1 on INTER. CINnGULATION ORLY user's manual of construction (part one) Transmission Lines ‘Volume - 1 Line Survey ‘ Construction Management Power Grid Corporation of India } ima 1A Govermment of 1 eg g DOCUMENT CODE NO. CM / LS / LINE SURVEY / 96 oN, 1498S66L ‘ARAP 267 AAMAS ANTT/ S1/ WO ‘ON 3009 LNAVYINDO| Qxpedsonwg wypuey Jo uaranesaen yi DOIRULT SIpUuy Jo WoRNeZ0d200 PIO zemMog quoWeEdsvURA] UOTPONAISUOD ie | S | | i& MANAGING DIRECTOR'S MESSAGE itis hearte 1g to learn that Construction Management Deptt. has come out Users' manuals for construction of transmission lines Volumes 1,2 & 4 and Standard FQP Vol. 1, Cransmission of power is a very i portanVinseparable activity in Power Sector, Transmission ine structures require a multi disciplinary approach in their construction, However, no standard quideline in consolidated from is available in respect of transmission line construction activity. We imust optimise use af our resources; the 5Ms, namely Man, Money, Machines, Material and Methods - that are basic to re: Sizing a consteuction project. These must be carefully and professionally planned and managed within a construction framework of contracts, through the communication of ideas and under the changing impact of weather, unforeseen events, and varying conditions. The Construction Management Deptt. must be complemented for bringing out these manuals which, though their thérough treatment combine the theoretical with the practical aspects, are drawn form their respective experience in transmission line Construction management and academic institutions. 1 am convinced that these Minuals will be’ the guidelines sequiced by our field units and will s site Engineers, eve the needs Of practising managers and ft should be our endeavour to follow these systems and procedures to enhance the quality of Construction Management System in transmission of quality power, (ARON Gupra)FROM THE DESK OF DIRECTOR (PROJECTS) Wt gives me nmense pleasure to Learn that Construction Management Deptt Nas come out with *User's Manual of Consiruction* (part one, 3 volumes) and "Standard Field Quelity Plan" Volume 1 for Transmission Lines. For quite some time a need was felt in the organisation to develop standard procedures, norms and uniform practices in the Construction activities of the Corporation as the diiferent regions were folfawing different practices. is with this background, Construction, Management Deptt. was conceived at Corporate Centre and entrusted with the task of developing and providing such construction manuals. 1 complement the Constsuction Management department for bringing out * these manuals wherein the main iocus of the authors has been to bring together all the theoretical and practical knowledge, acquired during the years, in the damain of construction of overhead transmission lines and sub- stations, am sure that these manuals would serve as a useful reference for all the concerned personnel in the field of teansmissics I wish the Construction Management Dept all the success in the coming, years of its activities (Conte baba (S.C, PARAKH)FROM THE DESK OF : DIRECTOR (OPERATION) Jam very happy to learn that Construction Management has come out with user's manual of construction for transmission lines Vol. 1,2 & 4 and Standard FQP Vol. 1. The management of consteuction is at one and the same time an art and a science. it contains elements of both, More than a certain amount of skill and knowledge is required to accompiish this task successfully. Therefove, construction managers must be masters of a wide range of qualitative and quantative subjects. Construction managers are like decathalon athletes, The manuals are built around a set of chapters that will provide the necessary knowhow to our construction field staff to develop an intution which is the power of mind to immediately perceive and appreciate the practical realities of things with reasoning or analysis. This will help not only in improving the quality of works but also help to optimise the time, cost and various resources. This has hecome alll the more important and.necessary with ever increasing demand of power in ur country. The text presents unusual end of chapters Gutdélines. These are designed to help the field executive grasp and understand material presented in each chapter, The illustrative guidetiogs clirify many details that would req) additional words to express. | find sincere efforts have gone into the preparation of these manuals for which | congratulate all the concerned involved. na) \ (A.L. JaGGT)FROM THE DESK oF DIRECTOR (PERSONNEL) Four "M's" viz. men, material, machine & money are vital to run an organisation. Ulowever the key to success of the organisation lies the way our employees structure and manaye the construction, operation and maintenance activities of transmission system. Construction activity in transmission system is an important aspect and time, quality and cast ace it's critical parameters Experience, no doubt, is a great teacher and a valuable asset. However, the knowledge of underlined principles of sound workingis also equally important. Preparation of these user's manuals is the work of our experienced seniorfield staif and (find these to be very usetul to our site personnel. These manuals for :ransmission lines (Vol. 1, 2 & 4) alongwith SFQP (Vol, 1) will he of immense help to our line staif to manage their resources in a more efficient and systematic way to aclueve high quality and reduced time. d sincere efforts have gone into preparation of these manuals for which {congratulate Construction Management team and | am sure the authors will continue their efforts to bring out more and snore such manuals, | (RP, szwcx)Weaaat ‘eireoat at Fre Ak: ah: Arar 1 strettindr atre fave eae ow aed gs wferemal aia H afew sata #1 alee wtf Geach % wo ae aera 8 ren & fe aTrasfaa, fee me pare ATT cafes BO TR MT SR AT a aarp ae aA Bq Tare ay eT: sen far STE eae een & eiveoe #, Farad exer, waver, exeedettah, caer, Cree, wade ate mada Bn fafa atari 2: walter: aTavtos Hanmer aw A ahe oh Ge tal A AAR, Fron hy ata 1 Cee Hr Seea & 1 wel Ov Panto ae i Bare APA ETB 1 any 4 ga farm ay aaah VR | soda A Ga aA Mle Petal Ae faf ast oe Frat crcfert #1 afaareita ae & fore wafafaes siell B eiafera ard Sr wea et WA we waa Be aici RY A VeT & fee Pani Gee are GRAM crea & few Pai cgi ye” Caml - 11 Bs 1, 2 Se 4 a cary we fern maT S| ste Bw area FRM! ap rat ofedroenst a Fare eee 4 ate aah feera $i vita Meer we & 1 ae ofa fafa a ere, wrens BF ofegea 4 ay ae BATH gd aie Ft aravaHar Hi gla Arh Fs wm Aquat ao oe ara fade ory sds aay ets AI Qa weT 2 af aif seal FRAT par & & gale ara rare aT dae rs waite & fore Hees THI VA 1 ga: Sea iM faTA aie Sfaca a aeay eray fren Ta 8 Wh Gres Hers Hy sara BI RI SATE 1 Frfot sae fam get “ars res yee ca” ews - 1 Ht dare fsa at & Farad aM free Gar wa | Bree ar HT SH VATE a sare fart faaa Ga ad B ea fofalends & ay as arias & aeat a day fren ars ase tere & fry sueh fer ea 1 Baio wae Ga aud ay Fares & fare aerg a oa & Ga fava aay & qa SIR oeqA fh é * ahe Gre ae & Ges Welw aT GEA Ge TET ‘3am axa ay Bafa fal aril a ae GET Awe meatal fre arf faery B mega He Trea of fing HO a faea AST TI Gata aa aes See me vide Hl argoaaT aia afte 24 H 8 anlar crow H fA anya TI | sonfedl ate wfseanait g al a1 Bea xa & aur &y eral na (a, We ergata Freer carforsa, arédrd, Farin siua ed vafawn| i { Foreword organisations develop over a period. The revolution- ary changes in the wake of rapid advances in technol~ egies and growing competition on global basis has made it imperative to conceptualise the methods for optimising the resources like manpower, time and cost with given quality standards. In the concept of our organisation, where in person- nel for various organisations viz., NIPC, NHPC, NREPCO, NLC,NPC, NJPC & THDC have joined Power-Grid and are spread across length and breadth of the country, there is a need of uniformity in methods of Construction, t is here the concept of Construction Management comes into the picture. Initially this department tas heen entrusted wich the task of bringing out user's muwals of technical details, guidelines and mandatory checks te ration- alize the construction methods at various sites. It gives me immense please to note that Const.Mgc. has come out with User's Manual of Construction (part one} Volume 1,2 & 4 for Transmission Lines. One of the most important qualities of the manuals is theproper understanding of the way projects are con- ceived and developed. This allows nature of the project activities to be understood, problems to be seen in perspective and needs to be assessed ahead of time. Another particular feature of the manuals is that thesc serve dual purpose of providing informa- tion and of practical applications as initial chapt- ers are informative in character while others relate to practical applications for the field per- sonnel, There is thus a nice blend of theory & practice meeting the, needs of field staff. Const. Mgt. has also come out with Standard Field Quality Plans Volume 1 which was requirement of site for quite sometime. The efforcs, wherein the experience of various per- sonnel engaged in these activities over the years have been shared, will act as a useful reference tor site staff. The Const. Mgt. must be complimented for bringing out these volumes whi@h through their thor- ough treatment of the subject matter would enedle the field staff to appreciate various steps involved and use them to their need.i could elaborate this Foreword but my intention is not to give a resume of this comprehensive manual but to give an insight into the wealth of this context and thus create an interest in the reader. Suggestions for improvement in these systems and procedures are always welcome. hy Neder t & 1 a (R.K MADAN) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (Comml., IPP, Const. Mgmt. & Env.)apr may fe SRE ate sfism Ries Fr TTA 23.10.1989 TT Be at 1 wren, eerie, wane, waders, wreareh, wre atte rearah Se fate drat oereen afl & aaa aiff at crafts anfra geB 1 ars Gradfis fag sone & oF areas apr echfredt, wena, wart ate sift $1 wa yge Gort & 1 qraefig Ge ta H faery Pea a var & aie 38 oa ores Feed & Fate ae eres she Taare a BTA tO wT BSR A aun nga fas a faa ee & dee eg Foto ert ox area SMe Gres arial A towel GR wa B we HI Wes fH Te Ud aeetrht SERA, FARA ae AA aTER Re Me wae ste aa B tae a eA 8 FAP antes Rerccedt afte afta 8 Saftra Agar gueed aR aE | ae TATA EAR aff wae ERT HT sega Frere atte ay east BY Of ey Beatin rater on vera aT AA FT TT “sedan fami fax” HTT 1 COReO AA), Bs 1, 2 ate 4 reer ade oe WE alae afk cay sea fafa & S she “ure Gres rte cara” aes 1 finan aA eR AW ell VAS | ora ere & Fraton Sy air areas cares & aur apa H ae cif & forais atari ws siaenstl gat wea Sat F | GTSA APU sr steal 4 Gare farm sen 8 AAA wees nfafata oe zal G1 ng & eH Bgaa ard BAA eam Sea & Prato athe Ms eieueit HOA waite sepa H Aaifae , aie creme geqal wt oigA wT vara fear & sie eH amen 8 fe 8 sae eae dies SSA aE dared 4 strasaamnait BI Ger EA 1 Teaat Aya Si eee | TH G1 Wg @ :- AML ws = GRGU ATE FRAtoT vm ~ sais Frat Be nH SoU afte Far eel H aU fenarora Fan mele aus raion em ert ah area fren on was 1 aM em Sh re wat A Su fannie (oar nan e SAH G aa Soy fane me eaETTAN aun 2a & ar ede aoa: "yer atta she sae” ar “area fighn” BE ea ae eee i ard a We 8 aur ere aurea fate ae feat sTET | ard, Ses Tae cara & rT ar aed TAH fea TeaT & ake WHET TET BOS Fehfea ae fe nar & (ae ard Seda aretera & yoracar anaes ote Priel (ALR, WS aT.) foam 3 eer & Fear on var 1 fat Gres praca ators & asian Gi greats arawe RS sora wera & fore & wre’ Oe WA Ty BTA at elura 24 I 305 1996 amet fret RAAT artery ate ERT a HAG SHA aH orc feo BG, BH SH marth & 1 om aOR ate ofRerh dal BI fade scr Ae are Bera fw fata va H eae 2 7 1 eee ah aff 5a BAH an ec 2H & fe ag, OE ane, Renee, Beda era wo Fervor weet faim & ae and oeeft are fear 2 1 a eearasl & ore aire shy sega wie RB wemduasenes feck oq afters fre me a 1 yA yen BAS fre an TAG ofa oma We ARG & 1 eA free aftet & fore seen aaa eq FA BS) HI Aa a wai Fa wR erent Gat Uraerth axe mg & fee HY wert ern wa Ft adara Ral Ge Fae Be fawa a fra safeet Gre Sue en og, erfieet al Ra ra, aT A oA aa we sofa B 1 em SUES H HTH fecaoht 83 ar of arte sea F 1 gat Ayatelt ar soca Bea gore afe Fewer Ha HUA faery weqa ara 1 a FAW BA oa Sea Hl BOT BY 1 Pea Wan ai sea B yates B aH en TAS fa ae realest wh Strand, arafers ate ger wile fre go 1 feat ayaa Ca, seraret) ee Menndere ( Pater seus eet aaa}Preface Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. was born and incorporated on 23/10/89. Transmission personnel from various central generating companies like NTPC, NHPC, NUPC, NEEPCO, NLC, NPC & THDC have since then joined POWERGRID. Today POWERGRID is a strong compa- ny of highly experienced engineérs, professionals, technicians and workmen in the field of power system. POWERGRID is being expanded along the length and breadth of the country and is entrusted with the job ef construction of transmission lines network and also their operation and maintenance. The ultimace goal is to develop National Grid. For quite some time a need is being felt by our field personne? working at construction sites to provide them a manual containing relevant technical know-how, various guidelines and procedures for execution of job within a given TIME and COSTmeeting the required quality standards. This void was also felt by cur top management and a discipline ‘Construction Manage- ment' was created at Corporate Centre to meet such requisites.tam glad to release here “User's Manual of Construc- tion, Part One (Transmission Linea), Volume 1,2 & 4 which relates to Line Survey, Environment and Tower Erection activities and Standard Field Quality Plans Volume 1. ‘The construction of transmission line has @ very vide canvass and is complex in nature wherein a number of requirements are to be met. The text material is built around set of chapters that deal with each activity. From our joint working we have tried to combine the. theoretical and practical as- pects drawn from our respective experience in the transmission line construction and che academic institutions and we trust that these publications will serve the needs of our field engineers and supervisors. The users’ manual is structured in two parts:- Part One:- Trannmineion Line Construction. Part Two:- Sub Station Construction. These pares are further sub-divided into various volumes to cover major stages of the construction phase. Part one is sub-divided into five volumes, out of which three are as mentioned above and the balance two are for ‘Soil Investigations and Founda-tions' and ‘Line Stringing! respectively. Work on these volumes is also under progress and shall be released in due course. simultaneously, the work on standardisation of field quality plans is also undertaken and its First Volume is released. This is done in association with Quali- ty Assuxance and Inspection (QA &-I) Department of Corporate Centre. There was a dire need for standar- disation of various field quality plans so thac they are timely available at site for effective manage- ment. Many people have helped us to collect variovs data and information which is compiled here. We are really grateful to them. Our special thanks are als due to Southern Region and Western Region for provid- ing ws necessary data bank. Srecial thanks are also due to QA & I deptt., Corporate Centxe for their active association in finalisation of SrQPs. This work is the first attempt “by Conseruction man- agement. The draft of these documents were circulac- ed to Regional & Corporate Centre GM/AGMs for their comments. We would like to record our appreciation for their valuable suggestions. While, maximum carehas been taken in preparing and compiling these vol- umes for waking them useful for our field units but mistakes are possible. We seek your assistance on the present contents to alert us to any missing topics that should be included and we request further comments from "users". If at any time in the use of these manuals you have comments, kindly let us know. With continued review and evaluation of experience, we expect to maintain this document as a living, working and up-to-date resource. nehgroria} { V.C. AGRAWAL ) Addl, General Manager (Const. Mgmt. & Env.) 1c 1996CONTENTS CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION PAGE NO. GENERAL 1 LINE SURVEY 2 BEE LINE 2 PLOTTING OF ROUTE ON TOPOMAP 3 CHOICE OF ROUTE 3 RECCE SURVEY 6 TRANSPORT LIMITATIONS 7 LOCAL .LAWS 7 TXPE OF TOWERS 7 TOWER GEOMETRY, CONDUCTOR CONFIGURATION & CLEARANCES 8 1.10 MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE ai aaa COMPLIANCE WITH INDIAN ba LECTRICITY RULES & OTHER AUTHORITIE'S REGULATIONS 12 1.12 ENVIRONMENT 122.15 CHAPTER - 2 PRELIMINARY SURVEY SCOPR OF WORK RECONNAISSANCE WALKOVER SURVEY SELECTION OF BEST POSSIBLE ROUTE PRELIMINARY SURVEY VARIOUS INSTRUMENTS USED IN SURVEY AND THEIR ACCURACIES MEASUREMENT AND ACCURACIES ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS CHAINING AND LEVELLING OF LINE OF ROUTE PFOTCING OF LEVEL FIGURES TACHOMETRY PRINCIPLE OF STADIA TRIANGULATION MARKING OF TREES FOR FELLING AND LOPPING SOIL RESISTIVITY DATA ua 24 1s 15 a7 18 20 21 22 23 28, 30 32 33 34 35 36SUB SOIL DATA 2.17 IDENTIFICATION MARKS 2.18 MANPOWER AND TRANSPORT FACILITIES SURVEY 1 . ' CHAPTER - 3 CROSSINGS: 3.0 MAJOR CROSSINGS AND CIVIL AND MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS Bea RIVER CROSSING 3.2 RAILWAY CROSSING i 3.3 NATIONAL HIGHWAY/ROAD CROSSING 3.4 POWERLINE CROSSING | 3.5 COMMUNICATION LINE CROSSING 3.6 AERODROMES, RADAR STATIONS, RIFLE RANGES AND HELIPADS ee FOREST CROSSING 3.8 GENERAL CHAPTER - 4 PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT 4.0 CONTENTS OF PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT a7 38 39 40 41 44 48 50 92 84 58 58 602.16 SUB SOIL DATA 37 2.37 IDENTIFICATION MARKS 38 2.18 MANPOWER AND TRANSPORT FACILITIES SURVEY 39 CHAPTER - 3 crossings ao MAJOR CROSSINGS AND CIVIL AND MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS 40 Baa RIVER CROSSING 41 3.2 RAILWAY CROSSING 44 3.3 NATIONAL HIGHWAY/ROAD CROSSING 4e | 3.4 POWERLINE crosszNe so 3.5 COMMUNICATION LINE CROSSING 52 . 3.6 AERODROMES, RADAR STATIONS, RIFLE RANGES AND HELIPADS 34 3.7 FOREST CROSSING 58 38 GENERAL { 58 | CHAPTER - 4 \ ' PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT CONTENTS OF PRELIMINARY i SURVEY REPORT 60CHAPTER - 6 A WORD ON RULING SPAN, SAG TEMPLATE : & TOWER SPOTTING opucTron: GN SPAN LENGTHS 2 CONFIGURATIONS ‘EMPLATE : SPOTTING CHAPTER - 7 KNOWLEDGE OF RULES AND PROCEDURES \N ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956 RULES AND SPECIFICATION LAID BY RAILWAYS/POWER & JOMMUNICATION COMMITTEE f CONSERVATION ACT, 1980 ENVIRONMENT RULES % TELEGRAPH RULES. AYS, NAVIGATION OR AVIATION, RITIES RULES GOVERNING BODIES, DEFENCE RITIES RULES oLES 96 97 to. 103 107 qi. 117 117 117 118 118CHAPTER - 6 A WORD ON RULING SPAN, SAG & TOWER SPOTTING INTRODUCTION DESIGN SPAN LENGTHS TOWER CONFIGURATIONS SAG TEMPLATE TOWER SPOTTING CHAPTER ~ 7 TEMPLATE 96 97 202 203 107 KNOWLEDGE OF RULES AND PROCEDURES INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956 RULES AND SPECIFICATION LAID DOWN BY RAILWAYS/POWER @ ‘TELECOMMUNICATION COMMITTEE FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, 1980 AND ENVIRONMENT RULES POST @ TELEGRAPH RULES. ROADWAYS, NAVIGATION OR AVIATION | AUTHORITIES RULES LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES, DEFENCE AUTHORITIES RULES CEA RULES an. 217 1217 217 118 138CHAPTER - 3 - TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE la a1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ' rae - ’ | 8.2 SPECIAL TOWER 432 7 8.3 TOWER EXTENSIONS 134 ‘ 8.4 LEG ExrENsrons a1 ‘ 8.8 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 13a : 4 8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN THE OVERHEAD : € LINE AND THE RAILWAY TRACK 134 j ; 6.7 IND spaw 136 i 8.8 WEIGHT SPAN 136 : 4 $8.9 HEAVY WerGHT SPAN AND NEGATIVE 1 WEIGHT SPANS 136 ‘ i ‘ 8.10 TEMPERATURE OF CURRENT | CARRYING POWER CONDUCTOR. 137 } @.32 TEMPERATURE OF GROUND : WIRE. 137 8.12 MAXIMUM WIND PRESSURE ~ 137 8.13 conpucrors 137 8.14 BARTHWIRE 137 8.15 INSULATOR STRINGS 1378.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 B.21 HANGER CLEARANCES BROKEN WIRE CONDITION FACTORS OF SAFETY CONDUCTOR AND EARTHWIRE TESTS ANNEXURES APPROVAL PROCEDURES GUIDELINES CHAPTER - 9 GUIDELINES RECCE SURVEY WALKOVER SURVEY PRELIMINARY SURVEY DETAILED SURVEY XLLUSTRATIONS CHAPTER - 19 CHECK FORMAT CHECK FORMAT FoR ROUTE CHOICE CHECK FORMAT FOR PRELIMINARY SURVEY CHECK FORMAT FOR DETAILED survey RESUMES OUR TEAK ase 138 138 139 1s 139 140 144 147 153 155 159 165 166 169 173Chapter - 1 Introductioncuarr ONE INTRODUCTION General Electric power is today playing an increasingly import- ant vole in the life of the community and development of various gectors of economy. Developing countries like India are therefore giving a high priority to power development programs. In fact, the economy is becoming increasingly dependent on electricity as a basic input. Transmission facilities provide the means of connecting the generating capacities to the load centres. Inter- connections of adequate capacities between individual syatems enable interconnected operation of these sys- tems which provide the key to various benefits such as use Of large, low-cost generating ynits, capaciry ‘s: “ve ings due to load diversity, minimization of reserves, emergency assistance to individual systems, and effi- cient utilisation of the generation and transmission facilities available in the area as a whole. The grid development in the country has followed the logical Vol... : Page 1tis | ' sequence of unification of power systems within a state, interconnection of neighbouring state systems, and linking of systems between the regions, Line survey An EHV Transmission line generally links a Generating station and a sub-station or two sub-stations or two Generating stations as may be necegsary. The basic vequirement of a transmission line is to carry the desired bulk power at maximum efficiency and to achieve this, the line should be of shortest length feasible, since the line losses are proportional to the length of the line. Therefore the aim of the preliminary survey is to explore in the field the most economical and feasible route of constructing a particular transmis- sion line. Hence, while selecting the route one should be fully aware of the requirements of transmission lines, scatutory provisions, information required to be collected, prevailing cost of werious elements of Transmission lines etc. Bee-line Bee-line is the shortest distance between the two points of origin of the transmission line proposed. It is straight line drawn connecting the cwo points. Rout- Vol.1 : Page 2veo ing the transmission line along this line may not always be possible due to site conditions. However, survey should be carried out as closed to the bee-line as possible keeping in mind of the other required statutory conditions. Plotting of route on topo map : The latest available topographical maps covering the area between the two end points of the transmission line drawn to the scale of 1,:50000 (1 cm = O.5km} should be procured from Survey of India. A master mosaic has to be prepared by fixing all the topographi- cal maps in their respective position and obtaining a belt width of minimum 10 km .20 cms) on either side of centre line between the two terminal points. In the master mosaic, the Bee-line «hich is the straight line joining the two terminal points should be neatly marked with pencil. The Bee-line joining the two end points will have the shortest length. It may not be feasible to construct the power line along the Bee-line due co various technical as well as site conditions. Choice of Route a) The proposed route of line should be the shortest practicable distance. The fellowing factors shall be Vol.1 : Page 3“ considered in the choice of the route + 4) The route should be short and as straight as possible. di) Ic is advantageous to lay the line near to or along roadsay. The line should be approachable. Diffi- cult and unsafe approaches should be avoided. 444) The number of angle towera chould be minimum and within these, the number of heavier angle tower shall be as smali as possible. iv) Cost of securing and clearing right of way (ROW), making access roads and time required for these works should he minimum, v) Corridor through which line is taken should have sufficient space to take care of future load develop- ments without major modifications. vil Crossing with permanent objects, such as railway lines. and roads should be minimum and preferably -at vight angles. (Reference shall be made to the appro- priate raitway regulations and railway electrification Tules and to civil authorities for protection to be Provided for railway and road crossings, respectively. Guarding may not be necessary for fast acting protec- five devices are provided.) Vol. i Page 4vid) In case of hilly terrain having sharp rises and falls in the ground profiles, it is necessary to con- duct detaiied. survey and locate the tower positions. The proposition should be most economical and safe. b) The following areas should be avoided as far as possible while selecting route. i) Marshy areas, low lying levels, iver beds, earth slip zones, etc. involving risk to stability of founda- tion. ii} Areas subject to floods, gushing nallas during rainy seasons, ponds, lakes, snow blizzards, hurricanes or similar extreme climatic conditions and natural hazards. 4ii) Good farming areas, uneven terrain, damage to public and private properties, religious places, civil and defence installations, industries, take off fun- nels, habitation of important crops, quarry sites or underground mines, gardens and plantations etc. iv) Areas which will creates of right of way and way leave problems. v) Route involving abrupt changes in levels, tao many long spans; river or power line crossings or near parallelism co telecommunication lines. Vol.1 + Page 5wi) ‘Thick forest or areas involving he:vy cospensatory payments for acquisition of land etc. wii) Building containing explosives, yage oil canks, or gas pipelines etc. vidi) Aerodromes, helipads and their aprroac’ 1.5 Recce Survey The Recce survey is also essential for i first hand account of various import t required for transmission line works wh: under: 4) Major power line crossing deta:lz above) di) Railway crossing details. 44i) Major river crossing details. iv) Sources of construction materials viz. metal, sand, water etc. along the line. v) Important rail heads for the purpose of receipt of materials. ae vi) Important villages or stations comiz the purpose selection of labour camps. vii) Nature of sail strata along the rout wiii) Availability of labour, their pre daily basis or on contract basis Yol.1 : Page 6ix) Names of the major towns for the purpose of selec- rion of site offices. For fixing the final alignment and angle points on the ground as per. the reconnaissance survey, route align- ment survey shall be carried cut with a theodolite, : survey chains/measuring tapes/electronic distance measuring instruments. 1.6 Transport limitations : Information about transport limitation particularly for the line materials should be obtained from rail, road or navigation authorities where required. This may involve procurement of special trailers or alternative- ty restricts the size and weight of the package in uneven terrain where head loading ia more often vesorr~ ed to 2.7 Local laws + # The infomation about the local laws should be obtained in advance im order that there is no infringement prevailing local laws and te ensure smooth installa- : tion, operation and maintenance work pee Type of towers i ‘ i) Suspension/ Tangent towers: “A‘ type (@-2° angle ; ; 0€ deviation) The stpporrs along the straight run of Vol.1 : Page 7a i ibe the line are called Suspension towers on which no ang of deviation is generally allowed. special cases subject to corresponding restriction of the sum of the adjacent spans, an angle of deviation upto a maximum of 20 is allowed. id) Angle towerg ; The angle towers are those used at locations where the line takes an angle of deviation and these towers are also called tension towers, since the conductors & earthwires are tensioned and at- tached to them insulating the conductors by suitable tension insulating strings and hardwares. There are 3 types of Angle cowers a) -“B! type tower Ear deviation af more than 70 upto 150. b) "C!_type tower for deviation of more than 15° UP £0 390. ©) "D! type tower for deviation of more than 30° UP CO ggo. Tower Geometry, conductor configuration & clearances: The tower geometry, and conductor configuration depend upon whether the tower is tor single cixeuit of tor Double circuit. Whereas, the electrical clearances depend uponthe line voltage,. size of conductors and their number in the bundle per phase. Typical out line drawings in the salient dimensions of 400 kv single circuit and double circuit towers may be seen.at Figure 1.1 & 1.2. it can be seen that the single circuit towers are of waspwaist type in the horizontal configuration of conductors whereas the double circuit type are with vertical configuration of conductors of each circuit In some towers triangular configuration is also adopted for each circuits. The normal span of 400 kv line is 400 mtrs. 9,1 Clearances is Phage to Phase ! 400 kv 200 kv 132 kv 13.0 4 (Minimum) for 5,2M (Minimum 3,96 M (Min- single Circuit tower for double mum for double with horizontal con- circuit tower) circuit rower) “4 figuration. 8.0 M (Minimum for Double circuit tover) - Clearance from live part to nearest part of the tower. With the suspension insulavors with 400 kv 200 Kv 332 kV i} 0° swing - 3050 m/m 2130 1530 pit) 15° Swing - 3050 mém 1980 1980 gL 30° swing - 1860 m/m 1830 1370 ) 45° Swing - 1860 m/m 1675 1220 Vol.1 : Page 9ona, SPxN 2200 HE corouc toa noose (549-5) Hoe AnHYS TIM SUD CROLNO WHE: TMM CHORGIMM? QUALITY) 400 KV SINGLE CIRCUIT TANGENT TOWER (2) : (FIGURE L 1)DOO SZ mae ete igaie GRO Ow CLEARANCE) « (Sp Saha AGS 33H 57 2 GRoUNG wine “yerentnene Mi cuALHITD 400 KY OOUBLE CIRCUIT 141 420 RY OOUBLE CIRCUIT TAN 1 TOWER (7) (FIGURE 4.4gog882 A Besos + ZONK 4 *(a0"yeya a9 200m, 005 conoueion: omer seas 00ND NID; wouauitey YAS 3000054) (sya sauaaty pertinence GROUND wine: ENT TOWER (Z) £00 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT TANG: (FIGURE 14$9.2 While locating the towers on survey charts, the following shall be borne in mina : a) Maximum length of a “section! shall not exceed 5 km. The length of the transmission line between two Angle towers (without any angle) is known as section. The total length ofthe transmission lire is divided into sections to restrict the cascading failure of the transmission line between two angle towers. b) The intermediate spans shall be as near as possi- ple the normal design span. In case an individual span | becomes too short on account of undulations in ground | profile, one or more line supports of the section may {be extended by inserting standard body extension de- \ signed for the purpose according to technical specifi- ~*~ } cations to bring the intermediate span as near as possible to the design span. 1 ©) There shall not be any upward force on suspension tower under normal working condition, and the suspen- sion towers shall support the minimum weight span as Provided in the designs. In case uplift is unavoidable, it will be examined if the same may be overcome by adding standard body extensions to the towers, failing which tension towers designed for the purpose shall be Vol.1 : Page 10employed at such positions. @) Tower spotting shall be further checked by means : of tower capacity charts approved by the purchaser. .10 Minimum ground clearance In order to ensure minimum ground clearance after erection and stringing of the line, the sag-template is used while checking the profiles of the line and spot- ting the tower locations. At crossings with Railway tracks, the requisite clearances as stipulated in the Regulations for electrical Crossings", are adopted. The designed weight span & wind span limitations appli- cable to various type of towers are given in tower Sena slbescagtbe tn spotting data. Wherever a tower is subjected to the uttect of negative weight span, it is said to be under =~ Be ! “uplift" condition. The definition of the terms viz., sag-template, weight span, wind span and tower spotting data are given in the later chapters detailing the application of sag template and tower spotting data while approving the line profiles and tower schedules. The values of minimum permissible ground clearence for the various voltages 66 KV to 400KV are : Vol.1 : Page 11aa “66 KV = a 132 KV - 6.10 m 220 KW - 7.01 m A00 KV - 8.84 m Compliance with Indian electricity rules & other authorities regulations, All overhead lines shall comply with the requirements of the Indian Electricity Act & Rules made there under and the regulations or specifications as laid down by Railway Authorities, local governing bodies, defence authorities, Power & Telecommunications Coordinating Committee, Forest Authorities and Oil & Gas authori- ties, where applicable. Relevant matters requiring attention of such authorities should be referred to them before planning the layout, installation and during construction work. Such references, however be made by the owner of the installations & within appro priate time so as to ensure smooth progress. The trane- mission line installation shaf1 be carried out by trained and experienced personnel & supervised by technically qualified persons competent to undertake such work, Vol.2 : Page 12In recent years the consciousness of the environment pas increased amongst the people and the government. Therefore, the need to introduce the environmental aspect into the planning and development activities is now well recognised in India. Questionnaires for envi- ronmental impact assessment of power projects, among others, have been prepared and certain guidelines are set out by the National Committee on Environmental Planning (NCEP) and the Department of Environment (DOE), and on this basis, environmental clearances are now sought. Thus the country has élready a national environmental policy implicit in its existing develop- ment policy. However, for successful handling, the environmental managewent will have to be seen in its full political, economic, social and technological context and not merely a matter of pure technocratic solutions. So far as transmission networks wssociated with power Projects are concerned, there is the land use consider- ation which gets translated into economic grounds in many areas and there is also the question of impact on the environment. The latter falls into two categories - Vol.1 : Page 13aesthetics of overhead lines and effects on health and safety. <13 Aesthetics he second consideration is aesthetics and that is, the line constructions should be merged with the svrround- ing landscape, so that both natural and man-made fea- tures are blended to achieve an overall impression of harmony . Ground occupancy and overhead clearance are basic considerations for any right-of-way, but tower height and appearance now playa strong role. The tower be- suid comes a feature of the landscape, and where possible, this is considered as right-of-way selection. In hill, or mountaninous country, the previous practice was to ae aes. skyline the towers to take advantage of crests and valleys. Now the effort is more towards unobtrusive- ness. Accuracy The accuracy of survey work depends upon, the accuracy of surveying instruments, the prevailing temperatures, the accuracy of placing instruments and their reading It ‘shall be ensured, however, that no measurements Should be missed during surveys and check surveys Carried out where any doubt arises. Vol.1 : Page 14Chapter - 2 Preliminary Survey “At“eer 2.2 “2 CHAPTER TWO PRELIMINARY SURVEY Scope of work. The survey of high voltage lines must be. carried out accurately and expeditiously. A mistake in the field or bubueguent oftice work may pase undeteeted co an ad- vanced stage in construction, thus causing unnecessary expenditure and inconvenience. It is, therefore, essen- tial. that every care should be taken in setting out, levelling, and plotting the profile of the route A Transmission line survey is carried out in three stages : reconnaissance (including waikoverl. survey, preliminary survey and detailed survey. Reconnaissance A thorough knowledge of the topography of the region to be traversed by the line is required. Topographical maps covering the area to the scale of 0.5 km) 0,000 (1 cm = should be procured from the office of the Survey of India or other authorized source and a master mosaic prepared. The beeline, which is a straight line Vol.1 : Page 15joining the two terminal points, is marked and a belt of width 10km (20 cmon the map), on either side of the centre line, is shown. In the master mosaic the Bee- jine which is the straight line joining two terminal points should be neatly marked with pencil. The beeline represents the shortest length although, for various reasons, it may not be feasible to construct the line along the beeline. sping the beeline constantly in mind, alternative routes, with minimum unavoidable deviations from the pee-line, are marked carefully. In doing so, the fol- lowing guidelines should be kept in mind. i) Allow for the minimum number of crossings of major yivers, railway lines, national/state highways, over- head BHV Power and teleconmmunication lines. ii) Avoid certain natural features like high mountain- vue cerrain, steep slopes with clife and huge boulders, large lakes and marshy places, etc iii) Avoid populated areas, narrow gaps between two villages, large cash crop plantations and places of worship, ete, iv) \Avoid close vicinity of aerodremes, radio sta- tions, radar centres, rifle ranges, etc. and also Vel. : Page 16industrial installations where pollution, due to chemi- cal effluents emanating therefrom will affect the operation and maintenance of the power line v) In view of the staturory requirements of the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, avoid, as far as possi- ble, the reserved and protected forests and wild life sanctuaries, Where unavoidable, align the route so that che cutting of trees is kept to the minimum. vi) Keep sufficiently away from continuous parallelism with Telecommunication and Railway Telephone lines. If there is continuous parallelism with existing HV or EHV line, it is preferable to maintain a minimum separation of 300 metres. vii) Run the routes close to possible future load . centres to facilitate tapping when required. viii) Run the route ‘parallel/ close to the existing road 1: possible to faclitate the maintenance. Walkover survey After making the various feasible routes on the map, a comparative study should be made on the basis of the following data. i) Route length +4). Number and type of angle points in each proposal Vol.1 : Page 172. indicating the sharpness of each deviation as measured ‘on the map. 44a) Mature and munber of major crossings. dv) Deviation in the line due to civil or military aerodromes and other industrial installations. v) Approach to the line for construction. wi) Reaches through protected or reserved forests. vii) Long stretches in cultivated fields. viii) Close parallelism with telecommunication and railway telephone circuits With these details in hand, a walkover survey has to be carried out on all the alternative routes to arrive at the most economical route and to update the topographi- cal maps available, with the latest features observed during the survey. Selection of the best possible route walkover survey means going over the area associated with the alternative routes proposed and collecting features observed other than thosevexisting on the map In addition the indicaticn on following features should also be checked without fail. ay Communication lines. 44) Power lines, Vol.2 Page 18wd a Expanding villages and cowns. iv) Rich gardens and plantations etc. vw) herodromes, radar centre, rifle ranges. vi) Undulating reaches unfit for erection and mainte- nance. vii) Roads constructed and roads improved recently. viii)Steep sloping terrain or steep slopes of hills ix) large tanks, lakea, water-logged areas etc x) - Reserved Forests and wacded arean with high trees. xi) High hillocks ané stretches with large boulders xii) Irrigation wells likely to be made, tube-well pump houses. * i) forests where menace of wild elephants persist. xiv) Private property limits where right of way cannot be obtained. xv) Availability of saddles in hill section for better crossing of valleys. xvi) Ghat roads in hills. xvii) Gardens with grafted fruit trees xviii) Pronibited areas declared under statutary regula- tions, xin) Rocky areas 08 Completion of the walkover survey the proposal of Vol.1 : Page 19Uptained from the head of department of transmission before taking up preliminary survey. ls preliminary survey Field Work ‘the main object of carrying out a preliminary survey is to transfer the route selected on the map onto the * ground with such deviations as may be necessary due to {ield constraints. In aligning the route, the following points should be kept in mind i) Ensure that there are sufficient corridors for future lines in the approach sections near the terminal end of the line so as to avoid intercrossings larer on ii) Keep the number of angle points to the minimum possible. iii) Select the location of angle points judiciously near roads and on firm ground. nd iv) Keep in view all obligatory points such as railway power line, major road, telecommunication line and viver crossings. v) At angle position, keep the angle of deviation Proposed slightly less than the maximum designed angle Vol.1 ; Page 20Gi surveying. vi) Along the approach spans near the proposed substa- tions only when the layout of the substation has been finalised. Otherwise, leave 2-3 km length near substa- tions so that alignment may commence at a convenient point in the direction of take-off Various instruments used in survey and their accura- Accuracies i) Electronic distant measuring 1 + 10,009 to Instruments using infra-red light 2: 50,000 and Radio waves ai) One second theodolice ‘and surface 1 : 1000 to chaining with calibrated steel a 5000 tapes/invar tapes iii) One second theodolite and stadia 1 : 500 to method with calibrated i 1: 1000 levelling staves, iv) vernier/one second theodolite 1: 300 to with surface taping with Engineer's 1: 500 chain v) Least count of Theodolite 20" Vol.1 : Page 21og these the instruments at Si. No. (ii) and (iii) are 0 fl ‘commonly used. : yi) Ranging rods 2 meter and fitted with ferrules so chat they can be joined to make a long rod. vid) Dumpy level with stand yiid) Engineers! chain of 30 mtrs length with 10 mer marking at intervals. ix) 20 mtrs or 30 mtrs steel tape. x) 1.35.kg-hammer, lo arrows xi) Hedge cutter, spades, knives, axes etc. xii) Optical square (not entirely necessary but very useful) xiii) Tents, Buckets, Waterdrums, Camping coats, table, chairs and petromax etc. (as per requirement) Measurement and accuracies i) The theodolite to be used for the survey work should be an accurate one. ii) The vertical and horizontal axis Cee Ge theodolite should exactly be perpendicular to each other. This will avoid the line route being curved instead of a Straight one. iii) The theodolite should be able to read upto 1 Second in its horizontal and vertical measurements. Vol.1 Page 22spf ce ubend ts saa) Paw) ne distances are to be measured by surface taping er tachometry or triangulation method as the situation warrants. y) The accuracy of the line length should not be less 00. chan adjustment of Survey Instruments. ie is essential chat survey instruments should be kept in proper adjustment. The following are the adjustments which can be carried out in the field, any other ad- justments . should be carried our by the manufacturer of the instruments 1. Testing and adjusting of theodolite a) .Testing and adjusting of plate spirit levels. b) Testing and adjusting the line of collimation. ¢) Testing and adjusting the horizontal or trunnion axis. a) Testing and adjusting plate spirit levels. i) Clamp vertical axis of theodolite, ii) Unclamp the vernier plate so that the instrument is free to rotate. iii) Turn telescope until it lies over a pair of screws in the case of a four-screw instrument, or parallel to 4 pair of screws in a three-screw instrument Vol.1 : Page 23Bring the air bubble of each level to the centre of its run by means of the foot levelling screws. v) Turn the instrument through half a revolution to see if the air bubbles remain central. If not, the instrument is out of adjustment. vi) Correct half tne error by means of turning the capstan screws on the levels. wiil Correct the other half of the error by the level- ling foot screws. Turn the instrument through 180 and check if the bubble remains correct; if not, repeat the adjustment . Most modern instruments are provided with locking devices for the capstan screws and it is essential that the screw should be locked after adjustment. b) Testing and adjusting line of collimation. This is to ensure that the line of collimation is ac right angles to the horizontal axis and parallei to the telescope. = i) Level theodolite on fairly level and firm ground. id} Place a piece of white paper with a steel arrow x Pushed twice through it at approximately 400 ft. from the theodolite, as shown in Figure 2.1 a, 1d) Clamp upper or vernier plate with vernier A read- Vol.1 : Page 24(a aE ese TWINOZiSOK 30 LNIW ISAO auvog No Bava 31H ABM) 40 3103315 30 gor (a0 2 3un9t) to) __NOILVA 1109, BN 40 LN3WLSArOv |Direct the telescopé to arrow X until the vertical hair on the diaphragm bisects arrow X (Figure 2.1 a) gud clamp the vertical axis of the instrument in this position. v) unclamp vernier or upper plate and turn the instrument through exactly 180 and clamp the instru- ment. vi) Transit telescope and see if vertical hair on diaphragm still cuts arrow at X. If it does not, then line of collimation is not at right angles to the horizontal axis and adjustment is necessary. vii) The point where the line of collimation cuts the paper should be marked with another arrow ¥ (Figure 2.1 a). ViiivAGjust hale the error by the screws controlling the lateral movement of the diaphragm. ix) Adjust the other half of the error by means of the tangent screw of the vertical axis. Adjustment should be tested and repeated if necessary. It should be noted that the difference between the first reading on arrow X and the second on arrow ¥ represents twice the collimation error, as illustrated vol.1 Page 25Bijure 2.1 2). ay “eating and adjusting horizontal or trunnion axis, qnia ie to détermine if che horizontal. axis is at right angles to the vertical axis. a) , Carefully level instrument on firm ground. 44) Direct telescope to the top of a well-defined object such as a lightning conductor on a chimney, church steeple, etc. iii) Clamp vertical and upper plate axis and use the tangent screw of the vertical axis to get the intersec- tion of the cross-hair exactly on the defined point iv) Depress the telescope to a point as far below the top of the defined object as possible and mark on a sheet of white paper fixed on a board the point x (Figure 2.1 b).. v) Turn instrument through 4,90 and again direct telescope to the well-defined object. vi) Depress telescope and see if the intersection of the cross-hairs coincides with point already on the Paper. If not, the horizontal axis, the new point ¥ (Figure 2,1 b), where the intersection of the cross- hairs cuts the paper, should be marked. vii) Correct half the error by means of capstan screws Voi.1 :; Page 26the. difference between points X and Y represents twice the actual error. aI. Testing and adjusting of level a) Test if axis of spirit level is perpendicular to axis of rotation. b) Test if spirit level and telescope are parallel to line of collimation. a) esting and adjusting spirit level perpendicular to axis of rotation. i) Set up instrument and turn telescope over one pair of screws. and bring bubble to centre of its run by the levelling foot screws. ii) Turn telescope through 3,90 and observe if the bubble remains central, if not, the instrument requires adjustment . iii) Correct half error by means of the capstan screws which fix'the tube to the telescope. ™ av) Correct other nals by the levelling foot screws. Repeat for the telescope over the other pair of screws and check. b) Testing and adjusting spirit level and telescope Vol.2 Page 27Pi 'be parallel to line of collimation. Vg): ° rive in two pegs A and B 300 ft. apart. 44) Set up level exactly central between the pegs and devel it jai) Take a staff reading on peg A iv) Direct telescope to peg B and take a staff read- ing, Adjust peg B by raising or lowering until tne reading is the same as that got on peg A. The tops of the pegs must chen be in a level plane. v) Set up level in line with the pegs, but say 40 ft. behind one of them. vi) Take a staff reading on the nearest peg and then a staff reading on the distant peg, If these are not the same then the instrument is out of adjustment and the line of collimation is not parallel to the spirit level and telescope. The diaphragm’must be adjusted until the staff readings on both pegs are alike. This is done by means of the capstan screws holding the diaphragm in position, § Chaining and levelling of line of route. It is good practice to chain and level the route ac the same time. As already stated, single support posi- tions can usually be selected on the preliminary survey, Vol.1 : Page 28as soon as the line is through, the positions of intermediate supports can be accurately located and Lined in. in chaining a roure it must be remembered that all distances are measured horizoncally and not on the slope. Flags are erected at each of the line position: which were instrument stations, since these are visible on the whole section and assist in keeping the chaining in the correct line of route. The chaining party consists of a leader and follower and it is che duty of the follower to direct the leader in the correct direc- tion, At the end cf each measured length an arrow is inserted, The follower enters in his survey book de- tails of all distances with the positions of hedges, ~ streams, or ather features which he thinks necessary Before commencing the levelling of the route a bench mark is located and a level is run from this to the starting peg. In levelling, accuracy must be observed and it is essential that the carrier of the staff holds it vertical when readings are being taken. The leveller should balance the length of the sights as much as possible and set up his instrument as near the line of route as practicable. The distance between level read- Voi.1 + Page 292.10 Wings depends upon the contour of the ground and incor- porates all the positions at which arrows have been left recording chainage discances. The procedure of chaining and levelling is continued unril che secrion is complete. it is important where there is a considerable side slope on the ground that levels should be taken on the high side as well as che centre line of route. Side levels should be taken at a horizontal distance equal to the distance of the outer conductor from the centre of the structure, It is therefore imperative that the surveyor showld be familiar with the type of construc- tion of the line he is surveying. The procedure is the same for broad base steel rowers except that inter-tower positions between angle sup- ports are not fixed until the profile has been drawn. The whole economics of a tower line may depend upon the selection of positions relative to the profile. Reducing of level figures . The levelling figures are reduced so that every point on the profile will be correlated to ordnance datum or to an assumed datum. Two common methods adopted for reducing levels are : "Rise and Fall Method" and "Height Vol.1 : Page 30quicker and gives the necessary checks. Table- I gives specimen level notes showing the method of reducing the levels by the height of collimarion method. TAPLE-T eg F.S RL Remarks 0.29 a7a.31 | 173.82 [pore 2 1.59 172.52 |27.44 Hedge aa 172.18 54.88 Field ae ae 172.16 169.38 971.56 Field R.L-= Reduced Level; H. C. B.S. = Back sight. R.L. + B.S. = H.C. e.g. 173.82 WC. - 1.8. 2 RL. e.g. 174,12 Check : first R.L. - last Rib. 173.82 - 169.38 » 4.73 4.44 2 4.44 Vol.1 :; Page 32 (ALL dim, = are in metres) = Height of Collimation: F.S.= Fore Sight; I.§ = Intermediate Sight ; + 0.29 # 174,11m - 1.59 = 172.52 = FS. - 9.29 -is2, - B.S Quantity of the entire line material required shall beon the basis of following design wachometry is the indirect measurement of distances by optical methods: instead of using tape or chain. The mont. important advantage of th method is that the field work can be carried out much faster than with the cheodolite, level, levelling staff and chain. The chaining of the route is eliminated and the levelling speed greatly increased. This is due to the fact that the theodolite has a range of site of the order of 700 ft. and readings can be taken with the telescope at any vertical angle necessary. In the previous method the level had to be truly horizontal, so that its range on sloping ground was very limited, while with the tachom- eter a range of 709 fc, both directions in the line of route is available. This means that in favourable conditions a maximum of four settings of the instrument per mile is required. The damage in arable fields is reduced to a minimum, since the staff holder can usually walk down the furrows between the crops ta the required spot in the line of rouce where a reading has to be taken. The dragging of the chain along the Vol.1 : Page 32‘Next line peg in view. This was necessary for the © gpiginal alignment, so that having set up the instru- ment over peg the staff will be in perfect alignment yntil the next peg is reached. Principle of ‘Stadia A tachometer is really a theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, the stadia diaphragm having two horizontal stadia lines, on each side of the centre line. A section through the objective lens and dia- phragm of a telescope is shown in (Figure 2.2) Horizontal Distance can be abtaineé by this formula Worizontal distance ~ staff intercep: ‘h) instrument: constant (k} X cos B = hk Cos @ Where ‘@' is the vertical angle ob- Served to the middle stadia intercept 4) To reduce an inclined sight to its horizentai value it is only necessary to wultiply the instrument co-efficient K by cas?@ given in table and then by the Vol.1 ; Page 33(et aunots) TVINOZIOH $1 NOUYWMI09 JO 3NI 3U3HM ViOvisstaff intercept reading and add to the product the value of C Cos @ given in tables. ii) To reduce any inclined sight to its vertical value che instrument co- efficient K is multiplied by cos @ gin 8 from the tables and by the staff intercept and to the product is added the value of C sin @ from the tables. Triangulation This method is useful in places where large obstruic- tions like major perennial rivers are to be crossed where surface taping or tachometry is not possible { igure 2.2 (a)). Under rhis method firat measure a reasonable distance accurately on the bank of the river. Having this as the base, measure the angle at both the end points of the baseline by sighting the other bank. Shift the instru- ment (EDM) to the other bank point and observe the angle subtended between the end points 9f the base line originally marked. sum up all the three angles and find out whether the sum is 180 degrees. Find out the dis- tance of horizontal crossing by using the sine tormula A B c Sin A sin B sin Vol.1 : Page 34So EMBANKMENT ~ ate — \ aT Te ) ceisu RE 22 A) METHOD OF TRIANGULATION SERRE AZ AUMETHOD OF TRIANGULATION ARB ARE GOTH ENDS OF & BASE Line KE! OW A EMBANKMENT. THE, DISTANCE BETWEEN’ AB On 1 HE EMBAWKMENT.CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY. 3 THE ANGLE AT “KAMOB.ARE MEASURED BY SiGHtiNG ‘Con THE OTHER BANK AGAIN THE ANGLE SUBTENDED AT'C 15 MEASURED AY SicHTING AED INE SUH OF THE ANGLES OF ABC. 15 180° THE OISTANCES "B”AND'C ARE CALCULATED BY THE FORWUA a, ‘ SNA” sine =Brs4 Maxking of Trees for Felling and Lopping It is part of the gurveyor's work to mark the trees which will interfere with the proposed route. The instrument survey gives an accurate location of the trees which are affected. There are various opinions as to the width which should be left through trees for an overhead line. Each case should be treated on its ; merits, but for an important transmission line, felling distance of the trees on each side of the line should be observed. A good method of marking trees is to put a ring round the trees to be felled at the level where felling is ’ reduced. If lopping only is required, a cross shovld be : put on the side to be lopped. This method prevents trees being felled where lopping only is required and also prevents a tree being felled at ground level when consent has actually been obtained for felling at hedge level so that a gap in the hedge is not left. A list of the trees requiring attention should bé Prepared by the surveyor and this should, in particu- lar, detail the location. It should also indicate clearly whether the trees are to be felled or lopped, given the variety and size. Sizes are generally recorded Vol.1 : Page 35as the diameter adjacent to the butt and the height of the main trunk. This is detail in detail in user's manual part-I Volume - 2 of “Environment Management." Soil resistivity data Soil resistivity data are required for submission to the Power and Telecommunication Coordination Committee (PTCC) for obtaining their clearance from the point of parallelism of the Power and telecommunication cir- cuits and also for determining the tower-footing re- sistance. Measurements of soil resistance should be taken every 2-3 km of the route or at angle points, which ever near from which the soil resistivity is calculated. The Megger can be used in two ways to measure the resistivity of the soil, namely, the three point method and the four- point method. The four point method is simpler and more accurate and is briefly described below. Four similar electrodes are burried in the earth to a depth B at equal distances A from one another in a straight line, The megger connections are hown in (Pigure 2.3) If the crank of the instrument is then Vol .1 Page 36MEGGER ‘CONNECTIONS (FIGURE 2:3)ire 2.16 rotated at the stipulated speed (usually 100 rpm), the resistance R, as read on the scale, is the resistance of the earth between the two equipotential surfaces in which P, and P, are in contact. If the depth of the electrode ‘in soil B (in om) is small in comparison with A, the resistivity of the soil is given by the following expression: Pse2*AR Where P= earth resistivity in ohms/cm? A= spacing between the electrodes in cm and R=resistance in ohms as read on the megger. For all practical purposes, A should be at least twenty times that of B. Sub soil data Subsoil data for the underground water table should be taken from the wells adjoining the route on.either side. This should preferably be taken during the dry months after inquiring the depth of the water table during the peak monsoon period. The subsoil data are required to assess and design and type of foundations Buitable for such locations. Vol.1 : Page 3717 Identification Marks i) Conerete or stone block with 20 cm POWERGRID logo shall be left in the ground. The block sizes shall be 1000x150x150 mm and located at all angle tower loca- tions buried to a depth of atleast 750 mm. ii) Theodolite point should punched or chiselled on the concrete or stone block. iii) Directional burgies at a distance at 30 to 50m from angle point shall have to be provided at a dis- tance of every 1.5 KM to facilities easy identification ot Line alignment during detailed curvey. iv). The burgies shall have co be painted with white colour for easy identification. v). The entire route should be aligned only with the mecdulite and the angles should be read to the nearest one minute. vi). Wherever the line alignment crosses the EHT line, or P & T line, burgies shall be provided on the point of crossing. in case of Rly. and road crossings, burgies shall have to be provided on either side of the crossing. vii). Wherever route alignment passes over permanent land marks such as sheet rock, boulders, culverts, Vol.1 : Page 38elevated places etc., suitable white paint directional marking with the indication of “POWERGRID" should be made. MANPOWER AND TRANSPORT FACILITIES The check surveys and tower stacking shall be performed by qualified and experienced personnel and supervised by qualified surveyor . Average output per month per survey gang consisting of about 10. person will be - te Alignment survey - 15 KM or 4a). Detailed Survey - 20 KM or iii). Check Survey - 20 EM Wherever topographical survey is to be carried out the output will be less and will depend on the quantum of works. Transport required for Survey Gang Jeep.with Trailor - 1 NO. Vol.1 : PageChapter - 3 Crossingsee ee sche CHAPTER : THREE CROSSINGS Major crossing and civil and military establishments. The following crossings and civil and military estab- lishments (some of which may not be marked on the maps for national security reasons) should be carefully surveyed 1. Major river crossings 2. Railway crossings 3. Nationa] highway crossings and other road crossings 4, Power line crossings 5. Telecommunication line crossings Aerodromes, Radar centres, Microwave stations, Rifle ranges and Helipads. Once such major crossings and obligatory points are finalised the line route in intermediate sections can be realigned if required, without disturbing the crossing proposal. While aligning the route, the concerned authorities should be contact- ed to obtain the necessary information. 7. Forest crossing Vol.1 : Page 40River crossing : i) Walk along the banks of the river at least 1.5 to 2 kms on both sides of the approximate crossing points (guided by the route of the line) and fix up best locations for crossing. Crossing locations should preferably be on permanent high banks. Sand dunes or areas likely to be eroded during floods should not be considered. The flow of river and its scouring of one of the banks due to direction change at the banda should be careful- ly studied for ascertaining the extent of scouring. : ii) River should be crossed as far as possible at a : 2 right angles and at places where the river width is ag minimunt to ensure minimum possible crossing span. iii) If facilities such as road, rail bridges etc. are available in the vicinity of proposed raute of the line, the advantage from such facilities should be Ss taken. Crossing should, therefore, be effected as nearer to such facilities as possible. iv) It is observed that in the case of certain bridges, additional protective works such as retaining walls, embankments are constructed to train the river flow. These should be carefully studdied while locating Vol.1 : Page 412 eS crossing towers. v) Certain rivers, even major ones, change the course quite frequently. These changes should be investigated properly before deciding the crossing locations. vi) Information such as maximum flood level (HFL), ordinary flood level, maximum discharge through bridge, course of river, composition of sub-soil strata in xiver bed, GTS bench mark etc. should be collected only from appropriate agencies. No assumption for these details should normally be made. vii) Safe foundation depth can be checked by means of Lacey's formula as follows :- qy3/3 Lacey's scour depth “d' = 0.473 (£) (Where Q = maximum'discharge in cu.secs. £ = silt factor). and depth of safe foundation below G.L. 1. 5d (approx. ) viii) Observe the span of rail and/or road bridges and the elevation of top of bridge with reference to ground level in neighbourhood to have correct idea about extent of discharge through such bridges and effect of Scouring on foundations. Vol.1 ; Page 42p authorities concerned and make a note of this in the field book. x) Reduce the MPL mark on nearby bridge by connecting it to GTS mark in the neighbourhood. MFL at the point of crossing should then be reduced. xi) Information regarding the navigability of the river should also be ascertained, In case of navigable . rivers, vertical clearance is required to be fixed in consultation with navigation authorities. The clearance between the Top of Ship to the bottom most conductor point is the guiding factor, wii) It is always desirable that standard towers be adopted for river crossings to avoid delays in supply and erection of special structures. All the possibili- ties of utilising the standard towers with normal or super extensions, special conductor/Earthwire, special foundation etc., should be studied in detail before finalising the nomenclature of crossing towers. xiii) As per normal practice, the anchor/Dead End towers are placed on either side of river crossing towers which are square to river. Any islands inside the river can be made use of for providing normal Vol.1 : Page 43towers or islands can be formed with sand in the mid- stream of rivers for construction purposes. Providing towers on either side of the river prove cost prohibi- tive for major rivers like the Godavari and the Ganges. xiv)In case crossing towers are to be located in flood prone areas due te unavoidable circumstances, where there are no chances of scouring or erosion of soil, details of pedestal/chimney height to be constructed including the height to which ics top is to be taken above ground level should be worked out. But the flood prone areas where there are chances of ovrturning of the foundation due to soil erosion, details of the revetments including it's height to be constructed should be worked out. xv) Double suspension strings may be provided for 211 River Crossing Towers. xvi) Earthwire drums of length more than 4 to 5 kms may be ordered to avoid joints in the crossing span. 3.20 Railway crossing I. The following information may be ascertained from the railway authorities :- a) Station limits. by Railway boundary limits Vol.1 : Page 44a e) Section of railway track in which the crossing is located, the name of ‘two stations on either side and the distance from the nearest station are to be indicated. Proposal for expansion of tracks and introduction of siding etc. Details regarding M.S.L. height. Divisional Headquarters for the particular section of railway track. Statutory rules and regulations including latest vevisions for placing transmission line across railway tracks (Minimum clearance for railway crossing being 17.8 M) Proposals for electrifying the track. Effect the crossing preferably. Outside station limit. Outside railway boundaries. Where the track is laid in earth cutting area. Restricting the crossing angle close to 90 degrees and the crossing span to 70% of design span. Keeping the minimum distance from the nearest rail to the tower location at 1.5 times the tower height, to have sufficient tower falling distance Vol.1 : Page 45) Avoiding structures, posts, masts, stays etc. within 10 Mer from ‘the outer conductor of trans- mission line. - III. Railways insist higher factor of safety. This can pe achieved by i) reduction of span and ii) employing angle tower (such as above 30 degrees i.e. D type cowers) with or without angle. In case angle towers are used, try to take advantage of such angle points for required change in direction of line also. IV. At certain stations, signal posts are installed near level crossing. These should not be taken as outer signal tor tixing station limice v, Snsure that all the requirements of Railways are fully complied with and statutory clearance on tracks as per latest rules and regulations are available VI. In curved tracks, measure angle of crossing w.r.t. tangent at the point of crossing of the track. VIE. Note down the following carefully a) Kilometer stones/telephone pole nos. between which crossing is effected and distance from them on both sides. b) Stations between which crossed. e) Railway boundaries.4) Distance of track from locations on either side of ee ee ed the crossing. e) Angles imposed at the crossing points, if any. £) Telephone/Telegraph pole nos. between which the track is crossed, no. of wires and height of poles, the distance from transmission line, etc. g) In case, LT or power line is crossed, similar information as above should be collected. h) Levels of top of both rails. i) Chainages of metal edges on both sides of the track. 3) Embankment details. ) Type of track gauge, electrified /non-electrified, main or tie line, if narrow gauge whether 2'- 2" -6" track. VIII. As obtaining clearance from the Railways take considerable time, the proposal should be submitted to the concerned Divisional Superintendent of the Railway well in advance preferably after Preliminary survey is approved so that clearance is available at the time of erection /stringing of the transmission line. IX. One extra tension insulator per string may be provided as per the statutory requirement of Railways. Vol.1 : Page 47x Two earths per tower on diagonally opposite legs on both the towers are to be ‘provided with 2" dia GI pipes and in accordance with Railway regulations. Pits are to be constructed around the GI pipe with coke surrounding it National highway/road crossing i) Roads should be crossed preferably at right angle. Crossing tower should be located outside the road boundaries di) avoid frequent crossing of the same road. In such cases try to keep the route on the same side of the road. iii) Recent practice in certain areas is to effect crossing of National Highways and important state Highways over angle towers. The idea is to treat road crossing span as a single section to facilitate string- ing and maintenance. In such instances, advantage of angle tower should be fully utilised for changing Girection of line and also for effecting the crossing at a suitable place. iv) The width of road limits is small when compared to Normal span of transmission line. It is always prefera- ble to locate one of the crossing towers as close to Vol.1 :; Page 48j@ road boundary as podsible to make the best use of yecra Clearance near the tower. But care is to be taken foo fix the location sufficiently away from the borrowed pits if any, along the road boundary. v) Tf should be ensured that minimum distance from centre of nearest tower to road edge should be 1.5 times the tower height to have sufficient tower falling distance. ‘yi) Crossing span should be such that vertical clear- ance over road is available equal to the minimum statu- tory clearance plus 2-3 mtrs. In certain areas, maximum crossing span is also indicated in the specification itself. The extra clearance can be applied only to roads having heavy traffic. In the case of minor road. extra clearance can be allowed wherever possible. vii) Install pegs at both edges of the road indicating the line alignment and also make out the rough sketch indicating mile/furlong stones, telephone poles, trees, culverta, and other permanent features on both sidea and take offsets from line for easy identification Jater. Also, marking can be made on the road with white Paint for easy identification and direction of line. viii) In case tangent towers are used at crossing loca- Page 49Fiction, it should be ensured that with snapping of con- “guctor in any span in the section, required clearance over the road is still available by placing the tower at the minimum required position near the road (1.5 times height of tower) . ix) In certain dreas double insulator strings are used only at important road crossings. This may be got checked before making any proposal. 3.4 Powerline crossing i) Crossings should be effected preferably at right angles. ii) Avoid crossing the same power line frequently. The proposed transmission line should be taken sufficiently away from such power line, to avoid frequent crossings. iii) Where proposed transmission line is to be taken parallel and in close proximity of existing power lines, adequate lateral clearance of minimum 300 mtrs may be provided to minimise induction effect to facilitate construction and maintenance. iv) While locating terminal towers of proposed line near terminal tower of existing power line, it should be ensured that adequate electrical clearance between cross arms are available (minimum phase to phase clear- Vol.1 ; Page 50a rough sketch showing the following features Fance should be kept). 7 Identity the power line to be crossed and prepare a. No. of wires b. Size (approximately) of wires c. Height of poles/towers da. type of insulators e. No. of insulator discs f. Presence of earthwire, if any g- Voltage of the line crossed h. Agency to which it belongs i. Substation from where it emanates j. Load centre or receiving end (S/S of the line) k. No. of the poles/towers, height, no. of wires, the offset of the poles from the proposed transmission line. 1 Angle of crossing m. The minimum, clearance between 400 KV conductor to the conductor/earthwire of any power line should be as mentioned in Electricity Rules (i.e 6.10 mers. minimum) Generally, it is observed that super extensions are required to cross the 110 KV and above. In such cases, Vol.1 : Page 51it may be explored with SEB officials to reroute their : earthwires through our towers so aa to avoid super extensions to minimum the cost of transmission line. 3.5 Communication line crossing : : 4) It is to be checked up in the tentative route map available with you that all the existing communication lines are duly marked. In case any line is not indicat- ed in the map, mark the route of the.line in the map after consulting the appropriace authorities. ii) Check up also with the authorities about proposals for new communication lines so that adequate precau- tions may be taken at the initial stage of survey itself. iii) In certain areas existing overhead communication lines are being replaced by underground co-axial cables. The transmission lines can be taken at such places close to roads and communication lines. Check up the proposals for such conversions when finalising the tentative route of transmission line. iv) In the case of electrified. railway tracks, commu- nication lines are caken by underground cables to avoid interference. In such cases, the route of transmission line if required can be taken closer and parallel to Vol.1 ; Page 52railway track provided there are no other restrictions. v) Cross the communication lines, preferably at 90 degrees but in-no case less than 60 degrees. vi) Avoid parallelism and close proximity with commu- nication lines. If this is unavoidable, do so only over E small sections. The safe lateral clearances for re- stricting the induced voltage on communication lines, depends on soil resistivity of the terrain. However as a rough estimation minimum separation of about 8 kms may be maintained. vii) Note down the details such as type of communica- tion line (telephone/telegraph), name of agency main- taining ic, places connected by it, heights of poles, pole nos., no. of wires, the offset of poles on boch sides of the transmission lines, shorrest distance from tower centre to communication line etc., and prepare a rough sketch showing all the details for future refer- ence. viii) In case adequate lateral clearance is not avail- able, prepare proposals after working out the extra cost for rerouting che transmission line to enable comparison of such extra length with the quantum of compensation to be paid to telecom authorities. Vol.1 : Page 53yy Vertical clearance shall.be as per Indian Elec- ricity Rules (6.10 mtrs. minimum). rerodromes, Radar stations, Rifle ranges and Helipads: fyormally the installations such as aerodromes, helipads Y oec., are not marked in the maps for National safety point of view. So before carrying out survey, the appropriate civil/military authorities will have to be approached and any existing such installations in he \wicinity of the line are to be marked. a) Aerodromes ; 1. Civil and IFA aerodromes in addition to emergency janding strips are maintained all over the Country. 44) In case of. Civil aerodromes, the radial clearances required from the periphery of aerodrome shall as per the circular of Directorate of air routes and aero @romes, as detailed in $1, No. (v) below. iid) The details such as flying funnel limits, areas of aerodromes, landing strips etc. should he collected from appropriate agencies only and not assumed. ¥) In case of IAP aerodromes and similar landing Strips, the lateral clearance from periphery should be Such that the tower subtends an angle (vertical) not More than 1°-30'-o" at the point of periphery unde: Vol.1 Page 54onsideration. 'v) In the case of certain installations, transmission f towers Of height more than 30 mtrs. are not allowed to be erected within 3.05 kms. Such specific limitations should be ascertained from the concerned agencies pefore commencing the work. Directorate of Air Routes and Aerodromes have issued circular No. 6 of 1973 regarding principles for construction of building and other structures. in the vicinity of aerodromes, which is reproduced below Overhead HT/LT lines shall not be permitted with-in 3.05 kms. (10,000 ft.) of an airport. Beyond the radius of 3.05 kms (10,000 ft.) and upto 15.24kms (50,000 ft.) from an airport (having the longest runway of 5000 ft. or more}. construction/erection of structure is permit- ted subject to that all objects with a height of 35m or more above ground level should be painted by day mark- ing and lighted at night. Beyond the radius of 15.24 kms (50,000 ft.) €rom an airport for objects/obstruc- tions having height of less than 120 Mtrs., no avia- tion signal iv required. vi) After completion of routing near civil or IFA Rerodromes or emergency landing strips a map should be Vol.1 :; Page 55clearances at salient points (such as angle points) of the line duly marked. This map should be got approved by the aerodrome authorities before finalising the route. wit) Care should be taken to avoid routing of line in che vicinity of airport (15.24 kms) to avoid aviation painting and providing aviation signals. viii) As aviation painting is proved to be a costly item, every effort must be made to obtain waival from National Airport ‘Authority, New Delhi, duly citing the already available tall structures and indicating zone of flight. However, this is dealt in detail separately undex heading "Clearances", b) Radar centres : i) Radar centres, very high frequency direction finding stations, satellite tracking stations, sector operation centres, wireless receiving stations, ground controlled interception stations etc. require certain Minimum lateral clearances. It is to be checked up from the concerned authorities regarding the above require- ments before taking up the work. Vol.1 : Page 56While aligning the route near the above installa- Fions, it must be ensured that there is sufficient ateral clearance to the existing communication lines rom induced voltage point’ of view. C444) Prepare a detailed map as indicated under item A.v above for approval by che concerned authorities before finalising the route. e) Rifle ranges (military target area) i) Never route the line through firing field or rifle. ranges Ensure adequate lateral clearance to rifle ranges to avoid damage to conductor, tower etc. 44) Location of rifle ranges and their boundary limits should be got ascertained. iid) Prepare a detailed sketch showing rifle range, route of transmission line, lateral clearance etc. for submission to appropriate authorities for approval. a) Helipads : With the industrialisation of the Country, many heli- Pads are being constructed close to major Govt. Under- takings/Defence Installations/Private Sector Factory etc. The alignment of the transmission line should be fairly away from the existing helipads/proposed site for helipads. The éacts can be ascertained from the Vol.1 : Page 57ooo eeyyyyyy oncerned@ authorities while aligning the line route near the helipads. Forest crossing ; qhis has been dealt in user's manual Part~I Volume-IT of “Environment'. General 4) The names of villages, ponds, temples etc. existing on the left and right side upto 50 mtrs and within the proximity of the line should be mentioned alongwith the distance from such land marks. The reference of perma- nent objects may be taken. ii) The distance between AP to AP should be measured with a steel chain 30 mtrs long and mentioned in the xeport upto 3 decimal places. iii) The centre line of the route of the line is plot- ted on a 1:50,000 scale topo sheet traced on a trans- parent sheet facilitating reproducables. The angle points are marked and straight lines drawn connecting these points. The AP nos, are given in ascending order from the origin of the line. The distance between 2 APs are marked in kms near the straight line upto 3 decimal ‘places. The angle of deviation and whether the line is taking Right Turn (RT) or Left Turn (LT) should be Vol.1 : Page 58Ay) After completion of route alignment for a conven- jent Stretch, it should be submitted for approval. after the approval of the route alignment, levels should be taken along the approved route Vol.1 Page 59Chapter - 4 Preliminary Survey Report eae,CHAPTER FOUR PRELIMINARY SURVEY REI RE 4.0 Contents of preliminary survey report On completion of route alignment in the field the , following schedules/information should be prepared for submission of the priminary survey report 1. Schedule of angle points 2. Route alignment maps 3. Schedule of various types of towers 4. Infrastructure facilities available. 5. Sketch of Angle points 6. Details of railway crossings with profiles 7. River crossings with profiles Be Power line crossings with profiies 9. Tree cutting schedule 10. Soil Resistivity results 11. Sub soil data for under ground water table 12. Estimate of all line materials required for the entire line Vol.1 : Page 60aa Schedule of Angle Pointe (AP) i) A schedule of angle points in the following pro forma is required to be made. s. |Type | Angle of | Chainage Loc.of| Details No.Jof AP) Deviation} between AP af soil Successive ARS a b ce d Details of|Type of|No.of! Approx.| Nearby crossing |trees |trees| ht./ qirth soil Village] resisvicy L ii) A brief description of the terrain between the angle points should also be given. Route alignment maps. 4) ‘The preliminary route alignment should be plotted to a scale of 2 cm = 0.5 km {1: 50,000) on rhe survey vf India maps. 44) The drawing should indicate north, longitude and latitude. tii) It should be ensured that che route has been Vol.1 : Page 61aligned, keeping in view the minimum distances to be kept from the civil, defence & vital installations, rifle ranges, and telecommunication lines. iv) Route length when physically measured on the alignment shall be within allowable limits (1 ; 500) Schedule of various types of tawers. R schedule of various tupes of towers proposed, togeth- er with extensions or rductions, should be prepared. Section-wise quantities of tower for the entire route for single circuit A,B,C and D type and D/C DA, DC and DD type towers shall be worked out from the route survey and shall be tabulated as given below : TABLE - t (For Towers) ription ngle Circuit] Double Circuit | ections A B ae DA DB DC DD TABLE -II (FOR TOWER EXTENSIONS) Description Single Circuit/Couble of sections Circuit gsr Ree ee eee B eee nee: Vol.1 : Page 62Description Single Circuit /Double of sections Circuit 3M 9M 6M 3M ext ext ext ext for for for for c D D D TABLE -II (FOR TOWER FOUNDATIONS) Description|Tower| Normal | wet | Partially of section [type | dry submerged ¢ a b ce a e Pally Black |Dry Fissured| Submerged Hard Submexged|cotton|Rock Fissured Rock soil Rack £ g h a i Special towers such as river crossing towers etc. shall be indicated separately giving all relevant details and quantity of such towers required. The classification Of the foundation during preliminary’ survey is very tentative since it is done withour trial pit and there-_ fore classifications to be reviewed again after soil investigations. Vol.1 : Page 63Infrastructural facilities availakle ai) Sources of water en route ii) Approach roads and their suitability iii) Rail heads for receiving materials and facilities for their storages iv) Communication facilities v) Availability of local labour, season of avail- ability, rates, etc. vi) Working season vii) Sources of materials like sand, metal, etc. and their costs, including transportation vidi) Availability of transport and transport contrac- tors ix) Identification of convenient field subheadquar- ters. x] Addresses of State government electricity, forest, telecommunication, railway and State and Central public works department officials who have jurisdiction over the areas connected with the route of the transmission line. xi) Nearest post office, telegraph office, bank, Police station, hospital etc. Vol.1 : Page 64Sketch of angle points. ‘The sketches of angle points should be drawn as given below : i) The location of angle towers should be properly defined with respect to permanent reference points in their vicinity. 44) Each angle location should be shown with detaila aketch indicating the direction of preceeding and succeeding angle points, existing close by permanent land marks such as specific trees, cattle shed, houses, tubewells, temples, electric tower or pole, teluphone pole, canals, roads and railway lines. The relative distance of the land marks from the angle point and their bearings shall be indicated in the sketch. to 4,11 are already discussed in Chapter -3. Estimate of line materials. Quantity of the entire line macerial required shall be estimated on the basis of following design Particulars:- Conductor and earthwire configuration : For single circuit rowers the three, phases shali be in horizontal formation with phase to phase spacirig of not Vol.1. Page 65fF less than 11.0 meters. Two number of ACSR “Moose‘ conductor shall be used for each phase (This is known as bundle conductor). ‘Two sub-conductors of each phase shall be in horizontal formation with a spacing of 450 mm. Two number of galvanised steel wires shall be used as earthwire. Two earthwires shall be continuous and shall be provided above the conductors at a suitable elevation to offer effective shielding and safe clearances. The double circuit towers shall be in vertical configuration with phase to phase clearance of 8.0 m Vol.1 : Page 66Part: Line ae deulars of conductor and Eaxthwire for 400 KV Particulars Conductor Earthwire Type Moose ACSR (Alu- 7/9 SWG Galva- minium Conductor nised steel steel ¥einforced) Nominal area 520 mm? aoe Stranding and wire diameter Aluminium, mm 54/3.53 the steel, mm 7/3.53 7/3 .66 Total sectional area,mm 597.0 73.60 Overall diameter,mm 31.77 10.98 Approximate mass kg. /km, 2004 583 Breaking load, KN 162.26 68.4 Vol.1 ; Page 67particulars of Conductors and Earthwire for 220 KV Line. 9.0. Particular e Conductor Earthwire 1. Type ZEBRA Galvanised AAAC (All Aluminium Steel Alloy Conductor 2. Stranding and wire \ diameter a) Aluminium 61/3.19 os alloy mom a b) Steel mm ate 7/345 3. Total sectional 487.5 54.55 area sq.mm. 4. Approximate mum 28.72, 9.45 overall diameter 5. Approximate mass kg/km 1045 428 6. Calculated Dc 0.06815 eee resistance at ‘Ohm/km 20 deg C (max) 7. Approximate cal- culated breaking kN 129 56 load 8. Modulus of GN/sqm 54 186 elasticity Co-ef ficient per deg 0.000023 0.00115 of linear Centigrade expansion 10. Mass of zinc gm/sam -- 275 coating Vol.1 : Pade 68ql. 12. Configuration of conductor ( Single conductor for S/C line per phase) Location of earthwire Vol.1 : Page 69 Triangular One continuo- us earthwires to run hori- zontally above the conductors. Particulars of Conductors and Earthwire for 132 Kv Lines. S.No, Particular Conductor Earthwire 1. Type " Panther Galvanised ARAC Steel Conductor 2. Stranding and wire diameter a) Aluminium alloy mm 37/2.88 b) Steel mm 3. Total sectional area sq.m 241.0 54.55 4. Approximate overall diameter mm 20.16 9.45 5. Approximate mass kg/km 663.8 428 6. Calculated DC resistance at Ohm/km 6.1375 3.375 20 deg C (max) 7. Approximate cal- culated breaking kN 67.49 56 load ‘i 8. Modulus of GN/som 87 2186 -elasticity i 9. Co-efficient of per dey 0.000023 0.00115. linear expansion Centigrade Vol.1 : Page 7010. Mass of zinc gm/sam oe 275 coating 11. Configuration of conductor (Single conductors per phase) for $/C line Triangular for D/C line Vertical 12, Location of earthwire ee One continuo- us earthwires to run hori- zontally above the conductors “yw. a) The power ig transmitted at 400 KV through the conductors, which are hung from the supporting struc- tures, by insulators and other hardware fittings Insulators are required to prevent short- circuit- ing of the conductor at a high potential from che supporting structures which are at the ground poten- tial. In 400 KV Transmission Lines, ball and socket type disc insulators is either glass or electro porce- lain. Antifog type disc insulators are used for pol- luted areas. \2 127 b) USE OF LONG ROD PORCELAIN INSULATORS FOR 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINES. POWERGRID has been using porcelain/glass disc insula- tors for 400 kv lines. It is being conventionally Vol. + Page 72Sh iad used worldwide. However, in some countries, such as Germany, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland etc., long rod insulators have been used extensively. In recent times, long rod insulators are being adopted by more and more countries as an alternative to disc insula- tors. Long rod insulators have certain advantages over disc insulators. Some of the advantages are as follows - Absolutely puncture proof. - Bettex anti-pollution performance. - less Radio and Television interference - No cascade flashover - Lower dead weight - Less inspection required during 0 & M. Due to its anti-pollution performance, it is desirable to use these insulatore in pollution prone area. Some of the countries are replacing disc insulators with long rod insulators in polluted areas. The disadvantage of long rod insulator is that it will be in tensile stress when in use in transmission lines whereas disc insulators will be in compression Stress. The compression strength of porcelain is higher than tensile strength. However, long rod Vol. 1 Page 72insulators are being made from high-strength. alumina porcelain, With this, the probability of mechanical failure of long red insulators is remote. The long rod insulators consist of a much bigger block of porcelain than the disc insulators, it is necessary that a proper homoginity and quality is maintained cto ensure uniform mechanical strength and aging charac- tuvineics through suitable manufacturing and quality control procedures. It has also to be noted that any defect/failure of long rod insulators is much more expensive as the whole unic has to be replaced instead of individual defective discs of a string insulator. W, Vibration dampers : Overhead transmission lines pass through varying wind conditions and are therefore, prone to vibrations. The Qvibrations lead to conductor fatigue and bence the necessity of vibration dampers arises. The dampers Prevent building up of the vibrations to a harmful level. Per suspension tower normally 2 vibration dampers and for tension towers 4 vibration dampers,2 on each sub- conductor on either side are used for each sub-conduc- tor. Vol.1 : Page 73vi. vir, Mid - span compression joint : Because of limitations in manufacturing facilities and transportation etc., It is not possible to have conductor/earthwire of very long length. The. standard length of conductor/earthwire is around 1100m to 1500m. While stringing of continuous stretch of more than the standard length of the conductor/E/wire, joining of stranded conductor earthwire is necessary Midspan compression joint is required for joining of stranded conductor/ earthwire Repair sleeves : During transportation, handling and erection, a few strands in the outer layer of conductor may get dam- aged or broken. This leads to reduction in mechanical strength of conductor and also makes the conductor sussesptable to corona. Repair sleeves are used for repairing the aforesaid damages. Spacers + In 400 KV and above, EHV transmission lines, bundle conductors are used (use of two or more conducte in one phase). To keep the sub-conductor spacing uni- torm, spacers are used after certain precalculated Vol. Page 74vs. Mid - span compression joint : Because of limitations in manufacturing facilities and transportation etc., Ic is not possible to have conductor/earthwire of very long length. The. standard length of conductor/earthwire ig around 1100m to 3500m. While stringing of continuous stretch of more than the standard length of the conductor/E/wire, joining of stranded conductor earthwire is necessary Midspan compression joint is required for joining of stranded conductor/ earthwire. Repair sleeves ; During transportation, handling and erection, a few strands in the outer layer of conductor may get dam- aged or broken. This leads to reduction in mechanical strength of conductor and also makes the conductor sussesptable to corona. Repair sleeves are used for repairing the aforesaid damages. Spacers : In 400 KV and above, EHV transmission lines, bundle conduc’ ors are used (use of two or more conductors in one phase}. To keep the sub-conductor spacing uni- korm, spacers are used after certain precalculated Vol.2 Page 74gub-conductor spacing of 450mm is kept and 7 spacers gre used for a nominal span of 400 metres. on obtaining approval for Preliminary Survey route from General Manager, the route passing through the reserved forest, power line crossing, river crossing etc. should be thoroughly inspected. proposal should be initiated immediately for approval row the following authorities :- a) TCC taking ii) Forests iii) Railways iv) Clearance from Airport Authorities. Vol.1 : Page 755 Chapter - Detailed Survey ARR.CHAPTER FIVE DETAILED SURVEY On completion of preliminary survey, the detailed survey of the route is carried out. The detailed survey can be broadly classified into the following sub-heads 1 Levelling. 2. Plan and profile. 3. Checking profile drawings. a. Final alignment and pegging of locations. Details of trial pit excavations The detailed survey is carried out based on the Technical Specification of the transmission line to be constructed. Levelling ' i) Before the commencement of levelling work, GTS/PWD Bench marks enroute are to be identified and the entire levelling network should be connected to these Bench marks. This will facilitate to have a uniform basis for level for the entire line and also a check on the network of levels taken ii) Levels should be taken at every 30 mtrs. aparts, Vol .2 Page 7630m along the alignment levels for any sudden change of slopes (over 30 cm.in height), cuttings, shallow portions are taken, iv) All details along the line up to 50m on either side should be correctly picked up at the time of levelling by taking offsets from the centre line and depicted on the plan. v) Details like name of villages, Temples etc. should be picked up upto. 200 m on either side of the line.Their offset distances from the line can be approximateiy determined by estimation and depicted on plan. vi) All trees, which are likely to be cut for way leave clearance, should be picked up correctly by taking off- sets from the centre line and depicted on plan. The’ girth, height, type of tree number of trees etc. Should be-entered in tree enumeration register and submitted alongwith profile during approval. vii) Atleast 3 permanent points in different directions with their radial distances and bearing from the angle Points should be shown for each and every angle point. This will help in fixing the angle point at a later stage Vol.1 : Page 77Haven if the angle point pillar is lost/removed. : viii) The length obtained during the levlling by chaining measurement between the angle points, should be compared with the distances obtained during preliminary survey. In case of appreciable variation chaining should be redone for correct length. ix) Note down the angle of crossing of roads, railway tracks, P&T line, power line, etc. The boundaries of roads, Railway line are to be clearly marked on the plan. x) In case the line passes through slopes, i.e., side long ground, levels should be taken on the transverse sides also in addition to the centre line to enable checking the adequacy of ground clearance for side con- ductors, This will be useful for determining the necessi- ty of protective works like revetment etc. In this case side levels at Sm, 10m, 20m as necessary are to be taken on both sides. xi) Height of the top most wire of the power line or telephone line crossed, should be taken at the point of crossing: Proposal of extensions for requisite clearance depends upon this height and hence needs accuracy. xii} In case of overhead crossing of EHV Transmission lines with horizontal configuration of conductor and Vol.1 : Page 78earthwire,it will aot be sufficient if the height gf he earthwire is measured along the centre line. In this case height of earthwire along the line of both the extreme end conductors should be measured. xiii) Chainages of stretches like marshy areas, water logged areas compounds, gardens etc., should be correctly marked. xiv) In the case of narrow deep valleys (width of the valley being smaller than the normal span) levelling upto the bottom of the valley need not be taken. xv) No permanent structures like building, temple etc., should be situated directly below the space between the two extreme and conductors. xvi) All details required for preparing railway, road, river Crossings should be collected. xvii) Note down the names of villages on both gides of the alignment and their approximate distance from the centre line xvidi)Destination of roads/Rly. lines/P&T lines/ Power lines being crossed should be marked on both the sides of crossing. xix) Sub-soil data, (water table) to be collected along the route. Vol.1 Page 79BP pian & Profile’: F he profile is customarily plotted at 30m intervals, and even more frequently if sudden changes in elevation occur. The plan, of course, should show both chainage and alignment. In rough terrain, contours covering the width of the right-of-way are very helpful in locating struc- tures to the best advantage. General characteristics of the soil formation should be included on the plan, noting whether clay, gravel, rock, muskeg, etc. exists as this information has a direct influence on the choice of foundation types. Where railways,highways streams chenals, airports, commu- nication cixcuitu, and other transmission lines are to he crossed, their location, direction and controlling eleva tions should be clearly shown, Angle and change of dixec- tion, together with the reference marks to the angle points, should be shown on the plan. A horizontal scale of 1:2,'500 and a vertical scale of 1:250 is generally fouond to be convenient for drawing the profile. A typical transmission line plan and profile is given in Figure 5.1 The complete line must be plotted with a view. to produc- ing the most economical result which will meet the elec- trical requirements as well as sustain the anticipated Vol.1 : Page 80a MWd0d ONY NVId WIdAL — (5 3uNDtS) ERPS SP FER TETE 288238 888 5553 S@ewresz ss tstess mene b wonevaninA> 13 Ome ave 10h aDwDavInEns wan on x IK0L wo eo Mou 3aiO8e "external loads. Once the plan and profile of the line, the conductor and ground wire data, and the clearance to be satisfied are available, one is. in a position to make a sag template after deciding upon the nozmal span and the maximum cable tension to be used. The normal span, by definition, is the maximum span for line angle permitted. A reduction in line angle permits an increased wind span. Due to the reduction in the line angle the sine component of the conductor tension gets reduced and this reduced force enables the tower to take care of additional wind span. Thus, the variations in span length, which are unavoidable in hilly country, can usually be accommadated by standard towers and only extra long spans will require particular consideration in the tower designs. The normal spans generally adopted for the transmission lines 66 kv through 400 kv are as follows: Voltage Metres & 66 KV 250 132 KV 305 - 335 220 KV 350 400 KV 4001. The following data are required for taking up pro- filing and plotting. 4) Specification of profiling and plotting including scales to be adopted. ii) Type of towers, standard extensions & leg extension. 441) Base widths, excavation areas, depth of excavation for various type of towers with/without extensions. iv) Normal wind and weight span. v) Minimum weight span for tangent tower. Minimum weight.is specified to avoid uplift in the tower. vi) Sag-templata curves vii) Maximum single spans for all type of towers, Mixi- mum single span (Individual span) from vertical sepera- tion consideration can be calculated by the formula S« 0.75¥d+1 + V/150 Where, § = Minimum vertical spacing between two con- ductorsd= Maximum permissible sag for available vertical separation 1 = Suspension insulator length or vertical height of ~v' suspension insulator V = Voltage in kgs. vidi) Specifications for statutory clearances. 4x) The height of the towers, insulator strings, hangers and other attachments. Use of reinforced cross arm to “pake of extra weight span will increase additional load on the tower leg and other tower members. The towers in all locations may not be adequate to take Gare of this additional load due to extra weight span. Therefore, the design of the tower to be reviewed before putting extra weight span by reinforced cross arm. x) Details of conductor, earthwire, insulators including wind loads, maximum and minimum temperatures and corre sponding working tensions. IZ. On having obtained the above information, the plot- ting and profiling can be done as given below a) Suitable datum should be selected for plotting levels keeping in view of the terrain and graph sheet available. Mention clearly whether the datum selected is arbitrary or based on MSL. Vol.1 : Page 83Fheignt below the profile drawing. 4ii) Each profile roll should conrain the name of the agency, name of the line, scales adopted far plotting, . reaches and locations jn the profile roll and roll number and number the line on the plan at the beginning and at the end of each profile roll. fy dv) All details as available in the field book should be shown in the plan separately as prohibited stretches, gardens, compound walls, sand/earth heaps so as to avoid . tower spotting in these areas v) Details like MPL of rivers/navigable rivers/non- navigable rivers, number of power line/telephone line, (pole, No. of wires, height of pole, configuration of «Conductors of trans. line being crossed are to be clearly marked on the plan and height of highest point of the -Power/telephone line to be indicated on the profile. dy Angle and change of direction, together with nearest Avillage and reference marks to the angle point should be Mptbown on the plan line on the profile and levels Page 84. ee ed Byawn in profile to provide for tolerance. tx) Wind and weight spans at each location should be wbecked up while spotting towers. Before finalising the 1} Uplift should be avoided as far as possible. Wherev- i) Diversions/1owering of Lif/11 KV lines are to be tacked on the profile wherever necessary. This can be Woided in most of the cases by suitable spotting of wwer and providing extensions if necessary. ui) The alignment of the transmission line as well as the spotting of tower should not be very close to exist- ity tower lines to avoid erection hazards. The tower of the power Line to be crossed should be kept away from the Woposed line atleast 1.5 times of the tower height. ofa : b) Advantage of more ground clearance available near vol. Page 85the towera should be judiciously availed ta the beat eeee ' possible extent. xiv) Avoid spotting cowers in marshy, water logged areas, Saeed low lying areas, and rocky locations etc. xv) Hill side extension should be used wherever neces- sary in hilly terrain after checking type of tower avail- able. xvi) In case of btcep slopes where the @iftturence between the two tower locations is too much so that normal sag. template can not be used, sag has to be theoretically calculated and sag curve traced as per calculations. xvii)In case of steep terrains where the profile can not be accommodated on the profile sheet, the datum has to be changed conveniently by introducing match line showing the change of datum. xviii}3 Nos. transposition tower locations are fixed at i/3rd length and at receiving terminal end of the line. Transposition towers will generally be of C type (30 degree) tower used as sectionalising towers witnout any angular deviation. Wherever possible, it shall be econom- ical to suitably adjust section tower (B type tower with 0°) and then convert the section tower in transposition , towns i.e. © type with a°, Vol.1 : Page 864) Compare the details in profile drawings with survey ¢ records carefully, 4i) After completing ‘spotting’ of towers, prepare a tower schedule in the following form;- s1.|Deseription|angle|Type of|Span in|Type of |Remarks No Jof angle Tower [mtrs. | founda- Point tion pro- 4 posed z 2 3 4 s 6 a Under column 7 indicate conditions such as a) *LT* line to be lowered or diverted, }) bund to be trimmed, M ci reinforcement if-any required, in addition to mention Road crossing ‘LT* line crossing, nallah crossing etc. 4 Aviation requirements (as per technical specification) did): Prepare a list of power line, cailway, minor road os@ etc., crossings in the following form :- agg \SL- (Section|Chaineage|crossing|approx.angle] Remarks _ No tm) details lof x-ringiv) Prepare a list of trees to be cut in the following form :- $1.|Section|Chainage|offset |Type of | No to No. (M) from tree be cut Centre line (M) x 2 3 4 5 6 v)- Check up the following in the profile drawings for :- a) The wind and weight spanu are within permissible limics. b) Statutory clearances from power lines, roads, tele- phone lines, river etc. are available. If diversion of any power lines or communication lines that are crossed is required,mention thereof should be made. ¢) In case of inadequate vertical clearance to power and communication lines crossed, mention is made for lowering or diverting these lines to be crossed. 4) Inadequate ground clearance that may be unavoidable due to bund, sloping ground etc., and consequent trimming or cutting of slope that may be necessary are to be mentioned in profile drawing e) Lateral clearance to power, communication line etc., should be adequate to prevent erection hazards Vol.1,: Page 88f) Lateral clearance to river, canal edges, roads, railway tracks ete., are adequate. g) he type of foundations are proposed as per trial pit excavation reports. h} Extension of coping work or building a platform to prevent tower legs coming in contact with water is pro- posed where water level ig likely to be above normal coping level. i) The distance between angle points is the sum of all spans in that section. j) The type of towers proposed at various angle points . are adequate for the angle proposed. k) Sectionalising tower (Angle tower) is introduced invariably in sections measuring more than Skm or approx- imacely 15 spans. Generally B/DB type tower is used as angle tower for sectionalising. 1) The gantry height and jumper’ curve from terminal tower to gantry are shown. m) At. locations where tangent towers are proposed with angle, as per permissible design limits, wind and weight Spans are restricted preferably to 60-70 percent of design values. This precaution is necessary in view of Such locations being weaker within the section vol.1 : Page 89a) The towers are located outside road, railway, canal etc. boundaries, cart tracks, cemetery compounds and such other prohibited places. a) Levelling of ground hefore grouting stubs is pro- posed for towers on uneven ground. p) Revetment work is proposed for towers on slopes. q) The conductor curves are drawn in spans of power line, river, railway crossings and yelative vertical clearances as obtained are indicated. rx) Mention is made whether the terminal tower is to be square to line or gantry. : s) The details in tower schedule such as location number, span, type of foundation ate compared with those indicated in profile drawings. t) Statutory obligations are fulfilled wherever re- quired. 44 Check Survey This will be conducted to make a check on detailed survey aid to locate and peg marks the tower positions on ground conforming to the survey charts. In the process it is necessary to have che pit centres marked according to the excavation marking charts, The levels, up or down, of Fach pit centre with respect to the centre of the tower Vol.1 : Page 90Hfocation shall be noted and recorded for determining the mount of benching or earth’ work required to meet design Pvequirements of the foundation. y If the levels of the pit centres be in sharp contrast with the level of the tower centre (say beyond a slope of 1:4), suitable “leg extensions’ may be deployed as re- quired 12 For the sake of reference, the pits of a tower shall be designated as shown in Pig.5.2 Final alignment and pegging of locations 4) After fixing che alignment and intersection of angle point, check the angle obtained with that indicated in the profile drawing. In case of discrepancy repeat the alignment and obtain the intersection at the correct point. - ii) Trees which are sighted on the centre line of trans- Rission line should be cleared first: and adopting offset Rethod for negotiating such obstacles during final align- Rent is totally prohibited. 44d) Chainage between angle points should tally with that Mentioned in the profile drawing. In case of variation, ftepeat the ‘chaining’ work tili you a: e confident that Vol.1 : Page 92931.2 0N Si LxaN > Buy S108 A391 KEIM Any 41349 231A30 @ [S10 4315 Hism 991 BML SUNZSIUERE DIY ¢ A BDvs MO foa201 2uv saivid uaEHAN UNY UIDNVO 1 STOW (eS: Benois) Gn3 (9N10 33) SHIONSS 39VS ISHAASNVEL 32¥4 IWMIGNLIDNO? \ aovs P awuianisoNor (4) 30'S ys SIMBSaN4 IN > 33v4 ASUBASNYYL (Sd) BOIS YS SINIS3UURU ¢ 3ove TWHANLONOTISM) 3OISUYI . SINIS3YGIU E a0¥3 SUBASNY Ui (SN) ACIS UVAN SIN3S2uaau 4 los Lid ¥O.937 SINaSSuaau C YON Ld WO 937 SiNaS2uaau 2° ¥O.937 SiNaS3usay Ba aa aM g 2 ia iS zSav) Before ‘stacking! the tower locations in a section, go over the section and check the correctness of features indicated in the drawing and details regarding new fea- tore noticed, say new power or communication line, cart erack etc., should be included in the profile drawing. In case you observe mistakes in the position of features indicated in the profile drawing, correct them suitably. v) After completion of final alignment and intersection “go obtain angle point, tower locations can be stacked as per approved tower schedule. Give sufficient pegs indi- cating the centre of location and transverse and longitu- inal directions. In fields, direction pegs may be in- stalled on nearby bunds, where possible. vi) While stacking the tower you should ensure that the location is free from roots (roots-of big trees nearby), canal and river edges, nallahas, cart tracks, cemeteries, LT and power lines etc, vii) The centre peg installed should have number of location and type of foundation marked on it viii) In case tower is to be located on uneven ground indicate the levelling work to be done in the schedule. Similarly if revetments or protective works are to be built, these also should be made note of. Vol.1 + Page 92ix) In case you come across power and communication aines not indicated in the profiles, check up the clear- ance to such lines and prepare revised schédule including use of extensions, where required. x} Wherever trimming of bund or cutting ground on slopes is required for ensuring adequate ground clear- ance, extent of such clearance works should be indicated in the profile sheet and tower schedule. xi) Check the list of trees to be felled during final alignment and mark out such trees for showing to con- cerned people incharge of cutting and clearance xii} After completion of the stacking of location, trial pits at every km length of the line should be excavated well in advance and a report submitted as given below. xidi) After conducting check survey, the location on the ground is to be inspected by the Engineer-in-Charge and any variation has‘to be incorporated in the profile and the clearances are to be checked again, Trial pit excavation report : After finalising the route of transmission line, trial Pitshould be opened along the proposed line in typical Stretches and in any case atleast at intervals of one km Following report should be made in respect of each pit:- Vol.1 : Page 93i) Date of excavation : id) Location of Pit : iii) Size of Pit 2 Qmtr.x Qmer.x 3mtr. iv) (a) Depth at which excavation stopped. (b) Reasons for stopping Excavation: v) Depth of water table (Measured from ground level) a) Depth at which water, encountered if any b) Depth of water in the wells in the neighbourhood : vi) a)Soil strata : b)In case of soft rock : - state whether workable by pick - axe vii) Nature and rate of per - colation of sub-soil water, if any viii) Performance of pit after being allowed to stand open for 24 hours after excavation ix) a) Any special features observe: b} Type of foundacion desirable: Vol.1 : Page 94The above For POWERGRID Designation (B1/E2/E3) Date .......--- report should be submitted to the line incharge/Group Manager for approval. Based on the above report, proposal may be prepared for Final Bill of Quantities (BOQ), Project Erection Cost, to competent authority for approval. Page 95Chapter - 6 A word on Ruling Span, Sag Template }4 & Tower SpottingCHAPTER Six A WORD ON RULING SPAN, SAG TEMPLATE & TOWER SPOTTING. 1 In overhead line design and practice an intimate knowl- edge of the mathematics of sags and tensions must be regarded as essential. The span lengths to be prac- ticed, the height of supports to be used, and the strength of supports required are direct functions of the conductor sags.and tensions. Sag tension calcula- tions are regarded by many as highly mathematical, but this is not the case. The solution of sag tension problems is really the application of a few empirical formulae requiring only a knowledge of arithmetic, and culminating in a cubic equation which can be simply Solved on the slide-rule, The calculations would be Still more simple if the wires could be regarded a & being subjected to a fixed loading. This, however, i o Mot the case since the conductors way be ice-loaded at ome time, subjected to a gale at another, or even both Simultaneously, or may only be acted upon by their own Vol.1 : Page 96weight in still air. As a result of the varying condi- tions, the overhead line engineer must be able to erect the wires under still-air conditions, with the knowl-. edge that the maximum permissible tension will be exceeded should be conditions of wind and ice laid down in the Regulations occur. Design span lengths + In transmission line calculations, the following terms are commonly used. i) Basic or normal span ii) Ruling or equivalent span iii) Average span Ee iv) Wind span v) Weight span Basic or normal span The normal span is the most economic span for which the line is designed over level ground, so that the requi- site ground clearance is obtained at the maximum. speci- fied temperature. Ruling span The ruling span is the assumed design span that will produce, between dead ends, the best average tension throughout a line of ‘varying span lengths with changes Vol.1 : Page 97in temperature and loading. It is the weighted average of the varying span lengths, calculated by the formula: ae 3 Ruling span = Urdge esse dy Ytige.-- Where 1,, 12, ... 1, are the first, second and last span lengths in the section. The erection tension for any line section is calculated for this hypothetical span. Tower spotting on the profile is done by means of a sag template, which is based on the ruling span. Therefore, this span must be determined before the template can be made. The ruling span is then used to calculate the horizon- tal component of tension, which is to be applied to all the spans between the anchor points. Average span The average span is the mean span length between dead ends. It is assumed that the conductor is freely sus- pended such that each individual span reacts to changes is tension as a single average span. All sag and ten- sion calculations are carried out for the average span, Vol.1 : Page 98ghe wind span is that on which the wind is assumed to act transversely on the conductors and is taken as half the sum of the two spans, adjacent co the support (Figure 6.1) In order to cake full advantage of towers located on elevated ground, it is usual to allow a wind span of 10 to 15 per cent in excess of the normal span. This additional strength can be used in taking a small angle of deviation on an intermediate tower, where the actual wind span is lees than the design wind apan, The angle of deviation to be taken in such cases is approx- v imately given by wi x 180 mt Where w = total wind load per unit run of span length of all conductors carried by the tower. 1 = difference between the wind span used for design and the actual wind span, and Te the total maximum working tension of all conductors carried by the tower Vol.1 : Page 99O¥S HOWINIW 10 NOMIOWOD WIONA {411M UO OILYONSIANL I YINONS UIMOL Sime ADNBONYL 40 ENIOS Py B ie ie r a UL _ Al — gi T]he || a ee Wes HOTTA | “Nas tH aM tri uos wras OHTA ore amon ave yosFor hilly areas it may be advisable to allow wind span upto 30 - 35% in excess of normal span, s0 that val- leys/ravine can be crossed with normal tower. Weight span The weight span is the horizontal distance between the lowest point of the conductors, on the two spans adja- cent to the tower. The lowest point is defined ae the point at which the tangent ro the gag curve, or to the sag curve produced, is horizontal. The weight span is used in the design of cross-arms. The analytical method for calculating weight span is given below Distance of ~Null point! or ~Low point' of conductor from centre of span is given’by the formula (see Fig. and 6.1) Th Kos oceee wt there x = distance of low point from centre of span in m. 7 conductor tension in kg¢, h = difference between conductor support levels in m. w unit weight of conductor in kg/m, and span length in m. Vol.1 : Page 100Weight span: . For tower A, right hand side only: 1 ae —-x 2 For tower B, left hand side only; 1 > — +x 2 Similarly, weight span for the other side of the tow~ ers, can be cculated and total weight span obtained, (Figure 6.4(4)) If the sum of a and b calculated for a particular tower iu nuvgative, the tower is under “uplift'. (Pigure 6.1(b)) : It is also evident that maximum weight spans are ob- tained by the worst condition of wind loading when 1 is maximum, which means the vertical component of worst load sag should be taken for “cold curve' of sag tem- plate in order to assess uplift on towers Tower configurations Depending upon the requirements of the transmission system, various line configurations have to be consid- exred- ranging from single circuit horizontal to double circuit vertical structures and with single or Vv Vol.1 Page 101Low on : . NULL POIRT 4x bh» py FIG: GAQDISTANCE OF NULL POINT OR LOW POINT FROM THE CENTRE OF SPAN Low o MULL POINT FIG-G1B WEIGHT SPAN IN UPLIFT HAIGHT SPAN IN UPLIFT CONDITIONstrings in all phases, as well as any combination of these. The configuration of @ transmission line tower depends on : i) The length of the insulator assembly. ii) The minimum clearances to be maintained between conductors, and between conductor and tower. 444) The location of ground wire or wires with respect to the outermost conductor iv) The mid-span clearance required from considera- tions of the dynamic behavior of conductors and lightn- ing protection of the line. v) The minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above ground level. The lower outline determined essentially by three factors; tower height, base width, and top hamper width. Determination of tower height The factors governing the height of a tower are i) Minimum permissible ground clearance (h,) ii) Maximum sag (h) 443} Vertical spacing between conductors (h3) iv) Vertical clearance between ground wire and cop conductor (hq), Vol. o: Pace 1P Thus the total height of a tower is given by Hos hy + ho +hy+ hy. In the case of a double circuit tower with vertical configuration of conductors (Figure 6.2) The calcula- tion of sag(hj) covered later. Base width “he base width at the concrete level is the distance between the centre of gravity at one corner leg and the centre of gravity of the adjacent corner leg. There is a particular base width which gives the minimum total cost of the tower and foundations. The ratio of base width to total tower height for most towers is generally about one-fifth to one tenth from large angle towers to tangent towers. Top hamper width The width at top hamper is the width of the tower at the level of the lover cross-arm in the case of barrel type of towers (in double circuit towers, it may be at 3the middle cross-arm level) and waist line in the case of towers with horizontal configuration of conductors. Sag. Template The location of etructures on the profile with sag template is essential for both correct design and Vol.1 : Page 103(29 awnoia) GMO SAT IO NONVNDRULING SPAN © 150K SAG CCOARAICE max GROUND, ren icu sow SAG TEMPLATE (ELGURE 6 3)economy. Method of preparation sag template may be prepared on transparent paper, cardboard, hard plastic sheet, on celluloid or perspex, about 1 mm thickness. A typical template is shown in Figure 6.3. It consists of the following curves : “Cold or uplift curve’. which correspondence to the vertical component of the sag at worst load conditions of the wind. Hot Curve or “maximum sag curve'. This correspondence to the maximum still air final sag at maximum temperature including sag rolerance if any “Ground clearance curve'. This is drawn from and parallel to’ No.1 curve at a distance equal to minimum specified ground clearance. “support foot curve’. Drawn at a distance equal to the bottom conductor height at tower, from and parallel to No.2 curve. Other features. 4) Curve 1 and 3 are normally drawn through the routine “0' at the centre line of the template. The cold and hot templates (curves I & II) are plotted and cut as a parabola on the minimum and maximum sag of the Vol.1 : Page 104ruling span. 44) The curves are extended such that all slopes on the profile can be scaled with ease. i4i) The hot curve may be cut away s0 that the curve can be used for positioning the towers on the profile, thus determining the actual spans and showing the conductor and clearance line (Figure 6.4). iv) Template shall be prepared to the same scale as the survey chart. v) The parabola is accurate to within about one halt of 1% for sags upto 5% of the span which is well within the acceptable Limits, Use of template i) The cold curve or the minimum vertical sag line at the coldest specified conditions is used to detect cases of direct uplift on insulators at low lying positions (Figure 6.4 b). The use of sag template on a sloping ground is shown in Figure 6.4.6). ii} At some locations it may be found that towers of standard heights are either too short or too long for the normal span and proper ground clearance is not available. Standard towers with extensions or reduc- tiong may be aged at such Jucariony inuread of corre- Vol. yor 105,MAK SAG WITH MAX. SPAN STANOARO SUPPORT WITH aM ExteKsIOn x ro Stawoano support cocucton \ Une suPront GrouKo CLEARANCE Rare WeRTICAL axis 4 TOWER FOOTING LINE (a1 USE OF SAG TEMPATE IH ALLOCATION OF SUPPORTS Kienraune $46 = se mo 16 eo Ste wel (OE HMMUM $aG CURVE USED TO DETECT UPLIFT AT & suproRT Poor (OSE OF SEG TEMPLATE ON SLOPING GH OUKE USE OF SAG TEMPLATE (FIGURE 64)spondingly reducing or increasing the span. “44i) For an easy check whether a tower is under uplift or not, the following method may be adopted. The tem- place is applied horizontally until the tops of alter- nate supports coincide with the cold template {curve.I}. If the curve is above the intermediate support, the sypport is under uplift and has to be extended until it touches the cold template and so eliminates uplift. If requisite standard body exten- sions are not available for extending the tower to desired height a tower designed for uplift shall have to be provided. Vol.1 : Page 106The suspension towers shall be checked for uplift under normal working condition only that is, both adjacent spans intact. Suspension towers are not designed for the uplift forces due to broken wire conditions The section -and angle towers normal and broken wire conditions. Attempt is made to keep these spans as nearly equal to the normal span as possible Tower spotting Tower spotting is the art of locating struc- tures in a right-of-way and selecting their type and height. The goal is to select the most economical combination of structures and spans that will satisfy che electrical re- quirements. Starting with a profile of the right-of-way, towers are spotted by the manual template method. As far as possible, tower spotting in marshy, water-logged areas, low lying areas, rocky lecationu, ete, whould be avoided. Ta the case of steep slopes, where the difference between the two tower locations is so large Vol.1 : Page 107that the normal. gag template cannot be used, the sag has to be calculated and the sag curve traced accordingly. Most locations of angle and anchor towers are dictated by the plan of the line. interme- diate suspension cowers, are located by moving the sag template (Figure 6.3) along the profile until the desired position of the span is found. In hilly country, it is obviously desirable to use the hills to decrease tower heights. Wherever possible, uplift under conditions of minimum sag should be avoided on all towers, but if impossible, special considera- tion should be given to the attachment of the conductor at the uplift point. Wind and weight spans at each location should be checked while spotting towers. The soil conditions noted on the line plan must be considered in locating towers if they are likely to present any particular problems in designing or installing footings. wet, marshy or swampy ground should be avoided for Vol.1 : Page 108obvious reasons. Areas of badly broken or fissured rock stiould also be avoided if the use of grouted anchor bolts does not appear practical as earth type footings in such rock can be set only after very costly excavation. Vol.1 : Page 109Chapter - 7 Knowledge of Rules & ProceduresCharter SEVEN KNOWLEDGE OF RULES ANU /ROCEDURES A good knowledge of rules and procedures governing the construction of transmission lines at the survey stage is essential for obtaining the clearances required from the various authorities, so as to ensure che smooth progress of work at the construction stage. These relate to the following : Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 - Factors of safety of supports clearances above ground of the lowest conductor, clearances from buildings for extra-high voltage lines, proximity to aerodromes, lines crossing or approaching each other. Rules & specifications laid down by Railways/ Power & Telecommunication Coordination Committee. Crossings over railway tracks, telecommunication lines, etc. Approval of the Railway and Telecommunication Authorities is required whenever the tracks and commu- nication circuits have to be crossed by. transmission line. Considerable time is lost in obtaining these Vol.1 : Page 110approvals in the process of furnishing and receiving the necessary data and correspondence at various levels Tt is never a good practice to take up line con- struction work in anticipation of the approvals being accorded. 7.3. Foxest (Conservation) Act, 1980 & environment Rules. 7.4 Post & Telegraph Rules. Procedure for obtaining PTCC clearance in respect of telecommunication lines in proximity. 1.5 Roadways, Navigation or Aviation Authorities Rules. 1.6 local governing bodies, Defence Authorities Rules. 1.7 CEA Rules. Procedure for obtaining clearance from the Electrical Inspector. 7.1 “Extract of relevant Indian electricity rules - 1956". i) “Rule No. 76 :- Maximum Stresses + Factors of Safety - The owner of every overhead line shall ensure that it has minimum factor of safety of 1.8 for supports based on crippling load. Provided that in the case of conductors having a cross- section of a generally triangular shape, such as conductors composed of 3 wir . othe fined watouced Vol.1 : Page 111 itension at 32°C shall not exceed 30 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of such conductor For the purpose of calculating the factors of safety prescribed above. a) Maxm, wind pressure shall be such as State Govern- ment may specify in each case. b) For cylindrical bodies the effective area shall be taken as two- thirds of the projected area exposed to wind pressure ¢) For latticed steel or other compound structures the wind pressure on the lee- side members shall be taken as one- half of the wind pressure on the windward side members and the factors of safety shall be calculated on the crippling load of struts and upon the elastic limit of tension members @) The maximum and minimum temperatures shall be such as the state Government may specify in each case. Not withstanding anything contained above, in localities where overhead lines are liable to accumulations of ice or snow, the State Government may, by order in writing, specify the loading conditions for the purpose of calculating the factor of safety ii) Rule No. 77 :- Vol.1 : Page 112(Clearance sbove ground of the lowest Conductor. ‘For extra-high voltage lines the ‘clearance above ground “shall not be less than 5.182 metres plus 0.3 metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds 33,000 volts. Provided that the minimum clearance along or across any street shall not be less than 6.0965 Metres. iii) Rule No. 78 :- Clearance between conductors and trolley Wires : No conductor of an over head line crossing a tramway or trolley-bus route using trolley wires shall have less than 3.048 M clearance. iv) Rule No. 80 :- Clearances from buildings for extra-high Voltage lines: a) Where a high or extra high valtage overhead line passes above or adjacent to any building or part of a building it shall have on the basis of maximum sag, a vertical clearance above the highest part of the build- ing immediately under such line, of not less than 3.658 metres, plus 0.30 metre for every additional 33,000 volts or part thereof. b) The horizontai clearance between the nearest con- ductor and any part of such building shall, on the Vol.1 : Page: 113basis of maximum deflection due to wind pressure, be not less than 1.629 M plus 0.3 metre for every addi- tional 33,000 volts or part thereof. v) Rule No. 83 :- Clearances (General) For the purpose of computing the vertical clearance of an overhead line, the maximum sag of any conductor shall be calculated on the basis of the maximum sag in still air and the maximum temperature as specified by the State Government under. rule 76 (2) (d). Similarly for the purpose of computing any horizontal clearance of an overhead line the maximum deflection of any conductor shall be calculated on the basis of the wind pressure specified by the State Government under Rule 76(2) (a) or may be taken as 350, whichever is greater. vi) Rule No. 84 1+ Routes :approximity of aerodromes :- Overhead line shall not be erected in the vicinity of aerodromes until the aerodrome authorities have ap- proved in writing the route of the proposed line. vii) Rule No. 87 + Lines Crossing or approaching each other :- a) ‘Where an overhead line crosses or is in proximity Vol.1 : Page 114re saraaen to any telecoimunication line, either the owner of the overhead line or the telecommunication line, who so even lays his line later, shall arrange to provide for Protective devices or guarding arrangements, in 4 manner laid down in the code of practice or the guide- lines prepared by the Power and Telecommunication Coordination Committee and subject to the provisions of the following sub-rules. b) When it is intended to erect a telecommunication line or an overhead line which will cross or be in proximity to an overhead line or telecommunication line, as the case may be, the person proposing to erect Such line shall give one month's notice of his inren- tion alongwith the relevant details or protection and drawings to the owner of the existing line. ¢) Where an overhead line crosses or is in proximity to another overhead line, guarding arrangements shall be provided so as to guard against the possibility of their coming into contract with each other. 4) A person erecting or proposing to erect a line which may cross or be in proximity with an existing line, may normally provide guarding arrangements on his own line or request the owner of the other overhead Vol.1 : Page 115line to provide guarding arrangements as referred to above. e)- In all cases referred above the expenses of pro- viding the guarding arrangements or protective devices shall be borne by the person whose line was last erect - ed. £) Where two lines cross, the crossing shall be made as neatly at right angle as the nature of the case admits and as near the support of the line as practica- ble, and the support of the line shail not be erected below the upper line. g) The guarding arrangements shall ordinarily be carried out by che owner of the supports on which it is made and he shall be responsible for its efficient maintenance. h) All work required to be done by or under this rule shall be carried out to the satisfaction of the Inspec tor. Rules & specifications laid down by Railways/power & Telecommunication coordination Committe i) Railway crossings For railway crossings, towers shall be of tension type and railway crossings construction shall conform to the Vol.1 : Page 116regulations laid down by Railway Authorities. da) Telecommunication line crossing. The angle of crossing shall preferably be 90°. However, deviation to the extent of 30° may be permitted under exceptionally difficult situations. When the angle of crossing is below 60° the matter shall be referred to the authority incharge of the telecommunication system. Also, in the crossing span, power line supports shall be as near the telecommunication line as possible, to obtain increased vertical clearance between the wires and The Forest (conservation) Act*1980 & environment Rules. This is dealt in detail in user's manual, part two volume -2 of ‘Environment.' -Post & Telegraph Rules. PTCC Clearances is required for crossing of any PéT Line as per their laid down procedures. Roadways, Navigation or Aviation Authorities Rules. i} Road crossing At all important crossings, the towers shall be fitted with normal suspension or tension insulator strings depending on the type of towers buc che ground clear- ance at the roads under maximum cemperature and in Vol.1 : Page 117still air shall be such that even with conductor bundle broken in adjacent span, the ground clearance of the conductor from the road surface shall not be less than 8.84 metres, At all national highways tension towers shall be used. The crossing span, however, shall not exceed 25 metres in any case. ii) River crossing. In case of major river crossings in planes, tower shall be of suspension type using double suspension strings and the anchor towers on either side of the main river crossing shall be dead end type. Clearance required by navigation authority shall be provided. For non-naviga- ble rivers clearance shall be reckoned with respect to highest flood level (HEL). River crossing tower should always be of double circuit type. Local governing bodies, Defence Authorities Rules. While routing the line near defence installations the necessary clearances are required to be metwith. Simi- larly local byelaws are required to be met. CEA Rules Procedure for getting clearance from Electrical In- spector :- i) According to the provisions of Rule No.63 of Vol.1 : Page 118Indian Electricity Rules-1956 a power line can he commissioned/ energised only after inspection and approval by the concerned Electrical Inspector. ii) In exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) of Indian Electricity Act 1910, Ministry of Energy (Department of Power) vide notification no.25/4/81 Desk (1) dated 20th January 1982 has appointed Director (Commercial) Central Electricity Authority to be the central Electricity Inspector in respect of the trans- mission lines and other electrical installations be longing to and under the control of POWERGRID. 4id) Before making an application to-the inspector for permission to commence supply of energy at HV/EHV, the supplier shall ensure that the HV/EHV power lines or apparatus belonging to him are placed in position, properly joined and duly completed and examined. The supply of energy shall not be commenced by the supplier unless and until the inspector is satisfied that the various statucory requirements stipulated in Indian Electricity Rules 1956 have been complied with and the approval in writing of the Inspector has been obtained iv) The following procedure is required to be adopted when applying for Inspection & clearance by Electrical Vol.1 Page 119Inspector :- a) Form “B' (for transmission lines) duly filled in with associated drawings and enclosures should be forwarded to the respective regional inspectorial organisation sufficiently in advance before the sched- uled energisation of the line b) Form “A' (for sub-station and other installa- tions) with associated drawings and enclosures should be forwarded to the respective Regional Inspectorial organisation sufficiently in advance hefore the energi- sation of the sub-station and other installations v) Requisite fee as laid down in the schedule pre scribed by the Ministry of Energy (Deptt.of power) vide order dated 31.1.1981 should be deposited along with the application forms. : vi) Before forwarding the application to Regional Inspectorial organisation, it should be ensured that all relevant provisions of 1.8. Rules 1956 as amended upto date, have been complied with in all respect. (See next page) Vol.1 : Page 120FORM ~ A Government of India Central Electricity Authority REGIONAL INSPECTORIAL ORGANISATION FOR VARIOUS UNION TERRITORIES & CENTRAL GOVT. INSTALLATIONS FROM TQ ACCOMPANY ‘THE APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR TO ENERGISE THE HV/SHV APPARATUS/ INSTALLATIONS. UNDER RULE $3 OF THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES - 956 * Date of application Probable date of completion. Target date for commissioning. Name of apparatus/installation. Drawing showing the location of the apparatus/ in- stallation to be attached. Type of installations (such as indoor, outdoor, pole mounted, platform mounted, step-down, step up, con- tral ete.) with its relevant drawing showing plan, elevation and sideview. Capacity of che installation, its name plate details to be attached. Vol.1 : Page 121Schematic diagram of the installation along with reference to the installations already energised in the vicinity to be attached. Details of the control and switchgears provided. Details of the protections provided, such as a) Over-loading b) Over-heating c) Explasion a) bightning e) Ground faults £) Short Circuits g) Any others. Minimum clearance of the relevant exposed live con- ductor from the ground. Whether efficient earthing is provided, the diagram of earthing of electrodes and earthing system te be attached. a) Copy of results of HV/EHV tests carried out for each apparatus to be enclosed. b) An attested copy of the test results and/or manu- facturer's test certificates to be enclosed for each apparatus Whether all relevant provisions of the Indian Elec- Vol.1 : Page 122 Se eeetricity rules, 1956 have been duly complied with. Whether the installation has been examined duly joined and properly checked. eee nee ee A copy of test results in respect of the following to be furnished. a) Insulation resistance: (with megger having test voltage of not less than 1000 volts.) ay between HV/EHV to earth , 44) between HV to earth iii) between LV and HV/EHV b) Earth resistance :- : i) Individual electrodes. : ii) Combined resistance ie did) Insulating oil tests. he (Dielectric strength) i, Any other features. iW. Any other remarks Signature of owner of the Installations Enel : To be clearly Designation specified. Address. Date Vol.1 : Page 123FOR USE IN THE OFFICE OF DEPUTY DIRECTOR REGIONAL INSPECTORIAL ORGANISATION The application scrutinised by Shri Designation Further particulars called under reference No. Dated Approval granted on under reference Na. Dated Initial inspection carried out on by shri, Designation e Recommendation ys issued on by Shri Designation Under reference No. pt. Compliance report received under Lr. No. at. and scrutinised by Shri Designation Vol.1 : Page 124FORM - B Government of india Central Electricity Authority REGIONAL INSPECTORIAL ORGANISATION FOR VARIOUS UNION TERRITORIES/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INSTALLATIONS FORM TO ACCOMPANY THE APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR TO ENERGISE HV/ EHV OVERHEAD LINES AND PEEDERS ETC.UNDER RULE 63 OF THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES-1956. Date of application Probable date of completion Target date for energisation Name of the feeder/overhead line. Drawing showing the location where tapped from the existing overhead lines/feeders to be attached. Route length of the feeder (KM). A drawing indicating the route location where tapped and important fea- tures such as Road, telegraph, canal, railway or power line crossings etc. to be furnished. Vol.1 : Page 125 :FORM - B Government of India Central Electricity Authority REGIONAL INSPECTORIAL ORGANISATION FOR VARIOUS UNION TERRITORIES/CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INSTALLATIONS FORM TO ACCOMPANY THE APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR TO ENERGISE HV/ EHV OVERHEAD LINES AND FEEDERS ETC.UNDER RULE 63 OF THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES-1956. Date of application Probable date of completion Target dale for enexgisation Mame of the feeder/overhead line. Drawing showing the location where tapped from the existing overhead lines/feeders to be attached. Route length of the feeder (KM). A drawing indicating the route location where tapped and important fea~ tures such as Road, telegraph, canal, railway or power line crossings etc. to be furnished. vol. : Page 125 .10. n, Size and type of supports used. Information about conductors viz. size used. a) For phases 6b) For neutral/earth ¢) Ground wires a) its configuration Spans a) Average b) Minimum c) | Maximum With drawings of typical spans with supports at both ends. Minimum Clearance to ground. a) at road crossings b) at other places c) at special crossings Minimum Calculated factor cf safety for supports for difference spans : a) transverse to the line b) along the line whether the following have been duly provided 4) Anti-climbing devices Grawing to be furnished. Vol.1 : Page 126b) Danger notices : drawing to be furnished. c) + Protection from lightning faults : drawing to be furnished. da) Protection from ground faults. ©) Protection from snapped conductors : drawing to be furnished. Test results of the earth resistance of the earthing system. a) Individual electrodes b) Combined resistance Sizes, type and armouring of HV/ERV cables vsed to be furnished. Drawings showing the run of the cables and methods of layout of the cables to be furnished. Voltage regulation at the end of the feeder to witich the new line is added. Copies of cable manufacturer‘s test certificates in respect of cables to be furnished. Whether all relevant provisions of 1.E. Rules- 1956 have been complied with in’ very respect. whether the — instailation hes been examined, duly joined and properly checked. Vol.1 : Page 127Signature of owner of Installation Encl : To be clearly Designation | specified Address Date Vol.1 : Page 128Signature of owner of Installation : Encl : To be clearly Designation specified Address pate Vol.1 : Page 128(FOR USE IN THE OFFICE OF DEPUTY DIRECTOR REGIONAL INSPECTORIAL ORGANISATION) The application scrutinised by shri Designation vurther particulars called under reference No. at. Approval granted on under reference No. Initial inspection carried out on by Shei, Designation Recommendations issued on by Shri Designation under reference No. dt. Compliance report received under letter No. at. and scrutinised by Shri Designation Any other action : vol.1 Page 129Chapter - 8 ‘Technical Details of 400 KV Transmission LineCHAPTER EIGHT ‘TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE The technical information regarding tower and line material is given below. This information is required for spotting towers and to know the restrictions on spans, towers and foundations and various clearances required to be maintained ete. This information should be read and kept in view while finalising the route. General description of the tower : The towers shall be of the following types :- a) Single circuit (types A BC & D) b) Double circuit (types DA, DB, DC & DD) 7 ©) Special towers. Type of tower Deviation limits Remarks + Ay DA 0° to 2° Tangent tower 2° co 15° Can also be used as section tower with 0° deviation. 15% to 30° Can also be used as Vol. 1 + tage 130a) Section tower with 0° devia- tion b) Transposition tower. 4. D, DD 30° to 60° Can be used dead end with for river no angle of X- ing, anchoring deviation on with longer line side and wind spans. upto 15° on slack span(gantry side) Special towers These are required for particular major river crossings or for very long spans. Tower Extensions + Single and double circuit towers are designed to be suitable for adding extensions which are required for maintaining adequate ground clearances without reducing: the specified factor of safety in any manner. Leg Extensions. Standard leg extensions can be designed to facilitate spotting towers on hilly slopes thereby avoiding bench- ing & revetment and reduces the construction cost. Standard leg extensions of 1.5, 2.5 & 3.5 mtr. can be designed. Foundation can be cast by individual leg stub setting or by erecting first section of the tower. Electrical clearances : i) The minimum clearances shall meet with the require Vol. 1 : Page 131Se ments given in following clauses. ii) Minimum ground clearance from lowest point of power conductor shall be 8.840 mm. NOTE : Extra allowance may be made to provide for creep undulation in terrain etc. iii) Minimum mid-span vertical clearance between power conductor and ground wire in still air at normal design span shall be 9000 mm. dv) The earth wire sag shall be not more than 90 per- cent of the corresponding sag of power conductor under still air conditions for the entire specified tempera- ture range. v) Minimum clearance from line parts to tower body and cross-arm members in the case of 400 kv lines shall be in accordance with Table 1. Page 132Table-I Swing Angles and Minimum Clearances from line Parts to Tower Body Cross-Arm Members Wind Pressure kg/m? Angle of swing Insulator String Jumper swing Normal Swing a) a 43 21° (15°) 45 22° (15°) Bz 24° (25°) Clearances 3050 (mmm) Maximum Swing @ 42° (30%) 44° (30°) 48° (30°) 1860 Tecan ae el Switching Surge Power over voltage Freque- —_—_soey Normal Maximum Over Swing Swing Vo.tage Maximum swing a 7 «) 26° (20°) (40°) sane 32° (20° (40°) (62°) 34°(20°) (40° (68°) 3050 1860 2950 NOTE :- the values given in the brackets are the re~ vised values, It is proposed to ultimately retain che revised values only and delete the old values. vol. 1 Page 133Clearance between the Overhead line and the Railway track. Clearance between the overhead line and railway track shall be in accordance with the Regulations for Elec- tricai Crossings of Railway tracks laid down by the Railway Authorities. Vertical clearances, The minimum height above rail level of the lowest portion of any conductor of a crossing including grand wixe under conditions of maximum shall be as follows. voltages Broad, Metre and Narrow Gauge Above 220 kv and 19.30 metres ‘up to 400 kv NOTE : While calculating the above clearances, rail- ways high tension lines running over the 1500 v “de traction structure in some sections have not been taken into consideration. wnere such high tension lines exist, the height above the rail level of the highesc high tension line shall be taken into account for calculating the clearances. Vol. 1 : Page 134wUT oor | ovr ooy | oor | 00s | oor oor 00% eds teuwzon | Tequoz} teo|Teauoz] tea | teauoz eo} yeauoz qeotaxen| -tz0H|-razeq| -tx0H|-razeq} -T20H] -T2ten] -T20H] — eOyaernByzu0D! & sexzew OFGNO UT uorqepune; Aap L [ewzou x05 82 i este | Ze‘ot] pstetiet es | Tr°tt] Se"b | Té esz |ezouoo zo eunton] 9 “ww guest |€90°ST| ves 6t|OR-OT{ HzO ET|ETE™G | 9PZ~OT] OLT'S UT Temo2 JO"Is) Ss oo'et | oo-tt|oov'et] o9°6 | as"t jooe’6 | S'6 | 00S°e |W UT HapTM esea |b W Uy 19 woxz wie SSOx9 ‘ ese | ozztlosee | op-zt}] o9*z | oe*tt}] osove | 000° TT | worz0q JO UAPTA) Ef wut 19 aacge w1y Ssozo oge'tz |ssa°tzjose*tzjose'tzjoss Iz|ose tz] eco 9e gto" 9% jwoiacg JO 2uSTSH z WUT 19 Baoge osr'st |sse‘ze/06e'th|S60"te|ose bH|s9z‘oe] Eve Sh] 9E¥° OE aybreH TeaoL | 1 “ON aq a oa 2 aa a wa ¥ sxetnotized | Ss (BUTE AX OCH) } genoa 30 S{TeIeq JueIIOGUT uss| fy.7 Wind span : The wind span is the sum of the two half spans adjacent to the tower under consideration. For normal horizontal spans, this is equal to the normal ruling span itself. 8 Weight span : The weight span is the horizontal distance between the lowest points of the conductors in the adjacent spans of che tower. Maximum - 1.5 x normal span Minimum 0.80 x normal span NOTE : The cross arms for medium and heavy angle towers shall be suitable for a weight span of 3 times the normal span, 88.2 Weight span limits (In mtrs.) : Tower type | Normal Condition | Broken wire condition Max. Min. Max. Min. A & DA 600 320 360 160 B, DB, C 600 0.0 360 0.0 De « DD a 4.9 Heavy Weight span and negative weight spans : Wherever heavy weight spans and uplifts beyond permis- Vol. 1 : Page 136sible limits are met with, then detailed design calcu- lations are carried out for suitable modification to .1sitowers and foundations. Maximum Temperature of Current 75°C Carrying power Conductor exposed to sun. Maximum temperature of ae Groundwire Exposed to sun Maximum Wind Pressure and As in 1IS-802 Minimum Temperature Conditions (Part 1) 1977 CONDUCTORS 2) Number of Subconductors Fer Phase Two ii) Spacing Between Subconductors 450 mm iii) Bundle Arrangement Horizontal EARTHWIRE i) Number of earthwires Two ii) Shielding Angle 20° 1.15 INSULATOR STRINGS i) Maximum Length of suspension Strings from-Shackle Attachment at Hanger to Centre line of Conductor +. 3850 mm 1: Page 13744) Maximum Length of tension string from Tower attachment ta compression Dead-End attachment Page 138 5600 mm 5450 mm,Min MANGER 300 mm CLEARANCES i) Minimum Ground Clearance from 8840 mm Lowest point of Power Conductor ii) Minimum Clearance from Live As in Parts to Tower Body and Table-1 Cross-Arm Members iii)Minimum Mid-span Vertical Clearance 9000 mm between Power conductor and ground Wire in stall air. BROKEN WIRE CONDITION . i) Suspension Towers Any groundwire or bundle whichever is more stringent for a particular member ii) Tension Towers Any groundwire or bundle whichever is more stringent for 4 particular member4.29 4.20 4.23 Factors of Safety 8) Towers i) Normal condition 2.0 44) Broken wire condition + 1.5 b) Poundations 4) Normal condition 2.2 ii) Broken wire condition 1.65 Conductor and Earthwire For maximum of tensions corresponding to 2/3 maximum wind pressure at minimum temperature or maximum wind pressure to the mean annual tempera- ture such that the initial unloaded tensions at the mean annual tempera- 2.c ture do not exceed 35 percent of their ultimate tensile strengths and the final unloaded tensions at the mean temperature do not exceed 22 percent of ultimate strength of the conductor and 20 percent of the ultimate strength of groundwire. Tests As per relevent IS specifications Vol. 1: Page 139AYPROVAL PROCEDURES Line survey is the first & utmost important activity for any Transmission line project. It is rather spinal cord of such projects, Hence. i) There is a dire need to conduct preinvitatian survey more seriously for an accurate assessment of tower quantity, reguirement of various line materials ete 44) The selection of major crossing should be decided by a joint meeting after studying all possible aspects including cost of crossing. iii) The site has cto be studied and surveyed in proper manner and comparison should be drawn similar line (common terrain, line length , climate conditions) etc iv) The survey of high volcage line must be carried out accurately and expeditiously. A mistake in’ the field or subsequent of office work may pass undetected to an ad-vanced stage in censtruction, thus causing Vol. Page 140unnecessary expenditure & delay, in completion of line. In view of these parameters the line survey approval shall be carried out in stages as detailed out below: Selection of route on topomaps. i) The should be drawn by the field executives (£1/82/E3) and all the alternate routes should be wall defined stating the merits and demerits of each route ii) The proposed routes should be thoroughly checked and verified by the Line incharge/Group Manager and recommended for approval. iii) The approval be accorded by the Divisional head (Not below E7 level) for carrying out the preliminary survey. Preliminary survey report 4) The report should be prepared in the required format by the field executives (£1/E2/B3! ii) It should be checked and verified 100% by the line incharge/Group Manager and cleat cut recommenda- tions be given for the approva?. Visits should be made to all angle points & major crossings. Number of sec- tions with average span should be work out. Number of cutpoints/angle points should he kept minimom Vol. 1: Page 141zr. 44i) ‘The approval shal be accorded by the Divisional head (Not below £7 level). He should also possibly visit 50% angle towers locations including major cross- ings. iv) The approval report shall also be countersigned by GM (Region) . Detail survey report i) ‘The detail survey report shall be prepared as per the given guideline by the field executives (E1/E2/E3) givining complete details of type of towers, average span, section length etc, Report shotld also include apart from crossings all vulnerable locations requiring revetment/benching. Contour maps be drawn and approximate volumes be Work out. Attempt should be made to use leg extensions at such locations to avoid bench- ing/revetment . ii) The report should be thoroughly checked and verified by the line incharge/Group Manager. Visit should be made to the angle points,major crossing and all vulnerable locations requiring benching/revetment It should be brought out clearly as to why such loca- tions could not be avoided in tower spotting. i4i) The final approval shall be accorded by the Vol. 1 : Page 142Divisional head (not below E7 level). He should be visit possibly 25% angle locations, major crossings and locations requiring benching/ revetment. iv) The final approval report shall be countersigned by GM (Region) . vol. 1: Page 143 :ANNEXUREAL GUIDELINES i} Remember you are entrusted with the most responsi- ble work on transmission line projects. Your work will reflect on the economics of the line costs. Bad work- nghip will be perpetuated in its existence throughout the life of line. Hence be cautious and conscientious. ii) Never, draw conclusions quickly. study all de- tails, factors and alternatives and take decisions free of adverse comments. iii) Keep your instruments, vehicle & tools in proper working condition. Attend repairing promptly. A stitch in time saves nine. Here it saves lot of worries and time. iv) Collect only authentic information from appro- priate agencies, say MFL of rivers from P.W.D. authort- ties, railway track details from vailway authorities, Zeanal boundaries from canal authorities. v) Collect all possible relevant information. You will find in the proceeding chapters the extent of intormition that can be collected by an active survey- Vol. 1 : Page 144or. ‘Your survey records should be adequate for check- ing any survey aspect at drawing office itself without running again to site. vi) Do attempt fast work but not at the expense of accuracy. Rectification of defective work which is completed fast costs more than saving supposed to have been obtained by quicker completion. vii) Do not get tired of natural obstacles. Overcome them by common sense and intelligent planning, Never waste your time in wild pursuits without intelligent purpose. viii) Ensure goodwill of general public whom you come across in order to get familiarised with your area or work quickly. ‘ix) Minimise wear and tear of instrument and vetiicle limited use of them will ensure reliability and longer length of lite. x) Remember fair weather season for efficient work is very limited. Maximum use of such seasons alone can give you reasonable progress. x4) Diucuss problems encountered during work with your superiors and colleagues and staff. It would always be found. that what had missed your attention could be Vol. 1 Page 145 'caught up easily by the other with whom you discuss the problem. xii) New assignment means experience in new area. Build up your knowledge there with new experiences. Try to share such experiences with your colleagues for better dispersion and utility of useful details collected by you. Vol. 1: Page 46Chapter - 9 GuidelinesCHAPTER NINE GUIDELINES GL-i RECCE gURVEY The basic requirement of a transmission line is to carry the desired bulk power at maximum efficiency and to achieve this, the line should be of shortest length feasible, since the line losses are propor- tional to the length of the line. While selecting the route one should be fully aware of the requirements of transmission lines, statutory provisions, information required to be collected, prevailing cost of various elements of Transmission lines etc. Bee-line is the shortest distance between the two points of origin of the transmission line proposed. Survey should be carried out as closed to the bee- line as possible keeping in mind of the other re~ quired statutory conditions. A master mosaic has to be prepared by fixing all the Vol.1 : Page 147topographical maps (scale 1 cm = 0.5km) in their respective position and obtaining a belt width of minimum 16 km (20 cms) on either side of centre line between the two terminal points, &) The proposed route of line should be the shortest practicable distance. The following factors shall be considered in the choice of the route:~ i) It is advantageous to lay the line near to or along roadway. The line should be approachable. ii) In the case of rural lines it has become quite common to loeate lines a short distance from the highway in order to miss all trees. This practice has many advantages: the trees are preserved, tree- trimming expense is eliminated, there are no outages from trees falling into the line, no long poles are required to go over trees, side arms are not re- quired, and stub guyed are not required. iii) “Follow Section Lines. Doing this causes less damage to farmers property and, therefore, makes it possible to purchase the right-of-way more economi- cally. Paralleling railroads is desirable for the same reason, because the farms have already been cut. and, therefore, the additional damage is negligible. Vol.1 : Page 148iv) Route in Direction of Possible Future Loads. If there is possibility of adding power loads, the route selected: should be such as to come as near as possible to such locations, provided that the addi- tional cost is not excessive. v) Cost of securing and clearing right of way (ROW), making access roads and time required for these works should be minimum. vi) Corridor through which line is taken should have sufficient space to take care of future load develop~ nents without major modifications. : 4 vii) Crossing with permanent objects, such as rail- ' 4 way lines and roads should be minimum and preferably j at right angles. viii) In case of hilly terrain it is necessary to 5 conduct detailed eurvey and lecate the tower posi- tions. The proposition should be most economical and safe. 7 ’ g ix Preserve the Environment. Line routes should be : selected which are the least visible from scenic locations or lower areas where people pass or congre~ i gate. A simple test of visibility can be carried out by touring roads and points close to a proposed Vol.1 + Page 149Yequired for transmission line works which are as under; i) Major power line crossing details (66 KV and above) ti) Railway crossing details. iii) Major river crossing details. iv) Sources of construction materials, viz. metal, sand, water etc, along the line. v) Important rail heads for the purpose of receipt of materials. vi) Important villages or stations coming enroute for the purpose of selection of labour camps. vii)Nature of soil strata along the route and ter- rain. viiilaAvailability of laboir, their present rate on daily basis or on contract basis. ix)Names of the major towns for the purpose of selec- tion of site offices. For fixing the final alignment and angle points on the ground as per the reconnaissance survey, route alignment survey shall be carried out with a theodo- lite, survey chains/measuring tapes/electronic dis~ tance measuring instruments. Vol. : Page 161right~of-way and noting the visual impact of the line prior to final selection. b) The following areas should be avoided as far as possible while selecting route. i) Marshy areas, low lying levels, river beds, earth slip zones, etc. involving risk to stability of foundation. ii) Good farming areas, uneven terrain, damage to public and private properties, religious plac civil and defence installations, industries, take off funnels, habitation of important crops, quarry sites or underground mines, gardens and plantations ete. iiiAreas which will creates of right of way and way leave problems. iv) Thick forest ar areas involving heavy compensato~ ry payments for acquisition of land etc. v1. Building containing explosives, bulk storage oil tanks, or gas pipelines etc. vi) Aexodromes, helipads and their approaches. Recce survey The Recce survey is also essential for collecting the first hand account of various important field data Vol.1 : Page 150x) Information about transport limitation partic- ularly for the line materials should be obtained from rail, road or navigation authorities where required. This may involve procurement of special trailers or alternatively restricts the size and weight of the package in uneven terrain where head leading is more often resorted to: xi) The information about the local laws should be obtained in advance in order that there is no in- tringement of prevailing local laws and to ensure smooth installation, operation and maintenance work Vol.1 : Page 152 'GUIDELINES GL - 2 WALKOVER SURVEY 2.0 Walkover survey means going over the area associated with the alternative routes proposed and collecting map. a) iiy iii) xi) { féatures observed other than those existing on the In addition the indication of following features should also be checked without fail. Communication lines. Power lines. Expanding villages and towns. Rich gardens and plantations etc. Aerodromes, radar centre, rifle ranges. Undulating reaches unfit for erection and main- tenance. Roads constructed and roads improved recently. Steep sloping terrain or steep slopes of hills. Large tanks, lakes, water-logged areas etc. Reserved Forests and wooded areas with high trees. High hillocks and stretches with large boul- ders. Vol.1 ? Page 153xv) xvi) Irrigation wells likely to be made, tube-well pump houses. Forests where menace of wild elephants persist. Private property limits where right of way cannot be obtained. Availability of saddles in hill section for better crossing of valleys. Ghat roads in hills. xvii) Gardens with grafted fruit trees. xviiil Prohibited areas declared under statutory xix) regulations. Rocky areas. On Completion of the walkover survey the proposal of the most suited route is further studied and approval obtained from the head of department of transmission before taking up preliminary aurvey. Vol.2 : Page 1541 lo. ue GUIDELINES GL - 3 PRELIMINARY SURVEY Preliminary survey On completion of route alignment in the field, the following schedules/information should be prepared for submission of the Preliminary Survey Report. Schedule of Angle Points. Approximate schedule of various types of towers, extensions and abstract of tower requirement. Brief description of terrain between each Angle Point section report to be submitted. brief write-up regarding iatvestructural taciliti railway siding, availability of aggregates, sand etc. Railway crossing details with diagrams. Major river crossings with profiles. Major power line crossings with profiles. Tree cutting schedule. Sketch of angle points w.r.t, the permanent feature in the neighborhood. Schedule indicating the line material quantities. Soil resistivity results. Vol.1 : Page 1551s. 16. Route alignment nap (s)- Route alignment drawings should be prepared as indi- cated below:- Preliminary route alignment drawings showing the proposed route should be drawn to a scale of lcm = 0.5 km (1:50,000). ‘The alignment should be plotted on survey of India maps toa tha scale indicated ahove. Alignment should be plotted on the.map with North being clearly indicated on each drawing. Longitude and Latitude should also be indicated on the draw- ings. Route length when physically measured on the align- ment drawing shall be within the allowable limits (1:500). Names of towns and villages should be indicatea separately along with petrol and diesel filling stations and automobile work shops if any, falling in the vicinity of the proposed route. Sources of quarry points for utones, and water should also be indicated separately. The certificate need to be given that the route has been aligned keeping the minimum distances from the Vol.1 : Page 156Giviil/defence/vital installation, rifie ranges and:PéT lines and that efforts have been made to avoid Re~ served/Protected forests etc. Following additional infrastructural information neea to be given in Survey Report. Nature of terrain and reach-wise communication facil- ities. Soil conditions including sub-soil water table as collected from wells along the road. Sources of water enroute. Approach roads and their suitability, reachwise. Rail heads for receiving material and facilities for storage. Places suitable for open and.closed stores (for cement, costly OSH, etc.) Availability of local labour, rate, season of avail- ability etc. List of suppliers of material like metal, sand etc. Source of metal, sand and other material, costs including transportation. Working season. Transport contractors available in the area. Availability of transport on hire. Vol.1,: Page 1571.0 GUIDELINES GL - 4 DETAILED GURVEY Levelling i) GTS/PWD Bench marks enroute are to be identified and the entire levelling network should be connected to these Bench marks. ii) Levels should be taken at every 30 mtrs. apart, along the route. 444) In addition for any sudden change of slopes (over 30 cm in height), cuttings, shallow portions are to be taken. iv) All details along the line up to 50m on either side should be correctly picked up at the time of levelling and depicted on the plan, v) Details like name of villages, Temples etc. should be picked up upto 200 m on either side of the line. vi) All trees, which are likely to be cut tor way leave clearance, should be picked up correctly by taking offsets from the centre line and depicted on plan. The girth, height, type of trees, number of Vol.. : Page 159trees etc. Should be entered in tree enumeration register and submitted alongwith profile during approval. vii) Note down the angle of crossing of roads, railway tracks, P&T line, power line, etc. The bound- aries of rom Railway line are to he clearly marked on the plan. viii) In case the line passes through slopes, i-e., side long ground, levels should be taken on the transverse sides also in addition to the centre line to enable checking the adequacy of ground clearance for side conductors. This will be useful for deter- mining the necessity of protective works like revet~ ment etc. ix) Height of the top most wire of the power Jine or telephone line crossed, should be taken at the point of crossing. Proposal of extensions for requisite clearance depends upon this height and hence needs accuracy. x) Chainages of stretches like marshy areas, water legged areas, compounds, gardens etc., should be correctly marked. xi) All details required for preparing railway, road, Vol.1 : Page 160i 1 river crossings etc. should be collected. xii)Destination of roads/Rly. lines/P&T lines/ Power lines being crossed should be marked on both the sides of crossing. xiii) Sub-soil data, (water table) to be collected along the route. Plan & Profile = i) The profile is plotted at 30m intervals, and even more frequently if sudden changes in elevation occur. The plan, of course, should show both chainage and alignment. ii) General characteristics of the soil formation should be included on the plan, noting weather clay, gravel, rock etc. exists as this information has a direct influence on the choice of foundation types. 444) Where railways, highways streams channels, airports, communication circuits, and other transmis~ sion lines are to be crossed, their location, direc- tion and controlling elevations should be clearly shown. iv} A horizontal scale of 1:2,500 and a vertical scale of 1:250 is generally found to be convenient for drawing the profile. Vol.1 : Page 161v) The complete line must be plotted with a view to producing the most economical result which will meet the electrical requirements as well as sustain the anticipated external loads. Tower spotting and sag template. I. The following data are required for taking up profiling and plotting. i) Spécification of profiling and plotting including scales to be adopted. 44) Type of towers, standard extensions & leg exten~ sion. iii) Base widths, excavation areas, depth of excava- tion for various type of towers with/without exten- sions. iv) Normal wind and weight span. vw) Minimum weight span for tangent tower. vi) Sag-template curves vid) Maximum single spans for all type of towers. viii) Specifications for statutory clearances. ix) The height of the towers, insulator strings, hangers and other attachments. x) Details of conductor, earthvire, insulators in cluding wind loads, maximum and ainimum temperatures Vol.1 + Page 162and corresponding: working tensions. II. on having obtained the above information, the plotting and profiling can be done as given below :~ i) Suitable datum should be selected. Mention clearly whether the datum selected is arbitrary or based on MSL. di} The scale of plan should be that of longitudinal section. iii) Each profile rod? should contain the name of the agency, name of the line, scales adopted for plot~ ting, reaches and locations in the profile roll ana roll number on the plan at the beginning and at the end of each profile roll. Checking of profile drawings : i) Compare the details in profile drawings with survey records carefully. id) After completing spotting of towers with con- ductor and ground clearance curves drawn, the tower Schedule (in the given proforma is to be prepared) . iii) List of trees to be cut is to be prepared in the given format. iv) The profiles are to be checked for all the Getails as given earlier before submission for ap- “Vol.1 : Page 1634 i proval. v) ‘The profiles neatly drawn with the above guide- lines indicated will be checked and approved by the Competent Authority and returned to the Engineer-in- charge of the line. vi} These points on the profiles are to be trans~ ferred on to the ground and chacked with the physical features. vii) Final alignment and pegging of locations to be carried out as per the plotting given earlier. Vol.1 : Page 164GL-5 ILLUSTRATIONS Line is routed along the valley and the lower slopes of the hills or mountains and away from lake, thus causing minimum interference with natural landmarks. The roots also avoids disruption of natural lines. (Fig. 1) Line routed across plains but curves between hills or mountains, causing least disruption of natural lines. (Fig. II) Line crosses highway at close to a right angle there~ by reducing sight distance to a minimum. (Fig.III) Line crosses hill or mountains, thereby causing a long visible scar. It also exposes the right-ot-way to soil erosion. (Fig.Iv) Line should be located adjacent to rail road right-of-way if possible, thereby eliminating dupli- cation of right-of-way. (Fig.V) Merging line with natural scenery by providing natu- ral, shrubbery and low trees. (Fig-VI) Vol.1 : Page 165a “S3NIT TWEOLYN JO NOILdNYSIO 15v31 ONISAYD SNIVINNON YO STI N3BMLIE S3ANNI 4NB SNIVIA SSOHP¥ Q31N0U S} BNI ras -S3NI1 WWUNLVN JO HOUdNYSIG SGIOAY OSTY BLNOY SHL-SAUVWONYT TVENIVN HLIM 39N3u53u31NI WMHININ ONISAYD SAHL “3XV) WOH AYAY ONY SNIVINNOW BO STH 3HL JO S3dQ1S W3MO1 341 ONY AZTIVA 3H1 ONOTY G3INOY SEB DIE ASS ssoutvansONS 783,OS OL AVM JO-LHOTY BML S3SOEKT asiv 11 uvdS F7BISIA 9NOT ¥ ONISAY? 483H3R2 SWWYLNNOW UO TWH 3395089 3NM A-o1g Bibb yee _ De — aS LPS Sree ae PR; -WAWININ ¥ OL QONVISIC LHOS ONIQNGZY ABSYBHL STONY SHO ¥ 0135019 AV AVMHOIN S3SSO82 3NIT UrOld ete Oso wp tae SES Ru, eee: LE he$3341 M01 ONY AUJAGNYHS TYALYN ONIGIAOND AG AYBNBIS TVENLYN HLIM 3NIT ONIONRW T-913 S33YL M07 ONY AUASENEHS TWENLYN vA we 4sa803 Av’ 0°S1HOI 40 NOILVINdNO ONILYNINNS AGBUSHL 'STSISSCd JI AVM-3O-LHOIN OVOY YH CL LNFIVPGV G31VI01 3@ TINOKS 3NIT A-oidChapter - 10 Check FormatMe a) b) e) a) CHECK FORMAT FOR ROUTE CHOICE. Line is approachable. Difficult and unsafe approaches are avoided. Route is short and as straight as possible. Mumber of likely angle towers are minimum and within these, the number of heavier angle towers are as small as possible. Good farming areas, uneven ter- rains, religious places, civil and defence installations, industries, aerodromes and theic aproach and take-off funnels, public and pri- vate premises, ponds, tanks, lakes, gardens and plantations are avoided as far as practicable. Vol. 1 : Page 166 cua TEN CHECK FORMAT Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/NoCost of securing and clearing right-of-way (ROW), making access roads and the time required for Yes/No a these works are minimum. | f) Line is as away as possible from telecommunication lines and should Yes/No : not run parallel to these. \g). Crossing with permanent objects, such as railway lines and roads are minimum and at right angles. ‘ Reference is mada te the appropri- ate railways regulations and rail- ways electrification rules as well as civil authorities for protection . to be provided for railway and road crossings, respectively. Yes/No h) A detour in the route is prefer so that it is capable to take care of future load developments without : major modifications. Yes/No vol. 1: Page 167 'rl i) 3) Line is away from the buildings containing explosives, bulk storage oil tanks, oil or gas pipelines. Forest area and other relevant environmental issues are negotiated on principal of avoidance; minimi- sation & mitigation. Vol. 1: Page 168 Yes/No Yes/Nob: c) a) 8) CHECK FORMAT FOR PRELIMINARY SURVEY Schedule of angle points and var- jous type of towers are prepared in given format. Route alignment maps on specified scale are prepared infrastructure facilities such as water, approach roads, Rail heads Communication facilities, working season convenient field subhead quarters etc. are available. Sketch of Angle points are drawn in a manner described in the User's Manual Vol.1 River crossings with profiles are prepared as per guidelines given. Vol. 1: Page 169 Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No‘) 9) h) 4) Tree cutting schedule and forest proposal prepared in given format. Estimate of all line materials required for the entire line is prepared as per the detailed guide lines in the User's Manual vol.1. Possibility to locate Transposition tower at a point where ‘a! type tower with '0°' has been used. as cut point (section tower) is explored. (This will result in economy as dif ferential cost locating transposi- tion tower shall be (C-B) instead of (C-A) type of tower) As far as possible, tower spotting in marshy, water-logged areas, low lying areas, rocky lecations etc. are avoided. Vol. 1: Page 170 Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No3) Wherever possible, uplift under : conditions of minimum sag is avoid- ed on all towers, but ae impossible, special consideration should be given to the attachemen 2 of the conductor at uplift point. Yes/No k) The soil conditions noted on line plan are considered in locating towers if they -are likely to present any particular problems in designing or installing footings. Yes/No 1) Wet, marshy or swampy ground are avoided for obvious reasons. Areas of badly broken or fissured rock should also be avoided if the use of grouted anchor bolts does not appear practical as earth type footings in such rock can be set only after very costly excacava- Yes/No tion. Vol. 1: Page 171 'm) Length of section is about 5 to 6 Kms on average basis for 400 kv transmission lines. Yes/No Vol. 1 : Page 172tt chat ica srs | \ as a) b) ec) CHECK FORMAT FOR DETAILED SURVEY The wind spans and the weight spans are within permissible limits. Statutory clearances from power lines, telecommunications circuits roads, etc. are available. If diversion of any power lines or communication lines that are crossed is required, mention there- of is made, Inadequate ground clearance that nay be unavoidable due to bund, sloping ground, etc. and consequent trimming or cutting of slope that may be necessary are mentioned in the profile drawing. Vol. 1: Page 173 Yes/No yes/No Yes/Noa) 2) : a a) Lateral clearances to rivers, canal edges, roads, railway tracks, etc. are adequate. The types of foundations required, based on trial pit escavation re ports, are to be mentioned. Extension of coping work or build- ing a platform to prevent tower legs coming in contact with water is proposed where water level is likely to be above the normal coping level. The distance between angle points is the sum of all spans in that section. Vol. 1 : Page 174 Yes/No Yes/No Yes/Noh) i) iD x) Levelling of ground before grouting the stubs is proposed for towers on uneven ground. Revetment work is proposed for towurs on slopes with rvasons. The conductor curves are drawn in spans of power line, river and railway crossings and the relative vertical clearances as obtained are indicated. Span of towers for 400 kV transmis- sion lines on average basis is 400 metere. vol. 1 + Page 175 es/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No_ J eal) from Reg. RESUMES OUR TEAM gh. V. @. Agarwal, AGM, is 8.R. (civil) in “Soil Mech. and Fndns. Engg.' Roorkee. and M.E(Hone,) from Univ. of Roorkee, He has 27 yrs. of vast experience in Construction, Planning and Monitoring of large Transmission Projects. 8h.D.K. Valecha, Sr. Manager, is B.Sc. Engg. (Electri- Engg. College, Kurukshetra. We has 17 yrs. of varied experience in Planning & Monitoring, Construction, operation & Maintenance of Transmission lines and Substations. 8h. J.K. Parihar, Manager, is B.E, Elect. (ions. from univ. of Jodhpur, Jodhpur. He has 13 yrs. of varied experience in Planning & Monitoring, Construction, Operation & Maintenance of Transmission lines and Substations. Gh. R.Nagpal, Manager, is B.E. Elect. (Hons.. from Punjab Engg. College, Chandigarh and MBA from Zndira Gandhi National Open Univ., New Delhi. He has 11 yrs. of varied experience in Planning & Monitoring, Construction, Operation & Maintenance of Transmission lines and Substations. 6h. B.K. Jana, Dy. Manager, is B.E. (Civil) from Region~ al Engineering College Durgapur and M.Tech, in Applica Mechanics from I.I.7 Delhi. Ne hag 13 yrs. of varied experience in Design, Planning & Coordination of sub-station works, TL Fndns., Pile Fndns. & other special heavy Foundations. Vol. 1 : Page 176