CIE84Y1989

-~~
C I E 84 89 I9006L45 0003935 T20
ISBN 3 900 734 21 6
COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIR/ iG E

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINAT ON
1NTERNATIONALE BELEUCHTUNGSKOM MISS ON
THE MEASUREMENT OF
LUMINOUS FLUX
Pub. No CIE 84
1st Edition 1989
UDC: 535.241.41
535.241.62
628.981
681.786.3
Descriptors: Luminous flux

Ulbricht sphere
Evaluation of light source
Goniometer
COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

Licensed by Information Handling Services
CIE 84 89 m 900bL45 000393b 967 m
This rchnical Report has been prepared by C I E Technical Committee 2-02 o f

D i v i s i o n 2 'Physical Measurement o f L i g h t and R a d i a t i o n ' and has been approved
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pour
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Q CIE 1989
II

CIE 84 8 9
9OObLY5 0003937 B T 3
The following members of TC 2-02 'Measurement of luminous f l u x '

Division 2 took part in the preparation of the technical report:
Chairman of the
Committee:
Members :
J . Krochmann
Fed.Republ.of Germany
H. Reiter
Austri a
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Fed.Republ.of Germany
France
Hungary
Hungary
Italy
Netherl ands
Netherl ands
South Africa
U.K.
F. Rotter
M. Vandermeersch
O.
D.
J.
G.
J.
C.
J.
S.
F.
J.
Edi t o r i al Commi t t e e :
Nielsen
Frste
Bastie
Dzsi
Schanda
Gentile
de Groot
de Veer
Hengstberger
Moore
F. Hengstberger
J. Krochmann
F. Rotter
S. de Veer
Fi na1 Editing :
F. Billmeyer
III

of CI
CIE 4 9 I9006345 0003938 73T m
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Termi no1 ogy
2.1
Photometric quantities
2.1.1
Luminous flux
2.1.2
Luminous intensity
2.1.3
Illuminance
2.1 .4
Luminance
2.2 Terms for measuring instruments
2.2.1
Photometer
2.2.2
Integrating
2.2.3
Integrating sphere; Ulbricht sphere
2.2.4
Box photometer
2.2.5
Photometer head
2.2.6 Acceptance area
2.2.7
Goniophotometer
3 Methods o f measurement
4 Calculation ot luminous flux from luminous

intensity distribution
4.1
Measurement principle
4.2 Measurement o f luminous intensity distribution

4.3 Method of calcul ation
4.4 Sources of error

5 Calculation of the luminous flux from the illuminance
distribution
5.1
Measurement pri nci pl e
5.2 Types of goniophotometers

5.2.1
Goniphotometer with light source in a fixed

posi ti on
5.2.2 Gociphotorneter with the light source rotated

about a spatially fixed light centre
IV

12
5.2.3
Goniophotometer with the light source rotated about

a vertical axis with a moving light centre
5.3 Measurement o f illuminance distribution
12
13
5.3.1
Movement o f the photometer head
13
5.3.2
Angular step sizes
14
5.3.3
Speed o f rotation
14
5.4 Angle encoding
15
5.5 Illuminance meter
15
5.6
Data acquisition and calculation o f luminous flux
15
5.7 Stray light
17
5.8 Missed luminous flux
17
5.9 Summary of error sources
18
5.1 O Characteri zati on checkl i st
18
5.11 Calibrating and testing
19
5.11.1
Calibration
5.11.2
Testing
5.11.3
19
5.11.2.1
Luminous flux standard lamp
20
5.11.2.2
Luminous intensity standard lamp
20
5.11.2.3
Calibrated illuminance meter
20
21
Intercomparison
6 Measurement with an integrating sphere
21
6.1 Measuring pri nci pl e
21
6.2 Sphere theory
21
6.3 Spectral method
23
6.4 Box-photometer
24
6.5
Integrating sphere
24
6.5.1
Sphere diameter
24
5.5.2
Sphere paint
25
6.5.3 Arrangement of light source and screen

6.5.4
Influences of objects in the sphere and

auxi 1 i ary 1 amp
28
29
6.6 Illuminance meter

26
~~~
CIE 84 8 9 E 9006145 0003940 398
6.7 Data acquisition
29
6.8 Luminous flux standard lamps
30
6.9 Execution of measurements
31
6.10 Testing and correction
32
6.10.1 Correction for the influence of the sphere paint
32
6.10.2
Corrections for incandescent lamp measurements
32
6.10.3
Corrections for measuring fluorescent lamps
33
6.10.4 Test for stability with time
34
6.11 Sources o f error
34
6.12 Characterization o f sphere photometers
35
7 Determination o f luminous flux via illuminance, luminous

intensity or 1 umi nance
35
7.1 Measurement principle
35
7.2 Measurement and cal ibrati on
36
7.3 Characterization
37
8 General measurement conditions
37
8.1 Operating conditions
37
8.2 Ageing
38
8.3 Burning position
38
8.4 Ambient temperature
38
8.5 Vibration and shock
39
8.6 Stabilization period
39
8.7 Electrical measurements
39
8.7.1 Measurement uncertai nty
8.7.2
Power supply and operating mode
39
40
8.7.3 Wiring
40
8.7.4
Execution o f the electrical measurements
8.7.5
Measuri ng ci rcui t
41
41
Ballasts
41
8.9 Supply voltage
41
8.8
9 References
43
Appendix
46
VI

CIE 8 4 8 9 W 0 0 b L 4 5 000394L 224
MEASUREMENT OF LUMINOUS FLUX
SUMMAR Y
Thi s Techni cal Report defi nes the termi no1 ogy required for 1 umi nous f1 ux
measurements. It then deals with the principles of luminous flux measurements
and describes methods for the evaluation o f the illuminance distribution, the
measurement o f luminous flux by means o f an integrating sphere photometer and
the determination of luminous flux via luminance, luminous intensity and
illuminance measurements.
The report is based on and replaces CIE Publication No. 25, 1973 'Procedures
for the measurement of luminous flux of discharge lamps and for their Calibration as working standards' [ l ] and on the conclusions of the 'CIEsymposium on light and radiation measurement 81' [ 21. The terminology follows
that in the 'International Lighting Vocabulary' [ 3 1 .
MESURES DE FLUX LUMINEUX
RESUME
Ce rapport technique contient d'abord 1 a terminologie ncessaire pour les
mesures de flux lumineux. Ensuite i l traite des principes de mesure du flux
lumineux et donne des dtails sur l'valuation de la distribution
d'clairement lumineux, la mesure du flux lumineux au moyen d'une sphre
d'integration photomtrique, et la dtermination du flux lumineux par l'intermdi ai re de mesure de 1 umi nance, d ' i ntensi t 1 umi neuse et d ' cl ai rement.
Ce rapport remplace la publication CIE No. 25, 1973 'Procedures for the
measurement of luminous flux of discharge lamps and for their calibration as
working standards' [ 1 1 dont elle est issue et sur les conclusions du
'CIE-Symposi um on Light and Radi ati on Measurement 81 ' [ 21
La termi no1 ogi e
est emprunte au vocabulaire international de 1 'clairage [ 3 1 .
LICHTSTROM-MESSUNGEN
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Dieser Techni sche Bericht enthlt zunchst di e fr Li chtstrommessungen
wichtigen Begriffsbestimmungen. Danach werden die Prinzipien der Lichtstrommessung und Einzel heiten ber die Auswertung der Lichtstrkeverteilung, die
Auswertung der B e l e u c h t u n g s s t r k e v e r t e i l u n g , die Lichtstrombestimmung iiber
Leuchtdichte-, Lichtstrke- oder Beleuchtungsstrkemessungen behandelt. Die
al 1 gemei nen Mebedi ngungen werden genannt.
Dieser Bericht ersetzt und sttzt sich vor allem auf die Publikation CIE No.
25, 1973 'Procedures for the Measurement o f Luminous Flux of Discharge Lamps
and for their Calibration as Working Standards' [ 1 1 und auf die Ergebnisse
des 'CIE-Symposium on light and radiation measurement 81' [ Z ] . Bei den
Begriffsbestimmungen sind die Angaben des Internationalen Wrterbuchs der
Lichttechnik [ 31 weitgehend zugrunde gelegt .
VI I
-~
~~~
CIE 84 8 9 I9006345 0003942 160

-11
ScoDe
. .
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s r e p o r t is t o review t h e main methods i n use f o r

luminous f l u x measurements.
One o f t h e s e methods is u s e d p r i m a r i l y
by
n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s l a b o r a t o r i e s ( c a l c u l a t i o n from i l l u m i n a n c e or luminance
distribution),
one
is
widely
used
in
industry
(measurement
with
an
i n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e ) , w h i l e y e t a n o t h e r form of measurement c a n b e c a r r i e d
o u t i n t h e l i m i t e d number o f i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s w i t h access t o a
g o n i o p h o t o m e t e r f o r measuring luminous i n t e n s i t y d i ' s t r i b u t i o n s . While e a c h
o f t h e u s e r g r o u p s w i l l b e p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e method i n u s e i n its
f i e l d , it i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a r e f e r e n c e work on luminous f l u x measurements
t o c o v e r a l l t h e main methods u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e and t o p u t them i n

perspective r e l a t i v e t o each other.
2
Terminology <3>
2.1.
2.1.1
P h o t o m e t r i c q u a n t i t i e s <3>
Luminous f l u x ( a v ; a)
Quantity
derived
from
radiant
flux
@e by
evaluating
the
radiation
a c c o r d i n g t o i t s a c t i o n upon t h e CIE s t a n d a r d p h o t o m e t r i c o b s e r v e r .
For
photopic vision
where cWe(h)/dh
is t h e s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e r a d i a n t f l u x a n d V ( A )
t h e s p e c t r a l luminious efficiency.
Unit: l m
2.1.2
Luminous i n t e n s i t y ( o f a source, i n a g i v e n d i r e c t i o n ) ( I v ; I )
Q u o t i e n t of t h e luminous f l u x ci@, l e a v i n g t h e s o u r c e a n d p r o p a g a t e d i n
t h e e l e m e n t o f s o l i d a n g l e d61 c o n t a i n i n g t h e g i v e n d i r e c t i o n , by t h e
e l e m e n t o f s o l i d angle.
I = -@V.
d8
Unit:
c d = lm-sr'l

CIE 84 89 I9006345 0003943 O T 7

- 2 -
2.1.3
I l l u m i n a n c e ( a t a p o i n t o f a s u r f a c e ) (E ;E)
V
t h e luminous f l u x
Q u o t i e n t of
i n c i d e n t on an element o f t h e s u r f a c e
c o n t a i n i n g t h e p o i n t , by t h e area dA of t h a t element.
@V
(3)
E v - x
l x
Unit:
2.1.4
Luminance
-2
1m.m
( i n a given direction,
at
g i v e n pont
of
a real or
imaginary surface) (Lv;L)

Q u a n t i t y d e f i n e d by t h e formula
L"
--
dA
where ciCD"
cos 8
(4)
dQ
i s t h e luminous f l u x t r a n s m i t t e d by an elementary beam p a s s i n g
through t h e g i v e n p o i n t and p r o p a g a t i n g i n t h e s o l i d angle

the given direction;
dn c o n t a i n i n g
dA is t h e area o f a s e c t i o n o f t h a t beam c o n t a i n i n g
t h e g i v e n p o i n t ; 8 i s t h e angle between t h e normal t o t h a t s e c t i o n and t h e

d i r e c t i o n o f t h e beam.
Unit:
cd*m- 2
1m.m - 2
sr-1
2.2 Terms for measuring i n s t r u m e n t s

2.2.1
Photometer <3>
Instrument f o r measuring photometric q u a n t i t i e s .

CIE 84 89
9006145 0003944 T33
- 3 -
2.2.2 i n t e g r a t i n g p h o t o m e t e r <3>
Photometer
for
measuring
luminous
flux,
generally
incorporating
an
i n t e g r a t i n g sphere.
2.2.3 I n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e ; U l b r i c h t s p h e r e <3>
Hollow
s p h e r e whose i n t e r n a l surface is a d i f f u s e r e f l e c t o r ,
a s non-
selective a s p o s s i b l e .
2.2.4 Box p h o t o m e t e r
A box p h o t o m e t e r is a n i n t e g r a t i n g p h o t o m e t e r employing a n a r b i t r a r i l y
shaped, hollow box or cavity i n s t e a d of a n i n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e .
2.2.5
Photometer head (4, 17>
A p h o t o m e t e r head c o n s i s t s o f a l i g h t - s e n s i t i v e d e t e c t o r a n d f a c i l i t i e s for
t h e s p e c t r a l w e i g h t i n g ( e . g . c o l o u r f i l t e r s ) or f o r t h e s p e c t r a l d i s p e r s i o n
(e.9.
gratings) of the light.
I t may a l s o c o n t a i n f a c i l i t i e s f o r d i r e c -
t i o n a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e l i g h t , e.g. d i f f u s i n g windows, l e n s e s , a p e r t u r e s .
2.2.6 Acceptance a r e a <17>

The a c c e p t a n c e area is t h e area o f t h e p h o t o m e t e r head which is r e c e i v i n g
and d i r e c t i o n a l l y e v a l u a t i n g t h e i n c i d e n t l i g h t .
2.2.7 Goniophotometer <3>

Photometer f o r measuring t h e d i r e c t i o n a l l i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of s o u r c e s , l u m i n a i r e s , media and s u r f a c e s .

CIE 84 89 W 900b145 0003945 9 7 T
- 4 -
Methods o f measurement
The
luminous f l u x
of
a light
source can be c a l c u l a t e d o r measured by
d i f f e r e n t met hods:
C a l c u l a t i o n from t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s e c t i o n 4)
C a l c u l a t i o n from t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( s e c t i o n 5)
Measurement w i t h a
sphere photometer by p h o t o m e t r i c or s p e c t r a l mea-
surements ( s e c t i o n 6)
Measurement w i t h a box photometer ( s e c t i o n 6.4)
R e l a t i v e measurements v i a i l l u m i n a n c e ,
luminous i n t e n s i t y o r luminance
( s e c t i o n 7)
C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x from t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

i s a p p r o p r i a t e where measurements o f
(e.g.
t h e l a t t e r a r e a l r e a d y b e i n g made
f o r l u m i n a i r e s ) <5>.
The d e r i v a t i o n of t h e luminous f l u x from a measurement o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a lamp i s t h e method used i n many n a t i o n a l standards labor a t o r i e s t o s e t up t h e b a s i c standards o f luminous f l u x .
nous f l u x ,
The u n i t o f lumi-
t h e lumen, i s t h u s e s t a b l i s h e d i n terms o f t h e
luminous i n t e n s i t y , t h e candela <6,7,12,13,14>.
SI base u n i t o f
An a c c u r a t e measurement o f
t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n o f t h e c o l o r i m e t r i c p r o p e r t i e s o f l i g h t sources <8>
and of t h e i r s p e c t r a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n <9> can a l s o be made u s i n g t h i s
method.
Luminous f l u x measurements u s i n g a sphere photometer a r e a p p r o p r i a t e for:
Measurements i n i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s f o r p r o d u c t i o n c o n t r o l
Measurements by t e s t houses and u s e r s
The c a l i b r a t i o n o f
standard
lamps
(e.g.
working standards)
against
h i g h e r o r d e r standard lamps, making e x t r a c o r r e c t i o n s f o r e r r o r s due t o

CIE B Y 8 9 W 900bLLi5 0003946 806 m

- 5 -
geometric,
s p e c t r a l and l i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e
lamps t o be compared.
The measurement of l i g h t s o u r c e s w i t h luminous f l u x e s v a r y i n g w i t h time

(e.g.
a d j u s t a b l e lamps, f l a s h l a m p s )
The measurement o f luminous f l u x a s a f u n c t i o n o f time.
Measurements w i t h a s p h e r e o f t h e l i g h t - o u t p u t
r a t i o of a l u m i n a i r e which
is c a l c u l a t e d from t h e luminous f l u x of t h e lamp and t h e luminous f l u x of

the luminaire,
c a n n o t b e recommended i f t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u -
t i o n s of lamp and l u m i n a i r e d i f f e r c o n s i d e r a b l y .
A luminous f l u x measurement w i t h a box photometer only p r e s e n t s a d i r e c t
r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e luminous f l u x o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e a n d t h e i n d i r e c t
i l l u m i n a n c e a t a n a r b i t r a r y p o i n t a t an i n s i d e s u r f a c e of t h e box, i f t h e
r e f e r e n c e l i g h t s o u r c e and t h e l i g h t s o u r c e t o b e measured have t h e same
s p a t i a l luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e same s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n and
same dimensions.
Measurements of
spectral radiant
s p h e r e photometer,
f l u x c a n be made w i t h a n i n t e g r a t i n g
f o r l i g h t s o u r c e s where t h e s p e c t r a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n
varies w i t h d i r e c t i o n (e.g.
metal h a l i d e lamps).
T h i s method g i v e s a l l t h e
information necessary f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n of:
S p e c t r a l power d i s t r i b u t i o n
Luminous f l u x
Radiant f l u x
Colour
Colour r e n d e r i n g i n d i c e s
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x of l i g h t s o u r c e s via a measurement
of i l l u m i n a n c e ,
luminous i n t e n s i t y o r luminance i s o f t e n c a r r i e d o u t i n
practice t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s p e c i f i c parameters (e.g.

temperature, position).
ment.
ageing,
I t u s u a l l y takes t h e form o f a r e l a t i v e measure-
The method c a n a l s o be used f o r measuring t h e luminous f l u x of f l u o -
r e s c e n t lamps i n l i g h t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s
<lo>.
The method u s e d f o r t h e measurement of luminous f l u x depends on t h e a v a i l a b l e equipment.
Equipment and method used are i n f l u e n c e d by:

~ _ _ _ _ _~~-
CIE 84 89 m 9006345 0003947 742 D

- 6 -
The t a s k o f t h e p h o t o m e t r i c l a b o r a t o r y
Economy
Acceptable measurement u n c e r t a i n t y .
C a l c u l a t i o n o f luminous f l u x f r o m luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n
Time consunption
4.1 Measurement o r i n c i D l e
According t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n ,
t h e luminous f l u x Q can be d e r i v e d from t h e
s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y
where Q
= 4x s r
by t h e r e l a t i o n
Total s o l i d angle
The luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n can be measured w i t h a goniophotometer
al>
4.2 Measurement o f luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

The measurement o f luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d i n a separ a t e Technical Report o f t h e C I E
<U>. That r e p o r t c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n
about goniophotorneters used f o r t h e measurement o f luminous i n t e n s i t y dist r i b u t i o n as w e l l as d a t a about t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e measurements.
4.3 Method o f c a l c u l a t i o n
I n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e luminous f l u x ,
t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y s h o u l d be
i n t e g r a t e d over t h e f u l l s o l i d a n g l e as shown i n e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) .
The element
o f s o l i d angle dQ can be expressed t r i g o n o m e t r i c a l l y as

d W
s i n ~d
E d r)
with
dO
Element o f solid a n g l e
E>
Angles depending on t h e chosen c o o r d i n a t e system;

E
e l e v a t i o n angle w i t h

O a t z e n i t h and 7) azimuth a n g l e
~~~~
~~
CIE 84 89 U 9006345 0003948 689

- 7 -
The angles
and
r)
should be s u b s t i t u t e d t o accord w i t h t h e c o o r d i n a t e
system used d u r i n g t h e measurement o f luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n .

I n a p r a c t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n t h e i n t e g r a l s a r e r e p l a c e d by sums.
I n t h a t case
t h e luminous f l u x can f o r example be c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g

formulae:
For measurements i n
M
A-planes:
AA
I(a,A) { sin(nAa)
m = l n=-N+l
B-planes:
= AB
C-planes:
AC
I(,B)
m = 1 n=-N+l
m=l
n=l
1 1
I(y,C)
sin[(n
1)Aal)
(7a)
sin[(n
i)AP]}
(7b)
sin(nA)
cos[(n-l)Ay]
cos(nAy)}
Aar and A r e p r e s e n t angular s t e p s i z e s o f n/2N and Ay corresponds t o n/N,

w h i l e AA, AB and AC a r e g i v e n by 2n/M (see appendix and r e f e r e n c e <li>).
The s m a l l e r t h e a n g u l a r s t e p s t h a t a r e chosen,
t h e more a c c u r a t e w i l l be
t h e r e s u l t i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f luminous f l u x .
Steep luminous i n t e n s i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e q u i r e s m a l l e r a n g u l a r steps.
4.4 Sources o f e r r o r
S p e c i f i c e r r o r s i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x through an evalua t i o n o f t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n can be caused by:
Errors i n t h e measurement o f luminous i n t e n s i t y <Il>
Too l a r g e s t e p angles
Shading o f t h e l i g h t source by mechanical p a r t s of t h e goniophotometer

and t h e h o l d e r f o r t h e l i g h t source (see s e c t i o n 4.8)
I n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e l i g h t source d u r i n g measurement
I n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e mechanical arrangement o f t h e photometer.
C a l c u l a t i o n o f luminous f l u x from t h e i l l u m i n a n c e
distribution
5.1 Measurement p r i n c i p l e
By d e f i n i t i o n ,
t h e luminous f l u x Q can be d e r i v e d from t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
i l l u m i n a n c e E o v e r a c l o s e d s u r f a c e A around t h e l i g h t source u s i n g t h e r e -

CIE 84 89 E 9006345 0003949 515 W
- 8 lation
The i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n can be measured by means o f a goniophotometer

over a s p h e r i c a l s u r f a c e around t h e l i g h t source.
I t i s n o t necessary f o r
t h e l i g h t source t o be e x a c t l y a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e imaginary sphere.

is,
however,
It
recommended t h a t i t s h o u l d be p o s i t i o n e d a s c l o s e t o t h e cen-
t r e o f t h e sphere as p o s s i b l e .
The m i n i m u m d i s t a n c e between t h e c e n t r e o f t h e sphere and t h e photometer

head depends on t h e l a r g e s t dimension o f t h e l i g h t source t o be measured,
f o r p u r e l y mechanical reasons.
I t may be s m a l l e r t h a n t h e l i m i t i n g photo-
m e t r i c d i s t a n c e as l o n g as t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter s t i l l e v a l u a t e s i l l u m i nance c o r r e c t l y i n terms o f d i r e c t i o n ( c o s i n e response), e t c . <4>.
5.2 TvDes o f aonioDhotometer

I t i s p o s s i b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h between t h e d i f f e r e n t types of goniophotomet e r used f o r t h e measurement o f i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
I n a l l o f them
t h e l i g h t source t o be measured i s operated i n t h e p r e s c r i b e d b u r n i n g p o s i -
tion.
5.2.1
Goniophotometer w i t h l i g h t source i n a f i x e d p o s i t i o n
I n these goniophotometers t h e l i g h t source i s operated i n t h e p r e s c r i b e d
burning
position
without
being
moved.
The
photometer
head
of
i l l u m i n a n c e meter used f o r t h e measurement i s r o t a t e d about two axes,
the
which
i n t e r s e c t one another a t r i g h t angles, around t h e l i g h t source.
I n t h e example d e p i c t e d i n F i g .
l a t o IC
these two axes can be o r i e n t e d
a r b i t r a r i l y i n space by means o f t h e o u t e r frame,
which remains s t a t i o n e r y
d u r i n g a measurement.
I n t h e terminology defined i n t h e Appendix,
o u t i n C-planes,
t h e measurements a r e c a r r i e d
w i t h t h e innermost frame p o s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s e d by t h e
angle y and t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e middle Frame by t h e angle C.

CIE 8 4 89 B! 900b145 0003950 237
- 9 -
F i g . 1:
Photograph of a model of a goniophotometer w i t h a l i g h t

source, which s t a y s immobile i n a f i x e d p o s i t i o n
Fig. 1 a ) For t h e luminous f l u x i n t e g r a t i o n a compact l i g h t s o u r c e L

(e.g. a n i n c a n d e s c e n t lamp) is s u p p o r t e d on a h o l d e r H e i t h e r
The h o l d e r i s f i x e d
from t h e t o p or t h e bottom o f t h e frame.
r i g i d l y t o t h e e x t e r n a l frame, which c a n b e t u r n e d i n t o any
The
p o s i t i o n , b u t is k e p t s t a t i o n a r y d u r i n g t h e measurement.
two i n n e r f r a m e s move t h e photometer E o v e r t h e s u r f a c e of a
s p h e r e by r o t a t i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y .

~~~
CIE B Y 89 I90061Y5 0003951 173
10
F i g . 1 b) With t h e e x t e r n a l frame i n a h o r i z o n t a l p o s i t i o n t h e t u b u l a r
lamp L
support
is measured
and
holders H.
i n a horizontal
electrical
power
are
position.
supplied
Mechanical
via
two
lamp
Two p h o t o m e t e r s E a r e moved o v e r t h e s u r f a c e of a
sphere.

CIE 84 8 9
90Obl145 0003952 O O T
Fig.
II
1 c ) To c a l i b r a t e t h e photometer,
the p a r t o f the i c n e r frame

carrying the photometer E i s turned outwards by 180
One of
the bearings o f t h e o u t e r frame i s hollow.
Through i t the
luminous i n t e n s i t y standard lamp N, which i s placed outside
the system o f r o t a t i n g frames, i l l u m i n a t e s the detector E w i t h
a known illuminance.

~~
CIE 84 89 I9006345 0003953 T 4 6
5.2.2
12
Goniophotometer w i t h t h e l i g h t source r o t a t e d about a

s p a t i a l l y fixed l i g h t centre
I n these goniophotometers t h e l i g h t source i s p o s i t i o n e d a t a d e f i n e d p o i n t

i n space and r o t a t e d about a v e r t i c a l axis.
The photometer head r o t a t e s i n
a v e r t i c a l plane around t h e l i g h t source (Fig.
2) <13,14>.
The two axes
i n t e r s e c t one another a t r i g h t angles.
F i g . 2:
5.2.3
Goniophotometer w i t h t h e l i g h t source r o t a t e d about a v e r t i c a l

a x i s and with a s p a t i a l l y f i x e d l i g h t centre.
Goniophotometer with t h e l i g h t source r o t a t e d about a v e r t i c a l

a x i s w i t h a moving l i g h t c e n t r e
I n t h i s t y p e o f goniophotometer t h e l i g h t source and t h e photometer head
a r e a t opposite ends of a r o t a t i n g beam, which i s t u r n e d around a horizont a l a x i s through t h e middle of t h e beam (Fig.
3).
The l i g h t source i s
t u r n e d around a v e r t i c a l a x i s i n i t s b u r n i n g p o s i t i o n .
c e n t r e i s r o t a t e d i n a p l a n e around a h o r i z o n t a l axis.
The photometric
This t y p e of gonio-
photometer r e q u i r e s a more i n v o l v e d mechanical c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a n t h e one

d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 5.2.2.
However, f o r t h e same d i s t a n c e between l i g h t
source and photometer head t h e r e q u i r e d room h e i g h t is o n l y about h a l f as

great.
Both methods can a l s o be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a s i n g l e design <12,14>.

~~
C I E 84 8 9
~-
9006145 0003954 9 8 2
13
Y b
LIGHT SOURCE
AXIS OF ROTATION
PHOTOMTEMEAD
Fig. 3:
Goniophotometer w i t h t h e l i g h t source rebated abou,

a x i s and w i t h a moving l i g h t centre.
a vertAcal
5.3 Measurement o f i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n
5.3.1
Movement o f t h e photometer head
There a r e s e v e r a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r measuring i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n :
The i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s measured c o n t i n o u s l y along a l i n e on

t h e sphere surface,
shape).
which e n c i r c l e s t h e l i g h t source ( s p i r a l ,
See Fig. 4 <15,16>.
screw-
F o r t h i s type o f movement o f t h e photo-
meter head t h e measuring time f o r a g i v e n a n g u l a r s t e p s i z e i s a m i n i mum.
The i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s measured c o n t i n u o u s l y on a c o n i c a l s u r face (constant angle E).
The photometer head i s moved i n angular s t e p s
o f s i z e Ac.
The i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s measured c o n t i n u o u s l y i n a v e r t i c a l
p l a n e (constant
angle 11).
The photometer head i s moved i n angular
steps o f s i z e A v .
The i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s measured i n a n g u l a r s t e p s i z e s Ac and
AT of t h e photometer head o r t h e l i g h t source.

CIE 84 89 O 9006345 0003955 819 H
14
Fig. 4 P r i n c i p l e o f c o n t i n u o u s measurement of t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n
on a s p h e r e surface.
5.3.2
Angular s t e p s i z e s
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x becomes t h e more a c c u r a t e t h e small-
e r t h e s t e p s i z e s f o r r o t a t i o n i n t h e p o l a r (Ac) a n d azimuth ( A v ) a n g l e s .
For a n accurate measurement,
e s p e c i a l l y for l i g h t sources with a s t e e p
luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n g u l a r s t e p s i z e s o f Ac = A v = 0,l
be
required.
For
l i g h t s o u r c e s w i t h a broad
could
luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s -
t r i b u t i o n l a r g e r a n g u l a r s t e p s i z e s c a n b e chosen.
5 . 3 . 3 Speed o f r o t a t i o n
L i g h t sources, t h e luminous f l u x of which depens on t h e a m b i e n t temperat u r e and t h e a i r s p e e d , may o n l y be t u r n e d around t h e v e r t i c a l a x i s a t a
l i m i t e d speed of rotation.
Some l i g h t s o u r c e s c a n a l s o b e i n f l u e n c e d by
material moving i n s i d e t h e l i g h t s o u r c e .
Where t h e r e is a p o s s i b i l i t y o f
moving p a r t i c l e s , e s p e c i a l l y d r o p s of e.g.
Na, Hg, t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s s h o u l d
b e l e s s t h a n one t e n t h o f s t a n d a r d g r a v i t y .

900bL45 0003956 755
CIE 84 8 9
15
Note:
The p e r m i t t e d speed o f r o t a t i o n can be determined by:
Measuring t h e luminous f l u x
of
t h e l i g h t source as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
speed o f r o t a t i o n
Measuring t h e i l l u m i n a n c e a t a p o s i t i o n a l o n g t h e a x i s o f r o t a t i o n o f
t h e l i g h t source, which i s n o t shaded by p a r t s o f t h e lamp holder, as a
f u n c t i o n o f t h e speed o f r o t a t i o n .
The speed o f r o t a t i o n ,
decreasing),
a t which t h e luminous f l u x s t a r t s changing ( u s u a l l y
A uniform
should n o t be exceeded d u r i n g t h e measurement.
movement o f t h e photometer head w i t h o u t v i b r a t i o n i s required.
For t h i s
t h e mechanical system has t o be w e l l balanced.
5.4 Angle encoding

I n order t o measure t h e i l l u m i n a n c e a t a d e f i n e d p o s i t i o n o f t h e photometer
head,
two angles have t o be s e t and measured.
The use o f a b s o l u t e a n g l e
encoders, where t h e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n need n o t be adjusted, i s recommended.
The s e t p o s i t i o n i n g i s maintained even a f t e r s w i t c h i n g o f f t h e power supply.

use.
Other means o f angle encoding,
e.g.
s t e p p i n g motors,
are also i n
The i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e angles should be accurate t o w i t h i n approxi-
mately 0,1'.
5.5 I l l u m i n a n c e meter
The accuracy o f luminous f l u x measurements made by means o f a n e v a l u a t i o n
o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s determined d e c i s i v e l y by t h e q u a l i t y o f
t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter used.
I t s h o u l d be o f a very h i g h q u a l i t y <17>.
5.6 Data a c q u i s i t i o n and c a l c u l a t i o n of l u n i n o u s f l u x <11,18>

I n a l l goniophotometers where luminous f l u x i s determined by e v a l u a t i n g t h e
i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s measured on a s p h e r i c a l surface around t h e l i g h t source.

equation (8) as:

I n t h a t case t h e luminous f l u x is g i v e n by
~~
~~
CIE 84 89
9006145 0003957 691
276
TI
= r2
E dA
16 -
E(E,~)
sin
dE
dq
Sphere s u r f a c e
I l l u m i n a n c e on area element dA of t h e s p h e r e surface
Sphere r a d i u s
Polar angle
77
Azimuth a n g l e
(9)
When t h e l i g h t s o u r c e o r the d e t e c t o r is moving c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g a measurement t h e r e can be q u i t e l a r g e changes i n t h e i l l u m i n a n c e a t t h e photo-
meter head due t o s p a t i a l or, i n t h e case of AC powered lamps, t e m p o r a l

changes i n t h e o u t p u t .
An e x a c t measurement o f t h e l o c a l i l l u m i n a n c e is
t h e r e f o r e only p o s s i b l e i f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e and t h e d e t e c t o r head a r e s t a t i o n a r y d u r i n g t h e measurement.
T h i s l e a d s t o long measuring times and is
therefore not generally practicable.

Methods f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e " c o r r e c t " i l l u m i n a n c e , which is a p p l i c a b l e f o r a d e f i n e d a r e a element o r a d e f i n e d d i r e c t i o n ( c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
t h e angles
a n d ri), d i f f e r and c a n n o t b e d e s c r i b e d i n a g e n e r a l i z e d way.
On t h e whole t h e measurement a c c u r a c y i s i n f l u e n c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by t h e
a n g u l a r s t e p s i z e s AE and A v ,
t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t i e s de/dt and d d d t and
t h e i n t e g r a t i o n time o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meters
usually
>
20 ms)
( f o r 50 Hz AC s u p p l i e s
The i l l u m i n a n c e i n t e g r a t i o n g i v e n by e q u a t i o n ( 9 ) c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t by
Direct e l e c t r o n i c i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h d i s p l a y of t h e l u m i n o u s f l u x a f t e r
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n . o v e r t h e whole s u r f a c e o f
t h e sphere.
A c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e measured i l l u m i n a n c e v a l u e s a t a l l t h e p o s i t i o n s o f
t h e photometer head,
s t o r a g e of these v a l u e s and e v a l u a t i o n e.g.
by
means of a d e s k t o p computer.
I n a d i r e c t e l e c t r o n i c i n t e g r a t i o n weighting of t h e i l l u m i n a n c e a c c o r d i n g
to the sine of
potentiometer.
(see e q u a t i o n ( 9 ) ) i s u s u a l l y a c h i e v e d by u s i n g a sine-
I n t h e s e p o t e n t i o m e t e r s , even w i t h p r e c i s i o n components,
l a r g e e r r o r s c a n occur a t small v a l u e s of

E,
which reduce t h e accuracy
CIE 84 89
~~
~~
~-
~~
9006345 0003958 5 2 8
17
when measuring l i g h t sources w i t h steep luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

For equal angular step s i z e s numerical c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l t h e r e f o r e u s u a l l y
be more accurate t h a n d i r e c t e l e c t r o n i c i n t e g r a t i o n .
I n numerical c a l c u l a t i o n i t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t o determine p a r t i a l luminous
fluxes
i n certain
hemisphere,
sections
of
solid
angle,
e.g.
the
upper
or
lower
separately.
5.7 S t r a y l i g h t
S t r a y l i g h t ( l i g h t which does n o t reach t h e photometer head d i r e c t l y from
This can be achieved by p l a c i n g t h e
the l i g h t source) should be avoided.

goniophotometer i n a b l a c k room.
It i s also possible t o place a highly
absorbing surface <19> behind t h e l i g h t source (as seen from t h e photometer

head),
which i s moved t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e photometer head.
The photometer
head should evaluate l i g h t from t h e s o l i d angle n o t occupied by t h e l i g h t

source w i t h as l i t t l e s e n s i t i v i t y as p o s s i b l e and t h i s can be achieved by
p l a c i n g a b a f f l e tube o f
t h e a p p r o p r i a t e dimensions,
blackened on t h e
I t i s p o s s i b l e t o measure most o f
i n s i d e , i n f r o n t o f t h e photometer head.
t h e s t r a y l i g h t by making an a d d i t i o n a l measurement o f t h e luminous f l u x

w i t h a bla&
shade,
which j u s t covers t h e l i g h t source completely, p l a c e d
between l i g h t source and photometer head and moving w i t h t h e photometer

head.
The luminous f l u x measured i n t h i s way i s due only t o s t r a y l i g h t
and should t h e r e f o r e be s u b t r a c t e d from
t h e value measured w i t h o u t t h e
shade.
Further
information
about
eliminating
stray
light
i n
luminous
flux
measurements w i t h goniophotometers can be found i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e <20>.
5.8 Missed luminous f l u x
fraction
of
the
mechanical p a r t s o f
light
leaving
the
light
t h e goniophotorneter
source
may
be
shaded
i n a m a l l s o l i d angle,
by
thus
causing i t t o miss t h e photometer head.

Any underestimation o f t h e l u m i n o u s f l u x l e a v i n g the l i g h t source because
o f shading by mechanical p a r t s can be r e d i c e d by c o v e r i n g t h e shading p a r t s
with a l a y e r o f h i g h r e f l e c t a n c e m a t e r i a l .

CIE 84 89 W 7006345 0003959 4 6 4 W
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If t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a small, l i m i t e d p o r t i o n o f t h e s o l i d
a n g l e c a n n o t be measured because t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e goniophotometer

d o e s n o t allow p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e photometer head i n t h i s r e g i o n , t h e n t h e
luminous f l u x r a d i a t e d i n t o i t is missed.
I n t h a t case t h e r e s u l t can be
c o r r e c t e d nume r i c a 1l y by e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e i 1l u m i na nce d i st r i b u t i o n w i t h i n
t h i s r e g i o n of s o l i d a n g l e .
Methods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
s h a d i n g a r e g i v e n i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e <12>.
5.9 Summary o f e r r o r s o u r c e s
S p e c i f i c u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e luminous f l u x from t h e
i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n a r i s e from:
Deformation o f mechanical p a r t s of t h e goniophotometer (frame, r e v o l v i n g arm)
U n c e r t a i n t y r e g a r d i n g t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e a c c e p t a n c e area of t h e
photometer head a n d t h e c e n t r e o f r e v o l u t i o n
U n c e r t a i n t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e photometer head
Irregular rotation
Too l a r g e a n g u l a r s t e p s
Measurement u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter
Too great a n a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y :
source.
I n f l u e n c e on t h e l i g h t o u t p u t of t h e
For AC powered l i g h t s o u r c e s :
P r e v e n t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r tempo-
r a l i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e luminous f l u x
Missed luminous f l u x a n d s h a d i n g
Stray l i g h t
U n c e r t a i n t y r e g a r d i n g t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n
standard
I n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e o r o t h e r p a r t s of t h e system (e.9.
amp-
l i f i e r ) d u r i n g t h e measurement.
5.10 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n c h e c k l i s t
I n o r d e r t o c h a r a c t e r i z e goniophotometers f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e luminous f l u x
from t h e i l l u m i n a n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a t a a r e r e q u i r e d :
Me c h a n i c a 1 c o n s t r u c t ion:
Type o f goniophotorneter
Dimensions of goniophotometer

CIE 84 8 9
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Maximum dimensions o f t h e l i g h t sources t h a t can be measured
Maximum weight o f l i g h t sources t h a t can be measured.
Geometry:
Distance between c e n t r e o f r o t a t i o n and photometer head

Angle ( s o l i d angle) n o t a c c e s s i b l e
4ngle ( s o l i d angle) o u t s i d e o f which s t r a y l i g h t i s n o t recorded by t h e
photometer head.
Positioning:
Method o f angle encoding

Resolution
Method o f i n d i c a t i o n f o r s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n
P o s s i b l e angular steps
P o s s i b l e speeds o f ' r o t a t i o n
P o s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n s between i n d i c a t e d and r e a l angles.
I l l u m i n a n c e meter and data processing:
Errors o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter used <17,18>
Method o f data a c q u i s i t i o n and processing
Data on t h e computer used.
5.11 C a l i b r a t i n g and t e s t i n g
5.11.1
Calibration
Goniophotometers f o r
the determination o f
luminous f l u x from t h e i l l u -
minance d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e u s u a l l y c a l i b r a t e d by means o f luminous i n t e n s i t y

standard lamps.
The c a l i b r a t i o n a p p l i e s t o t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter used i n
t h e goniophotometer,
f o r which t h e i l l u m i n a n c e i s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e l u m i -
nous i n t e n s i t y o f t h e standard lamp v i a t h e p h o t o m e t r i c d i s t a n c e law.
5.11.2
Testing
I n a d d i t i o n t h e goniophotometer can be t e s t e d by t h r e e d i f f e r e n t methods:

~~
CIE 84 89
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9006345 0003963 012
5.11.2.1
20
Luminous f l u x standard lamp
A goniophotometer can be t e s t e d o r c a l i b r a t e d by means o f a luminous f l u x

standard lamp.
I f the accuracy o f t h e goniophotometer i s being t e s t e d , t h e
measured luminous f l u x o f t h e standard should agree w i t h t h e nominal value

o f the standard w i t h i n the s t a t e d u n c e r t a i n t y .
used t o c a l i b r a t e t h e goniophotometer,
I f t h e standard i s b e i n g
t h e s t a t e d u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e stan-
dard c a l i b r a t i o n must be added t o the o t h e r u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n v o l v e d i n u s i n g

t h e instrument t o make measurements o f luminous f l u x .
I t i s recommended t h a t t h i s procedure be c a r r i e d o u t w i t h a t l e a s t t h r e e
d i f f e r e n t luminous f l u x standard lamps.
5.11.2.2
Luminous i n t e n s i t y standard lamp
The goniophotometer can a l s o be t e s t e d and c a l i b r a t e d by means o f a luminous i n t e n s i t y standard lamp, i f t h e photometer head of t h e i l l u m i n a n c e met e r i s moved t o a p o s i t i o n , where the luminous i n t e n s i t y o f t h e standard
lamp p o s i t i o n e d a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e goniophotometer i s known.
For the
t e s t t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y standard and t h e photometer head o f t h e i l l u m i nance meter should remain s t a t i o n a r y , t h e d r i v e mechanism o f t h e goniophotometer b e i n g arrested.
The movement o f t h e goniophotometer ( l i g h t source,
photometer head) may t h e n be s i m u l a t e d by a s u i t a b l e computer program.
The
r e s u l t i n g luminous f l u x w i l l be equal t o 4x sr times t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y

o f t h e standard lamp.
5.11.2.3
C a l i b r a t e d i l l u m i n a n c e meter
A t e s t o f t h e goniophotometer can a l s o be performed by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e s p o n s i v i t y s o f t h e goniophotometer's i l l u m i n a n c e meter <4>,where

S
Iph
E
I p h /E
(10)
Photocurrent produced by i l l u m i n a n c e meter

I l l u m i n a n c e on t h e acceptance area o f t h e photometer head, c a l c u l a t e d
from the luminous i n t e n s i t y o f t h e standard lamp and i t s d i s t a n c e t o
t h e photometer head.
The photometer head o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter on t h e goniophotometer, f o r

which t h e photocurrent I p h was determined d u r i n g t h e measurement o f t h e
r e s p o n s i v i t y , should then be disconnected and t h e same c u r r e n t should be
s u p p l i e d from a constant c u r r e n t source.

CIE 84 89 E 9006145 0003962 T59 E
21
A measurement sequence should t h e n be performed.
The luminous f l u x deter-
mined i n t h i s way is given by:
Distance between c e n t r e o f r o t a t i o n and acceptance area o f t h e photomet e r head
Responsivity according t o e q u a t i o n (10)
I p h Supplied constant photocurrent,
T h i s t e s t a u t o m a t i c a l l y i n c l u d e s t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e movement c y c l e o f t h e
goniophotometer.
5.11.3
Intercomparison
A good method f o r f i n d i n g t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e measurement o f luminous
f l u x o b t a i n e d w i t h a s p e c i f i c goniophotometer i s t o conpare r e s u l t s f o r t h e
same lamps measured a t d i f f e r e n t w e l l q u a l i f i e d l a b o r a t o r i e s .
A comparison
o f t h e r e s u l t s o f measurements on t h e same lamps o b t a i n e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t

photometers (e. 9.
a goniophotometer and an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere photometer)
may a l s o g i v e u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n <21>.
Measurement w i t h an i n t e a r a t i n a sDhere
The luminous f l u x o f a l i g h t source can be measured i n a sphere photometer
by a comparison with a luminous f l u x standard lamp.
I n making t h e measure-
ment, t h e l i g h t source and t h e s t a n d a r d lamp a r e p l a c e d successively a t t h e

same l o c a t i o n i n t h e i n t e g r a t i n g sphere.
The i n d i r e c t i l l u m i n a n c e on t h e
sphere s u r f a c e i s t a k e n as a measure of t h e luminous f l u x .

A sphere photometer c o n s i s t s o f an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere,
w i t h read-out
u n i t and
ifa p p l i c a b l e
a photometer head
means f o r data a c q u i s i t i o n ,
as
w e l l as an e l e c t r i c a l supply f o r t h e measuring equipment.

6.2 %here theorv
Luminous f l u x
can be measured

in a
sphere photometer
by
means o f
= 9006345 0003963 995 =

~
CIE 84 89
22
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e luminous f l u x of a luminous f l u x s t a n d a r d lamp.
Accor-
d i n g t o U l b r i c h t ' s t h e o r y , t h e luminous f l u x o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e is r e l a t e d
t o t h e i n d i r e c t i l l u m i n a n c e Eind on t h e i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e of t h e i n t e g r a t i n g
s p h e r e by
- - A1 - P
(12)
Eind
I n d i r e c t i l l u m i n a n c e on t h e
i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e of t h e
s p h e r e (e.9.
on
t h e a c c e p t a n c e area of t h e photometer head s e t f l u s h w i t h t h e s u r f a c e

o f t h e sphere)
Reflectance o f i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e
S u r f a c e area of t h e s p h e r e
The f a c t o r k , where
k = - Al - P
P
is known a s t h e " s p h e r e f a c t o r " .
I n p r a c t i c e k d i f f e r s from t h e t h e o r e t i -
c a l v a l u e g i v e n by e q u a t i o n ( 1 3 ) , mainly because t h e s p h e r e is n o t empty

d u r i n g t h e measurement.
For t h i s r e a s o n , k c a n n o t be c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g
t o (131, b u t must be d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a r e f e r e n c e l i g h t s o u r c e (luminous

f l u x s t a n d a r d lamp)
@N
Luminous f l u x o f s t a n d a r d lamp
Eind,N
I n d i r e c t i l l u m i n a n c e o f t h e luminous f l u x @N
Then, from e q u a t i o n s (12) t o (141, t h e luminous f l u x of t h e l i g h t s o u r c e

follows as

C I E 84 89 m O O b 3 4 5 0 0 0 3 b 4 1321 m
- 23
6.3 S p e c t r a l method <22,23>

An i m p o r t a n t parameter o f a l i g h t source i s t h e s p e c t r a l r a d i a n t f l u x Qeh,
from which s e v e r a l q u a n t i t i e s can be c a l c u l a t e d :
Luminous f l u x
Radiant f l u x
Radiant f l u x e f f e c t i v e f o r p h o t o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s
Colour ( t r i s t imulus values, c o r r e l a t e d c o l o u r temperature)
Colour
rendering
properties
( s p e c i a l ( R i ) and
general (Ra)
colour
rendering indices)
The s p e c t r a l r a d i a n t f l u x o f a l i g h t source can be measured w i t h an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere photometer, where t h e V ( A)-evaluating photometer head i s r e p l a c e d by a monochromator combined w i t h an a p p r o p r i a t e detector.
way, t h e s p e c t r a l
illuminance Eind
i r r a d i a n c e EeA,ind i s measured
In this
instead o f the i n d i r e c t
as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e wavelength.
When s p e c t r a l measurements a r e used i n t h i s way, t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e

o f t h e sphere w a l l and t h e r e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y o f t h e radiometer
head do n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s u l t s .
The e f f e c t o f a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e
s p a t i a l f l u x d i s t r i b u t i o n s between t h e standard lamp and t h e l i g h t source

t o be measured i s t h e same as f o r
luminous f l u x
measurements w i t h an
i n t e g r a t i n g sphere photometer.
A standard lamp o f known s p e c t r a l r a d i a n t f l u x @eA,N must be used.

The
spectral
r a d i a n t f l u x @eA,x o f a l i g h t
source t o be
measured can be
o b t a i n e d from t h e r e l a t i o n
s(h)
= Yh,N/@eh,N
S p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y o f t h e sphere radiometer
Yh,x
Output s i g n a l f o r l i g h t source X a t wavelength
YA,N
Output s i g n a l f o r standard lamp N a t wavelength
QeA,N
S p e c t r a l r a d i a n t f l u x o f t h e standard lamp

N.
~~
CIE 84 89
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- 24
The
luminous
flux
ax
o f t h e l i g h t source t o be measured can be c a l c u l a t e d
from t h e known luminous f l u x @N and known
r e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l power
distribu-
t i o n SA,N o f t h e standard lamp:
* d h
Km
(17)
683 I m / W Maximum s p e c t r a l luminous e f f i c a c y .
F o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f o t h e r (non-luminous)
quantities the relevant rela-
t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y must be used i n s t e a d o f V ( h ) i n e q u a t i o n (17).

The v a r i o u s aspects o f an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere photometer o t h e r t h a n t h e
s p e c t r a l ones, which a r e described i n s e c t i o n 5 , must s t i l l be taken i n t o
account.
6.4 Box-Dhotometer
A comparison o f t h e luminous f l u x o f l i g h t sources o f t h e same t y p e can a l so be performed u s i n g a box-photometer,
i n which an a r b i t r a r i l y shaped
box o r r e c t a n g u l a r c a v i t y i s used i n s t e a d o f an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere <24>.
6.5 I n t e g r a t i n g sphere
6.5.1 Sphere diameter

The i n t e g r a t i n g sphere must have t h e diameter l a r g e enough t o t a k e t h e b i g gest l i g h t source t o be measured w i t h s u f f i c i e n t d i s t a n c e between t h e l i g h t
source and t h e sphere w a l l t o p e r m i t adequate m u l t i p l e r e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e
l i g h t w i t h i n t h e sphere w i t h o u t undue i n t e r f e r e n c e from t h e source i t s e l f .
I t i s recommended t h a t t h e sphere diameter f o r compact lamps s h o u l d be a t

25
l e a s t 10 times and Por t u b u l a r lamps a t l e a s t t w i c e t h e l a r g e s t dimension

o f t h e l i g h t source.
lamps o f 1,5
Thus t h e sphere diameter f o r measuring f l u o r e s c e n t
m l e n g t h should be 3 m
(for
l e s s c r i t i c a l measurements a
sphere diameter o f 2 m would be s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e same purpose).
The
choice o f sphere diameter i s a l s o determined by t h e power d i s s i p a t i o n o f

t h e l i g h t source t o be measured.
The r e s p o n s i v i t y o f a sphere photometer v a r i e s w i t h t h e i n v e r s e square o f
t h e sphere diameter.
The i n t e g r a t i n g sphere should be made i n such a way t h a t no s t r a y l i g h t can
e n t e r t h e sphere from t h e outside.
6.5.2
Sphere p a i n t
The p a i n t f o r ' t h e i n s i d e o f t h e sphere should r e f l e c t s u f f i c i e n t l y d i f f u s e -
I t should n o t show luminescence.
ly and n o n s e l e c t i v e l y .
Since t h e sphere
f a c t o r k (see equation ( 1 3 ) ) i s i n f l u e n c e d more s t r o n g l y by s m a l l r e l a t i v e

changes i n t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e p(A) i n t h e case o f a h i g h r e f l e c t a n c e ,
i t i s recommended t h a t a p a i n t w i t h a r e f l e c t a n c e o f about 0,8 <25> be

chosen.
I t should, however, be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e i n t e g r a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s
of t h e sphere decrease w i t h decreasing r e f l e c t a n c e .
Sphere p a i n t s a r e a v a i l a b l e commercially,
p(A)/(l
example
f o r which t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n
p ( A ) ) i s l i s t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f wavelength.
of
a sphere p a i n t o f
Fig.
5 shows an
t h i s k i n d with a r e f l e c t a n c e o f 0,8
as
compared t o a pure b e r i u m s u l p h a t e c o a t i n g o f t h e k i n d used as a d i f f u s e

r e f l e c t a n c e standard i n t h e v i s i b l e r e g i o n (17).
The sphere should be r e p a i n t e d as o f t e n as once a year,
a p p l i c a t i o n and t h e
environment,
p o l l u t i o n t o a minimum.

t o keep t h e
depending on t h e
influence
of
ageing and
CIE 84 8 7 E 7006145 0003967 530
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SPHERE
SPHERE PAINT(pr0.8)
PAINT(pr0.8)
04
Fig. 5 :
'
400 450
!5
550
x
-nm
6O
650
700
The f u n c t i o n [ p ( h ) / (i - P ( A ) ) ] r e l o f a n improved s p h e r e p a i n t
w i t h p = ,8 i n comparison t o a BaSOs-paint w i t h p E 0 , 9 5 .
6.5.3 Arrangement o f l i g h t s o u r c e and screen

A s c r e e n s h o u l d be mounted i n s i d e t h e i n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e i n s u c h a way t h a t
no d i r e c t l i g h t from t h e s o u r c e c a n r e a c h t h e photometer head.

T h e r e a r e two p o s s i b l e p o s i t i o n s f o r t h e l i g h t s o u r c e :
a)
I t is u s u a l t o p o s i t i o n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s p h e r e .
I t is o r i e n t e d i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e minimum amount o f d i r e c t l i g h t

f a l l s on t h e s c r e e n .
L i n e a r sources s u c h a s f l u o r e s c e n t t u b e s s h o u l d
b e p o s i t i o n e d s o t h a t t h e i r a x i s c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e l i n e photometer
head
c e n t r e of sphere.
The s c r e e n is u s u a l l y p l a c e d a t a d i s t a n c e
e q u a l t o a b o u t 1/6 of t h e s p h e r e d i a m e t e r (1/4, i f t h e l i g h t source is
small compared t o t h e s p h e r e d i a m e t e r ) away from t h e photometer head

(Fig. 6 ) .
I t s h o u l d b e b i g enough t o p r e v e n t d i r e c t i l l u m i n a t i o n of
t h e a c c e p t a n c e area of t h e photometer head by t h e l i g h t s o u r c e w h i l e

~~
CIE 84 8 9
9006145 0003968 477
27
a t t h e same t i m e b e i n g as s m a l l as p o s s i b l e < 2 6 , 2 7 > .
b)
For s t r o n g l y d i r e c t i o n a l l i g h t sources, e.g.
LEDs o r r e f l e c t o r lamps,
t h e l i g h t source can be mounted i n t h e sphere w a l l w i t h t h e l i g h t emitt i n g a r e a c l o s e t o t h e photometer head.
4 s m a l l screen p r e v e n t s d i r e c t
i l l u m i n a t i o n o f t h e photometer head by t h e l i g h t source ( F i g . 7, <28>).
The screen should have t h e h i g h e s t r e f l e c t a n c e p o s s i b l e and be o f a

n o n s e l e c t i v e and d i f f u s e nature.
L
5
F
F i g . 6:
L i g h t source
Screen
Sphere p o r t f o r photometer head
H
d
A u x i l i a r y lamp w i t h screen
Sphere diameter
Arrangement f o r measuring luminous f l u x i n an i n t e g r a t i n g sphere.

CIE 84 89 U 9006145 O003969 303
F i g . 7:
28
L i g h t source
Sphere p o r t f o r photometer head
Screen
I n t e g r a t i n g sphere
I n t e g r a t i n g sphere f o r measuring t h e luminous f l u x o f l i g h t

sources w i t h a s t r o n g l y d i r e c t i o n a l luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t ion.
The l i g h t source h o l d e r should have t h e s m a l l e s t dimensions p o s s i b l e and as

high a reflectance as possible.
6.5.4
I n f l u e n c e s o f o b j e c t s i n t h e sphere and a u x i l i a r y lamp.
A l l o b j e c t s i n t h e sphere,
e.g.
r e s u l t o f t h e measurement.
They should t h e r e f o r e be as s m a l l as possible.
t h e screen,
t h e lampholder, i n f l u e n c e t h e
The l i g h t sourae i t s e l f a l s o absorbs r a d i a t i o n .

The i n f l u e n c e of o b j e c t s i n t h e sphere can be determined and c o r r e c t e d f o r
by making an a d d i t i o n a l measurement w i t h an a u x i l i a r y lamp (see s e c t i o n
6.9).
The a u x i l i a r y lamp should be p o s i t i o n e d o p p o s i t e t o t h e photometer head and
should i l l u m i n a t e t h e i n s i d e s u r f a c e o f t h e sphere d i f f u s e l y .
For t h i s
purpose a s m a l l w h i t e screen should be p l a c e d i n f r o n t o f t h e a u x i l i a r y

~~
~~~
CIE 84 89 m 9006145 0003970 025 m
29
lamp, t o prevent t h e d i r e c t i l l u m i n a t i o n o f t h e l i g h t source t o be measur-
I f use i s made o f incandescent lamps w i t h a t o p r e f l e c t o r i z e d b u l b
ed.
t h e n no a d d i t i o n a l screen may be r e q u i r e d .
The luminous f l u x o f t h e a u x i l i a r y lamp must n o t change w i t h time.
6.6
I l l u m i n a n c e meter
The measurement o f luminous f l u x i n a sphere photometer i n v o l v e s t h e measurement o f t h e i n d i r e c t i l l u m i n a n c e on t h e sphere w a l l which i s , p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e luminous f l u x o f t h e l i g h t source.
For t h i s purpose one r e -
q u i r e s an i l l u m i n a n c e meter.
The acceptance area o f t h e photometer head should be made of a good d i f f u s i n g material,
such as o p a l glass,
t h e i n n e r w a l l o f t h e sphere.
6.5.3)
small,
and f i t t e d t i g h t l y i n t o and f l u s h w i t h
I n o r d e r t o keep t h e screen (see s e c t i o n
t h e s i z e o f t h e acceptance a r e a s h o u l d a l s o be small.
The
use o f a thermostated photometer head i s recommended. The openings i n t h e

sphere w a l l used f o r a t t a c h i n g t h e photometer head should be a t about t h e
same h e i g h t as t h e l i g h t source.
A photometer head o f h i g h q u a l i t y should be used s i n c e t h e accuracy o f t h e

measurements depends on it.
I t i s especially important t h a t the r e l a t i v e
s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y c l o s e l y approximates t o t h e
CIE
V(h) function i n
cases where t h e lamps t o be compared have d i f f e r e n t s p e c t r a l power d i s t r i -
but ions.
I t may be convenient t o make use o f an i l l u m i n a n c e meter with a b u i l t - i n

s i g n a l attenuator.
This a l l o w s t h e v a l u e d i s p l a y e d d u r i n g t h e measurement
o f t h e luminous f l u x standard lamp t o be s e t t o i t s known f l u x value,
thus
f a c i l i t a t i n g a d i r e c t read-out of t h e luminous f l u x o f t h e lamp t o be measured.
For luminous f l u x measurements w i t h a sphere photometer u s i n g t h e s p e c t r a l

method,
An
a spectroradiometer
instrument
with
digital
i s employed i n s t e a d o f an i l l u m i n a n c e meter.
readout
p o s i t i o n i n g t h e acceptance area o f
i s
preferable.
The
rules
for
t h e radiometer head a r e t h e came as
those s t a t e d f o r t h e photometer head o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter.
6.7 Data a c q u i s i t i o n
The luminous f l u x o f t h e l i g h t source t o be measured can be r e a d d i r e c t l y
CIE 84 8 9 E 9006345 0003973 TbL m
30
from t h e d i s p l a y u n i t , i f t h i s h a s b e e n c a l i b r a t e d by means o f a b u i l t - i n
gain control.
For r o u t i n e measurement i t is recommended t h a t a p r i n t e r be
u s e d t o r e c o r d t h e measured v a l u e of t h e luminous f l u x .
For t h i s p u r p o s e
t h e p h o t o - e l e c t r o n i c a p p a r a t u s s h o u l d have a d i g i t a l d a t a o u t p u t . For rou-
t i n e measurements t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s r e c o r d i n g o f lamp v o l t a g e , lamp c u r r e n t

and d i s s i p a t e d power i n a d d i t i o n t o luminous f l u x is u s e f u l a s is t h e cal-
If a
c a l c u l a t o r is used t h e r e l e v a n t v a l u e s f o r g r o u p s of lamps (mean, s t a n d a r d
c u l a t i o n a n d p r i n t o u t o f t h e luminous e f f i c a c y , where a p p l i c a b l e .
d e v i a t i o n , f a i l u r e t o r e a c h t h e minimum luminous f l u x ) can a l s o b e p r i n t e d

and s t o r e d .
6 . 8 Luminous f l u x s t a n d a r d lamps
The results of luminous f l u x measurements made i n t h e s p h e r e p h o t o m e t e r
by t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n p r i n c i p l e w i l l b e c o r r e c t i f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e t o b e
measured and t h e luminous f l u x s t a n d a r d lamp u s e d have
The same dimension and s h a p e

The same s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
The same s p a t i a l l i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n .
I f t h e l i g h t source t o b e measured a n d t h e s t a n d a r d lamp d i f f e r i n one or

more o f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s , t h e n measurement e r r o r s may o c c u r .
The i n f l u e n c e of d i f f e r e n t s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s c a n be e l i m i n a t e d , b u t
o n l y when f u l l d e t a i l s of t h e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s e o f t h e measuring equipment
( i n c l u d i n g t h e photometer head and s p h e r e p a i n t ) a n d t h e s p e c t r a l power
d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e measured l i g h t source and t h e s t a n d a r d are g i v e n . A
c o r r e c t i o n for t h e influence of d i f f e r e n t d i m e n s i o n s and s h a p e s i s p o s s i b l e
by t h e u s e o f an a u x i l i a r y lamp ( s e e S e c t i o n s 6.5.4 and 6 . 9 ) .

Most luminous f l u x s t a n d a r d s t a k e t h e form o f i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps, b u t o t h e r
t y p e s o f lamp a r e a l s o used a s s t a n d a r d s .
I t is recommended t h a t a t l e a s t 3 s t a n d a r d lamps b e u s e d t o c a l i b r a t e worki n g standards f o r d a i l y use.
The c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e working s t a n d a r d s w i t h
t h e 3 s t a n d a r d lamps s h o u l d b e r e p e a t e d a t a p p r o p r i a t e i n t e r v a l s .
way, a change i n one of t h e s t a n d a r d s c a n r e a d i l y be d e t e c t e d .

In t h i s
~~
CIE 84 89 E OObl145 O003972 9 T 8
31
6.9 E x e c u t i o n o f measurements
The ambient t e m p e r a t u r e is set t o t h e p r e s c r i b e d v a l u e ( u s u a l l y 25
OC).
The s t a n d a r d larrp is p u t i n t o t h e i n t e g r a t i n g s p h e r e and its measured

v a l u e is YN.
The s t a n d a r d lamp is s w i t c h e d o f f .
The a u x i l i a r y lamp is s w i t c h e d on a n d
g i v e s a v a l u e Y".
The l i g h t s o u r c e t o b e measured is p u t i n t h e p l a c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d lamp.
The a u x i l i a r y lamp now r e g i s t e r s a v a l u e o f YH.
After s w i t c h i n g o f f t h e a u x i l i a r y lamp t h e l i g h t s o u r c e t o b e measured

g i v e s a v a l u e o f Y.
For e a c h measurement t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d of t h e l i g h t s o u r c e h a s t o b e
t a k e n i n t o account.
The luminous f l u x
Qj
o f t h e lamp t o be measured c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e
luminous f l u x @N of t h e s t a n d a r d lamp a n d t h e measured v a l u e s u s i n g
Note:
I n e x c e p t i o n a l cases t h e s t a t e d measuring p r o c e d u r e c a n b e s i m p l i f i e d :
If t h e s t a n d a r d lamp is o f t h e same t y p e a n d dimension a s t h e l i g h t s o u r c e

t o b e measured, t h e a u x i l i a r y lamp c a n be l e f t o u t (Y" = YH).
If t h e s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e s t o b e compared are of
t h e same t y p e n e i t h e r t h e s e l e c t i v i t y o f t h e s p h e r e p a i n t n o r i n a c c u r a c i e s
i n t h e s p e c t r a l f i t o f t h e photometer head t o t h e V ( h ) f u n c t i o n w i l l i n f l u e n c e t h e measurement a c c u r a c y .
I f t h e l i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e s t o b e compared is l a r g e l y i d e n t i c a l , t h e n i t i s p o s s i b l e t o u s e o t h e r t y p e s o f c a v i t y (e.g.
o f a sphere.

boxes) i n s t e a d
~~
CIE B Y 89
~~
900hL45 0003973 834
32
I f a l i g h t source w i t h a l a r g e power d i s s i p a t i o n i s t o be measured,
it is
recommended t h a t t h e ambient temperature o u t s i d e t h e sphere be s e t t o about
24
OC
and t h e lamp s t a b i l i z e d i n t h e sphere w i t h t h e sphere door open.
Once t h e lamp has reached a s t a b l e s t a t e ,
the door should be c l o s e d and t h e
measurement made when t h e i n s i d e temperature o f t h e sphere,
as i n d i c a t e d by
t h e thermometer, has reached 25 'C.
6.10 T e s t i n a and c o r r e c t i o n
6.10.1
C o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e sphere p a i n t
The e r r o r caused by a p a i n t can be e l i m i n a t e d by means o f a c o r r e c t i o n f a c tor k
Measured value o f t h e luminous f l u x of a l i g h t source o f i l l u m i n a n t

type
z.
C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r f o r a l i g h t source o f i l l u m i n a n t t y p e Z
S p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e l i g h t source t o be measured
S p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x standard lamp
S p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere p a i n t
S p e c t r a l luminous e f f i c i e n c y
S ( h ) r e l R e l a t i v e s p e c t r a l r e s p o n s i v i t y o f t h e photometer head
6.10.2
C o r r e c t i o n s for incandescent lamp measurements
A c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere
p a i n t can be achieved i n t h e case o f incandescent lamps by measuring t h e
luminous f l u x as w e l l as t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y i n a d e f i n e d d i r e c t i o n of
t h e lamp t o be measured.
An i l l u m i n a n c e meter w i t h a very a c c u r a t e V ( A )
f i t should be used f o r t h e measurement,
which should be c a r r i e d o u t as a
F u n c t i o n of t h e lamp o p e r a t i n g voltage.
If t h e f a c t o r k(U) where

33
@meas(U) Measured value o f t h e luminous f l u x a t t h e v o l t a g e U
I (u)
Luminous i n t e n s i t y a t t h e v o l t a g e U
i s independent o f t h e o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e U t h e i n f l u e n c e of the s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere p a i n t can be neglected.

w i t h t h e o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e o f t h e lamp,
I f , however, k(U) v a r i e s
t h e measured luminous f l u x v a l u e
@meas o f t h e incandescent lamp can be c o r r e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o
Luminous f l u x o f t h e incandescent lamp

@=as
Measured value o f t h e luminous f l u x a t a v o l t a g e U
Correction factor
where
Operating v o l t a g e o f t h e incandescent lamp for which t h e luminous

f l u x measurement i s r e q u i r e d
u0
Operating v o l t a g e of t h e incandescent lamp f o r which i t has t h e

same d i s t r i b u t i o n temperature as t h e luminous f l u x o f t h e standard
lamp.
I t i s p o s s i b l e t o determine t h e v o l t a g e Uo f o r which t h e incandescent lamp

t o be measured has t h e same d i s t r i b u t i o n temperature as t h e incandescent
lamp used as luminous f l u x standard w i t h s u f f i c i e n t accuracy by measurements o f t h e r a t i o temperature T r
o f b o t h lamps ( " b l u e t o r e d r a t i o " ) .
T h i s c o r r e c t i o n is most f r e q u e n t l y r e q u i r e d when a halogen lamp i s compared

w i t h a non-halogen incandescent lamp.
6.10.3
C o r r e c t i o n f o r measuring f l u o r e s c e n t lamps
A c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere

~~
CIE 84 89
= 9006345 0003975 607

- 34
p a i n t can a l s o be a p p l i e d under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s when measuring f l u o r e s cent lamps.

I f a f l u o r e s c e n t luminous f l u x standard l a w of i l l u m i n a n t type N i s used
f o r t h e measurement of t h e luminous f l u x o f f l u o r e s c e n t lamps,
then the
value measured f o r a f l u o r e s c e n t lamp o f i l l u m i n a n t t y p e Z can be c o r r e c t e d

by
means
of
correction
factor
determined
from
( i l l u m i n a n c e ) measurements ( " r e l a t i v e luminous f l u x " )
luminous
intensity
on t h e standard lamp
and t h e lamp t o be measured.
This method o f c o r r e c t i o n takes i n t o account t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s p e c t r a l

r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere p a i n t ,
dimensions or shapes.
luminous
intensity
of
but not the influence o f d i f f e r e n t
lamp
The method has a l i m i t e d accuracy
because t h e
lamp i s n o t constant
i n a plane
fluorescent
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e lamp axis.
6.10.4
Test f o r s t a b i l i t y w i t h time
The s t a b i l i t y w i t h time o f a sphere photometer can be i n f l u e n c e d by
Changes w i t h time i n t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e sphere p a i n t ,

e.g.
d r y i n g d u r i n g continuous use i n t h e course o f a day o r changes
induced by U V - i r r a d i a t i o n ( y e l l o w i n g ) , as w e l l a s by d i r t o r dust
Temperature dependence of t h e s p e c t r a l r e f l e c t a n c e p ( h ) o f t h e sphere

paint
F a t i g u e o f t h e photometer head
Temperature dependence o f t h e photometer head
Time dependence o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l supply and measuring equipment.
The s t a b i l i t y w i t h t i m e o f a sphere photometer can be checked by means o f

t h e a u x i l i a r y lamp w i t h a c o n s t a n t luminous f l u x , b o t h d u r i n g t h e course o f
a day and over a l o n g e r p e r i o d .
6.11 Sources o f e r r o r
The r e s u l t s o f luminous f l u x measurements made w i t h a sphere photometer can
be i n f l u e n c e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g :

= 9006345 0003976 5 4 3
~~
~~
CIE 84 8 9
35
D i f f e r e n t s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e luminous f l u x s t a n d a r d a n d t h e
l i g h t s o u r c e t o be measured
D i f f e r e n t s p a t i a l luminous f l u x d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e luminous f l u x
s t a n d a r d and t h e l i g h t s o u r c e t o be measured
D i f f e r e n t dimensions and a b s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of
t h e luminous f l u x
s t a n d a r d and t h e l i g h t s o u r c e t o b e measured
Changes i n t h e r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e i n n e r s p h e r e wall ( a g e i n g ) .
During
c o n t i n u o u s measurements t h e r e f l e c t a n c e o f t h e i n n e r s p h e r e wall may

change due t o t h e i n f l u e n c e of t e m p e r a t u r e ( d r y i n g o u t ) d u r i n g t h e day.
I t is recommended t h a t a lamp b e burned i n s i d e t h e s p h e r e , when n o t i n

u s e , i f i t is n e c e s s a r y t o keep t h e photometer warm.
The r e f l e c t a n c e may change due t o p o l l u t i o n , i n which case t h e i n f l u e n c e of d i r t is u s u a l l y g r e a t e r i n t h e lower hemisphere t h a n i n t h e upp e r one.
U n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e i l l u m i n a n c e measurement
I n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e d u r i n g t h e measurement ( d i s r e g a r d i n g
the s t a b i l i z a t i o n period).
6.12 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s p h e r e p h o t o m e t e r s
The f o l l o w i n g d a t a are r e q u i r e d f o r c h a r a c t e r i z i n g s p h e r e photometers:
Sphere d i a m e t e r
P o s i t i o n i n g o f s c r e e n s a n d any a u x i l i a r y lamp
Data on any a u x i l i a r y lamp ( t y p e , nominal v o l t a g e s etc. )

S p e c t r a l function p(h) / (1-p(h)) o f t h e s p h e r e p a i n t
Data on t h e i l l u m i n a n c e meter u s e d
Details on d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n and d i s p l a y
Data on t h e smallest measurable luminous f l u x .
7. D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f luminous f l u x v i a i l l u m i n a n c e , luminous
i n t e n s i t y o r luminance
For any g i v e n l i g h t s o u r c e p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y c a n g e n e r a l l y b e a s s u n e d between

~~
C I E 8 4 89 I9 0 0 b L 4 5 0003977 4 8 T W
36
t h e i l l u m i n a n c e E on a n area element i n a d e f i n e d
t h e luminous f l u x ,
p o s i t i o n relative t o t h e l i g h t source,
I in a
d e f i n e d d i r e c t i o n and t h e luminance L o f a p a r t o f t h e luminous area o f t h e
l i g h t s o u r c e i n a d e f i n e d d i r e c t i o n as l o n g a s t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e l i g h t
s o u r c e remains c o n s t a n t .
t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y
I n t h a t case t h e luminous f l u x of t h e p a r t i c u l a r l i g h t source c a n b e d e t e r mined by a measurement o f E o r I o r L, p r o v i d e d t h e a p p l i c a b l e f a c t o r of

p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y (CE,
CI,
CL) is determined.
For some lamps a p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y between @ a n d E , I o r L may a l s o h o l d f o r
t h e lamp t y p e ,
and n o t o n l y f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l lamp (e.g.
fluorescent
lamps).
7.2 Measurement and c a l i b r a t i o n

When measuring t h e luminous f l u x v i a an i l l u m i n a n c e , luminous i n t e n s i t y o r
luminance measurement,
t h e measuring geometry,
p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y apply, has t o be fixed.
f o r which t h e f a c t o r s of
T h e r e a r e a t p r e s e n t no generally
a c c e p t e d s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h i s measuring geometry, b u t t h e y are u s u a l l y

developed f o r a p a r t i c u l a r application.
As f a r a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e luminous f l u x of lamps u s e d i n l i g h t i n g
i n s t a l l a t i o n s is concerned, most of t h e e x p e r i e n c e o b t a i n e d s o f a r r e l a t e s
t o f l u o r e s c e n t lamps.
Measurements show t h a t t h e r e is a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t h e luminance of f l u o r e s c e n t lamps a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 20 cm
from t h e e n d s and t h e luminous f l u x <21>.
For r e l a t i v e measurements on a s i n g l e l i g h t s o u r c e s t r a y l i g h t is o f t e n o f
no importance (e.g.
when measuring t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e ambient t e m p e r a t u r e
on t h e luminous f l u x ) .
However,
when measuring t h e luminous f l u x of
f l u o r e s c e n t lamps i n l i g h t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s v i a a luminance measurement,
s t r a y l i g h t from p a r t s of t h e l u m i n a i r e o r a d j a c e n t lamps must b e avoided.

T h i s is b e s t done by u s i n g s u i t a b l y p o s i t i o n e d b l a c k s c r e e n s t o s h i e l d t h e
lamp
and
l u m i n a i r e b e i n g measured
a d j a c e n t lamps.

from any
such b r i g h t
surrounds or
CIE 84 8 9
~~~~
S 900b145 0003978 316
37
The c a l i b r a t i o n o f measuring f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l u m i nous f l u x o f l i g h t sources v i a a measurement o f illuminance,
luminous i n -
t e n s i t y o r luminance must be performed on a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e and repres e n t a t i v e c o l l e c t i o n o f l i g h t sources o f t h e d e s i r e d type,
f o r which t h e
luminous f l u x i s known and by means o f which t h e f a c t o r of p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y
C (see equation (24)) can be detepmined.
This need n o t be done i n t h e case
o f r e l a t i v e measurements on a s i n g l e l i g h t source,
e.g.
f o r t h e determina-
t i o n o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s p e c i f i c parameters l i k e temperature, power d i s s i p a t i o n and p o s i t i o n .
7.3 Characterization
F a c i l i t i e s f o r measuring t h e luminous f l u x of l i g h t sources v i a a measurement o f illuminance,
luminous i n t e n s i t y or luminance should be c h a r a c t e r -
i z e d by
Lamp type,
f o r which t h e f a c i l i t y i s used
Q u a n t i t y t o be measured
Measurement geometry and measuring arrangement
Data on t h e i l l u m i n a n c e o r luminance <17> meter used.
8.
General measurement c o n d i t i o n s
F a c t o r o f p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y and i t s standard d e v i a t i o n
8.1 Operating c o n d i t i o n s
A l l lamps should be operated and measured,
u n l e s s otherwise agreed,
under
t h e c o n d i t i o n s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e r e l e v a n t I E C recommendations and n a t i o n a l
standards.
Specifically,
i t must be s t a t e d whether t h e measurements a r e t o
be made a t nominal voltage,

unavoidable measurement
c u r r e n t o r power.
uncertainty,
the
This ensures t h a t w i t h i n t h e
results
can
be
compared
with
values measured a t o t h e r l o c a t i o n s .
The measuring and o p e r a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d i n f l u e n c e t h e values o f t h e

q u a n t i t i e s t o be f i x e d as l i t t l e as p o s s i b l e .
Unavoidable i n f l u e n c e s
should be taken i n t o account i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e measurements uncertainties.

CIE 84 8 9 BIBI 900bL45 0003979 252
Calibrations
calibrated
should
be
performed
directly
or
indirectly
38
using
by
lamps
o r measuring equipment,
comparison
with
internationally
recognized standards.
8.2 Ageing
The o p e r a t i n g parameters of
degrees.
life-time.
lamps change over t h e i r l i f e - t i m e
t o varying
Changes a r e e s p e c i a l l y pronounced over t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e i r

I n o r d e r t o achieve s u f f i c i e n t r e p e a t a b i l i t y o f measurements i t
is t h e r e f o r e necessary t o age t h e lamps.

The d u r a t i o n o f ageing f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t types o f lamps i s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e
r e l e v a n t I E C recommendations and n a t i o n a l standards.
8.3 Burnina D o s i t i o n
The o p e r a t i n g p o s i t i o n o f a l i g h t source should conply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t
IEC recommendation and n a t i o n a l standards o r w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n l a i d

down by t h e manufacturer and a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n .
The b u r n i n g
p o s i t i o n must be s t a t e d i n t h e measurement r e p o r t .
8.4 Ambient temperature

Discharge lamps should be operated d u r i n g t h e measurement i n a draught-free
room i n such a way t h a t t h e c o n v e c t i o n f l o w of t h e surrounding a i r i s n o t
impaired.
Photometric measurement
temperature o f 25 OC.
is u s u a l l y performed a t an ambient
For l i g h t souces w i t h a s t r o n g l y temperature dependO
e n t luminous f l u x t h e temperature t o l e r a n c e should be F 1 C,

l i g h t sources i t should be k 3
C.
f o r other
I f measurements a r e made a t d i f f e r e n t
ambient temperatures t h i s temperature should be stated.
The temperature should be measured w i t h a thermometer having a r e s o l u t i o n

o f a t least 0,l O C
The measurement should be made a t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
p o i n t l o c a t e d a t about t h e same h e i g h t as t h e l i g h t source.
I n t h e case o f a goniophotometer,
t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e temperature
sensor and t h e photometric c e n t r e o f t h e l i g h t source t o be measured should

exceed h a l f the l a r g e s t h o r i z o n t a l dimension o f t h e l i g h t source by 0,5 m.

CIE 84 8 9 E 9006l145 0003980 T 7 4 E
39
f o r sphere photometers t h e temperature sensor should be p l a c e d a t a d i s tance from t h e sphere w a l l between 20 cm and 1/3 o f t h e sphere diameter.
The temperature sensor must be s h i e l d e d from i r r a d i a t i o n by t h e source t o
be measured.
8.5 V i b r a t i o n and shock

When switched on, t h e lamp should n o t be subjected t o a c c e l e r a t i o n s exceedi n g 10 m/s2
(4-3000
Hz) o r p o s i t i o n a l changes exceeding 30 mm (up t o
These c o n s t r a i n t s w i l l be adequate f o r most lamps.
4 Hz).
8.6 S t a b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d
The purpose of t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d i s t o ensure t h a t a l l i m p o r t a n t
parameters have reached a steady s t a t e by t h e time t h e measurements commence.
During t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n p e r i o d t h e
s h o u l d apply as d u r i n g t h e measurement.
same o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s
S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n should be p a i d
t o a v o i d i n g changes i n t h e b u r n i n g p o s i t i o n and i n t h e s p e c i f i e d o p e r a t i n g
parameters (e. 9.
nominal voltage,
power o r c u r r e n t )
The s t a b i l i z a t i o n
p e r i o d r e q u i r e d depends on t h e t y p e of l i g h t source and t h e o p e r a t i n g conditions.
I t should be checked i n i t i a l l y by continuous m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e
readings.
A l i g h t source can be considered t o be s t a b i l i z e d ,
i f these rea-
dings no l o n g e r show a t r e n d i n a p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n .
Note:
Some types o f l i g h t source appear t o b e s t a b l e a f t e r a s h o r t i n i t i a l p e r i o d
of r u n n i n g and a r e t h e n s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r changes u n t i l a new s t a b l e
a t i o n is reached.
situ-
These sources must be run up t o t h e f i n a l o p e r a t i n g
s t a t e b e f o r e measurements a r e made.
8.7 E l e c t r i c a l measurements
8.7.1
Measurement u n c e r t a i n t y
D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r e s u l t s o f photometric measurements a r e o f t e n due t o e r -
r o r s i n t h e measurement o r adjustment o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l parameters.
For
incandescent lamps o p e r a t i n g on AC o r DC, t h e u n c e r t a i n t y o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l

measuring equipment should n o t exceed 0.1
X.
I n t h e case o f AC operated
discharge lamps, t h e corresponding f i g u r e i s 0,2 %.

~~
~~
CIE 84 89 I900bL45 0003983 900
40
Note:
F o r incandescent lamps a change i n t h e v o l t a g e o f 1 IQ causes a change o f
about 4 I in t h e iuminous f l u x .
The same change i n c u r r e n t causes an 8
change i n t h e luminous f l u x .
I t should be s t a t e d which o f
t h e parameters t o be measured (voltage,
c u r r e n t , power) i s t o be k e p t constant and what o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e t o be

met.
8.7.2 Power supply and o p e r a t i n g mode

I t i s u s u a l l y p o s s i b l e t o measure DC more a c c u r a t e l y t h a n AC, s i n c e f o r AC,
b o t h t h e l i g h t source and t h e e l e c t r i c a l measuring instruments a r e i n f l u enced by a number o f v a r i a b l e s ,
shift.
such a s frequency,
wave form and phase
Because o f t h e s t r o n g dependance o f t h e photometric q u a n t i t i e s on
t h e e l e c t r i c a l parameters,
t h e power s u p p l i e s used should be a s s t a b l e as
possible.
The waveform o f AC power s u p p l i e s should be c l o s e l y s i n u s o i d a l with a
m i n i m u m o f harmonics a t o t h e r frequencies.
8.7.3 W i r i n g
Wiring,
b a l l a s t s and e l e c t r i c a l measuring i n s t r u m e n t s should be p o s i t i o n e d
and, i f necessary, screened i n such a way t h a t any i n f l u e n c e from e x t e r n a l

f i e l d s i s avoided.
For t h e measurement o f lamp v o l t a g e o r power,
t h e use
o f a s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d lamp h o l d e r i s recommended.
The s p e c i a l lamp h o l d e r should have four contacts, two f o r t h e c u r r e n t supand two separate ones f o r t h e
p l y (IL)
d i r e c t l y a t t h e lamp cap.
tage measuring e r r o r t o zero,
measuring o f t h e lamp
f o u r - e l e c t r o d e lamp
holder
v o l t a g e (UL)
reduces t h e vol-
because no measurable c u r r e n t f l o w s through
t h e measuring contacts, when a h i g h impedance d i g i t a l v o l t m e t e r i s used.

8.7.4
41
Execution o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l measurements <29>
When measurements o f power o r o f c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e t o g e t h e r a r e made,

o n l y two arrangements a r e p o s s i b l e .
E i t h e r t h e c u r r e n t measured by t h e am-
meter must i n c l u d e t h e c u r r e n t through t h e v o l t m e t e r o r t h e v o l t a g e measurBe-
ed by t h e voltmeter must i n c l u d e t h e v o l t a g e drop across t h e ammeter.

cause o f t h e h i g h impedance o f modern e l e c t r o n i c voltmeters,
rangement i s g e n e r a l l y t o be p r e f e r r e d .
t e r i s significant,
however,
t h e former ar-
I f t h e c u r r e n t through t h e voltme-
i t w i l l be necessary t o apply t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
(See t h e recommendations i n t h e r e l e v a n t I E C s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . )
correction.
The c a p a c i t y o f t h e c i r c u i t may i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y i f h i g h e r
frequencies
occur as i n t h e case o f low pressure sodium vapour lamps.
Grounding e r r o r s can s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e t h e measurements.
For accurate AC measurements on discharge lamps, i n s t r u m e n t s must be o f t h e

t r u e rms t y p e so a s t o t a k e p r o p e r account o f t h e
harmonics.
When mea-
s u r i n g h i g h frequency discharge lamps, s p e c i a l methods and instruments must

be used <30>.
8.7.5 Measurement c i r c u i t
I n t h e case o f discharge lamps I E C recommendations o r corresponding n a t i o -
n a l standards s p e c i f y t h e c i r c u i t s f o r t h e l i g h t sources t o be measured.
8.8 Ballasts
Measurements on discharge lamps must be made with r e f e r e n c e b a l l a s t s u n l e s s
t h e lamp i s c o n t r o l l e d on c u r r e n t o r power i n s t e a d o f voltage.
b a l l a s t s are used (e.g.
f o r measurements on l u m i n a i r e s ) ,
I f other
t h e b a l l a s t used
s h o u l d be s t a t e d i n t h e measurement r e p o r t .
8.9 Supply v o l t a g e
Measurements on incandescent lamps s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y be performed w i t h a DC
supply because o f t h e h i g h e r accuracy o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l measurements.
Dis-
charge lamps g e n e r a l l y have t o be operated on AC.

The supply v o l t a g e d u r i n g ageing s h o u l d be s t a b l e t o w i t h i n 0,5
X , during
t h e a c t u a l measurement t o within 0 , l % and f o r c a l i b r a t i o n s w i t h incandesc e n t lamps as standards t o w i t h i n 0,02 %.

CIE 8 4 89
900bl145 0 0 0 3 9 8 3 7 8 3
42
The t o t a l harmonic content o f t h e A C supply should n o t exceed 3 5%.
For t h e
o p e r a t i o n o f h i g h pressure lamps with a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f r e a c t i v e power

t h e power supply should be chosen i n such a way t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d r e a c t i v e
power can be met.
The t o t a l harmonic content i s defined as t h e root-mean-square
(r.m.s)
sum-
m a t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l harmonic components u s i n g t h e fundamental a s 100
x.
Note:
This i m p l i e s t h a t t h e source o f supply s h a l l have a s u f f i c i e n t l y low impedance compared w i t h t h e b a l l a s t impedance and c a r e should be taken t h a t
t h i s a p p l i e s under a l l c o n d i t i o n s o f measurement.

CIE 84 89 I9006345 0003984 bLT m
9.
43 -
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<2>
Procedures f o r t h e Measurement o f Luminous F l u x o f

Discharge Lamps and f o r t h e i r C a l i b r a t i o n as Working
S t anda r ds
Publ. C I E No. 25, 1973.
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Measurement 8 1
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<3>
I n t e r n a t i o n a l L i g h t i n g Vocabulary
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<4>
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<8>
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<9>
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Frste
E . Krochmann
G. Sauter
<lo> J.
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<11>
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ber d i e Bestimmung des L i c h t s t r o m s von L e u c h t s t o f f lampen i n Beleuchtungsanlagen

L i c h t 2 (19861, pp. 136-141.
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distributions
Publ. CIE No. 70, 1987.
D. F r s t e
E i n Goniophotometer zur genauen Bestimmung des

L i c ht c t romes
Licht-Forschung 1 (19791, pp. 30-36.

~~
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M.E.
Thain
A new goniophotometer f o r t h e c a l i b r a t i o n o f s m a l l
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J. Phys. Cci. I n s t r . 15 (1982), p. 675-678.
<14>
L.A.G.
Monard
F. Hengstberger
T. Appenroth
M.E. Thain
C.3. Kok
R. Turner
Luminous f l u x measurements a t t h e NPRL by means o f a

new goniophotometer
Proc. 1 0 t h IMEKO Symp. Photon-Detectors, B e r l i n
1982, p . 205-214.
<15>
J. Krochmann
P. Marx
E i n d i g i t a l e s Megert zur E r m i t t l u n g des

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L i c h t t e c h n i k 21 (1969) p. 97A-98A.
<16>
P. Marx
Das Spiralphotometer
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<17>
<18>
R . Rattunde
Methods and e r r o r s o f measurement o f luminous f l u x

with goniophotometers
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Measurement '81, Hung.Nat.Comm.CIE,
p. 120-132.
<19>
T E Wightman
F. G r u m
Low-reflectance backing m a t e r i a l s f o r use i n o p t i c a l

radiation
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<20>
D. F r s t e
G. Sauter
H. M a r t i n
E l i m i n a t i o n des F r e m d l i c h t s b e i der Lichtstrombes t i m m n g m i t dem Goniophotometer

Licht-Forschung 2 (1980) No. 1, p. 27-29.
Methods o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g i l l u m i n a n c e meters and

luminance meters: Performance, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and
specifications
Publ. C I E No. 69, 1987.
<21> F. Hahne
<22>
O.C.
Jones
J.R. Moore
<23>
Vergleichsmessungen m i t einem n e u a r t i g e n L i c h t s t r o m i n t e g r a t o r und e i n e r U l b r i c h t s c h e n Kuge 1

L i c h t t e c h n i k 27 (1975) p. 151-152.
The s p e c t r o r a d i o m e t r i c measurement of l i g h t sources
NPL Report DES 70, A p r i l 1981
Spect roradiometry
P u b l i c a t i o n CIE No. 63, 1984.

CIE 84 89 m 900634.5 0003986 492
- 45 <24>
G.
Krenzke
<25>
K. Mahr
Photometrie und Farbmessung i n U-Kugeln m i t

u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e m Innenaufbau und Empfngern
C I E Publ. NO. 36 (1976) p. 83-91.
<26>
G. Geutler
J. Krochmann
K.-D.Reimann
K. S t e g l i c h
ber e i n e Anordnung zur genauen Messung von

R e f l e x i o n s g r a d und Transmissionsgrad
Optik 54 ( 1 9 8 0 ) p. 394-408,
<27>
F. R o t t e r
View i n t o t h e i n t e g r a t i n g sphere through t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n window
Apple Opt. 1 0 (1971) p. 2629-2638.
<28>
Kopfleuchten, R i c h t l i n i e n fr Ausfhrung und Prfung

D I N 22 437 (Dez. 1962).
<29>
L.
Morren
D i e Optimierung der Meanordnung i n runden und

eckigen Hohlrumen zur Lichtctrombestimmung
ausgedehnter L i c h t q u e l l e n
L i c h t t e c h n i k 2 1 ( 1 9 6 9 ) p . 105A-106A.
Msures l e c t r i q u e s sur les lampes dcharge
(puissance-tension-courant)
Revue E (Belgium) 4 (1964) No. 8 , p. 311-327.
<30> U. Mathis
Anwendung von e l e k t r o n i s c h e n Vorschaltgerten f r

L e u c h t s t o f f lamp en, Tagungsbericht
Fachtagung Graz, 1983, LTAG.

CIE 84 89 I9006345 0003987 3 2 9
- 46
APPENDIX
MEASURING PLANES
I n general t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l i g h t sources (lamps
o r l u m i n a i r e s ) i s measured i n a number o f planes.
The number o f luminous

i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n curves and t h e s e l e c t i o n o f measuring planes depend
on t h e k i n d o f l i g h t source and i t s use as w e l l as on t h e type o f goniophotometer. From the v a r i e t y of p o s s i b l e measuring planes three systems o f
planes have proven s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l .
A-PLANES (See Fig. 1)
The t o t a l i t y o f A-planes i s t h e group o f planes for which t h e l i n e o f
i n t e r s e c t i o n goes through t h e photometric c e n t r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e e m i t t i n g
area and perpendicular t o t h e assumed a x i s o f t h e l i g h t source.
Note:
The system o f A-planes i s coupled r i g i d l y t o t h e l i g h t source and f o l lows i t s t i l t if t h e l i g h t source i s t i l t e d .
k\
4 LINE OF INTERSECTION
Fig. 1:
A-planes

CIE 84 8 9 W 9 0 0 b l 4 5 0003988 265
B-PLANES
47
(See Fig. 2)
The t o t a l i t y o f B-planes is t h e group o f p l a n e s f o r which t h e l i n e o f

i n t e r s e c t i o n goes through t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e and is p a r a l l e l t o t h e
assumed a x i s o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e and is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e A-planes.
Note:
The s y s t e m o f B-planes is c o u p l e d r i g i d l y t o t h e l i g h t s o u r c e and f o l lows its tilt i f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e is t i l t e d .
OF INTERSECTION AND
OF LIGHT SOURCE
Fig. 2:
B-planes
C-PLANES (See Fig. 3 )
The t o t a l i t y o f C-planes is t h e group of p l a n e s f o r which t h e l i n e o f

i n t e r s e c t i o n is t h e vertical l i n e t h r o u g h t h e p h o t o m e t r i c c e n t r e .
Note:
The system of C-planes is g e n e r a l l y o r i e n t e d r i g i d l y i n s p a c e and d o e s
n o t f o l l o w a t i l t i n t h e l i g h t s o u r c e . The l i n e of i n t e r s e c t i o n of Cp l a n e s is o n l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e s o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e A- and
B-planes f o r z e r o t i l t (6 = O ) o f t h e l i g h t s o u r c e .
I n some cases t h e t o t a l i t y of C-planes is a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e group o f
p l a n e s whose l i n e of i n t e r s e c t i o n is t h e l i n e of i n t e r s e c t i o n o f AO- and
Bo-planes ( s e e Fig. 4). I n t h a t case t h e s y s t e m of C-planes is a l s o r i g i d l y coupled t o t h e l i g h t s o u r c e ( a s is t h e case f o r t h e A- and B-planes).

48
270
(PERPE.NMCUCAR To
MEASURING PLANES)
Fig. 3:
C-planes (6 tilt a n g l e o f l u m i n a i r e )
LINE OF INTERSECTION
(OF Ao- AND Bo- PLANE)
AXIS f LIGHT S O K E
F i g . 4:
C-planes w i t h r i g i d c o u p l i n g t o t h e l i g h t source

-~
~
CIE 84 89
~~
~~~
= 9006345 0003990 933

-
49
C O N I C A L SURFACES ( F i g . 5)
F o r some goniophotometers i t i s convenient t o measure t h e luminous i n t e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n curves a t constant p o l a r angles and t o describe t h e
results as curves on c o n i c a l surfaces. The a x i s o f t h e cone corresponds t o
t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e C-planes.
LIGHT SOURCE
LUMINOUS INTENSITY
DISTRIBUTION
Fig. 5 :
C o n i c a l surfaces
SYMBOLS FOR PLANE ANGLES

The t i l t angles o f planes a r e designated by an index. The t i l t angles
o f t h e A- and B-planes a r e taken from -180O through O o t o 180, those o f
t h e C-planes from O o t o 360 o (semiplanes).
The opening angle o f t h e
c o n i c a l surfaces i s measured r e l a t i v e t o t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e
C-planes.
The f o l l o w i n g symbols are used ( f o r angle symbols see Figs. 1-51:
t h e angles i n the A-plane have t h e symbol CI and a r e measured from t h e

l i n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e A- planes
t h e angles i n t h e B-planes have t h e symbol and are measured from the

l i n e perpendicular t o t h e l i n e of i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e B-planes
t h e angles i n t h e C-plane have t h e symbol y and are measured from t h e

l i n e o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e C-planes i n t h e downward d i r e c t i o n

~~~
CIE 84 8 9
9 0 0 b L 4 5 0003993 8 5 T
50
t h e angles on t h e c o n i c a l s u r f a c e s have t h e symbol C and a r e measured

from t h e Co-plane.
The t i l t angles o f t h e planes a r e added as i n d i c e s t o t h e r e l e v a n t planes.

RELATIONSHIPS
A c e r t a i n d i r e c t i o n i n each system o f planes i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by two

angles:
an a n g l e i n one p l a n e o r c o n i c a l s u r f a c e
and angle f o r t h e t i l t o f t h e plane o r c o n i c a l surface.
Table 1 shows t h e angle symbols commonly used i n t h e v a r i o u s systems o f

planes.
TABLE 1
Angle symbols
C-pianes
C o n i c a l surfaces
The conversion equations l i s t e d i n Table 2 h o l d f o r t h e angles i n Table 1.
TABLE 2
Conversion equations f o r s y s t e M o f planes
Direction
T i l t a n g l e of p l a n e
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan

B =
C =
A =
C =
A =
i3 =
tan
tan
tan
sin
cos
sin
a/cos A
a/sin A
@/cos B
B/tg
C.tg y
C.tg y
Angle i n t h e p l a n e
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
sin
=
=
CI
=
=
sin A
cos A
sin 8
cos B
sin C
cos C
COS
. cos
.
.
.
a
a
cos 8
cos
sin y
sin y

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C I E 84 89 I9006L45 0003935 T20

ISBN 3 900 734 21 6

COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE LCLAIR/ iG E

Descriptors: Luminous flux

COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

CIE 84 89 m 900bL45 000393b 967 m

This rchnical Report has been prepared by C I E Technical Committee 2-02 o f

COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

The following members of TC 2-02 'Measurement of luminous f l u x '

COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

CIE 4 9 I9006345 0003938 73T m

2 Termi no1 ogy

2.2 Terms for measuring instruments

Integrating sphere; Ulbricht sphere

2.2.6 Acceptance area

4 Calculation ot luminous flux from luminous

4.2 Measurement o f luminous intensity distribution

4.4 Sources of error

Measurement pri nci pl e

5.2 Types of goniophotometers

Goniphotometer with light source in a fixed

5.2.2 Gociphotorneter with the light source rotated

COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

Goniophotometer with the light source rotated about

5.3 Measurement o f illuminance distribution

Movement o f the photometer head

Angular step sizes

5.4 Angle encoding

5.5 Illuminance meter

Data acquisition and calculation o f luminous flux

5.7 Stray light

5.8 Missed luminous flux

5.9 Summary of error sources

5.1 O Characteri zati on checkl i st

5.11 Calibrating and testing

Luminous flux standard lamp

Luminous intensity standard lamp

Calibrated illuminance meter

6 Measurement with an integrating sphere

6.1 Measuring pri nci pl e

6.2 Sphere theory

6.3 Spectral method

6.5.3 Arrangement of light source and screen

Influences of objects in the sphere and

6.6 Illuminance meter

COPYRIGHT International Commission on Illumination

CIE 84 8 9 E 9006145 0003940 398

6.7 Data acquisition

6.8 Luminous flux standard lamps

6.9 Execution of measurements

6.10 Testing and correction

6.10.1 Correction for the influence of the sphere paint

Corrections for incandescent lamp measurements

Corrections for measuring fluorescent lamps

6.10.4 Test for stability with time

6.11 Sources o f error

6.12 Characterization o f sphere photometers

7 Determination o f luminous flux via illuminance, luminous

7.1 Measurement principle

7.2 Measurement and cal ibrati on

8 General measurement conditions

8.1 Operating conditions

8.3 Burning position