EXPERIMENT NO : 5

GEAR TOOTH PROFILE

AIM : (1). To draw tooth profile of gear using gear generation principle.
(2). To determine the dimension of the gear to be produced by the gear
generation
principle.
REQUIREMENTS: Model of gear generation (Rack cutter and gear blank in the
form of sheet), Drawing paper , pencil , protector etc ...
THEORY: Gear terminology:
(1) Pitch circle diameter (D): It is the diameter of the circle which by a pure
rolling action would transmit the same motion as the actual gear wheel.
(2) PITCH :
(a) CIRCULAR PITCH (Pc): It is the distance measured along the pitch
circle circumference from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on
next tooth Pc = D/T, where T = Number of teeth on the gear wheel.
(b). DIAMETERAL PITCH (Pd): It is defined as the number of teeth per
unit dimension of pitch diameter.
... Pd =
(c). Module (m):
It is defined as the pitch diameter divided by t, number of teeth. Generally it is
specified in mm.
.. m =
(d). Base pitch (Pd) : It is the distance as the measured along the base circle
circumstances from the point on one tooth to the corresponding point on next
tooth.
(3). ADDENDUM: IT is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth.
(4). DEDENDUM: It is the radial distance between the pitch circle and the bottom
of the tooth space.

(5). CLEARANCE: It is the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear

exceed the addendum of its mating gear.
(6). PRESSURE ANGLE OR ANGLE OF OBLIQUITY ( ) : It is the angle
which the common normal to the two teeth at the point of contact makes with the
common tangent to the two pitch circle at the pitch point.
(7). PITCH OF CONTACT: It is the amount by which the width of a tooth from
the beginning to the end of engagement.
(8). ABC OF CONTACT: It is the pitch followed by a point on either pitch circle
from the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
(9). BACK LASH: It is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the
thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles.
METHODES OF GEAR CUTTING:
(A). FORMED CUTTING METHOD:
(1) With formed cutter on shaping machine.
(2) With formed milling cutter on milling machine.
(3) With formed cutter which rotates and travels.
(B). GENERATING METHOD:
(1) Generation by rack cutter Sunderland gear shaper
(2) Generation by pinion cutter fellows gear cutting module.
(3) Gear Hobbing .
GENERATION BY RACK CUTTER SUNDERLAND GEAR SHAPER:
The cutting of gear teeth usually is performed by forming cutter or by
generating cutters. In form cutting the teeth space takes the exact shape of the cutter.
In generating method, a total having a shape different from the tooth profile is moved
to the gear to be generated so that the proper tooth space is obtained.
The slides of an involute rack tooth are straight. For this reason a rack
generating tool provides an accurate method of cutting gear tooth. In operation, the
cutter reciprocates and is first end into the gear blank until the pitch circles are
tangent. There after each cutting stroke, the gear blank and cutter roll slightly on their
pitch circle. Then the blank and the cutter have rolled a distance equal to the circular
pitch and the cutter is returned to the starting point and the process is continued until
all the teeth have been cut.

PROCEDURE: A blank drawing paper in attached on to the circular board which

represent the gear blank. The circular board is rooted each time by 2 and
correspondingly in to same direction the rack is moved by a distance equal to a
circumferential distance moved by the circular board on the pitch circle. Each time the
position of the rack edge is traced on the paper attached on the circular board. The
curve should be drawn in such a way that the straight lines are tangent to it. This gives
on involute profile of the gear tooth.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Blank Diameter = Addendum diameter Dq = _______cm.
Pitch on the rack Pc of the gear to be generated = _______ cm to be measured
on rack.
As Pc =

= m , ... =

=__________

... m =Module = ______

Pressure Angle =

= 20 (Given),

As R = Ra m =
New m = D/T , .. . T = D/m =,
D = T.m =
R=
Radius of base circle = Rb = R cos
Base pitch Pb =
Measure the angle

Db
T

= __________ cm.

= ____________cm

substanded at centre by circle pitch are on the tooth profile drawn

on paper on pitch circle and check whether;

= 18 i.e Q should be 20.

QUESTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

State the law of gearing?

What are the form of teeth which satisfy the low of gearing?
What do you mean by interference in toothed gearing?
What are the methods of avoiding interference?
What the various type of gear? What will be positions of the shaft axis in each
case?

REFERENCE:
1. Theory of Machines by Thomes Bevan.
2. Theory of Machines by J.R Shigley.
3. Theory of Machines by J.P Ballaney.

EXPERIMENT NO: 6
CAM- PROFILE
AIM: (1). To draw the cam profile from the performance of a given cam follower
assembly, when (a) Follower axis passes through the cam shaft centre, (b). When
follower axis is having eccentricity = 1 cm
(2). To check the displacement of follower during rise (uniform acceleration
and retardation on) and during return (SHM) analytically for radial follower case.
(3). To find the velocity of the follower at the given values of
cam) for radial follower analytically and graphically.

(rotation of

REQUIREMENTS: Cam follower assembly, scale, graph paper, drawing paper etc.
THEORY:

FOR RISE: During 120 of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and retardation
(parabolic);
X = 2.h (
X = h [1-2 (1 -

for
)2 ]

for

0 /2............................ (1)
/2

......................... (2)

where x = displacement of follower at any angle

h = lift of the follower (4 cm for our case )
= total angle turned through during the rise i.e 120 in our case.

FOR RETURN : during 120 of cam rotation with SHM (i.e. from 150 to 270 of
cam rotation )
x= (h/2) * 1-Cos( / )
where = total angle turned through by cam during return stroke.

PROCEDURE : Take the readings on x scale for the various angular position of cam
at the interval of 10 in both the case (a) and (b). Convert the readings on x scale such
that for = 0
X = 0. Draw the displacement diagram x v/s and from this draw the cam profile in
both the cases (a) and (b). Check the displacement of the follower at various angular
position of cam analytically for the known rise and return.
OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:
Minimum radius of cam = 30 mm.
Diameter of the roller follower = 35 mm.
Angular velocity of cam= 1 rad/s
TABLE A : RADIAL FOLLOWER

XS

X = XS-XMIN

XS

X = XS-XMIN

TABLE B: OFFSET FOLLOWER

XS

X = XS-XMIN

XS

X = XS-XMIN

CALCULATIONS:
(1). Calculation of x for various value of .
(2). Calculate of velocity (x) for various value of
GRAPHS:
Draw the graph of x v/s for both the cases and from this draw the graph of (dx/d)
V/s for radial follower only.

RESULTS :
Sr.
No

(Experimentally)

(Analytically)

Sr.
No

(Experimentally)

(Analytically)

QUESTION:
1. What are the various type cam and follower?
2. What are the various type of applications of Cam?
3. Why are the spring used in cam follower system?
REFERENCE:
1. Theory of Machines by Thomes Bevan.
2. Theory of Machines by J.R Shigley.
3. Theory of Machines by J.P Ballaney.

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
HOOKS JOINT
AIM: To study the performance of a hooks joint and to draw displacement diagram
( Vs ) ,considering w=angular velocity of the driver shaft = 1 rad/s
REQUIREMENT: Hooks Joint, scales, Graph paper(full size) etc.
THEORY:

This joint is used to connect two non-parallel intersecting shafts. The end of each shaft
is forked and each fork provides two bearings for the arms of a cross. The arms of the
cross are at right angles and the cross serves to transmit motion from the driving to the
driven shaft. The applications of the Hooks joint are found in the transmission from
the gear box to the back axle of automobiles and in the transmission of the drive to the
spindles of the multiple drilling machines.
In fig.2 an end elevation looking along the axis of the driving shaft and a top view are
shown. The planes or rotation of the cross are represented by traces PP and QQ in top
view.
Let the initial position of the cross be such that both the arms lie in the place of paper
in elevation, while the arm is attached to the driving shaft lies in the plane containing
the axis of the two shafts. Let the driving shaft turn through the angle so that the arm
AB is displaced to A1B1. Then the projection C1D1 of the other arm CD must also turn
through the angle . But the true length of the C1O is given by C2O and therefore the
angle through which the driven shaft has turned is given by ;
From figure, tan =

and tan =

=
If is the inclination of the driven shaft to the driving shaft, then OM/ON = cos
= 1/cos ; tan =cos .tan

..(1)

Let w = Angular velocity driving shaft =

and w1 = Angular velocity of driven shaft =
Differentiating both sides of equation (1)
Sec2

= cos sec2
= cos cos 2 sec2

=
But, sec2 =1 +
=

=
.

(2)

For a given values of this expression is a maximum and cos =0

i.e. when = /2, 3 /2 etc. and it is minimum when cos = 1 when = 0, etc.
If the speed of the driving shaft is constant , the maximum speed w1 of the driven
= 1/cos & minimum speed of the driven shaft w1/ w = cos ,

shaft is given by

The value of for which the speeds of the driving and driven shafts are equal w= w1
may be found by equating equation (2) to unity.
1-cos2 sin2= cos
cos2 =

..(2)

sin2 = 1 - cos2 =
And , tan2 = cos ;

tan =

..(3)

Equation (3) gives four values of for a particular value of which gives w= w1
The angular acceleration of the driven shaft is given by
. (4)
The value of the for which the acceleration is maximum may be found by,
Cos 2 =

. (5)

PROCEDURE:
Adjust the pointers on both the scales alongwith both the shafts so that when =0,=0.
Rotate the driven shaft through 200 each time and take the reading of for driven
shaft. Draw the displacement diagram and . Calculate the values of at which w =
w1 and find maximum and minimum value of w1 for a given value of and w(=1
rad/s).
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:
= Angle between the shaft axis.
W = Angular velocity of driver shaft = 1 rad/s (given)

TABLE :

CALCULATIONS:
1. Find @ which w1=w
2. Find @ which (w1)max & (w1)min
GRAPH :
Draw a graph of vs .
RESULT :

QUESTIONS:
1 What is other name of hook joint ?
2 How can you find percentage fluctuation of speed of driven shaft for given value of
and ?
3 What is "Double Hook joint? why it is Required?
4 State the condition under which two shafts connected together by a Double Hooks
joint shall have the same angular velocities.
REFERANCE :
1. Theory of Machines by Thomes Bevan.
2. Theory of Machines by J.R Shigley.
3. Theory of Machines by J.P Ballaney.

EXPRIMENT NO : 08
BALANCING OF FOUR ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM:
To study the balancing of several masses revolving in different planes
theoretically and experimentally.
REQUIREMENTS : Scale, Masses
Theory:
The apparatus has been designed to carry out experiment on primary balancing
in the laboratory and verify the theory of balancing.
It consists of a rectangular steel frame suspended by four spring from a strong
steel stand as shown in fig.1. One rectangular frame, two bearings are mounted which
support a steel shaft carrying four balanced dies equally spaced. One of the dies is
grooved and this is connected to a balanced 220 V A.C Electrical motor by v-belt so
that the whole system can be rotated.

In all the four dies circumferential slot are provided at four different road.
Number of steel Places to act as balancing masses are included and these places can
be attached in the slots of the dies by means of screwed rod and nuts. The discs are
marked with radial lines and numbered, to read the angular position of the balancing
masses. The balancing weight attached under the left hand corner of the frame ensures

that the spring tensions are identical and the spirit level. By attaching the balancing
weight to the circumferential slots of the discs at different positions, various
combination of out of balance condition can be obtained either in one plane or two
plates . By switching on the motor and making the system to rotate, stage of out of
balance can be clearly observed due to vibration and oscillation set up in the system.
Now the distance between discs positions of balancing weights,
The standard equipment includes about 40 weights and 5 screwed rods with
nuts, washers etc. This screwed rod with nuts and washers form one standard weight,
and the weights can be attached to these rods according to the requirements.
The equipment is complete with strong iron stand for floor mounting, set of tools and
a scale.
The unbalanced masses are placed in the planes 1 and 2 e.g. 200 gms at 180
and 80 respectively. Now in order to find the balancing masses required to be placed
in the reference planes L & R, we use the following table.
PROCEDURE:
For the giving four rotor system and the unbalanced masses placed in two rotors in the
slots provides, use the following method to balance the system.

PLANE

Mass, m
(kg.)

Radius,
(cm)

Cont.force/W2
(kg.cm)

Distance
From ref.
Plane(m)

Couple / w2

1
2
3
4

The two equation F = 0 and m = 0 are used to determine the amount and
location of the corrections.
The above two vector equation can be solved graphically or analytically. Using both
these methods determine the location and amount of masses to be placed in the
remaining two rotors.

CONCLUSION:-

QUESTION :
(1). Explain the term Static Balancing and Dynamic Balancing. State the necessary
condition to achieve them.
(2). Why balancing of rotating plates necessary for high speed engines ?
REFERANCE :
1. Theory of Machines by Thomes Bevan.
2. Theory of Machines by J.R Shigley.
3. Theory of Machines by J.P Ballaney.