2G Spectrum Scam - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

2/8/2015
2GspectrumscamWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
2Gspectrumscam
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
The2Gspectrumscamwasamajortelecommunicationsscamandpoliticalscandalinwhichpoliticians
andgovernmentofficialsofIndiaillegallyunderchargedmobiletelephonecompaniesforfrequency
allocationlicenses,whichtheythenusedtocreate2Gspectrumsubscriptionsforcellphones.The
differencebetweenthemoneycollectedandthemoneythatthelawmandatedtobecollectedwasestimated
bytheComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndiaat 1766.45billion(US$28billion),basedon3Gand
BWAspectrumauctionpricesin2010.[1]Inachargesheetfiledon2April2011bytheinvestigating
agency,theCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI),thelosswaspeggedat 309845.5million
(US$4.9billion)[2]whereason19August2011inareplytoCBI,theTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityof
India(TRAI)saidthatthegovernmenthadgainedover 30billion(US$470million)byselling2G
spectrum.[2]SimilarlyKapilSibal,theMinisterofCommunications&IT,claimedin2011,duringapress
conference,that"zeroloss"wascausedbydistributing2Glicensesonafirstcomefirstservedbasis.[3]It
hastobepointedout,however,that"zeroloss"cansimplymeanthatfrequencieswerenotsoldforlessthan
cost.Thephraseindicatesnothingaboutthelegitimacyofthesale.
Allthespeculationsconcerningprofit,loss,andnolosswereputtoreston2February2012whenthe
SupremeCourtofIndiadelivereditsjudgementonapublicinterestlitigation(PIL)whichwasdirectly
relatedtothe2Gspectrumscam.TheSupremeCourtdeclaredtheallotmentofspectrum"unconstitutional
andarbitrary"andquashedall122licensesissuedin2008duringthetenureofA.Raja(Ministerof
Communications&ITfrom2007to2009),themainofficialaccusedinthe2Gscamcase.[4]Thecourt
furthersaidthatA.Raja"wantedtofavoursomecompaniesatthecostofthepublicexchequer"and
"virtuallygiftedawayimportantnationalasset."[5]Thezerolosstheorywasfurtherdemolished[6]on3
August2012,whenfollowingthedirectionsoftheSupremeCourt,theGovernmentofIndiarevisedthe
basepricefor5MHz2Gspectrumauctionsto 140billion(US$2.2billion),makingthevalueofspectrum
amounttoroughly 28billion(US$440million)perMHz,afigureclosetotheCAG'sestimateof
33.5billion(US$530million)perMHz.[7][8]
Theoriginalplanforawardinglicenceswastofollowafirstcomefirstservedpolicytoapplicants.A.Raja
manipulatedtherulessothatthefirstcomefirstservedpolicywouldkickinnotonthebasisofwho
appliedfirstforalicensebutofwhomcompliedwiththeconditionsfirst.[9]On10January2008,companies
weregivenjustafewhourstoprovidetheirLettersofIntentandcheques.Thoseallegedlytippedoffby
Rajawerewaitingwiththeirchequesandotherdocuments.Someoftheirexecutivesweresenttojailalong
withtheminister.[9]
In2011,Timemagazinelistedthescamatnumbertwoontheir"Top10AbusesofPower"list(justbehind
theWatergatescandal).[10][11][12]
Contents
1Background
2PartiesaccusedofInvolvement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam
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2.1Politiciansaccused
2.1.1A.Raja
2.1.2M.K.Kanimozhi
2.1.3PramodMahajan
2.2Bureaucratsaccused
2.2.1SiddharthBehura
2.2.2RKChandolia
2.3Corporateexecutivesaccused
2.3.1SanjayChandra
2.3.2GautamDoshi
2.3.3HariNair
2.3.4SurendraPipara
2.3.5VinodGoenka
2.3.6ShahidBalwa
2.3.7AsifBalwa(youngerbrotherofShahidBalwa)
2.3.8RajivAgarwal
2.3.9SharathKumar
2.3.10RaviRuia
2.3.11AnshumanRuia
2.3.12VikasSaraf
2.3.13IPKhaitan
2.3.14KiranKhaitan
2.4Filmandentertainmentpersonsaccused
2.4.1KarimMorani
2.5Corporationsaccused
2.5.1UnitechWireless
2.5.2RelianceTelecom
2.5.3SwanTelecom
2.6Mediarole
3Chronologyofeventsandinvestigation
3.12007
3.22008
3.32009
3.42010
3.52011
3.62012
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3.72013
4Licensesquashed
4.1Telecomcompaniesaffectedbycancellationoflicenses
4.2AftereffectsofSupremeCourt'sverdict
5AircelMaxisdealcontroversy
6Responsetoscam
7JointParliamentaryCommittee
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks
Background
Indiaisdividedinto22telecommunicationszoneswith281zonallicensesinthemarket.[13]In2008,122
newsecondgeneration(2G)UnifiedAccessService(UAS)licensesweregiventotelecomcompaniesat
the2001priceandonafirstcomefirstservedbasis.AccordingtothechargesheetfiledbytheCentral
BureauofInvestigation(CBI),severalruleswereviolatedandbribeswerepaidtofavourcertainfirms
whileawarding2Gspectrumlicenses.TheauditreportoftheComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndia
(CAG)saysthatseverallicenseswereissuedtofirmswithnopriorexperienceinthetelecomsectororthat
wereineligibleorhadsuppressedrelevantfacts.[14]InNovember2007formerPrimeMinisterofIndiaDr
ManmohanSinghhadwrittenalettertotelecomministerA.Rajadirectinghimtoensureallotmentof2G
spectruminafairandtransparentmannerandtoensurethelicensefeewasproperlyrevised.Rajawrote
backtotheprimeministerrejectingmanyofhisrecommendations.[15]InthesamemonththeMinistryof
FinancewrotealettertotheDepartmentofTelecommunications(DOT)raisingconcernsoverthe
procedureadoptedbyit,[15]buttheDOTwentaheadwithitsplanforgiving2Glicenses.Itadvancedthe
cutoffdatefrom1October2007to25September.[15]Lateronthesameday,theDoTpostedan
announcementonitswebsitesayingthosewhoappliedbetween3:30and4:30pmonthatverydaywould
beissuedlicensesinaccordancewiththispolicy.[15]CompanieslikeUnitechandSwanTelecomgot
licenseswithoutanytelecomexperience.[16]
SwanTelecomgotthelicenseeventhoughitdidnotmeeteligibilitycriteria.[16]Swangotalicensefor
15.37billion(US$240million)andthensolda45%staketotheUAEbasedcompanyEtisalatfor
42billion(US$660million).[16]UnitechWireless,asubsidiaryoftheUnitechGroup,gotalicensefor
16.61billion(US$260million)andlatersolda60%stakefor 62billion(US$970million)totheNorway
basedcompanyTelenor.[16]
Followingisthelistofthecompaniesthatreceived2GlicensesduringthetenureofA.RajaasTelecom
Minister.[17][18](ThelicenseswerelaterquashedbySupremeCourt)[19][20]
Nameof
Telecomregionsforwhich
Number
of
Remarks
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Company
licensewasgranted
license
granted
AdonisProjects
Pvt.Ltd.
Haryana,HimachalPradesh,
Jammu&Kashmir,Punjab,
Rajasthan,UttarPradesh
(East)
Nahan
PropertiesPvt.
Ltd.
Assam,Bihar,NorthEast,
Orissa,UttarPradesh(East),
WestBengal
AskaProjects
Ltd.
AndhraPradesh,Kerala,
Karnataka
VolgaProperties Gujarat,MadhyaPradesh,
Pvt.Ltd.
Maharashtra
AzureProperties
Kolkata
Ltd.
Hudson
Properties
Delhi
UnitechBuilders
TamilNadu(including
&EstatesPvt.
Chennai)
Ltd.
Unitech
Infrastructures
Pvt.Ltd.
Mumbai
LoopTelecom
Pvt.Ltd.
Bihar,Gujarat,Himachal
Pradesh,Kerala,Kolkata,
Punjab,Rajasthan,Uttar
Pradesh(East),UttarPradesh
(West),WestBengal,Andhra
Pradesh,Delhi,Haryana,
Karnataka,Maharashtra,
Odisha(Orissa),TamilNadu
(includingChennai),Assam,
Jammu&Kashmir,Madhya
Pradesh,NorthEast
21
Datacom
SolutionsPvt.
Ltd.
AndhraPradesh,Assam,
Bihar,Gujarat,Haryana,
HimachalPradesh,Jammu&
Kashmir,Karnataka,Kerala,
Kolkata,MadhyaPradesh,
Maharashtra,NorthEast,
Odisha,Rajasthan,Tamil
Nadu(includingChennai),
UttarPradesh(East),Uttar
PradeshWest,WestBengal,
21
AdonisProjects,NahanProperties,Aska
Projects,VolgaProperties,Azare
Properties&HudsonPropertieswere
acquiredbyUnitech.Unitech
InfrastructureandUnitechBuilders&
Estateswerealreadysubsidiariesof
UnitechGroup.Soin2008Unitechhad22
2Glicenses.Laterinthesameyear
NorwaybasedcompanyTelenorbought
majoritystakeinthetelecomcompany
fromtheUnitechGroup.Nowitoffers
servicesunderUninorbrandholding22
panIndialicences.
OperatesunderbrandnameVideocon
TelecommunicationsLimited
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Delhi,Mumbai
ShyamTelelink
Limited
MadhyaPradesh,Kerala,
Kolkata,Punjab,Uttar
(West),WestBengal,Andhra
Pradesh,Delhi,Haryana,
Karnataka,Maharashtra,
Odisha,TamilNadu
(includingChennai),Assam,
Jammu&Kashmir,North
East
17
ShyaniTelelink
Limited
Mumbai,Bihar,Gujarat,
HimachalPradesh
SwanTelecom
Pvt.Ltd.
AndhraPradesh,Gujarat,
Haryana,Karnataka,Kerala,
Maharashtra,Punjab,
Rajasthan,TamilNadu
(includingChennai),Uttar
(West),Delhi,Mumbai
AllianzInfratech
Bihar,MadhyaPradesh
(P)Ltd.
IdeaCellular
Assam,Punjab,Karnataka,
JammuandKashmir,North
East,Kolkata,WestBengal,
Odisha(Orissa),TamilNadu
(includingChennai)
Spice
Delhi,AndhraPradesh,
Communications
Haryana,Maharashtra
Ltd.
STel
Tata
Teleservices
Assam,JammuandKashmir,
Odisha(Orissa),NorthEast,
Bihar,HimachalPradesh
JammuandKashmir,Assam,
NorthEast
13
ShyamTelelinkLimited&Shyani
TelelinkLimitedoperatetogetherwith
theircombined21licenses.Duringlate
2008RussiabasedgroupSistemabought
majoritystakeinthetelecomcompanyand
nowtheyoperateunderbrandnameMTS
India.
SwanTelecomwassubsidiaryofReliance
Telecom,setuptobypassthesingle
companysinglelicenserulethatwasin
place.In2008,SwanTelecommerged
itselfwithAllianzInfratech(P)Ltd.
Duringlate2008AbuDhabi'sEtisalat
boughtabout45percentofthecompany
andrenamedittoEtisalatDBTelecom
IdeaCellularboughtSpice
CommunicationsLtd.in2008foran
amountof 27billion
(US$420million).[21]Sooutof122
spectrumlicensessoldin2008Idea
Cellularowns13licenses.Howeverofthe
13licenses,only7ofthelicensesarein
usebythecompanyandtherestare
overlappinglicenses.[22]
InJanuary2009,Bahrain
TelecommunicationssignedadealwithS
Teltobuy49%sharesinSTelfor$225
million.CSivasankaranownsthe
remaining(51%)share.[23][24]InMay
2009,SaharaGroupbought11.7%stakein
STel[25]
Inlate2008promotersofTata
Teleservicessold26%equitystaketoa
JapanesetelecomgiantNTTDocomofor
about 130.7billion(US$2.1billion)oran
enterprisevalueof 502.69billion
(US$7.9billion).[26]
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PartiesaccusedofInvolvement
Thesellingofthelicensesbroughtattentiontothreegroupsofentitiespoliticiansandbureaucratswho
hadtheauthoritytoselllicenses,corporationsthatwerebuyingthelicensesandmediaprofessionalswho
mediatedbetweenthepoliticiansandthecorporations.
Politiciansaccused
PoliticiansnamedasaccusedinthechargesheetfiledbytheCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI)andthe
DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationintheSpecialCBICourt,allegationslevelledagainstthem
byCBIandchargesframedagainstthembytheSpecialCBIcourt.[27][28][29][30]
A.Raja
PoliticalcareerPoliticalpartyDMK,fourtimesMemberofParliament,presentconstituency
Nilgiris,TamilNadu,formerUnionMinisterofState(RuralDevelopment1999),formerUnion
MinisterofState(HealthandFamilyWelfare2003),formerUnionCabinetMinister(Environment
&Forests2004),formerUnionCabinetMinister(CommunicationandInformationTechnology
2007&2009)[31][32][33][34]
AllegationInajointinvestigationreportpreparedbytheCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI)and
IncomeTaxDepartment,theagenciesallegedthatA.Rajacouldhavereceived 30billion
(US$470million)asabribeforbringingforwardthecutoffdateforapplicationsforspectrumfrom
theinitial1October2007to25September2007.[35][36]Thedeadlineswitcheliminatedmany
applications,enablingRajatofavourafewwithspectrum.[35][36]Theagenciesalsoallegedthathe
usedbankaccountsunderhiswife'snameinMauritiusandSeychellestochannelisethekickbackshe
received.[37]AchargesheetfiledbyCBIallegedthatRajaconspiredwiththeaccused,subvertedthe
firstcomefirstserved(FCFS)policyandarbitrarilyredefinedittoensurethatSwanandUnitechgot
2Glicences.[38]Hedidnotauctionthe2Gspectrumoradoptanyothermarketdetermined
methodologytodetermineitsrealvaluation,butinsteadbenchmarkeditataratediscoveredin2001,
whenthetelecomsectorwasatanascentstage.[38]
ChargesCriminalbreachoftrustbyapublicservantundersection409,criminalconspiracyunder
section120B,cheatingundersection420andforgeryundersections468and471.Bookedunderthe
PreventionofCorruptionActforacceptingillegalgratification.[27][39][40]
StatusTakenintocustody(arrested)byCBIon2February2011[41]On9May2012heappliedfor
bailforthefirsttimesincehisarrest.[42][43]andwasgrantedbailon15May2012[44][45][46]Asof
August2012,histrialwasbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
M.K.Kanimozhi
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PoliticalcareerDaughteroffivetimeChiefMinisterofTamilNadu,M.Karunanidhi.Political
partyDMK.Sheisamemberofparliament,representingTamilNaduintheRajyaSabha(theupper
houseoftheIndianParliament).[48][49]
AllegationAccordingtothechargesheetfiledbyCBI,Kanimozhihasa20%stakeinfamilyowned
KalaignarTVherstepmotherDayaluAmmalownsa60%stakeinthesamechannel.[50]CBIalleges
thatKanimozhiwasan"activebrain"behindthechannel'soperations[50]andthatsheworkedalong
withformertelecomministerA.RajatogetDBRealtypromoterShahidBalwatocircuitouslyroute
2billion(US$31million)toKalaignarTV.[51]AccordingtoCBI,Kanimozhiwasinregulartouch
withARajaregardingthelaunchingofKalaignarTVchannelanditsotherpendingworks.[51]The
CBIallegedthatARajafurtherpursuedthecauseofKalaignarTV,notonlytogetthecompany
registeredbytheMinistryofInformationandBroadcasting,butalsotogetitintheDTHoperator
TATASky'sbouquet.ShewasalsosummonedbytheIncomeTaxDepartment,Chennaiforalleged
taxevasioncharges.[51]
ChargesCriminalconspiracytocausecriminalbreachoftrustbyapublicservant,criminal
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420andforgeryundersections468and471.
BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct.[27][39]
StatusTakenintocustody(arrested)byCBIon20May2011.[52][53]Grantedbailon28November
2011afterspending188daysinjudicialcustody.[54][55]AsofAugust2012,hertrialwasbeing
conductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
PramodMahajan
TheCBIdecidedtoincludethenameofthelatePramodMahajaninaseparatecolumnofthechargesheet
itwassoontofileagainstthreecellularcompaniesandformerofficialsinconnectionwithalleged
irregularitiesinspectrumallocationduringtheNDAregime,causingalossofRs5.08billiontothe
exchequer.[56]
Bureaucratsaccused
BureaucratsnamedasaccusedinthechargesheetfiledbyCBIintheSpecialCBICourt,allegationslevelled
againstthembyCBIandchargesframedagainstthembytheSpecialCBIcourt.[27][28][29][30]
SiddharthBehura
DesignationTelecomSecretarywhenlicensesweregranted.[27][57]
AllegationAccordingtothechargesheetfiledbytheCBI,BehuraconspiredwithA.Rajaand
severalotheraccused.TheCBIallegedthatwhentheapplicationdeadlinetimewasdeclaredtobe
between3:30pmto4:30pm,Behurashutcounterstophysicallyblockoutothertelecom
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companies.[16]
ChargesCriminalbreachoftrustbyapublicservantundersection409,criminalconspiracyunder
section120B,cheatingundersection420andforgeryundersections468and471.Bookedunderthe
PreventionofCorruptionActforacceptingillegalgratification.[27][58]
StatusTakenintocustody(arrested)byCBIon2February2011.[41]Grantedbailon9May
2012.[59][60]AsofAugust2012,histrialwasbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]Deposing
beforeJPCon10July2012,BehurablamedARaja,thethentelecomMinister,formostofthe
decisionsrelatedto2Gspectrumauctions.[61]
RKChandolia
DesignationRaja'sprivatesecretarywhenlicensesweregranted.[27][62]
AllegationAccordingtothechargesheetfiledbyCBI,Chandolia,likeBehura,conspiredwithA.
Rajaandseveralotheraccused.Theagencyallegedthatwhentheapplicationdeadlinetimewas
declaredtobebetween3:30pmto4:30pm,ChandoliajoinedBehurainshuttingcountersto
physicallyblockothertelecomcompanies.[16]
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420andforgeryundersections468and471.
BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct[27]
StatusTakenintocustody(arrested)byCBIon2February2011.[41]Grantedbailbythespecial
CBIcourton1December2011,buton2December2011theHighCourttooksuomotunoticeof
newspaperreportsofthebailgrantedtoChandoliaandstayedit.[63]ChandoliaappealedagainstHigh
CourtorderinSupremeCourtandon9May2012SupremeCourtofIndiaupheldthebailgrantedto
RKChandolia.[64]AsofAugust2012,histrialwasbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
Corporateexecutivesaccused
CorporatesnamedasaccusedinthechargesheetfiledbyCBIintheSpecialCourtandchargesframed
againstthembytheSpecialcourt.[27][28][29][30]
SanjayChandra
DesignationFormerMD,UnitechWireless[27]
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420&forgeryundersections468and471.
AllegationExCBIprosecutorAKSinghwasimplicatedinatapedconversation,sharinglegal
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strategyandsecretinformationwiththeaccused,Chandra.[65][66]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon20April2011,[67][68]grantedbailon24November2011.[69]
AsofAugust2012,trialisbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
GautamDoshi
DesignationGroupMD,RelianceAnilDhirubhaiAmbaniGroup[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon20April2011,[67]grantedbailon24November2011.[69]As
ofAugust2012,trialisbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
HariNair
DesignationSeniorvicepresident,RelianceAnilDhirubhaiAmbaniGroup[27]
SurendraPipara
DesignationSeniorvicePresident,RelianceAnilDhirubhaiAmbaniGroup[27]
VinodGoenka
DesignationPromoterandmanagingdirector,DBRealty&SwanTelecom[27]
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420,forgeryundersections468and471,
fabricationofevidenceundersection193.BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct[27]
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ShahidBalwa
DesignationPromoter,DBRealty&SwanTelecom[27]
ChargesCriminalconspiracytocausecriminalbreachoftrustbyapublicservantCriminal
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420,forgeryundersections468and471&
fabricationofevidenceundersection193.BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct.[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon8February2011,[70]grantedbailon29November2011.[71]
AsofAugust2012,trialisbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
AsifBalwa(youngerbrotherofShahidBalwa)
DesignationDirector,KusegaonFruitsandVegetables[27]
fabricationofevidenceundersection193.BookedunderPreventionofCorruptionAct[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon29March2011,[72]grantedbailon28November2011.[73]As
RajivAgarwal
DesignationDirector,KusegaonFruitsandVegetables[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon29March2011,[72]grantedbailon28November2011.[73]As
SharathKumar
Designationmanagingdirector,KalaignarTV[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon20May2011,[74]grantedbailon28November2011.[75]As
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RaviRuia
DesignationVicechairman,EssarGroup[76][77]
ChargesCriminalconspiracyundersection120B&cheatingundersection420ofIndianPenal
Code.[76][77]
StatusNottakenintocustodyyet.[78]AsofAugust2012,trialisbeingconductedinSpecialCBI
Court.[47]
AnshumanRuia
DesignationDirector,EssarGroup[76][77]
Code.[76][77]
Court.[47]
VikasSaraf
DesignationDirectorforstrategyandplanning,EssarGroup[76][77]
Code.[76][77]
Court.[47]
IPKhaitan
DesignationPromotor,LoopTelecom[76][77]
Code.[76][77]
Court.[47]
KiranKhaitan
DesignationPromotor,LoopTelecom[76][77]
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Code.[76][77]
Court.[47]
Filmandentertainmentpersonsaccused
KarimMorani
Designation(Promoteranddirector,CineyugFilms)[27]
AllegationInthechargesheetfiledbyIncomeTaxDepartmenttheagencyallegedthatKarim
MoraniownedCineyugFilmswasapartofthecircuitousrouteusedbyanotheraccuseShahidBalwa
totransferillegalgratification[79]of 2billion(US$31million)toKalaignarTVofwhichKanimozhi,
wasadirector.[79]Accordingtothechargesheet,ShahidBalwaandVinodGoenka,promotersofDB
Realtytransferred 2092.5million(US$33million)toKusegaonFruitsandVegetablesofwhich
ShahidBalwa'syoungerbrotherAsifBalwawasadirector.[79][80]KusegaonFruits&Vegetablesthen
transferredasumof 2billion(US$31million)toCineyugFilmswhosepromoterKarimMorani
transferredittoKalaignarTV[79]
fabricationofevidenceundersection193.BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct[27]
StatusTakenintocustodybyCBIon30May2011,[81]grantedbailon28November2011.[75]As
Corporationsaccused
CompaniesnamedinthechargesheetfiledbyCentralBureauofInvestigation(CBI)andchargesframed
againstthem.[27][28][29][30]
UnitechWireless
BookedunderthePreventionofCorruptionAct.[27]
StatusAsofAugust2012,trialisbeingconductedinSpecialCBICourt.[47]
RelianceTelecom
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conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420,forgeryundersections468and471.
SwanTelecom
conspiracyundersection120B,cheatingundersection420,forgeryundersections468and471.
Othercompaniesnamedinthechargesheetare:[82][83][84]
LoopTelecomPvtLtd
LoopMobileIndiaLtd
EssarTeleHolding
Essar(ParentgroupofEssarTeleHolding)
Mediarole
MediasourcessuchasOPENandOutlookreportedthattwoseniorjournalistsBarkhaDutt(groupeditorof
NDTV)andVirSanghvi(editorialdirectorofHindustanTimes)knewthatcorporatelobbyistNiraRadia
wasinfluencingthedecisionsofappointmentoftelecomminister.RadiawantedARajatobeappointedas
thetelecomminister.[85]ThetwomagazinesmadepublicthetelephoneconversationsbetweenNiraRadia,
BarkhaDutt&VirSanghvi.[86][87]Radia'sphoneswerebeingtappedbytheIncomeTaxDepartment.
CriticsallegethatBarkhaDuttandVirSanghviknewaboutthenexusbetweenthegovernmentandthe
mediaindustrybutstilltheysupportedthiscorruptactivityandsuppressednewsreportingthediscoveryof
thecorruptpractice.[85]
Chronologyofeventsandinvestigation
TheCentreforPublicInterestLitigationfiledthefirstpetitionagainsttheUnionofIndiaforirregularities
inawarding2Gspectrumlicenses.Thepetitionallegedthatthegovernmenthadlost$15.53billionby
issuingspectrumin2008basedon2001prices,andbynotfollowingacompetitivebiddingprocess.This
ledtofurtherpetitionsandthelaunchofaprobein2010.[88]
2007
May2007:ARajatakesoverasTelecomMinister.[89]
August2007:Processofallotmentof2GspectrumfortelecomalongwithUniversalAccessService
(UAS)LicencesinitiatedbytheDepartmentofTelecommunications(DoT).
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25September2007:TelecomMinistryissuespressnotefixingdeadlineforapplicationas1October
2007.
1October2007:DoTreceives575applicationsforUASlicencesof46companies.[90]
2November2007:TheprimeministerwritestoRajadirectinghimtoensureallotmentof2G
spectruminafairandtransparentmannerandtoensurethatlicencefeewasproperlyrevised.Raja
writesbacktotheprimeministerrejectingmanyofhisrecommendations.
22November2007:FinanceMinistrywritestoDoTraisingconcernsovertheprocedureadoptedby
it.Demandforreviewrejected.
2008
10January2008:DoTdecidestoissuelicencesonfirstcomefirstservebasis,advancingthecutoff
dateto25September,from1October2007.Lateronthesameday,DoTpostedanannouncementon
itswebsitesayingthosewhoapplybetween3.30pmand4.30pmwouldbeissuedlicencesin
accordancewiththesaidpolicy.[91][92]
2008:SwanTelecom,UnitechandTataTeleservicesselloffapartoftheirstakesatmuchhigher
ratestoEtisalat,TelenorandDoCoMo,respectively.[93][94][95]
2009
4May2009:AnNGOTelecomWatchdogfilescomplainttotheCentralVigilanceCommission
(CVC)ontheillegalitiesinthespectrumallocationtoLoopTelecom.
19May2009:AnothercomplaintwasfiledtotheCVCbyArunAgarwal,highlightinggrantof
spectrumtoSwanTelecomatthrowawayprices.
2009:CVCdirectsCBItoinvestigatetheirregularitiesinallocationof2Gspectrum.
1July2009:DelhiHCholdsadvancingofcutoffdateasillegalonapetitionoftelecomcompanyS
Tel.[96]
21October2009:CBIregistersacaseandfilesanFIRagainst"unknownofficersofDoTand
unknownprivatepersons/companiesundervariousprovisionsofIPCandPreventionofCorruption
Act.
22October2009:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationraidsDoToffices.[97][98][99]
16November2009:CBIseeksdetailsoftappedconversationofcorporatelobbyistNiiraRadiato
findoutinvolvementofmiddlemeninthegrantofspectrumtotelecomcompanies.Ithassoughthelp
fromtheDirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationregardinginformationonMs.NiraRadia
ofM/sNoesisConsultancyandrecordspertainingtomiddlemenregardingawardof2Gspectrum
licences
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2010
13March2010:SCupholdsDelhiHCverdictoncutoffdateadvancementasillegal[100][101]
31March2010:CAGsaysthattherewaslargescaleirregularitiesinthespectrumallocation.
2April2010:CBIDIG(Investigations)VineetAgarwalIRSandDirectorGeneralofIncomeTax
(Investigations)MilapJainIRS,whowereinvestigatingthecase,transferred.MilapJainwas
transferredasDirectorGeneralofInternationalTaxation.[102]
6May2010:TelephonicconversationbetweenRajaandNiiraRadiatapedbytheDirectorate
GeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationmadepublicbythemedia.[103]
May2010:NGOCentreforPublicInterestLitigationmovestheDelhiHighCourtseeking
investigationintothescambySIT.
25May2010:DelhiHCdismissesthepetition.
August2010:AppealfiledintheSupremeCourtagainsttheHighCourt'sorder.
18August2010:HCrefusestodirecttheprimeministertodecideonacomplaintbyJanataParty
chiefSubramanianSwamyseekingsanctiontoprosecuteRajaforhisinvolvementin2Gscam.
13September2010:SCasksgovernment,Rajatoreplywithin10daystothreepetitionsfiledby
CPILandothersallegingtherewasa 70000crore(US$11billion)scaminthegrantoftelecom
licencesin2008.
24September2010:SwamymovesSCseekingdirectiontothePMtosanctionprosecutionofRaja.
27September2010:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationinformsSCofprobeagainst
firmssuspectedtohaveviolatedFEMA.Sayscan'tdenyorconfirmnowRaja'sinvolvementinthe
scam.
8October2010:SCasksgovernmenttorespondtoCAGreportaboutthescam.[104]
21October2010:DraftreportsofCAGplacedbeforetheSupremeCourt.
29October2010:SCpullsupCBIforitstardyprogressintheinvestigationsintothescam.[105][106]
10November2010:CAGsubmitsreporton2Gspectrumtogovernmentstatinglossof
176000crore(US$28billion)toexchequer.
11November2010:DoTfilesaffidavitinSCsayingCAGdidnothavetheauthoritytoquestionthe
policydecisionasperwhichlicencewereissuedtonewplayersin2008.
14November2010:ARajaresignsasTelecomMinister[107][108]
15November2010:KapilSibalgivenadditionalchargeofTelecomMinistry.[109][110]
20November2010:AffidavitonbehalfofPMfiledinSupremeCourt.Rejectschargeofinactionon
Swamy'scomplaint.[111][112][113]
22November2010:CBIandDirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationtellsSCitwillfile
chargesheetinthecasewithinthreemonths.
22November2010:CBItellsSCroleofcorporatelobbyistNiiraRadiawouldbequestionedbyit.
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24November2010:SCreservesverdictonSwamy'spleaseekingdirectiontoPMforgrantof
sanctiontoprosecuteRaja.
25November2010:SCticksoffCBIfornotquestioningRaja.
29November2010:CBIfilesstatusreporton2Gspectrumscamprobe.
30November2010:SCquestionsCVCPJThomas'smoralrighttosuperviseCBI'sprobeinto2G
spectrumscamashehimselfwasTelecomSecretaryatthatpointoftime.[114]
1December2010:SCdirectsoriginaltapescontainingconversationbetweencorporatelobbyist
NiiraRadiaandothersbehandedovertoit.
1December2010:RajaquestionsCAGfindingsintheSC.
2December2010:GovernmentplacesrecordedtapesintheSCfromtheDirectorateGeneralof
IncomeTaxInvestigation.
2December2010:SCcomesdownheavilyonRajaforbypassingandoverrulingPM'sadviceto
deferallocationof2Gspectrumbyafewdays.
8December2010:SCfavoursincludingintheprobeperiodsince2001whenfirstcomefirstserve
wasthenormforspectrumallocation.
8December2010:SCasksCentretoconsidersettingupofaspecialcourttotry2Gspectrumscam
case.
8December2010:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationsubmitsreport.Saysmoneytrail
covers10countries,includingMauritius.
14December2010:AnotherPILinSCseekingcancellationofnewtelecomlicencesand2G
spectrumallocatedduringRaja'stenure.
15December2010:SwamyfilespetitioninaDelhicourtseekinghisinclusionasapublicprosecutor
in2Gspectrumcase.
15December2010:SwamymentionsincomplaintthatRajafavoured"ineligible"privatecompanies
SwanTelecomPvtLtdandUnitechWirelessLtdinallocatingthespectrum.
16December2010:SCdecidestomonitortheCBIinquiry[115][116][117]
2011
4January2011:SwamymovesSCseekingcancellationof2Gspectrumlicenses.
10January2011:SupremeCourtissuesnoticetoCentreonthepleaseekingcancellationof2G
licenses.Alsoissuesnoticesto11companieswhichallegedlydidnotfulfilltherolloutobligationsor
wereineligible.
30January2011:Government'sdecisiontoregulariselicensesofthecompanieswhichfailedto
meetthedeadlineforrolloutobligationchallengedintheSupremeCourt.
2February2011:Raja,formerTelecomSecretarySiddharthBehuraandRaja'sformerPersonal
SecretaryRKChandoliaarrestedandnextdaytheywereremandedinCBIcustody.
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8February2011:RajaremandedtotwomoredaysofCBIcustody.BehuraandChandoliasentto
judicialcustody.
8February2011:ShahidUsmanBalwa,promoterofSwanTelecom,arrestedbyCBI.
10February2011:SCasksCBItobringunderitsscannercorporatehouseswhichwere
beneficiariesofthe2Gspectrum.RajaremandedtoCBIcustodyforfourmoredaysbyaspecialCBI
courtalongwithBalwa.
14February2011:Raja'sCBIcustodyextendedforthreemoredays.Balwa'scustodyextendedfor
fourdays.
17February2011:RajasenttoTiharJailunderjudicialcustody.
18February2011:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationquestionsKaniMozhiin
ChennaiHeadquarters.
24February2011:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationtellsaDelhicourtthatBalwa
facilitatedtransactiontoKalaignarTV.
28February2011:Rajaseeksjudicialproceedingsthroughvideoconferencingstatingthathefaces
threattolifefromfellowprisoners.
1March2011:CBItellsSCthat63personsareunderscanner.RajaallowedbyCBIcourttoappear
beforeitviavideoconferencing.
14March2011:TheDelhiHighCourtsetsupspecialcourttodealexclusivelywith2Gcases.Balwa
alsoallowedtoappearviavideoconferencing.
17March2011:SCreservesorderoncancellationof2Glicenses.Itrejectedcompanies'claim
sayingthatPrincipleofEstoppelcan'tbeappliedtoprotectillegality.[118][119]
29March2011:SCpermitsCBItofilechargesheeton2Aprilinsteadof31March.Twomore
personsAsifBalwaandRajeevAgarwalarrested.
2April2011:CBIfilesitsfirstchargesheetinthe2Gspectrumallocationscam.[120][121][122]
25April2011:CBIfilessecondchargesheetandcourtissuessummonstoKanimozhi,Sharad
KumarandKarimMoranitakingcognizanceofthechargesheet.[123][124][125]
6May2011:KanimozhiandSharadKumarappearbeforecourtandfilebailpleaswhileMorani
soughtexemptionfromappearanceonmedicalground.[126][127][128]
6May2011:SCissuescontemptnoticetoSaharaIndiamanagingdirectorSubrotoRoyandtwo
othersforallegedinterferenceintheongoingEDinvestigationintothe2Gspectrumcase.[129][130]
7May2011:SpecialCBICourtreservesorderonKanimozhiandSharadKumar'sbailapplications.
14May2011:SpecialCBICourtdefersorderontheirbailpleasfor20May.
20May2011:SpecialCBICourtrejectsbailpleasofKanimozhiandSharadKumarandorderstheir
forthwitharrestsayingthattherewasapossibilityofwitnessesbeinginfluencedconsideringthe
magnitudeofthecrime.[131][132]
8June2011:DelhiHCjudgeAjitBharihokerejectsbailpleasofKanimozhiandSharadKumar
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citingthattherearecertainprimafacieevidencesagainsttheaccusedandtheymaybeinapositionto
influencethe2Gprobe[133][134]
20June2011:SCrejectsKanimozhi'sbailplea[135][136][137]
25July2011:ArgumentsonChargebegins.Rajaseekstomakeprimeministerandformerfinance
ministerPChidambaramaswitness.
26August2011:SpecialCBIcourtallowsSubramanianSwamytoarguehisowncase(mainlyto
addressthepossibleloopholesinCBIinvestigationofthecase)[138][139]
30August2011:DirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationordersfreezingofaccounts,
attachmentofpropertiesworth 223crore(US$35million)offivecompaniesmainlyrelatedtoDB
RealtyundertheprovisionsofPreventionofMoneyLaunderingAct(PMLA)[140][141]
1September2011:EDfilesstatusreportinSupremeCourt,saystherehavebeenFEMAviolationof
100billion[142]
15September2011:SwamypleadsbeforespecialCBIcourtthatPChidambaramshouldbemade
coaccused[143]
22September2011:CBIdefendsChidambaraminSC,blamesDoTforallwrongs.
26September2011:CBImovespleaforframingfreshchargeforcriminalbreachoftrustagainst
Raja,ChandoliaandBehura.[144][145]
9October2011:CBIfilesFIRagainstMaranandhisbrotherinAircelMaxisdeal.[146][147][148]
10October2011:SCreservesorderagainstSubramanianSwamy'spleaforaprobeintoHome
MinisterChidambaram'sroleinthe2Gscam.[149][150]OnthesamedayCBIbooksformertelecom
ministerandDMKleaderDayanidhiMaranandhisbrotherandmediabaronKalanithiMaran[151]
22October2011:SpecialCBICourtfindsprimafacieevidencetoputontrialall17accused
includingRajaonvariouscountslikecriminalconspiracy,breachoftrust,cheatingand
forgery.[152][153]
3November2011:SpecialCBIcourtdismissesbailpleasofallthe8applicants(including
Kanimozhi)[154]
8November2011:SpecialCBIcourtordersCBItogivecopyoffileonsaleofequitybytelecom
companies(forinvestigatingPChidambaram'sinvolvement)toSwamy[155][156]
9November2011:DelhiHCrefusestograntinterimbailtoKarimMoranionhealthgrounds
wonderingWhyeverybodyfallssickonceheisincustody?HCissuesnoticetotheCBIonitsreply
onthebailpleasofthefiveaccusedby1December.[157][158]
11November2011:Trialofthe17accusedbeginsinPatialaHousespecialCBIcourt.[159][160]
14November2011:UPAgovtmovesSCseekingtorestrainDrSubramanianSwamyfrommaking
publicallegationsagainsttheUPAleadership(especiallyHomeMinisterPChidambaramandUPA
ChairpersonSoniaGandhi)inthe2Gscamcase[161][162]
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22November2011:TheSpecialCBIcourtshiftsthetrialtotheTiharJailcomplexfollowingaDelhi
highcourtorder[163][164]
23November2011:SCgrantsbailto5corporateexecutivesSanjayChandraofUnitechWireless,
VinodGoenkaofSwanTelecomaswellasRelianceGroup'sGautamDoshi,SurendraPiparaand
HariNayar.[165]
28November2011:HCgrantsbailtoDMKMPKanimozhiand4othersnamelyKarimMorani,
SharadKumarandAsifBalwaandRajeevAgarwal.Thecourtupheldtheprincipleofparityunder
Section144oftheConstitutionofIndiathatupholdsanorderpassedbytheSC.[166][167]
29November2011:ThespecialCBIcourtgrantsbailtoShahidBalwacitingprincipleofparitythat
SCandHChavealreadygrantedbailto10otheraccused[168][169]
1December2011:ThespecialCBIcourtgrantsbailtoA.Raja'sexprivatesecretaryR.K.
ChandoliaandputsadditionalconditiontonotvisittheDoTwithoutpriorpermissionofthe
court[170][171]
2December2011:Takingasuomotucognizance,HCstaysbailgivenbytrialcourttoRK
Chandolia[172]
7December2011:SCstaysHC'ssuomotuorderagainstChandolia'sbail[173][174]
8December2011:ThespecialCBIcourtacceptsSwamy'spleaagainstChidambaramtobecomea
witnessinhisowncomplaintandexamine2witnesses,includingseniorCBIofficialandsenior
FinanceMinistryofficial[175][176]
12December2011:CBIfilesthirdchargesheetnamingEssarGrouppromotersRaviRuia,hisson
AnshumanRuiaanditsdirector(StrategyandPlanning)VikasSaraf,LoopTelecompromotersKiran
Khaitan(sisterofRaviRuia)andherhusbandIPKhaitan.ItalsochargesheetsLoopMobileIndia
Ltd,itssubsidiaryLoopTelecomPvtLtdandEssarTeleHolding.[177][178]
16December2011:HCrejectsbailpleaofSiddharthBehurasaying"hewasthe'perpetrator'ofthe
illegaldesignsofRajaandwouldnotclaimbenefitofparitywith10othersreleasedonbail"[179]
2012
2February:TheSupremecourtofIndiacancelledall122licensesallottedbyARajaandimposed
Rs50million(US$1,018,122)fineonUnitech,SwanandTataTeleservices.Italsoimposedafineof
Rs5milliononLoopTelecomPvtLtd,STel,AllianzInfratechandSistemaShyamTeleServices
Ltd.ItalsoaskedtrialcourttodecidewhetherHomeMinisterPChidambaramshouldbemadeco
accusedin2Gscam.[180][181]
4February:ThespecialcourtofjusticeO.PSainidismissedthepleaofSubramanianSwamyto
makethenFinanceMinisterP.Chidambramascoaccusedinthe2Gscam.[182]
8February:EDandDirectorateGeneralofIncomeTaxInvestigationregistersmoneylaundering
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caseagainstDMKleaderDayanidhiMaran[183]andhisbrotherKalanithiMaranforallegedly
receivingillegalgratificationofabout 5.5billionintheAircelMaxisdeal.[184]
9February:EssarGroupandLoopTelecomapproachSupremeCourtagainstitstrialbeforeSpecial
CBICourtin2Gcase.[185][186]
15February:SupremeCourtrefusedtograntinterimstayonthesummonsesissuedagainstEssar
Group,LoopTelecomandtheirofficialsbyaspecialCBIcourttoappearbeforeiton22Februaryfor
theirallegedinvolvementina2Gspectrumscam.[187]
22February:CBIlodgesstrongprotestwithCVConthe"dirtytricks"ofcertainDirectorateGeneral
ofIncomeTaxInvestigationtointimidateandthreatencrucialwitnessesinthe2Gcaseallegedlyat
thebehestofDMK'sMinisterofState(Finance)SSPalanimanickam.Dr.Swamysaidhewould
approachSupremeCourtonthismatter.[188]
23February:SubramanianSwamyfilespetitioninSupremeCourtchallengingtrialcourt'sorder
whichhaddismissedSwamy'spleatomakeUnionHomeMinisterP.Chidambaramasacoaccused
inthe2Gscam.[189]
2March:GovtofIndiafilesreviewpetitioninSupremeCourtseekingpartialreviewofthecourt's2
February2012orderwhichhadquashed122licenses.[190]TheGovtquestionedSupremeCourt's
authorityoverrulingagainstthefirstcomefirstservedpolicybutstayedawayfromchallengingthe
cancellationof122licencesissuedduringthetenureofARajaasTelecomMinister.[191]Onthesame
dayformertelecomministerARaja,Sistema,majorityshareholderinMTSIndia,Uninorandother
telecomcompaniestoofiledareviewpetitioninSupremeCourt.[192]
4April:OtherthanGovernmentofIndia'spartialreviewpetitionSupremeCourtdismissedall10
reviewpetitions.[193]ThetelecomcompanieswhosereviewpetitionwasdismissedincludeVideocon
TelecommunicationsLtd,STelLtd,SistemaShyamTeleservicesLtd,TataTeleservicesLtd,Unitech
Wireless(TamilNadu)PvtLtd,EtisalatDBTelecomPvtLtdandIdeaCellularLtd.[193]
12April:GovernmentfiledPresidentialreferenceinSupremeCourtseekingthecourt'sopinionon
variousissuesarisingfromits2February2012judgement[194]
9May:SupremeCourtgrantedbailtoSiddharthBehura[195]andupheldRKChandolia'sbail.[196]On
thesamedayARajaalsoappliedforbail.[197]
15May:BailgrantedtoARajawithaconditiontogetcourt'spermissionforvisitingTamil
Nadu[44][45]HewalkedoutofTiharjailafter15months.[198]
6June:SpecialCBICourtgrantedpermissionforRajatovisitTamilNadu[199]
3July:BriefingtheJointparliamentarycommitteeprobingthescam,EDclaimedthatithasenough
evidencetoconvictDMKchiefKarunanidhi'swifeanddaughterKanimozhi.[200]
31July:FormerDoTseniorofficialAKSrivastavaconfirmedCBI'sallegationinhistestimony
sayingARajaastelecomministerwasthefinalauthorityfortakingdecisionsonpolicymatters.He
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inhisstatementtoCBIearlierhadmentionedthatRajahadrecordedthecutoffdateof1October
2007forreceivingapplicationsforgrantofthe2GspectrumlicencesonaDoTfile.[201]
1August:TheSupremeCourt,hearingthePresidentialreferenceonthe'2Gjudgment,'said
implementationoffirstserved(FCFS)policyforallotmentofspectrumwasflawed.TheChiefJustice
ofIndiasaid,"Themomentyouchangethecriterionanddistortthepolicy,itceasestobeFCFS
policy.Ifyouinsistonmakingpaymentatthelastminuteafterchangingthecutoffdate,thenitisnot
FCFS,itisanoutofturnpolicy."[202]
3August:AccordingtothedirectionsoftheSupremeCourt,GovtofIndiarevisedthespectrumprice
to 140billion(US$2.2billion)[7]whichdemolishedthe"zerolosstheory"andfurtherestablished
1760billion(US$28billion)revenuelosscalculatedbyCAG.[6]
9August:TheGovernmentagainsoughtextensionoftimefromtheSupremeCourttill12November
forcommencingauctionof2Gspectrumlicences.Thecourt,whilequashing123licencesinFebruary
2012,hadgivenfourmonthsfortheirfreshauctionwhichwasextendedtill31August.[203]
11Nov:ThedailytrialinJusticeOPSaini'sspecialCBIcourtcompletes1year.Depositionof77
witnessesoutofatotalof154witnessescomplete.[204]
2013
20April:SeniorMPoftheCommunistPartyofIndiaGurudasDasguptaaccusedManmohanSingh
of"derelictionofduty",allegingthatthePMwasfullyawareofirregularitiesindispensingof
telecomlicences.HepointedoutthatinaletterinNovember2007KamalNathhadadvisedthe
PrimeMinisteronsettingupofaGroupofMinistersforallocationofspectrum.MPDasguptaalso
referredtonotefromthenCabinetSecretary,statingthevalueoflicencesofspectrumshouldbe
increased.[205][206]
23April:Inhis112pagewrittenstatementtotheJPC,A.RajasaidthathepersonallymetPrime
MinisterManmohanSinghandP.ChidambaramseveraltimesbetweenNovember2007andJuly
2008theperiodwhenthescamwasperpetratedtokeephiminformedofall2Grelateddecisions,
andthePrimeMinisteragreedwithhim.[207]
Licensesquashed
On2February2012SupremeCourtofIndiadeliveredjudgementonpetitionsfiledbySubramanianSwamy
andCentreforPublicInterestLitigation(CPIL)whichhadchallengedallotmentof2Glicensesgrantedin
2008.[208]TheSupremeCourtquashedall122spectrumlicencesgrantedduringthetenureofformer
communicationsministerARaja.[208]anddescribedtheallocationof2Gspectrumas"unconstitutionaland
arbitrary".[209]ThebenchofJusticeGSSinghvi&JusticeAKGangulyimposedfineof 50million
(US$790,000)onUnitechWireless,SwantelecomandTataTeleservicesand 5million(US$79,000)fine
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onLoopTelecom,STel,AllianzInfratechandSistemaShyamTeleServicesLtd.[4]TheSupremeCourt's
rulingsaidthecurrentlicenceswillremaininplaceforfourmonths,inwhichtimethegovernmentshould
decidefreshnormsforissuinglicences.[210]
TheSupremeCourtsaidinitsorderthatthentelecomministerA.Raja"wantedtofavoursomecompanies
atthecostofthepublicexchequer"andlistedsevenstepshetooktoensurethishappened.[4][211]According
totheSupremeCourtofIndiathesevenstepswere:
1. Aftertakingoverastelecomminister,RajadirectedthatallapplicationsreceivedforUASlicences
shouldbekeptpendingtillreceiptoftheTrai'srecommendations.[4][211]
2. TherecommendationsmadebyTraion28August2007,werenotplacedbeforethefullTelecom
Commissionwhichwouldhaveincludedthefinancesecretary.Thenoticeofthemeetingofthe
TelecomCommissionwasnotgiventoanyofthenonpermanentmembersthoughTrai's
recommendationsforallocationof2Gspectrumhadseriousfinancialimplicationsanditwas
thereforenecessaryforDoTtotakethefinanceministry'sopinionundertheGovernmentofIndia
(TransactionofBusiness)Rules,1961.[4][211]
3. TheDoTofficerswhoattendedtheTelecomCommissionmeetingheldon10October2007,hadno
choicebuttoapproveTrai'srecommendations,sincetheywouldotherwisehave"incurred"Raja's
"wrath".[4][211]
4. SinceCabinethadapprovedrecommendationsmadebytheGroupofMinisters,theDoThadto
discusstheissueofspectrumpricingwiththefinanceministry.But,sinceRajaknewthatthefinance
secretaryhadobjectedtotheallocationof2Gspectrumatratesfixedin2001,hedidnotconsultthe
financeministerorotherofficials.[4][211]
5. Rajabrushedasidethelawminister'ssuggestionthatthemattershouldbeplacedbeforethe
empoweredgroupofministers.Also,withinhoursofthereceiptofthesuggestionmadebythePMin
hisletterdated2November2007,thatkeepinginviewtheinadequacyofspectrum,transparencyand
fairnessshouldbemaintainedinallocationofthespectrum,Rajarejecteditsayingthatitwouldbe
unfair,discriminatory,arbitraryandcapricioustoauctionspectrumtonewapplicantsbecauseit
wouldnotgivethemalevelplayingfield.Healsointroducedacutoffdateof25September2007,
forconsideringapplicationsthoughonlythepreviousdayaDoTpressreleasehadsaid1October
2007,wouldbethelastdate.ThisarbitraryactionofRaja"thoughappearstobeinnocuouswas
actuallyintendedtobenefitsomeoftherealestatefirmswhodidnothaveanyexperienceindealing
withtelecomservicesandwhohadmadeapplicationsonlyon24September2007,i.e.onedaybefore
thecutoffdatefixedbytheC&ITministeronhisown".[4][211]
6. Thecutoffdateof25September2007,decidedbyRajaon2November2007,wasnotmadepublic
till10January2008,andthefirstcomefirstservedprinciplefollowedsince2003waschangedby
himatthelastmomentthroughapressreleasedated10January2008."Thisenabledsomeofthe
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applicants,whohadaccesseithertotheministerorDoTofficers,getbankdraftspreparedtowards
performanceguaranteeofaboutRs16billion".[4][211]
7. "ThemannerinwhichtheexerciseforgrantofLoIstotheapplicantswasconductedon10January
2008leavesnoroomfordoubtthateverythingwasstagemanagedtofavourthosewhowereableto
knowinadvancechangeintheimplementationofthefirstcomefirstservedpolicy."Asaresult,
somefirmswhichhadsubmittedapplicationsin2004or2006werepusheddowninthepriorityand
thosewhohadappliedbetweenAugustandSeptember2007succeeded.[4][211]
Telecomcompaniesaffectedbycancellationoflicenses
Thetablebelowshowslistofcompanieswhoselicensewerecancelled[212][213]
Nameof
company
Parentgroup
Number
of
licenses
cancelled
Uninor
JointventurebetweenUnitechGroupofIndiaandTelenorofNorway
22
UnitechGroup
SistemaShyam
TeleServices
Limited,nowMTS
India
JointventurebetweenShyamgroupofIndianandSistemaofRussia
21
LoopMobile
formerlyBPL
Mobile
OwnedbyKhaitanHoldingGroup
21
Videocon
Telecommunications OwnedbyVideocongroupofIndia
Limited
21
EtisalatDB
JointventurebetweenSwanTelecomofIndiaandEtisalatofUAE
15
IdeaCellular
AdityaBirlaGroupofIndia(49.05%),AxiataGroupBerhadof
Malaysia(15%)&ProvidenceEquity(10.6%)ofUSA
13
STel
JointventurebetweenCSivasankaranofIndiaandBatelcoof
Bahrain.AftertheSupremeCourt'sdecisionBatelcosoldits42.7%
staketoCSivasankarancompanySkyCityFoundationLtd.for$175
million[214]
TataTeleservices
OwnedbyTataGroupofIndia
AftereffectsofSupremeCourt'sverdict
BatelcoquitsIndiaBatelco,theBahraintelecommunicationscompanyholding42.7%stakeinS
TeldeclaredthatithasagreedtosellitsentireholdingtoIndianpartnerSkyCityFoundationLtdfor
65.8millionBahrainidinar($174.5million).[214][215][216]
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TelenorterminatesagreementandsuesUnitechOn21February2012Telenor,majority
stakeholderinUninor,terminateditsagreementwithitsIndianpartnerUnitechandsueditseeking
"indemnityandcompensation".[217][218][219]
EtisalatsuesShahidBalwaandVinodGoenkaOn23February2012EtisalatoftheEtasalatDB
TelecomsuedShahidBalwaandVinodGoenka,promotersofitsIndianpartnerDBRealtyforfraud
andmisrepresentation.[220][221][222]
AircelMaxisdealcontroversy
On6June2011,formerAircelChiefCSivasankarancomplainedtotheCBIthathewasnotgiventelecom
licenceandDayanidhiMaran(thethentelecomminister)forcedhimtosellhiscompanyAircelto
MalaysiabasedMaxisCommunicationsgroupownedbyTAnandaKrishnan.Thelicenceswereallegedly
issuedonlyafterthedealwasstruck.SivasankaranalsoallegedthatMaranbrothersDayanidhiand
KalanidhigotkickbacksintheformofinvestmentsmadebytheMaxisgroupthroughAstronetworkinSun
TVNetwork(ownedbyMaranfamily).[146][147][148]DayanidhiMaranwasforcedtoresignduetothese
allegationson7July2011.[223]
Subsequentlyon10Oct2011,theCBIregisteredacaseandraidedvariouspropertiesownedbyMarans.
CBIsourcessaidtheycouldnotfindanyevidenceofcoercioninthesaleofAircel,buttheydidfind
substantialevidencethatMaranhadfavouredthetakeoverofthecompanybyMaxisanddeliberately
delayedSivasankar'sfiles.[146][147][148]On8February2012,EDregisteredmoneylaunderingcaseagainst
DayanidhiMaran[183]andhisbrotherKalanithiMaranforallegedlyreceivingillegalgratificationofabout
5.5billionintheAircelMaxisdeal.[184]
DuringtheCBIprobe,SivasankarantoldthattheMaranbrothershadallegedlyissuedlifethreatsforcing
himtosellhis74%stakeinAirceltoMaxis.HeprovidedtheCBIalistofover10witnesses,toprovehis
allegations.InSeptember2012,CBIsaidthatithasfinishedtheinvestigationswithinIndiaandiswaiting
forresponseofaLettersRogatorysenttoMalaysiaandaquestionnairesenttoTAnandaKrishnan,after
whichitwillfileachargesheet.[224]
DrSubramanianSwamyallegedthatin2006,acompanycontrolledbythenMinisterofFinanceP
Chidambaram'ssonKartigotfivepercentstakeinSivasankaran'sAirceltogetpartofRs40billionthatthe
MaxisCommunicationspaidfor74percentstakeinAircel.HeallegedthatMrChidambaramwithheldthe
FIPBclearancetothedealtillhissongotthefivepercentsharesinSiva'scompany.[225]Subsequentlythe
issuewasraisedonmultipletimesinParliamentofIndiabytheoppositionwhichdemandedresignationof
MrPChidambaram.[226]Heandthegovernmentdeniedalltheallegations.[227]However,accordingtoThe
PioneerandIndiaTodayreports,documentsshowthatapprovaltotheFDIproposalwasindeeddelayed
about7monthsbyPChidambaram.[225][228][229]
Responsetoscam
OppositiondemandsJointParliamentaryCommittee(JPC)AssoonastheIndianmediastarted
citingComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndia'sreportwhichpeggedthelossat 1.76trillion(short
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scale),theIndianoppositionpartiesunanimouslydemandedformationofJointparliamentary
committee(JPC)toinvestigate2Gscam.[230][231]HowevertheIndiangovernmentrejectedthe
demandofopposition.[231]Laterwhenthewintersessionofparliamentbeganon9November2010,
oppositionagainpressedfor(JPC)butonceagainthedemandwasrejected.[231]Theopposition's
demandfor(JPC)gainedfurthermomentumwhenComptrollerandAuditorGeneralofIndia'sreport
wastabledinParliamenton16November2010.[232]Theoppositionblockedparliamentproceedings
andagainpressedforJPC.[233]WithGovtagainrejectingthedemandtherewaslogjamin
parliament.[234]SpeakeroftheLokSabha,MeiraKumartriedtobreakthelogjambutherefforts
didn'tbearanyfruit.[235]Finallythewintersessionofparliamentconcludedon13December2010.
Theplanwastointroduce22newbills,takeup23pendingbillsforconsiderationandpassingand
withdrawthreebillsbutthatdidn'thappenbecausetheparliamentwasallowedtofunctionforonly9
hours.[236]InFebruary2011,afterresistingtheOppositiondemandforoverthreemonths,the
governmentfinallyagreedtoconstituteaJointParliamentaryCommittee(JPC)toprobethe2G
spectrumallocationissue.Thegovernmentannounceditformallyon22February2011.[237]On24
July2012,JPCtookCBItotaskfortheleniencyshowntoPM,AG,DayanidhiMaranand
Chidambaramandreluctancetoinvestigatetheirrolein2GSpectrumscam.[238]Recentlyafter
questioningformertelecomministerDayanidhiMaran,hisbrotherKalanithiandtheheadofMaxis
Communications,CBIallegedthatMaranbrothershaveaccruedillegalgratificationofRs
5.50billionbypurchaseofSunDirectTVshareathighly"inflatedprices".[239]
JayalalithaaccusesM.KarunanidhiInearlyNovember2010Jayalalithaaaccusedthestatechief
ministerMKarunanidhiofprotectingA.RajafromcorruptionchargesandcalledforA.Raja's
resignation.[240]BymidNovemberA.Rajaresigned.[241]
CAGissuesshowcausenoticesInmidNovemberthecomptrollerVinodRaiissuedshowcause
noticestoUnitech,STel,LoopMobile,Datacom(Videocon),andEtisalattorespondtohisassertion
thatallofthe85licensesgrantedtothesecompaniesdidnothavetheupfrontcapitalrequiredatthe
timeoftheapplicationandwereinotherwaysillegal.[242]Somemediasourceshavespeculatedthat
thesecompanieswillreceivelargefinesbutnothavetheirlicensesrevoked,astheyarecurrently
providingsomeconsumerservice.[242]
InternalappraisalafterPrimeMinister'scriticismInJune2011,theprimeministerManmohan
SinghcriticisedtheCAGforcommentingonpolicyissues.HealsowarnedCAG"tolimittheoffice
totheroledefinedintheconstitution."[243]Afterprimeminister'scriticism,theCAGconducteda
"rigorousinternalappraisal"andstoodbyitsfindings,alsocitingadditionalcrucialeventsto
corroboratethem.TheCAGreiteratedthattherewas"anundeniablelosstotheexchequer",the
calculationofwhichwasbasedupon3estimates3Gauctions,SwanandUnitechtransactions.It
25/42
2/8/2015
alsocitedtheSupremeCourtjudgementon2February2012thattheactionsofMr.Rajaandofficers
oftheDepartmentofTelecomwere"whollyarbitrary,capriciousandcontrarytothepublicinterest,
apartfrombeingviolativeofthedoctrineofequality.Thematerialproducedforthequoteshowed
thattheMinisterforC&ITwantedtofavoursomecompaniesatthecostofthepublicexchequer."
TheCAGalsosaidthatitsestimationoflossof1.76lakhcrorewasjustifiedastheTRAI'scollation
ofreservepricefor2GspectrumasofMay2012wasapproximatelysameasthecalculationinCAG
reportofNovember2010on2Gscam.ItalsohighlightsthattheTRAIhadrecommendedareserve
priceof2GspectrumofRs.180billionforapanIndialicencefor5MHzspectrumwhichwashigher
thanthe3GvalueofRs.167.50billionfor5MHzusedbytheCAGforarrivingata[loss]figureof
1,760billion.Itconcludedbysayingthatitwasonlyexaminingthe"implementationofpolicy"and
thatthepolicymakingwasgovernment'sprerogative.[244]
JointParliamentaryCommittee
TheJPCwillconsistof30membersoutofwhich15willbefromtheUPAand15fromtheOpposition.
TheCommitteewillhave20membersfromtheLokSabhaand10RajyaSabhaMPs.
AmongtheLokSabhaMPswhowillbepartofthecommittee,eightarefromCongressandfourfromBJP.
FollowingisthelistorNamesofJPCCommitteememberswhowillinvestigatethe2Gscam.
26/42
2/8/2015
Name
Party
KishoreChandraDeo
Congress
PabanSinghGhatowar
Congress
JaiPrakashAgarwal
Congress
DeependerSinghHooda
Congress
P.C.Chacko
Congress
ManishTewari
Congress
NirmalKhatri
Congress
AdhirRanjanChowdhury Congress
T.R.Baalu
DravidaMunnetraKazhagam
KalyanBanerjee
TrinamoolCongress
JaswantSingh
BJP
YashwantSinha
BJP
HarinPathak
BJP
GopinathMunde
BJP
SharadYadav
JanataDal(United)
DaraSinghChauhan
BahujanSamajParty
AkhileshYadav
SamajwadiParty
GurudasDasgupta
CommunistPartyofIndia
ArjunCharanSethi
BijuJanataDal
M.ThambiDurai
AllIndiaAnnaDravidaMunnetraKazhagam
SpeakerMeiraKumarwillnominateoneamongthemembersaschairmanoftheJPC.
Seealso
IndianTelecomSpectrumAuction
ListofscandalsinIndia
CorruptioninIndia
TheLokpalBill,2011
2011Indiananticorruptionmovement
JanLokpalBill
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Externallinks
Transcripts:TheRadiaTapes(http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268214)containsallthe
leakedaudiotranscriptsbetweencorporatelobbyistNiraRadiaandotherhighprofilepeople.
2GScam:Inthedock(inpictures:HT)(http://www.hindustantimes.com/photosnews/Photos
India/inthedock/Article4718395.aspx)
CaseStudyontheSupremeCourtRulingonthe2GSpectrumScam
(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2048719)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2G_spectrum_scam&oldid=645928555"
Categories: 21stcenturyscandals Coverups PoliticalcorruptioninIndia Radioresourcemanagement
Criminalinvestigation TelecommunicationsinIndia ManmohanSinghadministration
MinistryofCommunicationsandInformationTechnology(India) 2Gspectrumscam
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon6February2015,at18:48.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
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