Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
16
20
24
32
36
40
44
dali orm
T h o s e w h o i n v e n t e d I g l u
48
Le applicazioni
U-boot is used in all applications that require a plate structural solution, along with concrete-savings and therefore
weight-savings. In tower buildings, weight-saving at every floor reduces load on foundations. The fact of avoiding beams
being out of the slab thickness, enables the reduction of height for each floor. Therefore, a higher number of floors can be
built. By using U-boot beton, it is possible to build thick raft foundations with a reduced quantity of concrete (and weight).
U-boot is the ideal solution to create slabs of big spans and/or with a high bearing capacity. In case of difficult access to
the building site or restructuring, U-boot beton permits to build up the horizontal structures without using lifting and
movement devices, because of its stackability, modularity, lightness and manageability. The U-boot system particularly
fits structures that need significant open spaces, like bureaus,industrial and commercial buildings, and civil
constructions as well. The system also allows a more irregular distribution of pillars, since beams are not necessary.
Advantages in short
LIGHT - THIN - BIDIRECTIONAL
[ Designedf or bidirectional slabs
[ Decrease of concrete and weight up to 40%
[ Reduced deformation (maximum stiffness loss
15%)
[ Reduction of load on foundations
[ Reduction of pillar section
FLEXIBLE
[ Spans up to 20 m
[ Absence of beams between pillars
[ Reduction of pillars number
[ Possible use with prefabricated slabs (picture 3)
[ No lifting and movement devices required, ideal
for restructuring
[ Possible creation of monodirectional slabs
thanks to the bridge accessory
ANTISEISMIC
[ Reduced seismic mass
[ Less dimensional limitations of elements
[ Double inferior and superior slab
OPEN SPACES
More spacious rooms
Bigger architectural freedom
Easier change of use
[
[
[
ECONOMIC
[ Less concrete incidence, thickness being equal
[ Less steel incidence
[ Usable height saving on each floor, since
avoiding beams being out of the slab thickness
enables a higher number of floors, height being
equal (tower buildings)
[ Rapidity and easiness of pose (unique twophased casting) (picture 2)
[ Possibility of big spans, load being equal
(picture 5)
[ Possibility of high bearing capacity, spans being
equal
[ Economical transport and easy stocking, since it
is stackable
[ Ready to smooth once the deck is taken off, the
intrados is a plane surface which do not require
false ceilings at an aesthetical level
[ If a false ceiling is necessary, pose is made more
rapidly
SAFE
[ Significant fire resistance (certification REI 180;
concrete cover 3cm)
[ Safety on building site (complete flat deck
avoids plunking down)
Posing
U-boot
U-boot beton formwork is an easy to use product. First, a flat and complete surface has to be prepared with a
wooden deck or any other similar system. Then, the inferior steel reinforcement hasto be posed in the two
orthogonal directions, as designed in the executive project; the lattices are finally posed in order to space out
upper reinforcements.
Afterwards, U-boots are laid down and connected by lateral flaps, respecting the required span between the
lightening space. Thanks to the cone shaped feet, U-boots are raised above the slab intrados, and the concrete
can thus be cast, filling the whole surface below the elements. If double elements are to be used (H32, H36, H40,
H44, H48), it will be necessary to pre-emptively assemble the two parts, that will be delivered in different pallets at
the building site. The reinforcement pose is to be completed by disposing the upper bending steel bars in two
directions, the shear and punching reinforcement, where necessary.
Due to the floating pressure exerted on U-boots, the concrete should be cast in two different phases: (picture 1)
the first casting has to fill a thickness equal to the feet height. The final phase has to be done when the first
concrete layer starts to set and becomes semi-solid.
Casting proceeds each time from the previous starting point. While the casting proceeds, the concrete sets.
Finally the casting has to be levelled up in a traditional way (picture 6).
The U-boot system execution time will be accelerated by using new deck technologies which permit to
disassemble within 2-4 days, or using the carpet reinforcement system, in order to reduce the steel bars posing
time up to 4-6 times.
!W W W
U-boot lightened slab scheme: note the lack of connection beams between pillars.
U-boot slabs do not need beams between pillars, a perimeter edge beam is enough.
The orthogonal grid of beams transfers all stresses directly on pillars; around which it is enough to leave a massive area,
called mushroom pillar, which is thick as the slab and variable in function of shear stresses.
Table: U-boot slabs characteristics compared to massive slabs
Square
grid
span
Slab thickness
with overload
500 kg/m2
S2
Lightened
slab inertia
Massive
slabinertia
Equivalent
height
percentage
loss
Lightened
slab weight
cm
cm
cm4/m
cm4/m
kg/m2
kg/m2
%
29,09
S1
H
U-boot
cm
Massive
slab weight
Weight
saving
26
16
124802
146467
5,196
460,9
650,0
30
16
203335
225000
3,319
560,9
750,0
25,21
34
24
249430
327533
8,680
563,3
850,0
33,73
10
36
10
16
10
367135
388800
1,893
710,9
900,0
21,01
11
38
24
379163
457267
6,052
663,3
950,0
30,18
12
42
32
426164
617400
11,624
671,8
1050,0
36,02
12
44
10
40
10
631763
709867
3,811
813,3
1100,0
26,06
12
46
32
619897
811133
8,573
771,8
1150,0
32,89
13
50
40
660882
1041667
14,073
774,2
1250,0
38,06
14
52
10
32
10
980497
1171733
5,766
921,8
1300,0
29,09
14
54
40
931415
1312200
10,797
874,2
1350,0
35,24
15
58
48
959465
1625933
16,123
876,6
1450,0
39,54
15
60
10
40
10
1419215
1800000
7,617
1024,2
1500,0
31,72
16
62
48
1319599
1986067
12,740
976,6
1550,0
36,99
18
68
10
48
10
1953799
2620267
20,439
1126,6
1700,0
33,73
IN DEPTH
U-boot lightened slab scheme: note the lack of connection beams between pillars
U-boot
Raft foundation
Among foundation different typologies, raft foundation is surely one of the most known and used, considering its evident
technical advantages: high stiffness due to its static bidirectional behaviour, and thus load partition capacity on the
ground; it also permits to absorb stresses coming from the building, with differential subsidences close to zero; easy and
quick to carry out. If stresses increase or the ground bearing capacity decreases, the structure may require a thick raft
foundation. This means having more concrete and more pressure on the ground; and therefore higher building costs.
U-boot beton is a formwork made of recycled polypropylene, purposely designed to build lightened plate slabs and raft
foundations.
Once drowned into concrete, it creates an alveolar structure with two slabs of different thickness, joined by an
orthogonal grid of beams of variable width, therefore building an ideal light structure for raft foundations. Statically, it can
be seen as a grid of I beams which means having a rationalized masses distribution for the purpose of inertia, in order to
get high stiffness with a minimum quantity of concrete. This perfect combination of lightness and stiffness permits, in
particular cases, to avoid using foundation piles.
10.000 m2 raft foundation, thickness 68 cm, overloads 3.000 kg/m2. The project initially planned to use foundation piles.
U-boot or polystyrene?
Polystyrene is a widely used material in the world of building, especially if associated to prefabricated slabs, because it is
cheap and malleable. However, in the last few years, the technicalscientific community has been focusing on its
numerous disadvantages.
First of all, the fact that polystyrene releases toxic styrene monomers, at room
temperature. Moreover, some studies carried out by the
Polytechnic University of Milan highlight the fact that a slab
lightened by means of polystyrene explodes after only 20
minutes, if exposed to fire load. This is partially due to the
presence of warm air into the cavities which increases pressure,
and partially due to styrene sublimation. That is the second
problem. In order to avoid slabs explosions, prefabricated slabs
producers recently planned some vents into the slab to maintain
external pressure into cavities. But in this case, the styrene flows out
from the cavity, and it is toxic.
On the contrary, U-boot is made of polypropylene which is not toxic
even if it burns. Moreover, the CSI laboratories carried out a fire test on
a slab lightened by means of U-boot and with a 3 cm concrete cover,
and the structure was certified REI 180 minutes. The certification is
available on request. Finally, polystyrene is a material which needs
huge volumes for transportation and stock on site; U-boot beton is
designed to be stackable.
GLI APPROFONDIMENTI
U-boot
Boroli La Brunella wine cellar - Castiglione Falletto (CN) - Architectural project Arch. Guido Boroli - Structural Project Carosso &
Daliform - Spans 7.5mx5m - Overloads 3000 kg/m2 - surface 400 m2
Nola Interport - Nola (NA) - Architectural project: Renzo Piano Building Workshop - Structural project : Favero&Milan
En - Spans 10mx10m - Overloads700 kg/m2
Direction center Treviso 2 - Treviso (TV) - Architectonic project Arch. Mario Botta - Structural project Studio Vitaliani - span
10mx10m - overload 600 kg/m2 - Surface 500 000 m2
Base
B
cm
Height
H
Feet
P
cm
cm
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
0-5-7-10
u-16
52x52
16
u-20
52x52
20
u-24
52x52
24
u-32
52x52
32
u-36
52x52
36
u-40
52x52
40
u-44
52x52
44
u-48
52x52
48
Spacers
d
cm
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0
0
0
0
0
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
0 e 1,5
Beam
width
Beam
interax
U-boot
incidence
cm
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
cm
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
64
66
68
70
72
pz/mq
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
2,44
2,30
2,16
2,04
1,93
Concrete saving
mc/pz
0,031
0,031
0,031
0,031
0,031
0,039
0,039
0,039
0,039
0,039
0,047
0,047
0,047
0,047
0,047
0,062
0,062
0,062
0,062
0,062
0,070
0,070
0,070
0,070
0,070
0,078
0,078
0,078
0,078
0,078
0,086
0,086
0,086
0,086
0,086
0,094
0,094
0,094
0,094
0,094
Concrete
consumption
mc/mq
0,076
0,071
0,067
0,063
0,060
0,095
0,090
0,084
0,079
0,075
0,115
0,108
0,102
0,096
0,091
0,151
0,142
0,134
0,127
0,120
0,171
0,161
0,151
0,143
0,135
0,190
0,179
0,169
0,159
0,150
0,210
0,198
0,186
0,175
0,166
0,229
0,216
0,203
0,192
0,181
52
d
H
H
p
d
p
Certification
On customer request, Daliform provides load tests on formworks and reinforced plates, certified by the University of Padova
mc/mq
0,084
0,089
0,093
0,097
0,100
0,105
0,110
0,116
0,121
0,125
0,125
0,132
0,138
0,144
0,149
0,169
0,178
0,186
0,193
0,200
0,189
0,199
0,209
0,217
0,225
0,210
0,221
0,231
0,241
0,250
0,230
0,242
0,254
0,265
0,274
0,251
0,264
0,277
0,288
0,299