstock
2012-2013
Available 2012 for your cherry needs!
509-877-3193
bftnursery@ewbrandt.com
YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS!
CopenHaven Farms Nursery

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock
& Seedlings for Fruit, Flowering,
and Shade Trees.
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email: copenhavenfarms@comcast.net
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PH 503-985-7161 FAX 503-985-7876
APPLES
APRICOTS
CHERRIES
NECTARINES
PEACHES
PEARS
PLUMS
ORDER NOW 2012-2013
BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREES
Representing leading nurseries

cell: 509-961-7383
e-mail: mbarr5@aol.com
From Grower to Grower
MARK BARRETT
TREE SALES
Banning
ORCHARDS & NURSERY
like our rootstock,

our service will grow on you.
all fruit tree rootstock is
oregon certified virus free.
c a n b y, o r e g o n
NEW see all of our offerings, plus availabilities, at
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Still available for

2012 delivery:
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We keep tree fruit & wine grape growers informed!
Quality
Fruit
Trees
We have over 55 years of experience
in the nursery business.
Now taking growing contracts

for the following varieties:
USPP #13,753
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USPP #10104
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Most all rootstocks!

4000 Grant Road, East Wenatchee., WA 98802
509-884-7041
HIGH DENSITY
wils n
ORCHARD & VINEYARD SUPPLY
New and Innovative IdeasWe Help You Make Money!
BUENA
509-865-9100
GRANDVIEW
509-882-2500
MATTAWA
509-932-4242
800-232-1174
PASCO
509-544-9000
on-line catalog:
WENATCHEE
509-667-8180
www.wilsonirr.com
Se habl Espaol
42
Now at six locations:
INDUSTRY
COVERAGE
YOU CAN TRUST!
YAKIMA
509-453-9983
GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK!
MISCELLANEOUS
Orchard Ladder Repair
509-669-1259 or 669-2822
pair
We Re s of
nd
All Bra Ladders
um
Alumin
We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980
Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center
www.goodfruit.com

GRAFTING SERVICES
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
Uniform Growth
PORTABLE
TOILETS/SINKS
Perfect for special events, orchard,
field, or construction sites
Available with handwashing facilities
Trailer mounted (1&2 unit trailers)
Free-standing units available
Sal
Self service models available Servies,
ce,
Rentals
On-site fiberglass repair
OUT
CHECK
TRACT
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OUR CO
OWING
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YAKIMA, WA: 509-248-8444
WAPATO, WA: 509-877-3365
Join leading growers who use Crockers in their orchards.
Crockers
Fish Oil.
If youre looking for uniform growth

in your graftscall Mike Argo!
When you need to have a successful changeover and get back into production fast, call
Argo Grafting. We have the experience and
knowledge that will help you reach your goals.
Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike.
ISSUE DATE
CLOSING DATE
GRAFTING & CONTRACT TREE GROWING
May 15
April 20
Crockers Fish Oil,

a superior Sticker/Spreader, is a proven
blossom thinner, dormant spray, cover spray.
Effective on mites and lygus. Safe for new growth.
509/952-6593
June
May 8
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July
June 7
Crockers Fish Oil, Inc. / P.O. Box 333 / Quincy, WA 98848
August
July 9
1-800-700-4983
September
August 8
October
September 6
November
October 9
December
November 1
MIKE ARGO
Whitneys Grafting Service

If you need
bench grafts
or field
grafts
Using
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Since 1948
we can
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ORCHARD
GRAFTING
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Your Success Is Our Success!

Call DAN: 509-930-1420
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST:
800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave., Bondurant, Iowa 50035
Walt Grigg:
509-952-7558
43

GROWER SERVICES
IRRIGATION & CROP PROTECTION
TREE
REMOVAL?
We have both the equipment and

experience to handle any job:
1 tree to 100 acres!
Since 1974
WIND MACHINES
Dependable Frost Protection
POST OFFICE BOX 9308, YAKIMA, WA 98909
1615 W. AHTANUM, UNION GAP, WA 98903
Serving Central Washington Since 1957
Fax: 509-248-9088
For your nearest representative, visit our website: www.orchard-rite.com
Ph:
509-248-8785 ext 610
The Climate Stress Solution

t
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rfor
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Pipelines
Heavy construction Bridges
Erosion/dust control Sub soiling
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General excavation
Road construction/maintenance
GRADUATE
TREPANIER
FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD
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EXCAVATING, INC.
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Serving farmers for 45 years
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Immediate Deep Ripping for Replant
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BOB MEYER / FMF EXCAVATION
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509-848-2488 509-949-2601 509-930-4617
t Irrigation Design
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r*SSJHBUJPO1JQF
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Land Clearing Ponds Demolition
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Track Hoe Backhoe
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Fans for Burning Free Estimates
509-952-8684
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Member of Better Business Bureau
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Walking Floor/Live Floor
CASCADE
IRRIGATION & CROP PROTECTION
WIND MACHINE SERVICE

Distributor
of
3766 Iroquois Lane

WENATCHEE, WA 98801
509-662-2753
Sales: Dana Morgan, ext 215
Available to haul your products or mine

70 cubic yard/46000 pound payload
Available for delivery

Compost Chicken or cow manure
Top soil Orchard grindings
WIND MACHINES
Dependable
Frost
Protection
1611 W. Ahtanum
YAKIMA, WA 98903
509-457-9196
Sales: Virgil Anders, ext 114
No job too big or small!
509-965-0123
For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative, visit our website: www.orchard-rite.com
FISH SCREENS
MEDIA KIT
Self-Cleaning Intake Screens

Fisheries Compliant
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fax: 509-965-9309
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Reduce Nitrates, Scale, and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells.

Reduce Salts, Nematodes, Iron Bacteria, E. coli, and Costs!
Correct pH., Oxygen, Carbon, Magnesium, and Boron.
Advertisers!
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goodfruit.com
800-487-9946
44
DOUG BUTTON
RICK LARSEN
ADVERTISING MANAGER
ADVERTISING SALES
THERESA CURRELL
SALES COORDINATOR
509-853-3514
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CLASSIFIED
509-853-3520
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classified advertising is effective and economical
BIRD CONTROL
WILSON IS THE LEADER in custom
bird netting programs for all types of
crops. Full line of bangers and bird
irritant items. Call 509-453-9983. 57968
NATURAL CONTROL. The American
Kestrel Falcon will give you LOW COST
bird control. Call Ben at Orchard
Guard: 509-910-6598, www.orchard
guard.com.
58079
BLUEBERRY PLANTS
BLUEBERRY NURSERY STOCK. Our
focus is customer success. Best variety
selection. Plants available now. Impeccable service and grower support. Fall
Creek Nursery, www.fallcreeknursery
.com, 800-538-3001.
57970
EMPLOYMENT AVAILABLE
WASHINGTON STATE University
(WSU) Extension Tree Fruit Program
Leader; 100% Extension, 12-month,
tenure or non-tenure track faculty
position at the associate professor or
professor rank. Required: PhD in an
agricultural science or related discipline and qualified for appointment as
an associate professor or professor in
WSU Extension Program Unit and/or a
department in the College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource
Sciences. Preferred qualifications:
Extensive knowledge of and experience with perennial agricultural production systems; demonstrated
experience in an Extension programs
utilizing modern information and
technology transfer tools in tree fruit
or other perennial cropping systems;
evidence of success in obtaining
grants, gifts and in-kind resources to
support programs; demonstrated ability to effectively communicate and collaborate with academic professionals,
support staff, and diverse constituencies; demonstrated leadership ability
or experience in developing and executing interdisciplinary programs;
demonstrated understanding of issues
and opportunities involving Extension
in tree fruit or other perennial cropping systems; Ph.D. in horticulture
with strong background in field of tree
fruit horticulture; demonstrated ability
to conduct applied research in tree
fruit or other perennial cropping systems; demonstrated ability to interact
effectively with external constituencies, such as producer associations,
agribusinesses, and other organizations and agencies evidence of establishing new or novel partnerships with
educational institutions, government
agencies or private industry; demonstrated ability to work effectively with
individuals and groups with diverse
cultures, backgrounds, and ideologies.
Screening of application materials will
begin on May 13, 2012. For position
description listing all qualifications
and application process, visit:
www.wsujobs.com. Official title: Area
Extension Educator. Be prepared to
submit a detailed letter of application
addressing the required and preferred
qualifications, a statement of vision
and goals, a detailed resume/vita with
publications list, and the names,
addresses, and contact information for
four (4) professional references. For
questions about position contact
Darla Ewald, 509-663-8181 ext. 250,
dewald@wsu.edu. EEO/AA/ADA. 58077
MARKET RIGHTS
TREE TOP MARKET Rights, 900 for
88sale. Phone 509-834-1867
58123
www.goodfruit.com
PLANT-GROWTH Facilities Manager

Washington State University in Prosser
Washington is currently hiring a PlantGrowth Facilities Manager. This position is required to coordinate the
production and delivery of seed, cuttings and plants for commercial production, certification, virus indexing
and various aspects of virus research.
This critical position is part of a team
leading in the development of virusfree fruit trees, grapes and hops in the
U.S. The incumbent works closely with
the lead scientist and other team
members to ensure that project
research and service objectives are
accomplished efficiently. Candidates
must possess a Bachelor's degree in a
plant science field and five (5) years of
experience in greenhouse and/or
orchard management. A Master's
degree in a plant science field may be
substituted for up to one (1) year of the
required experience. Any combination
of relevant education and experience
may be substituted for the educational
requirement on a year-for-year basis.
To apply, visit www.wsujobs.com.
Screening date will be April 30, 2012
with position open until filled. WSU is
an EO/AA educator and employer.
58086
CHELAN FRUIT Cooperative seeks an

experienced Production Manager for
our Chelan facilities. Large production
department requires a manager with
strong organizational, interpersonal,
time-management, computer and
communication skills. Successful candidate will have a minimum of 5 years
production manager experience with
apple and cherry packing, commit-topack lines, presize and tray lines. Must
be able to monitor grade and productivity on packing lines & responsible
for plant operating budget & cost performance. Company offers a competitive salary and benefit package to the
right candidate. Please submit cover
letter and resume to: Chelan Fruit
Cooperative, Attn: Human Resources
Director, PO Box 669, Chelan, WA
98816, hr@chelanfruit.com
58119
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE

FIND EQUIPMENT for your farming
operation at Wilsons. www.farmit
again .com. Used equipment, buy/sell.
57973
BLUEBERRY MECHANICAL Harvester,

perfect shape, $5000. FOB Searcy, Ar.,
1-800-458-4756.
58088
GOOSENECK BIN trailer, 23 foot, carries up to 72 empty apple bins. Three
10,000 lb. axles, cable winches. $2200.
Bob Goyt, 509-784-1977.
58108
EQUIPMENT REPAIR
ALUMINUM ORCHARD LADDER repair: We repair all brands of aluminum
ladders. Tallman factory authorized.
Call for drop off locations or pick-up.
509-884-1750 or 509-669-2822. 56927
FROST PROTECTION
FROST OR FREEZE protection got you
down? Warm up with AgHeat's
propane heater to protect you crops.
Call or e-mail, agheat@gmail.com,
541-400-4875. www.agheat.com. 58080
FRUIT TREES
STAN PETERSON FRUIT Tree Sales,
representing the nations premier fruit
tree nurseries to serve you, the grower,
with the best. Call 888-333-1464, or email stan@fruit-treesales.com, for the
newest apple varieties, sweet and tart
cherries, peaches and more.
57975
FUMIGATION
ROOTSTOCKS
WIND MACHINES
TRIDENT AGRICULTURAL Products,

Inc., specializing in soil fumigation for
orchards, vineyards, hops, berries,
nurseries, and other crops. Hood River
or The Dalles, 971-563-8848; Yakima
and Wenatchee, 509-728-2004; Eastern
Washington and Columbia Basin, 509731-5424; Northwest Washington, 360630-4285.
57994
TRECO ROOTSTOCKS mean quality.

Buy from the industry leader. TRECO
has supplied 60 percent of the nations
malus rootstock needs to the nurseries
for more than 70 years. Go directly to
the source and buy the rootstocks
trusted and preferred by the major
nurseries: TRECO; PO Box 98, Woodburn, OR 97071. Ph: 1-800-871-5141;
fax: 503-634-2344; e-mail: rootstocks@
treco.nu or Web site: www.treco.nu.
CHINOOK WIND MACHINES, sales/

service. All makes, new/used. H.F.
Hauff Company, Inc., 509-248-0318.
CUSTOM ORCHARD fumigation Replanting? No job too small. Call now to

schedule your 2012 applications. 509687-9572 Serving all of Washington.
Visit us at CustomOrchardFumigation
.com
56904
GRAFTING
SALVADOR ZARAGOSA professional
grafting, chip budding, and budding
bench grafting. We guarantee 95% take.
Mobile, 509-961-2986.
57838
PROFESSIONAL GRAFTING and service. Small and large acreage. 20 years
experience. Jose Mendez, 509-5840034 or (mobile) 509-949-1321. 57979
COATES GRAFTING COMPANY, specializing in top working cherries. Over
35 years experience. Ken Coates, 509662-1882; 509-668-0262 (mobile).57981
GRAFTING AND BUDDING supplies.
Two types graft machines, waxes, budding rubbers. Top of the line grafting
knives, online www.wilsonirr.com,
509-453-9983.
57985
ARGO GRAFTING, accepting bench
and field grafting reservations for 2012.
Call Mike Argo, go for quality. 509-9526593.
57977
FULL SERVICE FIELD grafting including chainsawing. Over 25 years experience with practically same crew for
over 15 years. Gary McMonagle Grafting. 509-669-1686.
57983
ORCHARD LEASES
LEASING FARMS. DEDICATED and
experienced farmer interested in leasing apple, cherry, and pear farms in
eastern Washington. Call 509-4802196.
55870
ORCHARD SUPPLIES
WILSON IS YOUR SOURCE for all
types of fabric and plastics used in
farming. Shade, wind screens, greenhouse films, and mulches. 509-4539983.
57987
WILSONS HIGH Spanish style greenhouse tunnels. Early and increased
production and crop protection.
www.growtunnel.com. 800-232-1174.
57989
PACKING EQUIPMENT
70 HP COPELAND condensing unit.
One portable Rainier cherry packing
line, 206-321-8378.
57991
FOR SALE: CHERRY packing line, 5
ton per hour capacity, hydraulic cluster separator, parallel sizer, bagging
tables. View pictures online at:
http://web.me.com/billtruscott/Site. For
more information contact Bill
Truscott, 250-428-6221; billtruscott@
mac.com or Frank Wloka, 250-4281730, fwolka@hotmail.com.
57849
SPRAYERS
COMPLETE LINE of mist sprayers.
Swihart Sales Company, Quinter, KS.
800-864-4595, www.swihart-sales.com.
TREE TRAINING
TREE TRAINING and trellis supplies
online at www.wilsonirr.com.
58004
56967
FIRDALE NURSERY, certified apple

rootstocks: EMLA 7, EMLA 26, EMLA
106, EMLA 111, M 9 (337) and BUD 9.
Beaverton, Oregon. 503-628-2755.57657
COPENHAVEN FARMS NURSERY.
Were at the Root of The Business.
Quality Oregon-grown rootstock and
seedlings for fruit, flowering, and
shade trees. Specializing in virus-free
apple, cherry, plum, and pear rootstock since 1982. Christopher and
Marilyn Dolby 503-985-7161; Fax: 503985-7876. E-mail: copenhavenfarms
@comcast.net, www.copenhavenfarms.
com.
56850
WILLAMETTE NURSERIES offers Oregon-grown, virus-certified fruit tree
rootstock, including popular 9 clones
and fruit tree seedlings (apple, cherry,
pear and plum.) Excellent quality, reasonably priced. Outstanding service.
Visit our updated Web site, including
availabilities, at: www.willamettenur
series.com. Willamette Nurseries, 25571
S. Barlow Rd., Canby, OR 97013. 800852-2018, 503-263-6405, E-mail:
57870
willamette@canby.com.
STAKES / POSTS / POLES

QUALITY PAYSPRINCETON Wood
Preservers pressure-treated posts,
poles. Quoted by truckload. #10-477
Martin St., Penticton, B.C. V2A 5L2.
Plant phone: 250-492-9190, fax: 250492- 175, toll free, 877-797-7678. Email: e.everitt@shaw.ca; Web: www.
pwppost.com.
57996
POSTS, POLES, AND STAKES: Pressure treated in the USA. Various sizes
and lengths. Untreated available for
organic growers. Jasper Enterprises,
Inc.; PO Box 102; Chattaroy, WA 99003;
phone 800-238-6540; or e-mail sales@
jasper-inc.com.
57347
STEEL APPLE and grape trellis. Custom systems available. Bamboo,
treated wood, top of the line quality
and service. Online catalog. Wilson
Vineyard and Orchard Supply, Yakima,
Washington. 509-453-9983, www.wil
sonirr.com.
57998
PANHANDLE FOREST PRODUCTS:
Quality posts, poles, and stakes. CCA
pressure-treated, with delivery. Partial
loads. 888-289-7678; www.panhandle
.com.
57538
TREE SPREADERS
FANTASTIC PRICING! Cedar spreaders, last and last! Steel point and
notched 4 to 6 inches. U-make programs. Cedarbrook Lumber, 800-6346334.
58000
BEST PRICING: notched and nailed.
Wilson, 509-453-9983.
58002
V SPREADER, Eastern contact: 519599-2299; Western contact: 209-4848502. www3.sympatico.ca/treeform.
58081
FOR SALE: Used tree spreaders, 509845-4389.

58113
58010
CASCADE WIND MACHINE Service,

distributor of Orchard-Rite wind
machines. PO Box 9308; Yakima, WA
98909, phone 509-457-9196; Wenatchee, WA 509-662-2753; British Columbia, 604-495-7873.
58007
WIND MACHINE SALES: sales/ser vice, new and used wind machines.
509-877-2138.
58006
ADVERTISER INDEX
800Drywood.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Agro-K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Antles Pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Apple Valley Consulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Banning Orchards & Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Bayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,13
Bob Meyer/FMF Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Brandt's Fruit Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Burrows Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
C & O Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cameron Nurseryv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cascade Wind Machine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Cliff's Septic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Copenhaven Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Crocker's Fish Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Crop Production Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CSI Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Custom Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Dave Wilson Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Dow AgroSciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
DuPont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Eric Weinheimer, Realtor/Broker. . . . . . . . . . . 41
Extenday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Fall Creek Farm & Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Fanno Saw Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Farmers Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Firman Pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
FirmYield Pollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Foothills Irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,44
Fowler Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
G.S. Long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Gary Trepanier Excavating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Gowan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
H.F. Hauff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
JP's Ladder Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
KYVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Mark Barrett Tree Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
McGregor Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Midvale Organic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mike Argo Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Miller Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,37
Morgan & Sons Excavating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
N.W. Farm Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Nelson Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Northwest AgriProducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Nutrient Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Orchard Rite Wind Machines . . . . . . . . . . . 19,44
Pacific Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pink Lady America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Polymer Ag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
ProTree Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Rankin Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
RDO Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
RentMe Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Scentry Biologicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Shur Farms Frost Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sierra Gold Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sloan-Leavitt Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Stark Brothers Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sunnyside New Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Swihart Sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Syngenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TRECO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Trepanier Excavating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
UPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Van Well Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Water Changers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Weed Badger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Whatcom Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Whitney's Grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Wilbur Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Willamette Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,42
Willow Drive Nursery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Wilson Orchard & Vineyard Supply. . . . . . . . . 42
Wurdeman & Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
45
LAST BITE
A series of
articles on
the origins of
well-known
fruit varieties.
Braeburns fatal flaw

Braeburn orchards are being removed in New Zealand and Washington State.
t seemed, at one time, that Braeburn was destined

to become one of the worlds leading apple varieties. In 1999, Braeburn accounted for 60 percent
of New Zealands apple crop.
The original tree was a chance seedling
discovered in 1952 in a hedgerow at a farm owned by O. Moran at
Waiwhero near Nelson, in New Zealand. By all
accounts, it is a hybrid of a variety called Lady
Hamilton (about which Good Fruit Grower
could find no information) and possibly
Granny Smith, which were both reported to
be growing near where it was found.
It is named after Braeburn Orchards, owned
by Williams Brothers, which was the site of
the first commercial planting.
Orchardists in the Nelson area
grew the variety, but it was not
until the late 1980s that it was
grown internationally. It was
among the first bicolored
apples to come to market
along with Gala and Fuji
after a period when Red
Delicious and Golden
Delicious had dominated
world production.
Braeburn had all the
necessary attributes for
large-scale production: The
tree was easy to grow and produced high, early yields. The
fruit was medium-sized, with
crisp and juicy flesh and a complex, sweet-tart flavorone that
Europeans in particular liked.
I am convinced this is one of the
great new apples of the world, Warren
Manhart enthused in his book Apples for the
21st Century published in 1995.
Another reason for its demise, some say, is that it was never trademarked, so production and quality could not be controlled, as would
have been possible with a managed system.
With the removal of many trees, production of the Braeburn in New
Zealand has dropped from 8 million boxes only six years ago to 3.3
million boxes this yearthe lowest volume in 20 years. Though Royal
Gala (New Zealands number-one variety) and Braeburn still make up
more than half of the crop there, a varietal shift is under way. Jazz, an
offspring of Braeburn and Gala, was expected to top 2 million cartons
for the first time and constitute 12 percent of the New Zealand crop
in 2012.
Braeburn is also produced in Europe, Chile, and the United States.
In Washington State, the variety was planted commercially in the late
1980s, but by 1992, nursery tree sales were already dropping off. Tree
surveys show that more than 2,800 acres of Braeburn
have been removed in Washington since 2006, with
4,000 acres remaining. Production
peaked in 2004 at 3.4 million
boxes, which was 3 percent of
the total apple crop.
Eve, a red blush strain

of Braeburn, was
discovered in
Nelson, New
Zealand. It matures
slightly later than
the standard
Braeburn.
46
illo
W Dr
Co
ur
te s
yo
fW
But it has a fatal flaw that wasnt discovered until the variety was
widely planted: It can turn brown inside during storage, and its usually
not possible to tell if an apple has the Braeburn browning disorder until
a person bites or cuts into it. Scientists believe that it happens because
the variety has a relatively impermeable skin, which restricts diffusion
of gases into and out of the fruit, leading to high internal carbon dioxide
concentrations.
The browning disorder seems worse in overmature fruit, fruit from
lightly cropped trees, and large fruit, but it can show up on different
trees in different years, and in some regions, but not others.
But there were other reasons why the variety fell out of favor in
New Zealand.
Peter Beaven, former chief executive of Pipfruit New Zealand, has
said Braeburn is a casualty of the global economic shift to Asia. Traditionally, Europe has been a major destination for New Zealand apples,
but it is a very competitive market. New Zealand growers have for
several years suffered poor returns on Braeburn.
Growers have had enough and have given their exporters an ultimatum: Either deliver sustainable returns from those markets or expect to
see the variety disappear, Beaven was quoted as saying last year.
We know New Zealand Braeburn is a very good apple, and there is
good demand for it, but it will be up to our importers to show they can
deliver sustainable economic returns and that there is still a place for
Braeburn in our orchards.
In recent years, New Zealand has been exporting increasing volumes
of apples to Asian markets, which are closer and therefore cheaper to
access, but the sweet-tart Braeburn has limited appeal in that region.
i ve Nursery
Fatal flaw
In 2011, Washington produced 2.7 million of the 3.5 million boxes

grown in the United States as a whole.
In New Zealand, Braeburn is picked in late April to May, nearly two
months after Gala. In the United States, it ripens about the same time
as Granny Smith. A number of sports have been commercialized,
including Hidala, Mahana Red, Royal Braeburn, Hillwell, and
Southern Rose.
Geraldine Warner
SOURCES: HortResearch, New Zealand; Orange Pippin, Ltd.;

Pipfruit New Zealand; Washington Growers Clearing House Association;
Apples for the 21st Century by Warren Manhart.
www.goodfruit.com
We understand
the true value of your crops.
Assail. Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests.
We know that every apple is precious. That is why we want to help you get started on the right
track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage. Research shows when
Assail insecticide is used first in a codling moth program, followed by other insecticide treatments,
Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit.
Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative
for more information.
Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth, but also aphids,
apple maggots and more. So choose Assail. Because youre not just protecting your apples. Youre
protecting your livelihood.
Built for where crop

protection is going.
Always read and follow label directions and precautions. Assail is a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company. UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus, Inc. February, 2012.
United Phosphorus, Inc., 630 Freedom Business Center, King of Prussia, PA 19406. www.upi-usa.com.
www.goodfruit.com
47

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SOILS & NUTRIENTS

APRIL 15, 2012

VOL. 63, NO. 8

to help you deal with

APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils

Planning new apple orchards

Get spacing and rootstock right

Get the most out of glyphosate

The future for organic apple sales is not bright

Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control

Pheromones explored for psylla

Marketing new varieties is the hard part

GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15, 2012

growing with growers since 1946

GOOD GRAPE GROWER

Options for when

Go to www.goodfruit.com for the latest tree fruit

Jeff Colombini, Lindsay Hainstock, Denny Hayden,

Fertilizing pear orchard,

105 S. 18th St., #217, Yakima, WA 98901

APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

Trial conducted by Dr. J. Schupp, Penn State - 2009

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The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

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Custom Contracted Apple,

ashington State University is seeking candidates for

We ship nationwide, so please call

Hybrid protein blocks

team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xylella

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APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Dont even think about it.

Free from fungus, apples

The future for organic

astern United States apple growers fear that

choose to do that is if there is a price

Green Through Better Technology.

Redox Chemicals, LLC

G.S. Long Co.

APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Still, as ORourke noted, those prices, while stronger in

GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15, 2012

Second cherry referendum considered

he Washington Tree Fruit

assessment, but cherry and soft fruit

the next eight years, will pay for new

At a meeting in March, the Washington

APRIL 15, 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Nelson engineers have

FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED:

R33 & R33LP TAKE ON 3/4 IMPACTS:

THE R10 OFFERED:

R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO

THE BR200 INTRODUCED:

THEN, THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US:

LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP:

After 25 years, Nelson Irrigation thanks the

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