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24.5
KN / m2
2.5 m
3.5 m
6m
E
24.5 KN / m
1m
D
34.3 KN / m
Elevation
Plan
MAD =
= 24.5 x 62 / 12 =
73.5
KNm
w x l2 / 12 =
= 24.5 x 42 / 12 =
-32.66
KNm
Kani's Method :-
0
0
- 32.66
-12.25
-12.25
0
-57.16
73.5
-3/10 40.84 -2/10 -8.17
-8.17
A
0
57.16
0
0
Member
Relative
Stiffness( K )
AB
AD
I/6
I/4
5 * I / 12
Sum of FEM
MAF = 73.5-32.66
40.84
Rotation Factor
u =(-1/2) k / K
- 2 / 10
- 3 / 10
KNm
MAB =
MAD =
w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16
= 24.5 x 62 / 8 - 57.16
53.09
KNm
w x l 2 / 8 - 57.16
= 24.5 x 42 / 8 - 57.16
-8.16
KNm
Yw ( H - h ) x B / 2
24.5 x 4 / 2 =
49
KN
Yw ( H - h ) x L / 2
24.5 x 6 / 2 =
73.5
KN
KNm
49
KN
Tension on liquid face.
Q = 0.306 Assuming d / D = 0.9
M / Q x b
= 57.16 x 10
=
Take D = 450 mm
432.2
/ 0.306 x 1000
mm,
Assuming d / D = 0.9
d = 450 - 25 - 8
417 mm
49 x 10 3 / 150
327
mm2
1048 + 327
= 1375
mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1375
= 146.152727
mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(a)
= 1546
mm2 / m.
Larger steel area is provided to match with the steel of short walls.
At centre
M=
53.09
KNm
T=
49
KN
tension on remote face
e=
M/T=
53.09 / 49
= 1.08 m
Line of action of forces lies outside the section
i.e.tension is small
E=
e+D/2-d
b
= 1080 + 450 / 2 - 417
=
888
mm
D
KNm
d'
E=e+D/2-d
mm2
49 x 10 3 / 150
327
mm2
617 + 327
= 944
mm2
spacing of bar =
57.16
73.5
KNm
KN
73.5 x 10 3 / 150
490
mm2
1048 + 490
= 1538
mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 200.96 x 1000 / 1538
= 130.663199
mm
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/Cmarked(b)
= 1546
mm2 / m.
mm2
At centre
M=
8.16
T=
73.5
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / st x j x d
=
=
KNm
KN
73.5 x 10 3 / 150
490
mm2
150 + 490
= 640
mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
mm2
Cantilever moment : Yw x H x h2 / 6
M=
= 9.8 x 3.5 x 1 / 6
= 5.72
KNm
From Table 9-5
Ast for moment =
OR
Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater.
= 9.8 x 3.5 / 6
=
5.72
,tension on liquid face.
M / st x j x d
=
=
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
PU =
1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38
KN / m
ly / l x =
6.5 / 4.5
=
1.4
AS Per IS-456-2000,Four Edges Discontinuous,positive moment at mid-span.
x =
Table 26
0.085
y =
Mx =
x x w x l
0.056
My =
2
x
M / Q x b
= 16.15 x 10
y x w x lx2
= 0.056 x 9.38 x 4.52
= 10.64
KNm
drequired =
76.50
/ 2.76 x 1000
mm
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.29%
Ast (short) = 0.29 x 1000 x 130 / 100
=
377
mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /377
=
208
mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 210 mm c/c
= 374
mm2 .
Mu / b x d2 (long) = 10.64 x 106 / 1000 x 120 x 120
=
0.74
= 50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.22%
Ast (long) = 0.22 x 1000 x 120 / 100
=
264
mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
=
190
mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c
= 264
mm2 .
4m
TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel
HYSD bars
d/D
Pt
Pt
Q = M / bD2
Q = M / bD2
0.75
0.3
0.4
0.295
0.289
0.8
0.305
0.37
0.299
0.272
0.85
0.9
0.31
0.314
0.355
0.335
0.302
0.306
0.258
0.246
TABLE 9-5
Q
1.33
1.17
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20
Fe250
7
125
0.427
0.858
1.28
Fe415
7
190
0.329
0.89
1.03
D/2
e=M/T
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
Thickness, mm
% of reinforcement
100
Mild Steel
0.3
HYSD bars
0.24
150
200
250
0.286
0.271
0.257
0.229
0.217
0.206
300
350
400
450 or more
0.243
0.229
0.214
0.2
0.194
0.183
0.171
0.16
8 O @ 190 c/c
10 O @ 210 c/c
150
3500
10 O @ 200 c/c -
shape
10 O @ 200 c/c -
shape
1500
150
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 450
6000
450 150
Elevation
1500
450
1000
4000
v
1000 v
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
( a ) 1000
vv
450
1500
1500
6000
450
450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
15
20
25
250
2.22
2.96
3.70
415
2.07
2.76
3.45
500
2.00
2.66
3.33
550
1.94
2.58
3.23
30
4.44
4.14
3.99
3.87
Pt,bal
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
OR
Yw x H / 6 , whichever is greater
= 9.8 x 3.0 / 6
=
4.90
KNm
Yw x ( H - h ) x B / 2
= 9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 3.6 / 2
=
35.28
KN
Yw ( H - h ) x 1
9.8 x ( 3 - 1 ) x 1
19.6
KN
It is assumed that end one metre width of long wall gives direct tension to short walls.
Design of long walls : M(-)=
44.1
KNm
T=
35.28
KN
From Table 9-6
Assume d / D = 0.9
M / Q x b
= 44.1 x 10
( water face )
( perpendicular to moment steel )
Q = 0.306
D=
=
Take D =
379.6
/ 0.306 x 1000
mm,
400 mm
d = 400 - 25 - 8
= 367 mm
mm2
Provide 16 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
Note : The design is made at the base. The moment reduces from base to top.For economy, the
reinforcement can be curtailed or the thickness of wall can also be reduced as we have done for
cantilever retaining wall.
From Table 9-3
Distribution steel = 0.171 % for 400 mm depth
As = ( 0.171 / 100 ) x 1000 x 400
= 684
mm2 .
on each face = 342
mm2 .
( 1 )
M=
T=
26.13
19.6
KNm
KN
M / st x j x d
= 26.13 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 544
mm2
675
mm2
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
checking :
modular ratio m =
x=
280 / 3 x cbc
= 13.33
b x D2 / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
= 203.56
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
( 1000 x 4002 / 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )
( 1000 x 400 ) + ( ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 )
mm
D-x=
196.44 mm
d-x=
163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
408705 mm2
Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
= ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.563 + 196.443 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.442
=
5.34E+09
+
2.33E+08
4
=
5.57E+09 mm
fct = T / AT
= 19.6 x 10 3 / 408705
=
0.048 N / mm2
fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
= 26.13 x 106 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10 9
= 0.767
N / mm2
check :
( fct / ct ) + ( fcbt / cbt )
1
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) 1
From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 1
0.4912 1
.. ( O. K. )
At centre :
M=
T=
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment =
19.6
19.6
KNm
KN
M / st x j x d
= 19.6 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 408
mm2
539
Provide 12 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
mm2
( 1 )
ly =
3.75
1.0
1.5
6.25
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
1.5 x 6.25
=
9.38
KN / m
M / Q x b
= 18.76 x 10
drequired =
82.44
/ 2.76 x 1000
mm
dprovided =
150 - 15(cover) - 6
= 129 > 82.44
(O.K.)
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Design for flexure :
Mu / b x d2 = 18.76 x 106 / 1000 x 129 x 129
= 1.13
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
=
= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%
Ast = 0.34 x 1000 x 129 / 100
= 439
mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /439
= 114
mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 110 mm c/c = 457
mm2 .
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180
mm2
Provide 6 mm O bar
spacing of bar =
4.0 m.
hort walls.
42
Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating to
resistance to cracking
Grade of
concrete
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.7
6 O @ 150 c/c
8 O @ 110 c/c
150
12 O @ 200 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c shape
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
2000
3000
150
150
2000
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C.
150 400
8000
400
Section A-A
2000
8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)
3600
8 O @ 140 c/c
900
400
12 O @ 200 c/c
900
v
v
2000
vv
2000
B
8000
400
Sectional plan
8 O @ 110 c/c
150
400
6 O @ 150 c/c
3000
900
900
150
150
150 400
3600
Section B- B
400 150
( given )
= 0.289%
Ast = 0.289 x 1000 x 160 / 100
= 462
mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 78.50 x 1000 /462
=
170
mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 170 mm c/c = 462
mm2 .
Half the bars are bent at 0.1 l = 400 mm , and remaining
bars provide 231 mm2 area
100 x As / ( b x D ) = 100 x 231 / ( 1000 x 180 )
= 0.128
> 0.12 % ( minimum steel for Fe415)
i.e. remaining bars provide minimum steel. Thus, half the bars may be bent up.
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216
mm2
Maximum spacing = 5 x 160 = 800 or 450 mm
i.e. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /216
= 233
mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 230 mm c/c = 218
mm2 .
Check for shear : Vu = 24
KN
Actual Shear stress =
Vu / b x d
N / mm2
< (
for Pt = 0.144
c = 0.28 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24
for 180 mm slab depth
20 difference
?
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.28
= 0.347
N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Check for development length : Assuming L0 = 8 O
(HYSD Fe415 steel ) For continuing bars
Mu1 =
=
=
=
As = 231
mm2
0.87 x fy x Ast x d { 1 - ( fy x Ast / fck x b x d ) }
0.87 x 415 x 231 x 160 { 1 - (415 x 231 / 15 x 1000 x 160 ) }
13.34 { 1- 0.0399 }
12.812 KNm
-0.04
OR
Vu = 24
KN
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
OR
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
NOTE : -
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
= 0.14
From equation
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.49
Mu1 = 0.49x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6
we get ,
= 12.54
KNm
160
180
400
v
v
v
8 O @ 230 c/c
v
10 O @ 170 c/c
( alternate bent )
4000
v
v
400
v
v
elopment length , l0
as 8 O for HYSD
anchorage is not
O for mild steel ( U
usually whose
is 16 O.
( given )
( given )
( Balcony slab )
DL
LL
0
0
2
2
ly = 6m
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
LL
0
0
3
3
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 ) = (6 + 4.5) KN / m2
Weight of parapet 0.075 x 25 x 1 = 1.875
KN / m
Pu = 1.5 x 1.875 = 2.8
KN / m
Consider 1 m long strip
(1) To get maximum positive moment in slab S2 only dead load on slab
S1 and total load on slab S2 shall be considered
9 KN/m
6 KN/m
SS22
A
3m
S1
B
1.2m
10.5 KN/m
S2
A
3m
2.8 KN
S1
B
1.2m
= 6 x 1.22 / 2
= 4.32
KNm
shear =
Reaction at A = w x l / 2 - Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 - 4.32 / 3
= 12.06
KN
Point of zero shear from A = 12.06 ( KN ) / 9 ( KN / m )
= 1.34
m
Maximum positive moment = 12.06 x 1.34 - W x l2 / 2
= 12.06 x 1.34 - 9 x 1.342 / 2
= 8.08
KNm
(2) To get maximum negative moment and maximum shear at B,
the slab is loaded with full loads as shown in fig (b)
Maximum negative moment = w x l + w x l2 / 2
= 2.8 x 1.2 + 10.5 x 1.22 / 2
= 10.92
KNm
Maximum shear at B
Vu,BA = w x l / 2 + Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 + 10.92 / 3
= 17.14
KN
Vu,BC = w x l + 2.8
= 10.5 x 1.2 + 2.8
= 15.4
KN
Moment steel :
Maximum moment = 10.92
KNm
From Table 6-3
Q = 2.22
M / Q x b
= 10.92 x 10
drequired =
=
dprovided =
=
Mu / b x d2 ( + ) =
=
70.14
/ 2.22 x 1000
mm,
OR
fy / fck
we get ,
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.487
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 992 x 10-6
= 4.77
KNm
Vu = 12.06
KN
O s / 4 x bd
= 4.97401
= 4.78
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
=54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 106 / 12.06 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
514.179 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 514.179
which gives
O 12.13
mm
.( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
At B ,
Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm2 )
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
From equation
OR
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.487
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 992 x 10-6
= 4.77
KNm
Near point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 17.14 - ( 0.15 x 3 ) x 9 =
we get ,
O s / 4 x bd
4.974
= 4.78
13.09
KN
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
=54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 106 / 13.09 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
473.72 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 473.72
which gives
O 11.2
mm
Check for shear : Span AB :
At A , Vu,AB = 12.06 KN ( for maximum loading )
At B , shear at point of contraflexure = 13.09
Use Vu = 13.09 KN
.( O.K.)
KN
Shear stress v = Vu / b x d
= 13.09 x 10 3 / 1000 x 99
= 0.132
N / mm2 < c
.( O.K.)
Shear stress v = Vu / b x d
= 17.14 x 10 3 / 1000 x 99
= 0.173
N / mm2 < c
.( O.K.)
= 3.06
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 3.06 - 1 )
6 x 3.06
= 0.487
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.569
c = 0.48 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
0.25 difference 0.08
k = 1.3
for 120 mm slab depth
0.181 difference
?
0.05792
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.48
= 0.624
N / mm2 > v
.( O.K.)
Check for deflection : For span AB :
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 99
= 0.467
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3000 / 99
= 30.30
<
40
.( O.K.)
For span BC :
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 7
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
= 0.569
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.8
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.8 x 7
= 12.6
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 1200 / 99
= 12.12
<
12.6
.( O.K.)
Check for cracking : IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sma
= 3 x 99
= 297
mm
or 300 mm i.e. 297 mm
spacing provided = 170
mm
< 297 mm
.( O.K.)
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 99
= 495 mm
spacing provided = 150
mm
< 450 mm
.( O.K.)
S3
1.2m
0.15m
ly = 6m
0.15m
B3
B1
B2
S2
S1
B4
0.15m
0.15m
lx = 3m
1.2m
1m high parapet
1200
120
125
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
300
150
600
3000
150
1200
given
= 11.625 KN / m2
ly / lx = 5 / 5
=1
< 2
i.e. two-way slab.
Middle strip :
IS 456-2000 Table -26
Two adjacent edges Discontinuous
Mu1 , Mu3 ( - ) = x x w x lx2 =
0.047 x 11.625 x 52 =
Mu2 ( + ) = y x w x l =
0.035 x 11.625 x 52 =
From Table 6-3
For M15 mix and Fe415 steel, Q = 2.07
2
x
M / Q x b
= 13.66 x 10
13.66
KNm
10.17
KNm
drequired =
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 81.23
mm,
dprovided for positive moment reinforcement
= 150 - 15 - 10 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 120
mm,
> 81.23 mm
.( O.K.)
dprovided for negative moment reinforcement
= 150 - 15 - 5
= 130
mm,
> 81.23 mm
.( O.K.)
Mu / b x d2 ( + ) = 10.17 x 10 6 / 1000 x (120)2
= 0.706
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.706)
415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.885) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.208%
= 188
mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 188
= 267.234
mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193
mm2.
This will be provided by minimum steel of edge strip,
At corner B ,
steel required = ( 1/2 ) x 188
= 94
mm2.
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.111
mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193
mm2.
This will be provided by minimum steel .
Note that positive reinforcements are not curtailed because if they are curtailed , the
remaining bars do not provide minimum steel.
Check for shear : At point 1 or 3
S.F. = w x l / 2 + Moment @ point 1 or 3 in that span
= 11.625 x 5 / 2 + 13.66 / 5
= 31.795 KN
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 335 / ( 1000 x 130 )
= 0.258
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.258 , c = 0.354 N / mm2
0.11
0.25 differen
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
?
-0.1065
0.242 differe
k = 1.3
for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.354
= 0.460
N / mm2 .( O.K.)
OR
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x fck ( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
6x
= 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 6.75
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 6.75 - 1 )
6 x 6.75
=
0.356
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3
for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.356
= 0.463
N / mm2 .( O.K.)
Actual shear stress = Vu / b x d
0.07
?
-0.0287
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.711
OR
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy
= 0.87 x 415 x 251 x 120
= 10.8748
OR
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595
= 26.6888
Mu1 = 0.9595 x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6
= 24.5539
= 24.56
KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
=56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
we get ,
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whiche
= 3 x 130
= 390
mm
spacing provided = 200
mm
< 300 mm
.( O.K.)
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whiche
= 5 x 120
= 600
mm
spacing provided = 260
mm
< 450 mm
.( O.K.)
Note that the bottom reinforcements are both ways and therefore there is no necessity
of secondary reinforcements.However , top reinforcement in edge strip requires the
secondary steel for tying the bars.
B
625
3750
625
625
A
3750
S1
625
Edge strip
8 O @ 260 c/c
Middle Strip
8 O @ 200 c/c
Edge strip
8 O @ 260 c/c
B
500
8 O @ 200 c/c
8 O @ 150 c/c
8 O @ 260 c/c
150
8 O @ 260 c/c
1500
1500
625
3750
Section A-A
625
8 O @ 200 c/c
5m
5m
-0.047
S1
1
S1
Middle Strip
3750
625
ly/8
(3/4)ly
ly/8
A
625
-0.047
0.035
Edge strip
5m
Edge strip
0.035
4
5m
-6
KNm
-6
1000
625
625
625
1500
1500
500
3750
1500
S1
625
1500
1000
3750
Edge strip
8 O @ 240 c/c
Middle Strip
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
Edge strip
8 O @ 240 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c
500
150
8 O @ 180 c/c
1500
8 O @ 240 c/c
1500
625
3750
625
8 O @ 240 c/c
-0.047
3
given
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
1
A
3m
2
B
3m C
3m
2
D
3m
1
E
3m
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
Mu1 ( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
=
=
=
Mu2 ( + ) =
( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 32
4.5
+
4.05
8.55
KNm
=
=
=
Mu4 ( - ) =
( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
5.4
+
4.5
9.9
KNm
( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 3.38
+
3.38
= 6.75
KNm
Mu3 ( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.50
+
4.50
=9
KNm
Maximum shear is Vu(BA) = 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
= 0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
= 18.9
KN
Maximum moment is Mu3 ( - ) = 9.9 KNm
Q = 2.07
M / Q x b
= 9.9 x 10
drequired =
/ 2.07 x 1000
mm,
6
= 69.2
Try 110 mm overall depth
dprovided = 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 90
mm,
.( O.K.)
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Ast = Pt x b x d / 100
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
Table
Factored
Ast
Pt
moment Mu/(b x d )
point
Steel Provided
KNm
mm2
2
1(+)
8.55
1.06
0.322
290
2(+)
6.75
0.83
0.248
223
3(-)
9.9
1.22
0.38
342
4(-)
9.0
1.11
0.34
306
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 228 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 357 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
= 357 mm2
N / mm2
< (
mm
As = 357
mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 90
= 0.397
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x fck ( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
6x
= 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.397
= 4.4
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x 15 ( 1 + 5 x 4.4 - 1 )
6 x 4.4
= 0.42
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.397
c = 0.42
N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
0.25 difference 0.11
k = 1.3
for 110 mm slab depth
0.103 difference
?
0.04532
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.42
= 0.546
N / mm2 .( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
with positive moment reinforcement ( 292 mm2 )
Vu = 18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
= 14.18
KN
Actual Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 14.18 x 103 / 1000 x 90
= 0.158
N / mm2
< (
mm
As = 292
mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x fck ( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
6x
= 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d = 1.064
Mu1 = 1.064 x 1000 x 902 x 10-6
= 8.62
KNm
Assuming L0 = 8 O
(HYSD Fe415 steel )
we get ,
O s / 4 x bd
0.07744
= O x 0.67 x 415 / 4 x 1
= 9.48839
= 8.64
=56.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 106 / 13.28 x 103 ) + 8 O 56.4 O
845.7831 + 8 O
56.4 O
48.4 O 845.783
which gives
O 17.47
mm
.( O.K.)
At support B, point of contraflexure is assumed at 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
= 14.18
KN
Mu1 = 8.64
KNm
as before
L0 =
44.4 O 792.102
which gives
O 17.84
mm
.( O.K.)
Check for deflection : Maximum positive moment occurs in span AB. Therefore, this check is critical in span AB
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.34
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.34 x 26
= 34.84
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3000 / 90
= 33.33
<
34.84
.( O.K.)
For span BC :
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 228 / 1000 x 90
= 0.253
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.6
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.6 x 26
= 41.6
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3000 / 90
= 33.33
<
41.6
.( O.K.)
Check for cracking : IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 90
= 270
mm
or 300 mm i.e. 270 mm
spacing provided = 220
mm
< 270 mm
.( O.K.)
(2 )Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 90
= 450 mm
spacing provided = 160
mm
< 450 mm
.( O.K.)
+ 1 / 16
-1 / 10
+ 1 / 10
+ 1 / 12
-1 / 9
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
Type of load
Dead load and imposed
load ( fixed )
imposed load
( not fixed )
At end
support
Outer side
Inner side
0.4
0.6
0.55
0.45
0.6
0.6
( 0.15 l1 )
( 0.3 l1 )
900
450
8 O @ 340 c/c
110
( 0.3 l1 )
900
( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
90
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
3000
8 O @ 220 c/c
3000
in span AB
ts
Support moments
At other interior
supports
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
0.6
( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
3000
given
Solution :
Consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 180 mm thick slab.
lx = 4.3 + 0.18 = 4.48 say 4.5 m
ly = 6.55+0.18 = 6.73 say 6.75 m
Dead load : self 0.18 x 25 = 4.5
KN / m2
KN / m2
KN / m2
Total
7.5
KN / m2
y x w x lx2 =
23.7
KNm
10.48
KNm
M / Q x b
= 23.7 x 10
drequired =
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 107
mm,
dshort provided = 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 160
mm,
> 107 mm
dlong provided = 160 - 10
= 150
mm,
> 107 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Mu / b x d2 ( short ) =
.( O.K.)
mm2.
( short span )
Mu / b x d ( long ) =
2
= 25.31 KN
Assuming L0 = 8 O
(HYSD Fe415 steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
= 0.145
From equation
OR
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.5023
Mu1 = 0.5023 x 1000 x 1502 x 10-6
= 11.30
KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
=56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
we get ,
= 11.8063
= 11.3313
OR
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595
Mu1 = 0.9595 x 1000 x 1602 x 10-6
= 24.56
KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
=56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
we get ,
-0.04
-0.04
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted for short span steel =
=
spacing provided = 170
mm
< 300 mm
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted for long span steel =
=
spacing provided = 230
mm
< 450 mm
Table - 26 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provis
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.032
0.024
0.037
0.028
0.043
0.032
0.047
0.036
0.037
0.043
0.048
0.051
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.039
0.037
0.044
0.052
0.057
0.028
0.033
0.039
0.044
0.047
0.035
0.053
0.040
0.060
0.045
0.065
0.049
0.045
0.035
0.049
0.037
0.052
0.040
0.056
0.043
0.035
0.043
0.051
0.057
0.057
0.064
0.071
0.076
0.043
0.048
0.053
0.057
0.043
0.051
0.059
0.065
Four-Edges Discontinuous:
Positive moment at mid-span
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.079
Interior Panels:
Negative moment at continuous edge
Positive moment at mid-span
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simp
ly / lx
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.062
0.074
0.084
0.093
0.099
0.062
0.061
0.059
0.055
0.051
-6
( 1 - 0.0402 )
KNm
-6
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
A
350
350
6550
350
460
10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
690
4300
8 O @ 230 c/c
690
4650
8 O @ 460 c/c
460
350
6900
A
PLAN
46010 O @ 340 c/c
460
180
v
v
v
v
10 O @ 170
v
v
v c/c
v
8 O @ 230 c/c
350
4300
Section A-A
v
v
v
v
350
Long span
coefficient y for all
values of ly / lx
1.4
1.5
1.75
2.0
0.051
0.039
0.053
0.041
0.060
0.045
0.065
0.049
0.032
0.024
0.055
0.057
0.064
0.068
0.037
0.041
0.044
0.048
0.052
0.028
0.063
0.067
0.077
0.085
0.037
0.047
0.051
0.059
0.065
0.028
0.071
0.053
0.075
0.056
0.084
0.063
0.091
0.069
0.047
0.035
0.059
0.044
0.060
0.045
0.065
0.049
0.069
0.052
0.035
0.063
0.068
0.080
0.088
0.045
0.035
0.080
0.084
0.091
0.097
0.060
0.064
0.069
0.073
0.043
0.071
0.076
0.087
0.096
0.057
0.043
0.085
0.089
0.100
0.107
0.056
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.104
0.113
0.118
0.122
0.124
0.046
0.037
0.029
0.020
0.014
B10
6m
Total 4 + 3 KN / m2
Load on beam = 3 ( 4 + 3 ) = 12 + 9 KN / m
Self wt. = 0.23 x 0.45 x 25 = 2.58 + 0 KN / m
Total 14.58 + 9 KN / m
Factored Load = 1.5 ( 14.58 + 9 )
= 21.87 + 13.5
say ( 22 + 14 ) KN /m .
Case ( a ) Maximum moment at B
36 KN / m
6m
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
6m
6m
36 KN / m
162
C
162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
= 648
a1 = 3 m
a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 648
As MA = 0
.( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
162
99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2
A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648
= 396
a2 = 3 m
a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522
As MD = 0
4MB + MC = - 648
.( 1 )
.( 2 )
MB + 4MC = - 522
.( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 648
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 648
15 MC = - 1440
MC = - 96 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 MB = - 552
MB = - 138 KNm
36 KN / m
6m
162
(+)
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
B
138
(-)
6m
(-)
(-)
99
(+)
51
45
(+)
(+)
6m
96
162
93
(+)
(-)
6 m Distance
3 m Distance
6 m Distance
3 m Distance
6 m Distance
138 KNm
(?)
96 KNm
(?)
42 KNm
69
48
3 m Distance
96
(?)
21
138
85
MB = - 138 KNm
115
82
2.36 m
50
131
MC = - 96 KNm
101
VA x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -138
X dist.
VA = 85 KN
6 - X dist.
VA + VB = 36 x 6
131 X =85 ( 6 - X )
VB = 216 - 85
216 X = 510
VB = 131 KN
X = 2.36 m
MB = - 138 KNm
VD x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -96
50 x 12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -138
VD = 50 KN
Vc = 183 KN
VC + VD = 22 x 6
VC + 82 = 183
VC = 132 - 50
VC = 101 KN
VC = 82 KN
MC = - 96 KNm
85 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 36 x 6 x 3 = - 96
VB = 246 KN
VB + 131 = 246
VB = 115 KN
Three cases are considered for getting maximum values of moments. Case ( a ) gives maximum
negative moment at B.The same moment shall be used at C also because of symmetry. Case ( b )
gives the maximum positive moment in span BC while the case ( c ) gives maximum positive
moments in span AB and CD.
Factored maximum moments :
B or C , negative moment = 138 KNm
AB ( + ) = CD ( + ) = 110 KNm
BC ( + ) = 58 KNm
BC ( minimum - ve ) = 5 KNm
The moment redistribution shall be now carried out. Maximum negative moment = 138 KNm.
reduce it by 20 % . Then Mu = 0.8 x 138 = 110.4 KNm. For all the cases , redistribute ( increase or
decrease ) the moment at B or C = 110.4 KNm ( Hogging ).
Maximum design moments :
Support B or C = 110.4 KNm > 0.7 x 138 KNm ( O.K.)
( As per IS 456-2000
AB or CD ( + ) = 111.6 KNm > 0.7 x 110 KNm
BC ( - ) = 11.6 KNm
BC ( + ) = 51.6 KNm > 0.7 x 58 KNm.
Note that after redistribution , the design positive moments also have been reduced.
( b ) Design for flexure :
Span AB or CD
Mu ( + ) = 111.6 KNm.
The beam acts as a flanged beam
For T-beams , bf = ( l0 / 6 ) + bw + 6 Df
bf = ( 0.7 x 6000 / 6 ) + 230 + 6 x 120
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 , Note )
= 1650 mm > 3000 mm
Assuming one layer of 20 mm diameter bars
d = 450 + 120 -25 - 10 = 535 mm .
Minimum Ast = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 252 mm 2
( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 26.5(
bf / bw = 1650 / 230 = 7.17
Df / d = 120 / 535 = 0.224
For bf /bw = 7
0.01 diff.
If Mu < Mu,lim :
For bf /bw = 8
0.014
0.016
For 0.224
-0.0084 -0.0096
0.6566
0.743
1 diff
0.0864
0.83 diff
?
0.07171
design as under-reinforced section (singly reinforced beam) as explained below.
mm2 .
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68 )
415 / 15
= 0.549
Ast = ( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm 2
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
603
135
3m
B11
B12
3m
6m
6m
6m
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
6m
6m
36 KN / m
B
162
99
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a1 = 3 m
x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 /
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 522
As MA = 0
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
162
99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2
A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648
= 396
a2 = 3 m
a3 = 3 m
x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 /
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522
As MD = 0
4MB + MC = - 522
.( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522
.( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 418
MB = - 104 KNm
22 KN / m
6m
A
99
B
104
(-)
6m
162
( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm )
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
C104
(-)
6m
99
(+)
47
58
47
(+)
(+)
(+)
(-)
(-)
( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
104
85
104
108
48.67
83.33
131
131 X =85 ( 6 - X )
2.21 m
48.67
216 X = 510
X = 2.36 m
83.33
MC = - 104 KNm
108
MB = - 104 KNm
VD x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104
48.67 x 12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3
VD = 48.67 KN
Vc = 191.33 KN
VC + VD = 22 x 6
VC + 83.33 = 191.33
VC = 132 - 48.67
VC = 108 KN
VC = 83.33 KN
MC = - 104 KNm
48.67 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 83.33 = 191.33
VB = 108 KN
gives maximum
mmetry. Case ( b )
mum positive
= 138 KNm.
ibute ( increase or
1.2 , Note )
0.671
explained below.
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web o
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / m
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck
N
2
/ mm
15
20
25
30
fy, N / mm2
250
2.22
2.96
3.70
4.44
415
2.07
2.76
3.45
4.14
500
2.00
2.66
3.33
3.99
t in span BC
6m
36 KN / m
36 KN / m
A
162
/ 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a1 = 3 m
6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
.( 1 )
4MB + MC = - 522
Using three moment equation for s
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L
22 KN / m
22 KN / m
B
99
/ 3 ) x Base x h3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a2 = 3 m
6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + M
88 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522
.( 1 )
4MB + MC = - 522
.( 2 )
( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522
By putting Value of M
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + M
- 2088 - 16 MC + M
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
By putting Value of M
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
36 KN / m
6m
162
(+)
6 m Distance
104 KNm
3 m Distance
(?)
52
( 99 - 52 = 47 KNm )
Moment in span BC = ( 162 - 104 ) = 58 KNm
B
104
(-)
110
(+)
(-)
104
MB = - 104 KNm
VA x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104
X dist.
48.67
VA = 48.67 KN
6 - X dist.
83.33
VA + VB = 22 x 6
83.33 X = 48.67 ( 6 - X )
VB = 132 - 48.67
132 X = 292.02
VB = 83.33 KN
X = 2.21 m
12 + VC x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -104
33 = 191.33
12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = - 104
33 = 191.33
1 Redistribution of moments in
rames of resistance provided at any section of a
percent of the moment at that section
aximum moment diagram covering all
90.67
66
2.52 m
125.33
MC = - 104 KNm
VD x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104
VD = 90.67 KN
VC + VD = 36 x 6
VC = 216 - 90.67
VC = 125.33 KN
on reinforcement ,
the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
50 = 0.34
15 = 0.205
00 = 0.17
sections
/ mm2
550
1.94
2.58
3.23
3.87
22 KN / m
6m
6m
22 KN / m
C
99
/ 3 ) x Base x h1
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a2 = 3 m
) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
= - 522
As MA = 0
.( 1 )
ree moment equation for span BCD
I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
22 KN / m
36 KN / m
D
162
/ 3 ) x Base x h2
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a3 = 3 m
= - 522
As MD = 0
= - 522
.( 1 )
.( 2 )
= - 522
.( 2 )
ng Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4MC ) + MC = - 522
16 MC + MC = - 522
104.4 KNm
- 104.4 ) = - 522
04.4 KNm
36 KN / m
22 KN / m
6m
104
(-)
99
C
104
6m
162 D
(+)
(-)
110
(+)
5.0
(-)
6 m Distance
104 KNm
3 m Distance
(?)
52
( 162 - 52 = 110 KNm )
Moment in span BC = ( 104 - 99 ) = 5 KNm
104
125.33
MB = - 104 KNm
66
90.67
125.33
36 x 6 x 3 = -104
VA x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104
X dist.
VA = 90.67 KN
6 - X dist.
VA + VB = 36 x 6
125.33 X =90.67 ( 6 - X )
VB = 216 - 90.67
216 X = 544.02
VB = 125.33 KN
X = 2.52 m
MB = - 104 KNm
90.67 x 12 + VC x 6 - 22 x 6 x 3 - 36 x 6 x 9 = -104
Vc = 191.33 KN
VC + 125.33 = 191.33
VC = 66 KN
MC = - 104 KNm
90.67 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 22 x 6 x 3 = - 104
VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 125.33 = 191.33
VB = 66 KN
90.67
125.33
2 = 110 KNm )
Pt = 50
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.93
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm2
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving Ast = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2 .
Check for development length :
Ld = 1102 / 1256 = 55 O
( From Table 7-6 )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 47.71
O
= 47.71 x 20
= 954
mm
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 954 mm . Provide
anchorage of 1200 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example .
Check for shear :
Vu = 69.6 KN
Actual shear strength v = Vu / bd
= 69.6 x 103 / ( 230 x 515 )
= 0.588
N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 )
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.06
0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.61
N / mm2 > v
0.19 difference
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4
mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 386 mm
( iii ) 132.4 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.06
modification factor = 1.4
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 9.8
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.83 < 9.8
( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 300 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.
4 -20 O
v v v v
550
Fixed end
support
1200
6 O @ 130 c/c
2-12 O
3000
Stirrups 6 O @ 130 c/c
v
230
Mu,lim =
= 127.256 KNm
Mu < Mu,lim
= 1.46
< 2.07 ( Table 6-3 )
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) Beam
Pt = 50
Pt = 50 1 - 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
415 / 15
= 0.464
Ast = ( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm 2
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm2.
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
Stress in bar s =
330.5
N / mm2
33
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 41 mm.
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x fck / [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
550
= 22.5 / 1.78
33
= 12.6404 N / mm2
At the centre of bend , the anchorage available = 279 + 147 = 426 mm
Stress in bar at centre of the bend = 330.5 x ( 826 - 426 ) / 826
= 160
N / mm2
Fbt = 160 x 201 x 10-3 = 32.16 KN
( area of 16 O bar = 201 mm2 )
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
= 32.16 x 103 / 180 x 16
= 11.16 N / mm2 < 12.64 N /mm2
The arrangement is thus satisfactory.
( c )Check for shea
Vu = 60 KN
..( safe )
295
279
r
108
r
50
3-16 O
internal radius
r = 180
550
295
150
500
Stirrups
2-10 O
3000 mm
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
er self-weight.
23.2 KN /m
3m
69.6 KN
104.4 KNm
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , C, N / mm2
Pt = 100
Concrete grade
x As
19 table 7-1 )
0.04
?
-0.0304
x As
bxd
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
0.15
0.25
0.50
0.28
0.35
0.46
0.28
0.36
0.48
0.29
0.36
0.49
0.29
0.37
0.50
0.29
0.37
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.54
0.60
0.56
0.62
0.57
0.64
0.59
0.66
0.59
0.67
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.67
0.72
0.75
0.79
0.70
0.74
0.78
0.82
0.71
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.73
0.78
0.82
0.86
2.25
0.71
0.81
0.85
0.88
0.90
2.50
0.71
0.82
0.88
0.91
0.93
2.75
0.71
0.82
0.90
0.94
0.96
3.00
0.71
0.82
0.92
0.96
0.99
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength c = 0.85 0.8 x fck ( 1 + 5 x - 1 )
6x
= 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
nforcement
( safe )
4-20 O
v
2-12 O
( given )
an anchorage
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
33 82 82 33
33 82 82 33
16 25
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502
need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend
calculated as given below :
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
Where ,
Fbt = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
230
19 table 7-1 )
0.08
?
-0.0778
KN
nforcement
( safe )
3-16 O
2-10 O
230
, N / mm2
C
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5x-1)
ss than 1.0
s at bends
or group of bars,
ar of equivalent area
hall not exceed 1.5 fck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
OR
Mu,lim =
= 141.414 KNm
Mu > Mu,lim
= 2.98
> 2.07 ( Table 6-3 )
The section is Doubly reinforced ( over-reinforced )
Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6
=
141.414 KNm
Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim
=
203.69 - 141.41
=
62.28
KNm
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 40 mm .
d' / d = 40 / 545
= 0.07
consider d' / d = 0.1 .
Stress in compression steel , fsc = 353 N / mm2 ( refer to table 6-6 )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
= 62.28 x 106 / 353 ( 545 - 40 )
= 349
mm2
Corresponding tension steel
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
= 349 x 353 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 341.2
mm2
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
= 141.41 x 106 / ( 0.87 x 415 ( 545 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 545 ) )
= 141.46 x 106 / 361.05 ( 435.13 )
= 900
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
mm2
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 Ld
1.3 x 203.69 x 106 / 162.95 x 103 +12 O 56 O
1625.02
44 O
O
36.93
mm
Oprovided = 20 mm ..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear
Vu = 162.95 KN
Actual shear strength v = Vu / bd
= 162.95 x 103 / ( 230 x 545 )
= 1.3
N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 545 )
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.0
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.6
N / mm2 < v
As the ends are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d will be used for
checking shear at support . At 545 mm , shear is equal to
Vu = 162.95 - 0.545 x 43.45 = 139.27 KN
Vus = Vu - c b d
= 139.27 - 0.6 x 230 x 545 x 10-3 = 64.06 KN
Assuming 8 mm O two - legged stirrups , Asv = 100 mm2 , fy = 415 N / mm2 .
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 415 x 100 x 545 / 64.06 x 103
= 307
mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 8 mm O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 100 x 415 / 0.4 x 230
= 392.4
mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 545 = 408 mm
2-16 O
600
545
4- 20 O ( straight )
600
230
5000 c/c
DIA
NO.
SPA.
8O
4
300
8O
rest
390
600
bearing
8O
4
300
4- 20 O
Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
N / mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
250
217
217
217
217
415
355
353
342
329
500
424
412
395
370
230 x 5452 x 10-6
550
458
441
419
380
19 table 7-1 )
l be used for
he support
nforcement
on reinforcement
( safe )
ngly reinforced )
ubly reinforced )
KNm
= 30 x 6 / 2
= 90
KN
( a ) Moment steel :
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10
= 565
mm
OR
Mu,lim =
= 151.983 KNm
Mu < Mu,lim
= 0.614
Ast = ( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 798 mm 2
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a )
Minimum steel , As = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 266 mm 2
From Table 6-4
Ast,lim = 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 936 mm2.
Provide 16 mm O - 4 No. = 804 mm2.
Let 2 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 750 mm , from the face of the support .
( b ) Check for development length :
( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L d = 56 O ( Table 7-6 )
44 O
O
24.62
mm
Oprovided = 16 mm ..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear :
At support , Vu = 90 KN
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distance d
will be used for checking shear at support.
Vu = 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 73.05 KN
Actual shear strength v = Vu / bd
= 73.05 x 103 / ( 230 x 565 )
= 0.562
N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 402 ) / ( 230 x 565 )
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 0.309
0.25 difference
design ( permissible ) shear strength = 0.376
N / mm2 < v
0.191 difference
c
OR
= 24.17
( safe )
( safe )
2-10 O
600
565
4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
750
230
6000 c/c
4- 16 O
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
d = Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P
Pt = 50
If Mu = Mu,lim :
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of section or d
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of resist
needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and additional te
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )
Table 6-2
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
fy , N / mm2
250
415
500
550
Mu,lim / fck b d2
0.148
0.138
0.133
0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck
21.93
19.86
19.03
18.2
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck
N
/ mm2
fy, N / mm2
15
20
25
250
2.22
2.96
3.70
415
2.07
2.76
3.45
500
2.00
2.66
3.33
550
1.94
2.58
3.23
30
4.44
4.14
3.99
3.87
Table 6-4
Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
at distance d
19 table 7-1 )
0.11
?
fy, N / mm2
15
20
250
1.32
1.75
415
0.72
0.96
500
0.57
0.76
550
0.50
0.66
25
30
2.19
2.63
1.20
1.44
0.95
1.14
0.83
0.99
-0.084
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
KN
-3
Structural Members
26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
not available
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
For HYSD steel , Fe500 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
orcement
( safe )
Concrete
grade
(
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
bd N / mm 1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Note-1 : bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250
s = 0.87 x fy
s = 0.67 x fy
For Fe415
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N /
mm2
250
415
Tension bars
M15
M20
55 O
26 O
56 O
47 O
Compression bars
M15
44 O
45 O
M20
37 O
38 O
500
69 O
58 O
54 O
46 O
Pt = 100 x As
bxd
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , C, N / mm2
Concrete
grade
( c )max N/mm
M15
2.5
M20
2.8
M25
3.1
M30
3.5
M35
3.7
M40
4.0
fy
-30
N / mm2
250
415
500
mm
215
125
105
-15
0
+15
+30
Clear distance between bars
mm
260
155
130
mm
300
180
150
mm
300
210
175
mm
300
235
195
may be assumed
ed moment )
d in ( 1 ).
sion reinforcement
nsion
is greater
ll be provided
ve in shear ,
ent in N / mm 2
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 4203 ) / 5000
= 426006
mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 2303 / 7000
= 57938.0952 mm3
1 = 2 = Kc / ( Kc + Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.06 < 1.2
.consider 1.2
ley = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
= 7896
mm
ley / b = 7896/300
= 26.32
> 12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
ex / D = 6000 / 400
= 15.0
> 12
ey / b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7
> 12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15)2 x 10-3
= 67.5
KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7)2 x 10-3
= 62.75
KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
Ag = 400 x 300
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
= 120000
mm2
From chart 63 , puz / Ag = 22.5 N/mm2
Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10-3
= 2700
KN
Calculation of Pb :
= 116400 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 4
= 1571.4
+
= 2692
KN
ey = ( / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) =
( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) = 24
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
Mux = 1500 x 27.33 x 10-3 = 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
Muy = 1500 x 24 x 10-3 = 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2
KNm
Muy = 36.0 + 37.15 = 73.15
KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
Pu / fck b D = 1500 x 103 / ( 30 x 300 x 400 )
= 0.417
p / fck = 3 / 30 = 0.10
referring to chart 45 (d' / D = 0.15 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.104
Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 4002
= 149.8
KNm
0.56
Mux1
1.602
( 0.56 )
0.395
= 0.972
+
+
Muy
Muy1
0.2 difference
0.34
0.04 difference
1.602
( 0.71 )
0.577
..( O.K.)
500
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
300
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with Uniaxial bending )
Size of column 230 x 450 mm
Column of a braced frame
Concrete grade M 20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement 415 N/mm 2 HYSD reinforcement
Unsupported length in both the direction = 5.0 m
Factored load Pu = 1000 kN
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M uxx = 80 kNm at top and 60 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M uyy = 40 kNm at top and 30 KNm at
bottom.
The column is bent in double curvature and is slender about both the axis.
The slenderness ratios ex / Ixx and ey / Iyy are respectively 13.2 and 15.6
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than
applied moments.
Solution : Assume adjustment factor k = 0.8 for the first trial .
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1000 x 450 / 2000 ) x (13.2 )2 x 10-3
= 39.2
KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1000 x 230 / 2000 ) x (15.6 )2 x 10-3
= 28
KNm
About XX
Pu = 1000
KN
Muxx =
Mi =
=
=
=
Mi + k x Max
0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
0.6 x 80 - 0.4 x 60
48 - 24
24 KNm
< 0.4 x 80 = 32 KNm
Mi = 32 KNm
Take ,
Note that Mu1 is considered negative as the column bends in double curvature .
Mu,xx = 32 + 0.8 x 39.2
= 63.36
KNm.
< 80 KNm
Mu,xx = 80 KNm
Take ,
About YY
Pu = 1000
KN
Muyy = Mi + k x May
Mi =
=
=
=
Take ,
Mu,yy = 16 + 0.8 x 28
= 38.4
KNm.
Mu,yy = 40 KNm
Take ,
Finally design the column for
Pu = 1000 KN
< 40 KNm
Mu,xx = 80 KNm
Mu,yy = 40 KNm
For the first trial , assume uniaxial bending about y axis for the following values .
P'u = 1000 KN
M'uy = ( 230 / 450 ) ( 80 + 40 ) =
61.33
KNm
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22
Say 0.2
P'u / fck b D = 1000 x 103 / 20 x 230 x 450 = 0.48
M'uy / fck b D2 = 61.33 x 106 / 20 x 450 x 2302 = 0.129
p / fck = from chart 46 , SP : 16 =
0.162
p = 0.162 x 20
= 3.24
Asc = ( 3.24 /100 ) x 230 x 450
= 3353
mm2
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
usually conservative . Let us try 4 - 25 O + 4 - 20 O = 3220 mm 2
Now check the assumed section as follows :
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 230 x 450 - 3220
= 100280
mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10-3
= 902.52
+
1002.225
= 1904.7
KN
Pb = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Asc = ( p / 100 ) x b x D
p / fck = ( 3220 x 100 ) / ( 230 x 450 x 20 )
= 0.156
For d' / D = 0.2 , k1 = 0.184 and k2 = -0.022 from table 60 ,SP : 16
Pb = ( 0.184 - 0.022 x 0.156 ) x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10-3
= 0.181
x
2070
= 373.8
KN
k = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
= ( 1904.7 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.7 - 373.8 )
= 904.7 / 1530.9
= 0.59
Design for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mux = 32 + 0.59 x 39.2 = 55.13 KNm < 80
Muy = 16 + 0.59 x 28 = 32.52 KNm < 40
For p / fck = 0.162 and Pu / fck b D = 0.48 , the reinforcement being equally distributed ,
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
d' / D = 50 / 450 = 0.11
0.15
From chart 45 , SP : 16
Mux1 / fck b D2 = 0.145
Mux1 = 0.145 x 20 x 230 x 4502 x 10-6
= 135.07
KNm
About YY
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22
0.2
From chart 46 , SP : 16
Muy1 / fck b D2 = 0.13
Muy1 = 0.13 x 20 x 450 x 2302 x 10-6
= 61.89
KNm
Check :
Pu / Puz = 1000 / 1904.7 = 0.525
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n = 1.542
check :
Mux n
Mux1
Muy
Muy1
1.542
0.446
0.956
+
1
1.542
80
135.07
0.2 difference
0.075 difference
40
61.89
0.51
.( O.K.)
230
0.34
?
230
IS 456-2000 clause 25
KNm at bottom.
KNm at bottom.
IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Memb
Degree of End Restraint of
Compression members
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in both
ends
Symbol
slab
Beam
( i ) th floor
ly on four sides.
1 of the IS 456-2000
Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
00 - 120000*3/100
SP : 16 ,Table 60
Slender compression members- Values of P
Rectangular sections : Pb / fck b D = k1 + k2 . p / f
Circular sections : Pb / fck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
Values of k1
Section
0.05
d' / D
0.10
0.15
0.219
0.207
0.196
0.172
0.160
0.149
250
415
0.05
-0.045
0.096
d' / D
0.10
-0.045
0.082
Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on four
sides
500
250
415
500
250
0.213
0.215
0.424
0.545
0.193
0.173
0.146
0.328
0.425
0.148
Circular
415
0.410
0.323
500
0.543
0.443
Rectangular
Circular
Values of k2
Section
fy N/ mm
Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on two
opposite sides
values of k .
al moments
ode IS 456-2000 )
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
Where ,
Pu = axial load on the member,
nimum eccentricity
tial moment for
mm
> 20 mm
mm
> 20 mm
direction.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1.1
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following fa
K = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
1
where ,
Pu = axial load on compression member,
Puz = as defined in 39.6,
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
-0.068
8-25 O
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
used .
l bars would be
g)
d 30 KNm at
re less than
al steel are
-0.1275
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450
l diameter of bar )
e used .
rnal bars would be
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
major axis
minor axis
e major axis.
e minor axis.
Theoretical Value
of effective length
Recommended Value
of effective length
0.5
0.65
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
f compression member.
slab
Beam
s- Values of Pb
= k1 + k2 . p / fck
k1 + k2 . p / fck
/D
0.20
0.184
0.138
d' / D
0.15
-0.045
0.046
0.20
-0.045
-0.022
0.104
0.061
0.203
0.256
0.077
-0.001
-0.011
0.028
0.040
-0.020
0.201
0.036
0.291
0.056
en plane if lateral
by walls or
eral forces in
nbraced.
transverse loads
hall be added
nd 0.6 Mu2,
the smaller
is bent in double
be less than
al moment be
ional moment
ch column may
in the same
1002.23
1.602
+
+
Muy1
120
202.5
0.2 difference
0.04 difference
0.34
?
-0.068
1.602
0.433
0.706
1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties.
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 500 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
500
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 350 mm c/c
500
4-25 O +
4-20 O
8O@
350 c/c
uy1
1.802
60
146.25
0.2
+
+
1.802
60
69.53
0.77
0.33
?
-0.198
0.97
1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties.
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
300
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
500
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
0 = 210 KNm .
Mux1
Muy
Muy1
Mux1, Muy1 =
n is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2,
4-25 O +
4-20 O
8O@
350 c/c
0 ( 60 + 60 ) = 72 KNm .
8-25 O
be used .
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
d by open ties.
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
8 mm O @
300 mm c/c
( two sets )
be used .
Given
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Substituting , we have
0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag
1800 x 103 =
1800 x 103 =
7.936
Ag +
1800 x 103 =
10.1604
Ag
2.2244
Ag
Ag = 177165 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D2 = 177165
D = 225688
D = 475 mm
Use 475 mm diameter column.
Asc = 0.008 x 177165
= 1417
mm2
Minimum 6 bars shall be used.
Provide 16 mm diameter bars ( 1417 / 201 ) = 8 no.
Asc = 8 x 201
= 1608
mm2
Use 6 mm O lateral ties , Spacing shall be lesser of
( i ) 475 mm
( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( iii ) 48 x 6 = 288 mm
( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O lateral ties @ 250 mm c/c .
( b ) Helical reinforcement : The column with helical reinforcement can support 1.05 times the load of a similar
member with lateral ties. Therefore
Pu = 1.05 [ 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc ]
8.4
Asc
Asc
=
283.55
Asc = 1638.903 mm2
provide 20 mm diameter bars ( 1638.9 / 314 =) 6 No.
Asc = 6 x 314
464711
= 1884
mm2
Assume 8 mm O M.S. bars for helix at 40 mm clear cover .
Dc = 450 - 40 - 40
= 370
mm
asp = ( / 4 ) x 82
= 50
mm2
Minimum s = 0.36 ( (Ag / Acr) - 1 ) fck / fy
= 0.36 ( ( 4502 / 3702 ) - 1 ) x 20 / 250
= 0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
= 0.013801
s = 4 x asp / p x Dc
Now
0.0138 = 4 x 50 / p x 370
p = 39.17
mm
.. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< Dc / 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67 mm )
> 25 mm
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 = 24 mm ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide 8 mm O helix @ 35 mm pitch.
291.953 Asc
al diameter of bar )
6 - 20 O
450
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
Given
400 mm x 400 mm
205705 mm2
804
= 2060
mm2
Lateral ties :
Use 6 mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
( i ) 450 mm
( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
(iii) 48 x 6 = 288 mm .
( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O ties about 250 mm c/c .
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -20 = 350 > 48 x 6 = 288 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
450
450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
450
450
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
wrong arrangement
correct arrangement
IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slenderness ratios
lex / D and ley / b 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where,
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis
D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
x 400 mm
be used .
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
slenderness ratios
equal to the
on / 30 , subject to
ity exceeds the
e following
9 10
A
20
v
vv
300
vv
900
B
19
900
15
900
230
230
> 200 mm
Tread < 230 mm
1950
900
11
2250
150
Rise
175 mm to 200 mm
Tread = 250 mm
250 mm to 280 mm
Nosing is not provided
( given )
Material M15 Grade concrete
mild steel reinforcement Fe250
Solution : Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
Landing A or B
Self-load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75
KN / m2
Floor finish = 1.00
KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 3.00
KN / m2
Total 7.75
KN / m2
PU = 1.5 x 7.75 =
11.63 KN / m2
Span =
1950 + 150 = 2100
i.e. 2.1 m
Consider 1 m length of slab
M = w x l2 / 8
= 11.63 x 2.12 / 8
= 6.41
KNm
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 12 mm O bars
d = 150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
= 117
mm
Mu / b x d2 = 6.41 x 106 / 1000 x 1172
= 0.468
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.468)
250 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.224%
Ast = 0.224 x 1000 x 117 / 100
= 262
mm2
According to IS 456-200 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 %
for Fe415
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 225
mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /262
= 300
mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 280 mm c/c = 280
Maximum spacing = 3 x d = 3 x 117
= 351
mm2 .
mm
.( O.K.)
N / mm2
.( O.K.)
Check for development length : Assuming L0 = 12 O
(mild steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.239
From equation
Pt = 50 1-1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.499
Mu1 = 0.499 x 1000 x 1172 x 10-6
= 6.83
KNm
Vu = 12.21
KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
43 O 727.19
O 16.91
mm
.( O.K.)
<
40
.( O.K.)
Design of flight : Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = 2502 + 1602
= 296.8
mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410
mm
KN / m2
KN / m2
250
2.00
KN / m2
160
296.8
2
3.00
KN / m
4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
KN / m2
11.09
Live load =
Total =
=
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64
KN / m2
11.63 KN / m
RA = 24.83 KN
RB = 24.83 KN
525
2250
525
3300
M / Q x b
21.97 x 10
99.48
/ 2.22 x 1000
mm,
150 - 15 - 6
129
mm,
.( O.K.)
KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 24.83 x 103 / 1000 x 129
= 0.192
N / mm2
< (
) N / mm2
( too small )
Mu1 / b x d2 = 1.344
Mu1 = 1.344 x 1000 x 1292 x 10-6
= 22.37
KNm
Vu = 24.83
KN
O s / 4 x bd
= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
=54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 Ld
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 106 / 24.83 x 103 ) + 12 O 54.4 O
1171.2 + 12 O 54.4 O
42.4 O 1171.2
which gives
O 27.62
mm
.( O.K.)
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 54.4 x 12 = 653
say 700 mm.
Check for deflection : Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.62
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.62 x 20
= 32.4
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3300 / 129
= 25.58
<
32.4
.( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 129 = 387
mm
or 300 mm
spacing provided = 125
mm
< 300 mm
.( O.K.)
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 129 = 645
mm
spacing provided = 220
mm
< 450 mm
.( O.K.)
to 200 mm
to 280 mm
Concrete grade
M15
0.28
0.35
M20
0.28
0.36
M25
0.29
0.36
M30
0.29
0.37
M35
0.29
0.37
0.50
0.75
0.46
0.54
0.48
0.56
0.49
0.57
0.50
0.59
0.50
0.59
1.00
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.67
1.25
1.50
1.75
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.67
0.72
0.75
0.70
0.74
0.78
0.71
0.76
0.80
0.73
0.78
0.82
2.00
0.71
0.79
0.82
0.84
0.86
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.81
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.99
M35
c )max N / mm
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O s / 4 x bd
3.7
Concrete grade
(
M15
M20
M25
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
bd N / mm2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
Note-1 : bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250
For Fe415
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld M1 / V + L0
s = 0.87 x fy
s = 0.67 x fy
250
1.10
225
1.15
sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
700
700
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
v v
v v
v
200
1.20
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
vv v
v v
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
8 O @ 220 c/c
v
v v
12 O @ 125 c/c
Flight-B
vv
v
v
v
v
v
v
8 O @ 220 c/c
v
v
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
Flight-A
N / mm2
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1+5x-1)
ss than 1.0
m2
M40
4.0
n tension
M40
1.9
mpression
786-1985 , the
er is greater
ssive reaction M1 /
s upto 10 m :
plied by
se deflection
&
175
1.25
150 or
less
1.30
vv
150
vv
v v v v
v v v
vv
vv
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c