Persona

Information
Hi!
My name is Joana, I am 14
years old and I live in Martinhanes. Im
1

low, have a brown yes and I brown and

wavy hair. My football club is Benfica, and
I hate sports.
In my free times I walk with my
friends, play computer games and surf on
Internet. And sometimes I study. I love so
much being with my friends, they are
very special for me. When Im more older,
I want to pursue management.
My
favorite subject is Mathematic, and that I
dislike is the Physical Education.

Vocabulary
Module 0:
Soccer coachesde futebol;
CitizenNeglect-

treinadores
cidado;
negligncia;

Module
1:
Business/
Affairs negcios;
Broadcaststransmisses;
Proficient- competente;
Englishes- vrios tipos de Ingls;
Bilingualism- duas lnguas;
Unintelligible- incompreensvel;
Mutually- mutuamente;
2

Widespread- Muito difundido;

Overlooks- vista para;
Whilst- enquanto;
Issues- tpicos;
Rates- taxas;

Grammar
Present Simple and Present
Continuous:
Present Simple
Time expressions:
Adverbs of frequency:
usually, often, seldom,
always, occasionally,
sometimes, normally,
etc.
We use this tense
for:
Regular or repeated
actions;
Permanent states;
Scientific and
universal truths;
Timetables or
programmes;
Reviews or sports
commentaries.
FORM: VERB + s/es

Present Continuous
Time exprssions:
Now, at the moment, at
present (tomorrow, this
week/month, in a week,
etc,)
We use this tense for:
To describe
something taking
place now, at the
moment of
speaking;
For something
happening
temporarily, for a
short time;
For fixed
arrangements in the
3

near future;
For changing or
developing
situations;
Repeated and
annoying actions,
usually with adverbs
such as always,
constantly, etc.
FORM: am/is/are + main
verb + ing

Present Perfect
FORM: has/have + past participle of the main
verb
We use the present perfect:

E.g:
Im afraid Ive forgotten;
Have you passed your examination?
Ive lived in this towns for two months.
Ill tell you as soon as Ive heard from Michael.
Theyve asked Peter to play instead of me.
Whats the problem? Have you missed the
train?
Ive already done my homework.
Have you already studied for the English test?
4

No, not yet.

Ive just arrived from school.

The past simple

FORM: VERB+ed or irregular verbs

The past simple often occurs with time expressions:
Yesterday, last year, two days ago, in the 18th
century, last month, in 1996, three months ago,
last week, from 1991 to 1997, a year ago.

The past continuous

FORM: was/were + present participle
Time markers of past continuous:
While, when, all day, as, all evening, at that
time.

E.g: While Rachel was playing( past

continuous) the piano, her friend Sarah
knocked( past simple) at the door.

Prepositional Verbs
A prepositional verb is a verb followed by
a preposition. The preposition generally
goes before the object.
Some prepositions:
5

 About; E.g: She is arguing about the new

timetable.
Against; E.g: They apologise against having
arrived late.
At; E.g: They glanced at her, She was really
lovely.
For; E.g: This course caters for all ability
ranges.
From; E.g: This course differs from that on.
In; E.g: He was involved in an argument.
Of; E.g: Tom was accused of breaking a
window.
On; E.g: I surf on the Internet.
To; E.g: She reacts very violently to the
situations.
With; E.g: Your opinion conflicts with his
decision.

Article

Definite article: the.

Indefinite article: an / a.
We use an before a vowel and use a before a
consonant.
Zero article- omission of the definite article.
Exercise: complete the sentences with the,
a, an, or zero article:
We are a small family who invite (zero article)
foreign students to become part of the growing
international family. We have two students rooms:

one is the single room, the other is shared, with two

single beds. All rooms have a television set.
We are very close to the school and also the sea
and the beach. Come to the UK to improve your
English and to get to know all the beautiful places,
(zero article) monuments and (zero article)
museums. The schools programme of activities is
also very exciting.

Modal Verbs
Should/ Have to

Should express what the speaker thinks is

necessary.
We can use should to express:
A n opinion;
Advice;
Negative advice;
Strong moral ideas
To say that something will probably happen.
Have to is used to express obligation, the necessity
to do something.
We normally use have to for things that
happen repeatedly, especially whit adverbs of
frequency such as:
Often;
Always;:
Regularly;
In informal English, we can use have got to
instead of have to.

E.g:
a) In Britain you have to drive on the left.
b) They should advise him to protect the
environment.
7

c) Drivers and passengers have to wear seat-belts.

d) They should stop being aggressive.
e) They should preserve their friendship.

Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner usually come after
the main verb, though they can also
come before the verb for emphasis. If
there is an object the adverb is placed after
the verbs object. If there are other adverbials,
the usual order is manner, place and time.
To form an adverb of manner we normally add
ly to the adjective.
However the adjective and the adverb may be
identical- or totally different.

E.g:
a) Thoughtful- thoughtfully;
b)Rude- rudely ;
c) Angry- angrily;
d)Polite- politely;
e) Enthusiastic- enthusiastically;
f) Noisy- noisily;
g)Irritable- irritably;
h) Brilliant- brilliantly;
i) Fast- fast;
j) Good- wel

Past perfect simple

Form: had + past participle of the main
verb
We use the past perfect tense for an action
that happened in the past and had already
been completed before another action that
happened afterwards.
8

Time Markers: When, after, as soon as, until, by

the time, already, just, ever, never, the previous
day, the week before.

Past perfect
continuous
Form: had been + main verb + ing
The past perfect continuous is used to
emphasize the duration that an action had
that took place in
the past and that had
already been completed either before a
specific point in time or before another action
that happened after this.

Time Markers: for, since, all day.

E.g:
a) He had been in Australia for four years.
b)She had been waiting for the bus but it didnt
arrive.
c) Oliver had been liveing in New Orleans before
he moved to Spain.
d)I didnt recognise him. He had changed a lot.

Conditionals
1st conditional

Sub-type A: If + present tense + present

tense or imperative
We can use this construction when we are
talking about something that is always true or
happens often.

E.g: If the light comes on, the battery is OK.

9

Sub-type B: present tense + will (or can,

shall, ought to, may, might and must)
We use type 1.B to talk about a possible
future action or situation. We can put the if
clause at the beginning or at the end.

E.g: If they join this organization, they will

promote friendship around the world.

2nd Conditional

Form: If + past + would, could, might, etc.

Sub-type A: hypothetical but possible is the
present/ future
E.g: If she talked to her parents, they would help
her.

Sub-type B: hypothetical, unreal or even

impossible in the present or future.
E.g: If her parents were alive, she would ask their
advice.

Project
I am strong
Telling the truth
I want you to go on
I love you

Compositions:

The importance of the English

The English language has become very
important
because,
for
contact
with
neighboring countries was complicated and so
we used the English language, and that is why
it became in our world.
10

This language is used in more tourism

to be able to with foreigners, and can also be
used in online games to be able to talk to the
team or friends in the game, and also to be
able to contact other countries and the work
of people nowadays also use the English, for
example in the subject of English and
European Company.
I think there should be a universal
language that is English, because it is easy for
people around the world can communicate.
Facing the challenge
I prefer the mobile phone because I can
surfing on the Internet, talking with my
friends, playing games and listening to music.
With phone is more easy speak with
people because now, everybody has a mobile
phone.

Firs written
test
Grupo I
1-

1- culture:
2- spreading;
3- music;
4-movies;
5- country;
6-available;
7-learning;
8-songs.

running

2- a) saw/ was

b) was having
c)
was
not
watching
d) Was watching/
arrived
e) was singing /
was crying
f) Was found
g) laughed
h) was walking/
saw
i) was running
j) were waiting
k)
fell/
was
painting
11

l)
were
you
watching
m) were you
watching
n) was taking
o) didnt go out/
was raining
p)
were
you
doing
q)
saw/
was
wearing

Grupo II

1-a) Yes, because music helps the development of

our brain to a higher level, improves the
communication between the right and left sides of
the
brain,
allowing
us
to
again
better
comprehension and memorization skills.

b) Music is important in school because music helps

the mind develop and grow.

c) In my opinion the most important area of

knowledge that music may help develop is the areas
of comprehension and memorization, because music
improves communication between the light and left
sides of the brain.

d) The music is important for me because, first

because we learn more languages, like English,
second because we learn the history of a population
(if its the case); third because if I like that type of
music and he/she likes the same, we can be really
good friends, and finally because with music we can
know what happens outside of our country, in the
world, without barriers. But the most important
12

reason for me is because music helps me to get

more relaxed.

2-a) develops with music

b) is usually an indications of the time and
environment in which it was created.
c) is a proof that music is present in Physical
Education.

d)the music is very important because everyone

understands it.

3-a) Music helps the mind develop grow

b) Readers
c) Music
d) Time and environment
e) Boring notes
f) students.
4-a) higher
b) Improves
c) Gain
d) Greatest
e) Boring
f) Remain
Grupo III
English is very important in the world. I think
that it should be a universal language, English,
because the people around the world can
communicate. For example the film Babel the
Japanese cannot speak with people in other
nationality. And if they speak English, they can
understand.
13

In the future they will speak English,

because it is easier and it is fast to learn.
Now more people learn English, but it is
more important in school for teens.
In my opinion this language is the best to
learn in other countries. And when I play computer
games I speak English with others.
In the film Babel when the American lady
sick, they could not call an ambulance because the
people cannot understand your language.

Grupo IV
Street/ face/ things/ say/ look/ time/ touched/ words/
goodbye/ world

14

S
o

ec
nd
T
er

m
Vocabulary:
15

Module
2:
technology

The

world

of

Technology- algo que torna a vida das

pessoas mais fcil, ajuda as pessoas na
comunicao, sade, evoluo, trabalho.
Barely-apenas.
Fishhook- anzol.
Concealed- escondido.
Wheel- roda.
Heater- aquecedor.
Light bulb- lmpada.
Keyboard- teclado.
Plot- guio.
Injury- ferimento.
Prescription- receita do mdico.
Damaging- danificado.
Gadget- dispositivo.
Chains- correntes.
Gadget- dispositivo.
Leadership- chefe.
Survey- sondagem.
Behaviour- compartimento.
Deaths- riscos.
Space race- corrida espacial.
Spacecraft- Nave espacial.
space probe- Sonda espacial.
space walk- caminhada espacial.
Staff- basto.
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Asp- cobra venenosa encontrada no Norte

de frica.
Posh- elegante.

Module 3- The media

global communication

and

Desert- abandonar.
Collapse- destruir.
Belief- confiana.

Grammar
The Future
Form
Will + infinitive

Use

Predictions, hopes and fears

often after verbs such as
expect,
hope,
imagine,
suppose, think, and adverbs
such
as
probably
and
perhaps.
e.g: I hope youll find a job soon.
Often with verbs not usually
used in continuous form.
e.g: Ill see you in your house.
To
express
an
idea
or
decision.
e.g: I think Ill walk tonight. Im
very happy.
To express determination.
e.g:
They
wont
do
their
homework.
17

 For formal announcements,

often in news reports.
e.g: The govern will decide on
taxation rises tomorrow.
For offers, requests, and
promises.
e.g: Will you help me in tasks?
For offers and suggestions
with shall.
e.g: Shall I clear the table?
In type 1 conditionals.
e.g: If you do not go to class,
you'll have bad grade on the test.

Going to + Infinitive

Present Continuous
Present Simple
Be about to + Infinitive

For plans and intentions and

things evident to the senses
or understanding,
e.g: Look at those clouds. Its
going to rain.
For arrangements.
e.g: Jills having a baby next
week.
Programmes, timetables.
e.g: The classes began at 10.00
oclock.
Something that will happen
very soon.
e.g: The plane is about to leave.

18

Used To + Infinitive
Past Habit/ Past Situation

We use used to with the infinitive (used do to/

used to play) to say that something regularly
happened in the past but doesnt happen now.
e.g: I used to play with dolls when I was a child.
We also use used to for past situations which
dont exist now.
e.g: I used to live in Lisbon. Now I live in London.
Question: Did you use to live in Lisbon?
Negative (The negative form is not common): I
didnt use to live in Lisbon.
The common answer would be: No, I used to
live in London.
We use used to + infinitive to talk about the
past. When we want to talk about a present habit,
we use the present simple.
e.g: I read the magazine every day.
Dont confuse I used to do with I am used to
doing, which means, Im accustomed to doing or I
usually do which means I normally do.
e.g: I used to live in a quiet space. (I lived in a
quiet space once, but now I dont.

VERB GET
The verb get can be used in different situations:
Receiving, obtaining or buying:
- I got a letter from my best friend this morning,
19

- This classroom gets very little sunshine.

- Where did you get your new shirt?
- Try to get some sleep.
Reaching or bringing to a particular state or
condition:
Get sick; get fat; get well; get tired; get married; get
angry; get fit; get old; get nervous; get divorced; get
hungry; get thin; get young; get sleepy; get wet; get
bored; get ready; get tall; get worse; get bald; get
worried; get better.
Making something happen:
-Its not hard to get him talking.
-She got her brother to help her with her homework.
Moving or causing to move:
-She got into the car.
-We didnt get to bed till 3 a.m.
-Please let me get by.
-We got to London at 8 oclock.
Possession:
-Theyve got three children.
Get something done:
-get your hair cut.
-get the car repaired.

20

MULTI-PART VERB
Get about/ get around
Get
Get
Get
Get

away
away (from)
back
behind (with something)

Get somebody down

Get in (of a train,
of a passenger
Get off (something)
Get on/along
Get over
Get trough (something)
Get up

etc.)

Move from place to place;

circulate
Have a holiday; escape
Succeed in leaving a place
Return, especially to ones home
Not proceed at the necessary
rate
Make somebody depressed or
demoralized
Arrive at its destination
Enter a vehicle (car, taxi or van)
Leave (work) with permission
Make progress; get on a bike,
horse, bus, train
Recover from a shock or illness
or injury
(manage to) do or complete
something; make contact
Stand after sitting; rise

E.g
a) The class get started when the teacher came
in.
b)I normally get of at 6.00.
c) What time did you get back last night?
d)She got on with her research work.
e) I get along well at school.

21

EXPRESSING WISHES AND REGRETS

We use wish + past form but the meaning is present.
We use wish to say that we regret, that something is
not as we would like it to be.
E.g:
a) I
b)I
c) I
d)I
e) I

wish
wish
wish
wish
wish

I were/ I was in France.

your life would be better.
I hadnt treated him that way.
I could buy a digital home.
I were/ I was rich,

REPORTED SPEECH
We use a verb to introduce reported speech: say, warn,
think, suggest, reply, advise, add, tell, ask, etc,
Compare direct and reported speech:
DIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Modal Verbs
Will
Can; May; Should; Must

REPORTED SPEECH
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

Infinitive

Infinitive

Would
Could;
had to

Might;

Should;

Must/

Changes of place and time:

DIRECT SPEECH
Now
Today, tonight
Tomorrow
Yesterday
This morning/ week
Last month/ year

REPORTED SPEECH
Then
That day, that night
The next/ following day
The day before, the previous day
That morning/ week
The month/ year before, the

Ago
Next year
This/ these
Here
Come

previous month/ year

Before
The following year
That/those
There
Go

E.g:
a) Direct Speech: Paul, we were looking at the Internet and we
saw that the Us is going to try to put people on the Moon,
again, in a few years, the journalist said.
Reported Speech: The journalist said that, they had been looking
at the Internet and they had seen that the US was going to try to
put people on the Moon, again in a few years.

b)Direct Speech: Dont forget your homework!

Reported Speech: Last lesson the teacher reminded us not to
forget our homework.

c) Direct Speech: Are you reading this magazine now?

Reported Speech: My brother asked me if I was reading that
magazine then.

MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are a special kind of auxiliary verb. They are
always used with a main verb and express an attitude to
what we say: certainty, uncertainty, willingness to
something, etc.
Can, could and be able to.

We use:
Can- to say that something is possible or that someone has
the ability or opportunity to do something. Can refers to the
present or future.
e.g: I can use the portable computer.
Be able to- In some patterns we always use be able to ,
not can.
e.g: They have never been able to use my new digital camera.

 Could or was/ were able to - for ability or opportunity in

the past.
e.g: When I bought this computer, I couldnt use/ wasnt
able to use its software.
Could- verbs of sensations (see, hear, smell, taste, etc.)
e.g: They could see the city in the distance.

2 May, might and could.

May and might- express the idea that something is very
possible. We can use them for the present or the future.
e.g: It may be/ might be true.
Could- to say that something is possible.
e.g: There could be some visitors in the museum.
The negative forms of these verbs are: may not, might not or
mightnt and could not or couldnt. But the meaning of
couldnt (negative) is different from the other two modals
(may not or might not).
e.g: The machine may/might not work. (It is possible that it
will not work).
They couldnt create the energy required to run the
machine. ( It was possible for them)

MULTI-PART VERB TO TURN

Turn against
Turn back
Turn down
Turn in
Turn of
Turn on

Turn out

Become unfriendly or hostile

towards somebody
(cause to) return the way hi/it has
come
Reject or refuse to consider (an
offer, a proposal, etc,)
Give back something that one no
longer needs; go to bed
Stop the flow of (electricity, gas,
water) by turning a knob, tap, etc.
Cause (an oven, a radio) to start
functioning by moving a switch,
knob, etc.
Be present at an event; appear;

Turn around
Turn to
Turn up

happen; result; prove to able

(cause to) face in a different
direction
Go to somebody for help
Make ones appearance; arrive

E.g:
i. He tired to join the army but he was turned down because of
poor health.
ii. Turn of the light before you go to bed.
iii. John was turned against his old friend and opposed
everything he did.
iv. The weather became so bad that they had to turn around.
v. Could you turn on the bath for me while youre upstairs?

THIRD CONDITIONAL
FORM
If + past perfect, modal (would, could, should, might) +
have + past participle
USE
Say whether the example above means:
- Something that is possible.
- Something that is not true in the present or unlikely in
the future.
- Something that is imaginary in the past.
e.g:
i.
ii.
iii.

If the bus drivers hadnt gone on strike yesterday, I would have

gone to the dentist.
If you hadnt eaten so much fast food, you wouldnt have got
fat.
If I hadnt felt ill during the exam I could have finished it.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM
Will be + ing form
USE
- For an action over a period of future time. It
means that we will be in the middle of an action.
- For an action which is the result of a routine.
e.g:- How long will you be using this computer?
-Dont phone me between 4 and 5. I will be doing my
homework.
-I will be seeing John tomorrow. We work together.
- Three years from now I will be finishing secondary school.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

AND ADVERBS
One-syllable
adjectives

wise

COMPARATI
VE

SUPERLATIV
E

wiser

(the) wisest

Two or more reliable

syllable
adjectives
Adverbs
Smoothly

More reliable

(the)
reliable

most

More smoothly

Irregular
adjectives

Good
Bad
Far (distance)
Far (addition)

Better
Worse
Farther
Further

(the)
most
smoothly
(the) best
(the)worst
(the) farthest
(the) furthest

Irregular
adverbs

Well
Badly
Little
Much

Better
Worse
Less
More

(the)
(the)
(the)
(the)

Gradual
increase
Saying
one
thing depends
on the other

More and more expensive; better and better

(we repeat comparatives)
Thethe (with two comparatives)
The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arrive

best
worst
last
most

Before comparatives we can use: much, a lot, far, a big,

a little, slightly.
e.g:
1. The buses run more often than the trains.
2. I think women drive more carefully than men.
3. Shed like to have a better car. The one she has is
very slow.

Second Written Test

I
A- c) g) e) a) h) f) b) d)
B1- will land
2- Would take
3- Would buy.
4- Caught.
5- Will be very funny.
6- Would buy around cap.
7- Will be very kind.
8- Would be poor.

communicating
with
strangers online, they
do
not
know
or
understand that the
could be talking to a
sick or a harmful
person.
2

II
1
a) People use it on a
regular
basis
to
communicate, get and
send information and
play games.
b)The major advantages
of the internet are it
we want to speak with
someone of the other
side of the world we
can, the students can
search information to
help them waking their
languages.
c) The dangers of the
internet
are
when
children
start

a) We can communicate,
get
and
send
information and play
games.
b)Their culture.
c) Understand the impact
of technology.
d)Are being harmed or
abducted.
a) The internet
b)People
c) Kids
d)Countries and culture
e) Cases
f) Their children

4
a) Popular
b)Conducted
c) Issue
d)Safe
e) Harmless
f) Amusing

IV
Share
Comforting
Crashing
Dear
Without
Through
Separate
Angry
Frustration
Cyberspace

COMPOSITIONS
Technology
In the future, our lives will be easier. We will go change
the cars for one tell transport that gives permition to
change city, countries, homes and continents in five
minutes or less.
Our shoes will walk and rune alone without we do effort
will be easier to do a physical exercise.
In the kitchen the food will be cook for a robot and
clothes will be one new technology.
The future will be very funny and I gone die without
knowing.
Robots
In Scary Movie 4 appear one robot huge with oval form
and with a n blue light, that kidnapped everybody for to
destroy the world.
The robot was very frightful.
Reality shows
I dont like reality shows because is a bad example for
the children.
The most people go to reality shows for to make money
and have fame.
Sometimes the people show to be a different person and
personal aspects.

Third written test

I
A

1. Schools.
2. Common.
3. Computer.
4. Decade.
5. Technology.
6. Both.
7. Capabilities.

B
1. Living.
2. Used to have.
3. Are used to.
4. Eating.
5. Used to make.

II
1. Health care delivery from costly secondary care
hospitals to community settings bringing are closer to
home for patients.
2. Is distance medicine using information and
communication technologies to examine, treat and
care for patients over a distance.
3. Institutions as well as to monitor and provide support
to patients living at home; Telemedicine can also be
used to improve the chain of care and may involve
complex delivery systems that employ a mix of
technologies in addition to innovative clinical
processes.
4. People at home who have chronic conditions can have
support by telemedicine.
5. Is using the technology produces equal or better health
or quality of life.

1. Shifting
2. Applications
3. Conventional
4. Benefit
5. Reviews

C
1. The main use for telemedicine is that can be used both
within and between all kind of health care institutions
as well as to monitor and praid support to patients
living at home (examine, treat and care over a
distance).
2. Examine, monitor and care for patients over a
distance.
3. We dont know yet. Several systematic reviews have
found little evidence that telemedicine is cost saving.

IV
Telemedicine
Allows
Far off
Without
Undertake

Discomfort
Valuable
Discuss
Abroad
Patient

Third
Term

Vocabulary:
Module 3- Communication and ethics
Surpassed- Superada;
To spy- para espiar.

Module 4- Todays youth

Dealing- a lidar com.
Gossip- fofoca.
Dwindling- a diminuir,
Forecast- previso.
Challenges- desafios.
Concerned- preocupado.
Fearful- assustador.
Sane- so.

Module 4- Young Peoples Languages

Achieve- alcanar.
Sadly- tristemente,
Peer- igual.
Mainly- principalmente.
Gender- gnero.
Grades- notas.

Module 4- Teenagers futures

Pathway- caminho.
Amazed- muito surpreso.
Overwhelming- opressivo.
Patterns- padres.

Grammar
MULTI-PART VERB TO BREAK
Multi-part verbs (phrasal verbs) may be transitive
or intransitive, fused or separable.
Verb

Meaning

Break up with

Finish
a She broke up with
relationship
with her boyfriend last
somebody
month.
Enter illegally
Their thief arrived
at midnight and
break
into
the
factory to steal
the secret plans.
End (a meeting or When
do
lessons)
schoolchildren
break up for the
Christmas
holidays?
Stop because of Her
car
broke
mechanical
down when she
trouble
was
half
way
home.
Separate suddenly The ice is moving.
or sharply from It is going to break
the main part
off and become an
iceberg.
Suddenly
stop They broke off the
doing something
work,
because
they had received
a threat.

Break into

Break up

Break down

Break of

Break of

Example

QUANTIFIERS
A few; few; a little; little.
We use a few and few with plural countable
nouns.
We use a little and little with uncountable nouns.
Little and few have negative meaning.
A little and a few ate more positive.

Example:
1.We must be quick. We have little time.
2.Listen carefully. I'm going to give you a
little advice.
3.This town is not a very interesting place to visit,
very few
tourists come here.
4.Do you mind if I ask you a few questions?

RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining relative clauses
A defining relative clause comes immediately
after a noun, and needs a main clause to make a
complete sentence, It is essential to the meaning
because it defines the subject,
We use defining relative clauses to give
information that helps to identify the person or thing
we are talking about.
A defining relative clause is never separated by
commas from its antecedent noun.
Sometimes we omit the relative pronoun (if it is
not the subject of the verb in the relative clause).

 A relative pronoun in a relative clause can be the

object of a preposition. When this happens, the
preposition often goes at the end of the clause.
We can often omit the relative pronoun that is the
object of a preposition.
That, who or which can be the subject of the verb
in the relative clause.
We use whose to indicate who something belongs to
or relates to.
That may replace which or whom.
Whom is, in fact, rarely used, being confined to
formal style.
Defining relative clauses occur mainly in the
spoken language.

Example:
1. Shes the woman who cuts my hair.
2. The dog that bit my brother.
3. This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
4. His father, who is motor mechanic, phoned me
yesterday.

Non-defining relative clauses

The relative clause simply tells us more about the
person (the clause or pronoun) we are talking about.
Non-defining relative clauses are less frequent in
spoken English.
We use commas. A non-defining relative clause
must be enclosed with commas, as it gives us extra
information. The relative pronoun alone cannot
omitted, but the subject pronoun and be can
sometimes be omitted together.
We cannot use that instead of which.
Notice: we can use whose and where in both types of
relative clauses.

Example:
1. My brother, who lives in London, has two children.
2. The students, who asked to leave early, left the
room ten minutes before the end of the lesson.
3. The students, who I know, are on holiday.
4. Rome, which is a big city, is the capital of Italy.

DO AND MAKE
We use do for process, indefinite activities and
duties, jobs, work or other activities, especially to
sound casual or not precise.
We use make for product when we are talking about
constructing, crating or performing something.

Example:
DO
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do

a favour.
wonders.
a complaint.
good.
an announcement.
bunisiness.
work.
time.

Make
Make
Make
Make
Make
Make
Make
Make

MAKE
excuses.
repairs.
a journey.
a discovery.
friends.
a phone call.
the cooking.
the arrangements.

ORDERING ADJECTIVES
1. Attributive adjectives normally go before the noun in
English, but there are a few which can follow nouns:
In fixed phrases: Secretary General, Poet
Laureate, court martial.
Like relative clauses: the tickets, the boy
responsible for the graffiti.
Converted adverbs: the man upstairs, the
people outside.
Special uses: e.g. proper to the main part:
Oporto proper, not the suburbs.
2. Adjectives before a noun are usually used in a
specific order, though this may be changed for reasons
of emphasis,
1)Intensity, completeness ( certain, slight,
complete, etc).
2)Indentify (well-known, so-called, etc).
3)Opinion
(beautiful,
wonderful,
terrible,
interesting, etc).
4)Size ( Tall, short, small, big, long, etc).
5)Shape (round, fat, thin, slim, wide, etc).
6)Condition, quality (tired, rich, poor, expensive,
cheap, fast, slow, etc).
7)Age (old, young, middle-aged, etc).
8)Temperature (cold, hot, iced, etc).
9)Colour (green, blue, yellow, white, black, fair, red,
etc).
10)
Origin (Italian, Russian, English, Portuguese,
etc).
11)
Type, material (plastic, wooden, gold,
leather, woollen, complex, etc).

Example:

1.
2.

I love that really

big
old
green
antique car that always parked at the end of the street.
white bulldog.

My

sister

adopted

a beautiful

big

3.

We
live
in
the
white and red house at the end of the street.

4.

My
black and white watch.

5.

She had a big, ugly, old, baggy, blue,

cotton, British, knitting bag.

friend

big green,

lost

a red,

THE PASSIVE
The form of the passive
-We use a form of the auxiliary be followed by the past
participle of the main verb.
The active-passive correspondence
Active subject
By-phrase (sometimes optional)
Active verb
Passive verb
Active object
Passive subject
VERB TENSES
Tenses
Present Simple
Present
Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Will
Going to

Active
Films
Is giving
Caught
were feeding
Has provided
Had repaired
Will contact
Are
going
cancel

Passive
Is filmed
Is being given
Was caught
Were being fed
Has been provided
Had been repaired
Will be contacted
to Are going to be
cancelled

Modal verbs

Can/ may/ should/ Can/ may/ should/

would/
must/ would/ must/ be
speak
spoken

Examples:
1- Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)
At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)
2- Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)
The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive)
3. Sue changed the flat tire. (active)
The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive)
4- We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active)
A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive)
5- I ran the obstacle course in record time. (active)
The obstacle course was run by me in record time. (passive)

Compositions
Teenagers

The life of a teenager, in some cases, is very simply:

eat, sleep, go to school, study a little bit and go to Internet.
But have some teenagers like we that help the parents in
their tasks.
Diogo helps him father in the garden every day. Joana
helps her mother in caf, on weekends. Bruno helps him
father in construction.
For a great percentage of teenagers, go to school are a
great problem. In our opinion, teens, the school are tedious,
is a loose of time.
So, the teenagers would be profit from school, but
dont think just in school! Play and talk with friends and
never give up of your dreams.

Writing page 221

I agree with Sophie. If the transition to adulthood goes
smoothly, young people will be similar to their parents, for
example in your minds, will be other problems, will have
the same conducts. In societies that the parents protect so
much the teens, they will end for not profit your
adolescence as young people that transit quickly to
adulthood.
In past times, young people helped so much their
parents and did not have fun with friends, there was whet
the transition goes smoothly. And the result is that when
they grow, they are similar to their parents.
But, on the contrary, as nowadays, young people goes
many times with friends, drink and smoke. In past times,
when our grand-parents were young, it was unexpected to
do these things. The transition to adulthood happens very
rapidly and this can be good or bad. It depends on the
parents.
In my opinion, the young people can profit from
adolescence, but in other forms.