S-PARAMETERS

By:
Namrata V. L.
Assistant Professor
Government Engineering College, Rajkot

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

INTRODUCTION

Power dividers and directional couplers

are passive microwave components used
for power division or power combining,
as illustrated in Figure.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

INTRODUCTION
The coupler or divider may have three ports, four ports,
or more, and may be (ideally) lossless.
Three-port networks take the form of T-junctions and
other power dividers.
While four-port networks take the form of directional
couplers and hybrids.
A microwave junction is an interconnection of two or
more microwave components as shown in figure.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX
The low frequency circuits can be
represented in two port networks and
characterized by their parameters i.e.
impedances, admittances, voltage gain,
current gain, etc. All these parameters relate
total voltages and currents at the two ports.
But as operational frequency increases, it is
very hard to find correct voltage and current
at any point, due to rapid fluctuation of
voltage and current.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

So at microwave frequency the logical variables used,

are travelling waves with associated powers, rather than
total voltages and total currents. These logical variables
are called as S- parameters.

So in microwave analysis, the power relationship

between the various ports of microwave junction is
defined in terms of parameters, called as S-parameters
or scattering parameters.

As the microwave junction is a multiport junction, the

power relationship between the various ports are defined
in terms of matrix form, and called as S-matrix, which
a square matrix giving all the power combinations
between the input port and output ports.
PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX
an is the amplitude of voltage wave incident on
port n
bn is the amplitude of the reflected voltage wave
from port n.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

The scattering matrix or [S] matrix is

defined in relation to these incident and
reflected voltage waves as

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

The specific element of S-matrix is

i.e. scattering coefficient due to input at ith

port and output taken from jth port.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

Properties of S-matrix for Reciprocal and

Lossless Network
For reciprocal network The impedance and
admittance matrices are symmetric.
For lossless network The impedance and
admittance matrices are imaginary.
Scattering matrix for a reciprocal network is
symmetric and unitary for lossless network.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

Properties of S-matrix for Reciprocal and

Lossless Network
For reciprocal network [S] matrix is defined as
Sij= Sji.
Also it can be written as [S]=[S]t.
For lossless network [S]t[S*]=[I]
For unitary network [S*]={[S]t}-1.

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

SCATTERING MATRIX

Example

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SCATTERING MATRIX

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

WAVEGUIDE TEES

WAVEGUIDE TEES
E-Plane Tees.

H-Plane Tees

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E-PLANE TEE
1.

[S] Matrix of order 3 x 3.

2.

The scattering coefficients are

3.

If port 3 is perfectly matched to the junction

4.

For symmetric property

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

E-PLANE TEE

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

E-PLANE TEE
From equation 1 and 2, ..(5)
From equation 3, ...(6)
From equation 4,

Using the values of 6 and 7 in equation 1, we get

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

E-PLANE TEE

Thus resultant S-parameter will be,

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

E-plane Tee

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

E-PLANE TEE

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE
1.

[S] Matrix of order 3 x 3.

2.

The scattering coefficients are

3.

If port 3 is perfectly matched to the junction

4.

For symmetric property

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE

From equation 1 and 2, ..(5)

From equation 3, ...(6)
From equation 4,

Using the values of 6 and 7 in equation 1, we get

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE

Thus resultant S-parameter will be,

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-plane Tee

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

H-PLANE TEE

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA

Thank you

PROF. N.V.LANGHNOJA