:: POWER FACTOR CORRECTION::

HHGH6304 Power Quality in Industry

Team Members
:: Shefian Md Dom (HGE120021) :: Shahrizal Jelani (HGE120023) :: Komaleshwari (HGE120018) ::

:: PRESENTATION OUTLINES ::
Power Factor
Calculation
Real Network
Simulation

Introduction

Objectives

Power
Factor
Overview

Power Factor
Correction
Impact
Source of
Reactive
Power

Power
Factor
Correction

Type of
Power Factor
Correction
Switching &
Protection
Return on
Investment
(ROI)

Conclusion

:: OBJECTIVES ::
1) To study the impact of power factor correction in economic and
technical aspects.
2) The understand the power factor correction implementation from
industrial approach.
3) To simulate the reactance compensation behavior in real power
system network in order to determine the effective value of
compensation.

Introduction

Power
Factor
Overview

Power Factor Correction

Impact

Source of Reactive Power

:: INTRODUCTION ::
Electrical plants loads draw from the network active power as source or convert it
into another form of energy or into mechanical output.
It is often necessary that the load exchanges with the network the reactive energy,
mainly of inductive type. This energy, even if not immediately converted into other
forms, contributes to increase the total power flowing through the electrical network,
from the generators, all along the conductors, to the users.
To smooth such negative effect, the power factor correction of the electrical plants
is carried out.
Example of power factor correction is using capacitor banks to generate locally the
reactive energy necessary for the transfer of electrical useful power to enable better
and more rational technical-economical management of the plants.

:: POWER FACTOR IMPACT ::

(TECHNICAL)
A.

Better utilisation of electrical machines

B.

Better utilisation of electrical lines

C.

Reduction of losses

D.

Reduction of voltage drop

:: POWER FACTOR IMPACT ::

(ECONOMIC)
Low Power Factor requires high reactive power (KVAR) and apparent
power (KVA), which is the power that utility supplies. Therefore, a facilitys low
power factor forces the utility to increase its generation and transmission
capacity in order to handle this extra demand.
By increasing power factor, customers use less KVAR. This results in less KW,
which equates to cost savings for utility.
Power supply authorities apply a tariff system which imposes penalties on the
drawing of energy with a monthly average power factor lower than 0.9
(electricity supply 132kV and above) or less than 0.85 (electricity supply
below 132 kV).

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

The main means for the generation of reactive power are:
A.
B.
C.
D.

Synchronous alternators
Synchronous compensators (SC)
Static VAR compensators (SVC)
Banks of static capacitors

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

A. SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATORS
Synchronous
alternators
used
generation of electrical energy.

for

the

Intended to supply electrical power to the final

loads.
By acting on the excitation of alternators, it is
possible to vary the value of the generated
voltage and consequently to regulate the
injections of reactive power into the network
so that the voltage profiles of the system can
be improved and the losses along the lines
can be reduced.

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

B. SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATORS
Synchronous motors running no-load in
synchronism with the network.
Functions to absorb excessive reactive
power (under excited operation) or to
supply reactive power (overexcited
operation).
Used mainly in definite nodes of power
transmission network for the regulation
of voltages and of reactive power
flows.
Synchronous compensators in power
distribution networks is not favourable
due
to
high
installation
and
maintenance costs.

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

C. STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS
An electronic version of the reactive power
compensation
systems
based
on
electromechanical components.
Switching of various capacitors is not carried out
through the opening and closing of suitable
contactors, but through the control carried out
by couples of antiparallel thyristors.
Thyristor Switches Capacitor (TSC) allow step-bystep control of the reactive power delivered by
groups of capacitors.
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) provides
continuous control of the reactive power drawn
by the inductors.
Coupling TSC with a TCR allows continuous
modulated regulation of the delivered/drawn
reactive power.
These devices are used in high and very high
voltage networks.

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

D. BANKS OF STATIC CAPACITORS
A capacitor is a passive dipole consisting of two
conducting surfaces called plates, isolated
from one another by a dielectric material.

According to the geometry of the metal plates, it is

possible to have:

:: SOURCE OF REACTIVE POWER ::

The main parameters which characterize a capacitor are:

rated capacitance
rated power reactive power
rated voltage V r.m.s. value
rated frequency

When an alternating voltage is applied across the plates, the capacitor is

subjected to charge and discharge cycles, during which it stores reactive
energy (capacitor charge) and injects such energy into the circuit to
which it is connected (capacitor discharge).
Capacitors used as basic element for realization of power factor
correction banks (for all voltage levels) for regulation of reactive power
because of their capability of storing and delivering energy.

Power Factor Calculation

Real Network Simulation

Power
Factor
Correction

Type of Power Factor

Correction
Switching & Protection

Return on Investment (ROI)

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
Calculation of power factor according to the consumption or to the load cycle of
the plant is important to improve the power factor by dimensioning of the
capacitor bank
To avoid the intake of excess reactive energy
To carry out distributed or group power factor correction, it is necessary to
calculate the cos of the single load or of the group of loads, this can be carried
out as follows:
1. Directly, through direct measuring by means of a power factor meter
2. Indirectly, through the reading of the active and reactive energy meters
The power-factor meter is a measuring instrument able to display the power factor
cos according to which the load is absorbing energy
The reading of the instrument shall be carried out in different moments of the load
cycle, so that an average power factor value can be obtained

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
If the readings of the active and reactive energy absorbed by the load or by the whole
of the loads constituting the factory areas during a work cycle are available, the
average power factor can be calculated as follows:

Where:
EPi and EQi are the values of active and reactive energy read at the beginning of the
work cycle
EPf and EQf are the values of active and reactive energy read at the end of the work
cycle
To carry out a centralized power factor correction, the average monthly power factor can
be obtained as previously illustrated or directly from the bills of the power supply authority

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
Indicating by:
P the installed active power
1 the phase displacement angle
before power factor correction
2 the phase displacement angle
to be obtained with the power factor
correction
the power of the capacitor bank Qc
is:
Qc = (tg1 - tg2) P
=KP

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
In a plant with active power
equal to 300 kW at 400 V and
cos = 0.75, we want to
increase the power factor up to
0.90. From the table, at the
intersection between the row
initial cos = 0.75 with the
column final cos = 0.9, a
value
of
0.398
for
the
coefficient K is obtained.
Therefore a capacitor bank is
necessary with power Qc equal
to:
Qc = K x P
= 0.398 x 300
= 119.4 kvar

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::

The factor K can be determined also using the

following nomograph.
Tracing a line segment from the value of the
initial cos to the value to be obtained, the
intersection of the line with the middle
graduated scale, gives the value of K which,
multiplied by the active power P of the load,
defines the necessary reactive power Qc.

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OF
THREE-PHASE MOTORS
The
power
factor
correction
of
asynchronous motors cannot be assessed
with great precision because the power
factor is highly influenced by the load
conditions. In fact, assuming to have a 11
kW motor with 6 poles, from the table the
power factor obtained under normal
conditions results to be cosn = 0.77,
whereas the rated efficiency is n 0.86.

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
If this motor runs at 40% of the rated power, from
the following diagram of coefficient reduction, it
can be obtained that:
cos = cosn 0.67 = 0.52
= n 0.9 = 0.77
Therefore the active power absorbed Pa by the
network is given by:
Pa = Pn /
= (0.4 . Pn) /
= (0.4 x 11) / 0.77
= 5.68kW

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::
Reactive power Qc necessary to correct the
power factor and get cos= 0.9 with K=1.15
derived from the nomograph
Qc = K P
= 1.15 5.68
= 6.53 kvar

:: PF CORRECTION CALCULATION ::

REACTIVE POWER FOR THE

COMPENSATION OF ABB
MOTORS

Three-phase asynchronous motor, 110 kW (400 V - 50 Hz - 4 poles),

the suggested value of power factor correction is 30 kvar.

:: REAL NETWORK SIMULATION ::

:: REAL NETWORK SIMULATION ::

Qdemand=1103 kVAR

Qinjection=0 kVAR

PF= 0.86

:: REAL NETWORK SIMULATION ::

Qdemand =1103-509
= 594 kVAR

QINJECT=509 kVAR

PF= 0.95

:: REAL NETWORK SIMULATION ::

Qdemand =1103-926
=177 kVAR

Qinject=926 kVAR

PF= +1

:: REAL NETWORK SIMULATION ::

Qsupply =1103-1173
= 70 kVAR

Qinject=1173 kVAR

PF= -1

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
There are no general rules applicable to every type of installation and in theory
capacitors can be installed at any point but it is necessary to evaluate the relevant
practical and economical feasibility. According to the location modalities of the
capacitors, the main methods of power factor correction are:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Distributed power factor correction

Group power factor correction
Centralized power factor correction
Combined power factor correction
Automatic power factor correction

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
1) Distributed power factor correction
Distributed power factor correction is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank
properly sized directly to the terminals of the load which demands reactive power.

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
2) Group power factor correction
This is the method reaching a compromise between the inexpensive solution and
the proper management of the installation since the benefits deriving from power
factor correction shall be felt only by the line upstream the point where the
capacitor bank is located.

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
3) Centralized power factor correction
The use of one compensation system only located at the origin of the installation
allows a remarkable reduction of the total power of the installed capacitors.

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
4) Combined power factor correction
This solution derives from a compromise between the two solutions of distributed
and centralized power factor correction
Used in installations where large equipment only are frequently used in such
circumstances their power factor is corrected individually where the power factor
of small equipment is corrected by the centralized modality.

:: TYPES OF PF CORRECTION ::
5) Automatic power factor correction
In most installations there is not a constant absorption of reactive power for
example due to working cycles for which machines with different electrical
characteristics are used.
This method basically the power factor controller will follow the variations of the
absorbed reactive power and keeping constant the power factor of the installation
constant.

Introduction
Power Factor Calculation

Power
Factor
Correction

Real Network Simulation

Type of Power Factor
Correction
Switching & Protection
Return on Investment (ROI)

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

MCCB

* Power Factor Controller

Contactor

Detuned Reactor

* Capacitor Banks

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

In compliance with the Std. IEC 60252-2 motors

discharge devices are not often required when
the capacitors are permanently connected to
the terminals of the motor windings functioning
as discharge resistances.
When a discharge device is provided, it shall
reduce voltage at the capacitor to 50 V or less
in the time of 1 min after switched off.
Reason for discharge resistor:
Eliminate voltage potential across
capacitor bank terminal which lead to
safety issue
Prevent electrical overstress on the
capacitor

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

The discharge resistance in a single-phase unit or in a

phase of a polyphase unit is given by:

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Discharged Capacitor (Dont) 08:00

Discharged Capacitor (Do) 02:50

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

100 kVAR

25 kVAR x 4

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Reason of slicing the kVAR value
PF is real network is not static due to
operation and load behavior.
To use kVAR sources effectively, only
necessary kVAR based on target PF
will be supplied to system while others
in standby mode.
100 kVAR

25 kVAR x 4

Equipment life span can be extended

as only necessary capacitor banks
involve in operation.
Support energy saving & green
environment.

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

STEP

25kvar
Channel Offered :

C1 : C2 : C3 : C4 : C5 : C6 : C7 : C8 : C9 : C10 : C11 : C12

Channel Used :

C1 : C2 : C3 : C4 : C5 : C6 : C7 : C8 : C9 : C10 : C11 : C12

Switching Sequence Setting at RVT:
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

STEP

25kvar
Channel Offered :

C1 : C2 : C3 : C4 : C5 : C6 : C7 : C8 : C9 : C10 : C11 : C12

Channel Used :

C1 : C2 : C3 : C4 : C5 : C6 : C7 : C8 : C9 : C10 : C11 : C12

Switching Sequence Setting at RVT:
1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

INCOMER-A
MASTER A

INCOMER-B

PFC-A

PFC-B

MASTER B

BUS TIE-AB

BUS-A

BUS-B

> Case: BUS TIE-AB opened

L
1

Channel

Switching

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

INCOMER-A
MASTER AB

INCOMER-B

PFC-A

PFC-B

SLAVE (OFF)

BUS TIE-AB

BUS-A

BUS-B

> Case: INCOMER-B opened

L
1

Channel

Switching

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

INCOMER-A
SLAVE (OFF)

INCOMER-B

PFC-A

PFC-B

MASTER AB

BUS TIE-AB

BUS-A

BUS-B

> Case: INCOMER-A opened

L
1

Channel

Switching

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

FILO

Linear

FIFO

Circular

The operation for capacitor bank is

concentrate on initial stage of switching
sequence.

The operation for capacitor bank is

equally spread out for all stage of
switching sequence.

Lifespan across the capacitor bank line

up is not balance.

Lifespan across the capacitor bank line

up is well balance.

Conventional switching approach

New switching approach

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Direct
Suitable for system which
expected to have slow
fluctuation power factor.

Progressive
Suitable for system which
expected to have fast
fluctuation of power factor.

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Normal Operation
Switches the steps when the
demand is continuously
present for the whole
switching delay time.

Integral Operation
Switches the steps
according to averaged
value of the requested
reactive power.
Integral operation is useful
for applications where the
load is varying rapidly.

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

ON Delay:
In normal operation, it is the time between the demand to switch ON a step and the
actual switching.
In integral operation, it is the integration time between two switching decisions.
The ON-delay is needed to allow the capacitor to discharge before switching it ON.

OFF Delay:
In normal operation, it is the time between the demand to switch OFF a step and the
actual switching OFF.
In integral operation, OFF-Delay is not used.
RESET Delay:
The time to waits before restarting bank operation after a power outage.

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

C/k ratio is starting current of the RVT Controller which is usually set equal to 2/3 of
the current of the capacitor step (Qstep)
It represents the threshold current value for the RVT to switch ON or OFF a capacitor
step.

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Too high C/k value will lead to insufficient capacitor steps being switched ON in
order to reach the target cos .
Too low C/k value and how it can lead to useless switching

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

Reactor

Capacitor
Bank

:: SWITCHING & PROTECTION ::

A shunt harmonic filter is essentially a power factor correction

capacitor combined with a series iron core reactor.

A filter provides power factor correction at the fundamental

frequency and becomes an inductance (like a motor) at frequencies
higher than its tuning point.

Most harmonic filters are tuned below the 5th harmonic. Therefore, the
filter provides an inductive impedance path to those currents at
harmonic frequencies created by nearly all three-phase non-linear
loads (5th, 7th,11th, 13th, etc.).

Because the filter is not capacitive at these frequencies, the plant

electrical system can no longer resonate at these frequencies and
can not magnify the harmonic voltages and currents.

A shunt harmonic filter therefore accomplishes three things:

1. Provides power factor correction.
2. Prevents harmonic overvoltage due to resonance.
3. Reduces voltage harmonic distortion and transformer harmonic
loading at frequencies above its tuning point.

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) ::

:: CONCLUSION ::
1) The power factor correction not only beneficial in economic
view (billing) but also have impact on technical such as
utilization electrical system, reduction of losses and voltage drop.
2) The industrial implementation, beside having capacitor banks
and protection, the aspect of power factor controller and
harmonic filter also required to form complete reactance
compensation system.
3) Simulation of reactance compensation behavior in real power
system network using software such as SKM is more precise to
define the exact value of compensation required by system
compared to manual calculation.