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Abstract.
There are many reasons for over voltages in
power system. The overvoltage causes number
of effect in the power system. It may cause
insulation failure of the equipments,
malfunction of the equipments. Overvoltage
can cause damage to components connected to
the power supply and lead to insulation failure,
damage to electronic components, heating,
flashovers, etc. Over voltages occur in a system
when the system voltage rises over 110% of the
nominal rated voltage. Overvoltage can be
caused by a number of reasons, sudden
reduction in loads, switching of transient loads,
lightning strikes, failure of control equipment
such
as
voltage
regulators,
neutral
displacement,. Overvoltage can cause damage
to components connected to the power supply
and lead to insulation failure, damage to
electronic components, heating, flashovers, etc.
The causes of power system overvoltages are
numerous and the waveforms are complex. It is
customary to classify the transients on the basis
of frequency content of the waveforms. This
paper presents causes and sources of
overvoltage that may damage power system
Power frequency
overvoltages
Power frequency
overvoltages
Description
Causes
Switching
overvoltages
Lightning
overvoltages
Electric faults
Sudden changes of load
Ferroresonance
Energization of lines
Deenergization of capacitor banks
Fault interruption/TRV
High-speed reclosing
Energization/deenergization of transformers
Other
Lightningcloud-to-ground flashes
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Figure (2). Overvoltage due to a single-phase-toground fault at the end of a 40-mi-long 115-kV line: (a)
phase A voltage; (b) phase B voltage; (c) phase C
voltage.
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Transformer Energizing
Energizing a transformer produces inrush currents
that are rich in harmonic components for a period
lasting up to 1 s. If the system has a parallel
resonance near one of the harmonic frequencies, a
dynamic overvoltage condition results that can
cause failure of arresters and problems with
sensitive equipment. This problem can occur
when large transformers are energized
simultaneously with large power factor correction
capacitor banks in industrial facilities. The
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7. A dynamic
overvoltage waveform caused by a third-harmonic
resonance in the circuit is shown in Fig. 8. After
the expected initial transient, the voltage again
swells to nearly 150 percent for many cycles until
the losses and load damp out the oscillations. This
can place severe stress on some arresters and has
been known to significantly shorten the life of
capacitors.
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[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
[14].
[15].
Conclusion
[16].
[17].
[18].
References
[1]. Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference
Book, 4th ed., Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1964.
[2]. Electrical Distribution-System Protection, 3d ed., Cooper
Power Systems, Franksville, Wis., 1990.
[3]. K. Berger, R. B. Anderson, H. Kroninger, Parameters of
Lightning Flashes, Electra, No. 41, July 1975, pp. 23
27.
[4]. R. Morrison and W. H. Lewis, Grounding and Shielding
in Facilities, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
[5]. G. L. Goedde, L. J. Kojovic, M. B. Marz, J. J.
Woodworth, Series-Graded Gapped Arrester Provides
Reliable Overvoltage Protection in Distribution
Systems, Conference Record, 2001 IEEE Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 3, 2001, pp.
11221127.
[6]. R. A. Stansberry, Protecting Distribution Circuits:
Overhead Shield Wire versus Lightning Surge
Arresters, Transmission & Distribution, April
1991, pp. 56ff.
[7]. IEEE Transformers Committee, Secondary (Low-Side)
Surges in Distribution Transformers, Proceedings of the
1991 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference, Dallas, September 1991, pp. 9981008.
[8]. C. W. Plummer, et al., Reduction in Distribution
Transformer Failure Rates and Nuisance Outages Using
Improved Lightning Protection Concepts, Proceedings
of the 1994 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference, Chicago, April 1994, pp. 411416.
[9]. G. L. Goedde, L. A. Kojovic, J. J. Woodworth, Surge
Arrester Characteristics That Provide Reliable
Overvoltage Protection in Distribution and Low-Voltage
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