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ME-224
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
I.I.T.BOMBAY
Spring 2015
Sl. No:
Nameofthe experiment
Location
2a
2b
FMFP Lab
FMFP Lab
6a
101B
FMFP Lab
101B
FMFP Lab
6b
Impacts of Jets
8a
8b
Reynolds Apparatus
9a
9b
10
101B
101B
ii
101B
FMFP Lab
Contents
Location of Experimental Setups .................................................................................................................. ii
F1: CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER ......................................................................... 1
F2 (a): CALIBRATION OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER (DPT) USING DEAD WEIGHT TESTER ..... 9
F2 (b): TURBULENT VELOCITY PROFILE IN A CIRULAR PIPE ........................................................................ 14
F3: FRICTION FACTOR IN INTERNAL PIPE TURBULENT FLOW ..................................................................... 18
F4: PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOW AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER ............................................... 22
F5: EFFICIENCY OF A SQUARE CURVED DIFFUSER ...................................................................................... 26
F6 (a): LEVEL OF THE FLUID IN VORTEX FLOW ............................................................................................ 30
F6 (b): IMPACT OF JETS ............................................................................................................................... 33
F7: CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBMERGED JET ............................................................................................. 35
F8 (a): LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS .................................................................................................................. 39
F8 (b): REYNOLDS APPARATUS.................................................................................................................... 42
F9 (a): MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY USING ENGLERS VISCOMETER ...................................................... 44
F9 (b): FALLING BALL VISCOMETER ............................................................................................................. 47
F10: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A PELTON TURBINE ................................................................ 50
iii
3) Now open the outlet valve of venturimeter keeping the outlet valve of orificemeter
closed.
4) First open the air valves of manometer and then open the venturimeter valves of
manometer. Remove all the air bubbles through circuit.
5) Adjust the discharge by closing the bypass valve. Note down the DPT reading. Calculate
the theoretical discharge Qth..
6) Note down the time for collection of 10 litres of water in the measuring tank and
determine the actual discharge Qact. Calculate the coefficient of discharge Cd. Repeat the
procedure for five mass flow rates for both Venturimeter and orificemeter.
ReD
4m act
D
106
Cd 0.5961 0.0261 0.216 0.000521
R eD
Calculate the value of discharge coefficient for the orificemeter according to ISO
standard. Also note that the value of discharge coefficient for Venturimeter as specified
by ISO 5167 is 0.984.
2
GRAPHS:
Plot a graph of Cd vs ReD obtained by volume flow rate measurement and ISO 5167 on a single
graph paper.
RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS:-
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Supply pipe diameter = 21mm
Venturimeter inlet (D) and outlet (d) diameter = 21.5mm and 15mm
Orificemeter inlet (D) and outlet (d) diameter = 20mm and 14mm
DPT Differential Pressure Transmitter
Sr.
No
.
Volume
liter
Time
t, sec
ReD
Venturimeter
DPT
readin
g
Cd
(expt)
1
2
3
4
5
Orifice plate
Cd
ISO
DPT
reading
Cd
(expt)
Cd
ISO
Graph
(1)
2
V2
P V
1 g z 1 2 2 g z 2 gh L ;
P1
Qideal A2V2
2P1 P2 with
( 1 4 )
Ideal flow hL = 0
(2)
(3)
D2
D1
The difficulty in including the head loss is that there is no accurate expression for it. The net
result is that empirical coefficients are used in the flow rate equations to account for the complex
real world effects brought on by the nonzero viscosity. The coefficients are discussed below.
A typical orifice-meteris constructed by inserting between two flanges of a pipe a flat plate with
a hole, as shown in Fig. 2.
The pressure at point (2) within the vena contracta is less than that at point (1). Non-ideal effects
occur for two reasons.
First, the vena contracta area is less than the area of the hole, by an unknown amount. Thus, A2 =
CcAo, Cc where is the contraction coefficient (Cc< 1).
Second, the swirling flow and turbulent motion near the orifice plate introduce a head loss that
cannot be calculated theoretically. Thus, an orifice discharge coefficient, Cd, is used to take these
effects into account. That is,
Q C d Qideal C d Ao
2P1 P2
(4)
( 1 4 )
the orifice-meter (i.e., the placement of pressure taps, whether the orifice plate edge is square or
beveled etc.). According ISO 5167, the coefficient of discharge for D-D/2 tapping is given by
10 6
19000
d
A
D
ReD
0.7
(5)
0.0188 0.0063 A
10 6
Re D
3.5
0.3
Cd
The most precise and most expensive obstruction-type flow meters is the Venturi meter shown in
Fig. 4 (G. B. Venturi (17461822)). Although the operating principle for this device is the same
as for the orifice, the geometry of the Venturi meter is designed to reduce head losses to a
minimum. This is accomplished by providing a relatively streamlined contraction which
eliminates separation ahead of the throat 2 and a very gradual expansion downstream of the
throat which eliminates separation in this decelerating portion of the venturimeter. Most of the
head loss that occurs in a well-designed Venturimeter is due to friction losses along the walls
7
rather than losses associated with separated flows and the inefficient mixing motion that
accompanies such flow.
References
1. Munson B.R, Donald F. Young and Theodore H Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
Fourth Edition, 2000, John Wiley and sons.
2. Figliola R.S and Beasley, D.E., Theory and Design of Mechanical Measurement, Fourth
Edition, 2002, John Wiley and sons.
THEORY: A dead weight tester is used as a laboratory standard for the calibration of pressure
measuring devices over the pressure range from 70 7 107 Pa. This device determines the
pressure directly through its fundamental definition of force per unit area.
A dead weight tester consists of an internal chamber filled with a liquid, and a closed fitting
piston and cylinder. Chamber pressure is produced by the compression of the liquid, usually oil,
by the adjustable plunger. This pressure acts on the end of the carefully machined piston.
9
A static equilibrium will exist when the external pressure exerted by the piston on the fluid
balances with the chamber pressure. This external piston pressure is created by a downward
force acting over the equivalent area, Ae, of the piston. The weight of the piston plus the
additional weight of calibrated masses are used to provide this external force F.
At static equilibrium the piston will float, and the chamber pressure can be deduced
as p F / Ae . A pressure measuring device, such as a pressure transducer/pressure gauge, can
be connected to the reference port and calibrated by comparison to the chamber pressure.
PROCEDURE: First of all, rotate the screw pump handle (4) anticlockwise completely and
clockwise direction. This is to remove the air bubbles trapped inside. Now, with the screw handle
(4) in full anticlockwise position, fix the gauge/differential pressure transmitter to be tested on
gauge connector (5).
Load the necessary weights on the piston carrier (6), and then start rotating the screw pump
handle clockwise until the pressure generated is just sufficient to lift the weights so that weights
can float on the oil. Rotate the weight and the piston to reduce the effect of friction.
Note the reading on the pressure gauge/differential pressure transmitter to be calibrated
corresponding to the weights on the carrier. Repeat the experiments for different weights so as to
generate different operating pressures on the gage/DPT as given in the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Pressure corresponding to the weight of the carrier alone = 0.2 bar
Sr. no.
K
Actual pressure
(Y) (bar)
Pressure measured
in DPT(X)
(bar)
X k2
X k Yk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Xk
k 1
Yk
X k Yk
k 1
k 1
10
X k2
k 1
k 1
N
k 1
k 1
( NX X kYk X k Yk )
N
( N X k 2 ( X k )2 )
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
( X k 2 Yk X k X kYk )
k 1
k 1
k1
( N X k 2 ( X k )2 )
Sr. no.
K
Actual
pressure (Y)
(bar)
Pressure measured
in DPT(X)
(bar)
Pressure
calculated
(Z)
(bar)
Yk Z k 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
N
Yk Z k 2
k 1
Yk Z k 2
k 1
N 1
11
Method of least squares to calculate m and C:Y mX C is the fit to ( Xk ,Yk) experimental points
Error = E mX k C Yk 2
Tominimize the error E,
E E
0
m C
E
0 2( mX C Y )X 0
m
E
0 2( mX C Y )1 0
C
m X 2 C X XY 0
m X CN Y 0
solving;
1
( N XY X Y )
D
1
C ( X 2 Y X XY )
D
where,D N X 2 ( X )2
m
2
N
Standard deviation = 2 1 mxk C yk
N-1 k 1
This standard deviation would possibly be the same if one repeated the actual point measured
point calibration over and over again.Assuming same standard deviation would occur even if a
particular reading were to be repeated over and over again.
For 99.7% confidence level ie., 3, the actual value = (mX + C) 3.
GRAPHS: Plot a graph with actual pressure (based on weights) along the y-axis and pressure
indicated by gage/DPT along the x-axis. Apply method of least squares to fit a curve between Y
and X in the form of Y = mX + C
12
GRAPH
13
p fLV 2
2 gD
where is the specific weight of fluid.
As such the friction factor f is a function of Reynolds number Re and e/D. Moodys
diagram for pipe friction factor gives the variation of friction factor f with Reynolds
number for various relative roughness e/D of the pipes. For most of the flows the fluid velocity is
zero at the wall to satisfy no slip condition and is a maximum at the centerline of the pipe.
The way in which the velocity of fluid particles varies from zero at the wall to maximum at the
center is a characteristic of that regime. For the turbulent flow regime the velocity profile
equation of the fluid particles follows the power law as given by1
V
r n
1
Vmax R
where,
V Velocity of fluid particle at a particular point in the pipe cross-section,
Vmax- velocity of the fluid particles at the centerline of the flow,
r- Radial distance of the fluid particle having velocity u from the centerline of the pipe
R- Radius of the pipeline.
14
The exponent n is a function of the Reynolds number Re of the flow. Thus value of n and hence
the Reynolds number Re of the flow, decides the velocity profile variation across the pipe
cross-section.
Also the exponent n relates the average and maximum velocity of the flow by the
following correlation-
Vavg
Vmax
2n 2
2n 1 n 1
PROCEDURE:
For velocity profile determination traverse the pitot tube through the entire pipe crosssection to determine the position of the pitot tube coinciding with the centerline of the
pipe. Traverse the pitot tube in the lower half of the pipe using the scale provided with
the traversing arrangement. Note the stagnation pressure at all these radial positions of the
pipe. Repeat the procedure for the upper half of the pipe.
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:
2 p
air
y a0 x a1
ln y lna0 a1 ln x
Yi a0 a1 X i
N
D Yi a0 a1 X i
i 1
N
D
0 2 Yi a0 a1 X i 1 0
a0
i 1
15
N
D
0 2 Yi a0 a1 X i X i 0
a1
i 1
a0
Y a X
i
i 1
i 1
N
N
a1
a0 and a1 ,
N X iYi X i Yi
i 1
i 1
i 1
N Xi Xi
i 1
i 1
N
16
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of the pipes, D
Density of air,
Dynamic viscosity of air,
Sr.
No.
Vernier
scale
reading,
r
(mm)
Manometer
reading,
hm
Velocity
V
(m/s)
50 mm
1.125 kg/m3
1.7894 10-5 Pa.s
ln(1-r/R)
(X)
ln(V/Vmax)
(Y)
(X2)
(XY)
(mm of
water)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
N
Xi
i 1
17
Yi
i 1
X iYi
i 1
X
i 1
2
i
Q = Volume/Time
2. Velocity of flow:
V=
where,
Q
A
m3/sec
m/sec
Area, A =
D 2 m2
18
1
2.0 log10 D
f
3.7
GRAPHS:
1. Plot a graph of friction factor, f (exp) vs Reynolds number.
CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION ON THE RESULT:
1. What is the roughness of the pipe?
2. Write down the observations.
3. Try to explain the results from theory studied earlier.
19
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Pipe
Sr.
No.
21 mm G.I.
1
2
3
4
17 mm G.I.
1
2
3
4
14.5 mm Cu
1
2
3
4
12.5 mm Al
1
2
3
4
Manometer
reading hm
(mm of water)
Time for 10
liters to fill t
(sec)
Discharge
Q
(m3/sec)
20
Velocity
V
(m/s)
f
(expmt)
Re
/D (Von-
/D
Kormans
relation)
(Moodys
chart)
Graph
21
Cp
1 4 sin2
V2
2
where P is the pressure on the surface of the cylinder at any angle , P is the upstream static
pressure and V is the upstream velocity of flow.
PROCEDURE: Set a particular flow rate of air from the blower by adjusting the rheostat. Set
the static pressure probe at = 0 degree position. Note down deflections h1 and (h2) = 0. Rotate
the cylinder and note down deflections h2 at various positions of the static pressure probe
between 0o to 180o for every 5o rotation of the cylinder for one flow rate and for every 10 o
rotation of the cylinder for two flow rates. Tabulate the readings and draw a neat schematic
sketch of the experimental set up.
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:22
Average velocity,
2 P 0 P
air
in m / s ; Reynolds number, Re
V D
;
P P
Experimental,
C p 1 4sin 2
C P air2 ; Theoretical,
V
2
GRAPHS: Plot the variation of Cp,expt. with angle for various Reynolds numbers and compare
the result with theoretical pressure coefficient Cp,theoretical.
0.008 m
1.202 kg/m3
0.000016 m2 / s
1000 kg / m3
Smooth Cylinder:
Sr.
No.
Angular
Position
(degrees)
h2- h1
(m)
V (m/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Rough Cylinder
23
Cp
Experimental
Cp
Theoretical
Sl.
No.
Angular
Position
(degrees)
h2- h1
(m)
V (m/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Cp
Experimental
Cp
Theoretical
GRAPH
25
V12 V22
Losses
2 1
2
P 2
V1 V22
V12 V22
2
2
P2
P1
Theoretically the pressure rise will increase as the area ratio (A2 / A1) increases. However at
higher area ratios, fluid particles have a tendency to separate from the boundary of the diffuser
resulting in high separation losses and reduction in pressure recovery.
The various factors which influence the diffuser performance are area ratio, angle of divergence,
entrance conditions of flow, exit conditions of flow, shapes of the walls and wall roughness.
PROCEDURE:
Note down the geometrical parameters (inlet area, outlet area) of the diffuser which is connected
to the experimental setup. Adjust a particular flow rate for the blower and note down the reading
hmax (in terms of height of water) of the Pitot tube fixed at the center of the duct.
Note down the differential pressure of the diffuser P2-P1from the water manometerand
temperatures T1and T2from the thermocouple. As the diffuser is discharging into the atmosphere,
the outlet pressure P2is atmospheric. Note down hmax, P, T1and T2for at least 5 different flow
rates by operating the regulating plate at the suction of the blower.
26
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Atmospheric Pressure
Inlet area of diffuser
Outlet area of diffuser
Particular gas constant R
Density of water water
101325 Pa
40 mm 40 mm
154 mm44.5 mm
287 J/kg. K
1000 kg/m3
Pitot tube
reading
(mm of
water)
P=P2-P1
T1
(Pa)
(mV)
T2
Umax
(m/s)
1
2
(m /s)
(mV)
2
3
4
5
Outer
edge
Manometer
reading
(mm of water)
1
2
3
4
1
Inner
edge
2
3
27
Pressure
recovery
efficiency
Pressure
Tap No.
Re
P
(Pa)
U max
avg
V1 0.8 U max (Assuming turbulent flow- check whether the flow is turbulent or not)
Re
V1 D1
P1
P2
4 c / s Area at inlet
;
Wetted perimeter at inlet
1 2
V12 V22
2
GRAPHS:
Plot p vs. Re.
RESULTS/DISCUSSIONS:
1. Write down the observations.
2. Try to explain the results from theory.
Kinematic viscosity
(m2/s)
1.923 10-6
4.343 10-6
7.49 10-6
9.49 10-6
15.68 10-6
20.76 10-6
25.90 10-6
28.86 10-6
37.90 10-6
28
GRAPH
29
d
Average velocity
2 N / 60 ;
2r 2
z
2g
2r 2
2 rad/sec
2
g
2r 2
1
z1
2
g
z2
2r 2
2
2
g
30
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Radius
(cm)
14
13.5
13.3
13
12.8
12.5
12.2
12
11.8
11.5
11.2
11
10.8
10.5
10.2
10
9.8
9.3
Height
(cm)
Theoretical
Height
RPM
of the
shaft
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
GRAPHS:
Plot the variation of Z for different r for both experimental as well as theoretical for Forced
vortex.
RESULTS /DISCUSSIONS:
1. Write down the observations.
2. Try to explain the results from theory.
31
GRAPH
32
Qa = V/ t m3/sec
V=
Ftheo = AV2
Ftheo = 2AV2
Fexpt 0.135 = (W
L),
33
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
No.
Nozzle
diameter
d
(mm)
Type
vane
of Weight
added
m
(kg)
1
2
3
4
5
Flat
Vanes
1
2
3
4
5
Hemispherical
Vanes
RESULTS/DISCUSSIONS:
1 Write down the observations.
2 Try to explain the results from theory studied earlier.
34
Velocity
V
(m/s)
Theoretical
force
Ftheo
(N)
Experimental
force
Fexpt
(N)
Efficiency
(%)
Discharge, Q 2 r u dr
0
Momentum, M 2 r u 2 dr
0
Energy, E 2 r u 3 dr
0
Energy may drop due to losses due to the entrainment action. Typical velocity profile of the
submerged jet is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Typical velocity profile of the submerged jet (Malmstrom et al. 1997)
PROCEDURE:
35
Part 1
Traverse the pitot probe along the centerline of the submerged jet and take manometer readings
for centerline velocity decay at axial locations from 0 to 20d in steps of 2d (where d = nozzle exit
diameter) from the nozzle.
The centerline velocity decay in axisymmetric jets is typically modeled by simple decay
equation:
U
d
K
Uo
Z
U Velocity at a given axial location (m/s)
Uo Velocity at the exit of the nozzle (m/s)
d nozzle diameter (mm)
Z Axial location (mm)
U
U
1
1
m
Y and X
c ;Let
Uo
Uo
Z/d
Z/d
Find m and C using the relations given below Table. 1
PART 2: Traverse the pitot tube laterally from the centre to outward for velocity profile at
locations 8d and 14d. Take the readings at an interval of r =1 mm. Discharge at each location is
given by- (area under the graph u vs. r2). Similarly, momentum is given by- (area under
the graph u2vs. r2) and energy is given by- (area under the graph u3vs. r2). Calculate the
discharge and momentum at both locations.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
PART 1: Table 1
Sr.
No.
k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Z/d
h
U
(mm of (m/s)
water)
1/(Z/d)
[X]
U/Uo
[Y]
[XY]
[X2]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
N
Yk
Xk
k 1
k 1
36
X k Yk
k 1
X k2
k 1
k 1
N
k 1
( N X k Yk X k Yk )
k 1
N
( N X k ( X k )2 )
2
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
N
k 1
( X k 2 Yk X k X k Yk )
k 1
( N X k 2 ( X k )2 )
k 1
k 1
PART 2:
At 8d:
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
r
h
U
(mm) (mm of (m/s)
water)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
U2
r2
r
h
U
(mm) (mm of (m/s)
water)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
U2
r2
At 14d:
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
37
Error = E mX k C Yk 2
To minimize the error E,
E E
0
m C
N
E
0 2( mX k C Yk )X k 0
k 1
m
N
E
0 2( mX k C Yk )1 0
k 1
C
N
k 1
k 1
m X k 2 C X k X k Yk 0
k 1
k 1
k 1
m X k CN Yk 0
solving;
m
k 1
N
k 1
k 1
( NX X k Yk X k Yk )
N
( N X k 2 ( X k )2 )
k 1
k 1
k 1
k 1
( X k 2 Yk X k X k Yk )
k 1
k 1
( N X k ( X k )2 )
k 1
k 1
2
N
Standard deviation = 2 1 mX k C Yk
N-1 k 1
This standard deviation would possibly be the same if one repeated the actual point measured
point calibration over and over again.Assuming same standard deviation would occur even if a
particular reading were to be repeated over and over again.
For 99.7% confidence level i.e. 3, the actual value = (mX + C) 3.
RESULTS/DISCUSSION:
1
38
Mean area, A = d 2
m2
4
Q
Mean velocity of flow, V =
m/sec
A
where,
0.01
Q=
m3/sec
t
Vd
Re
Loss coefficient,
39
p
1
V 2
2
2. Elbow :
Similar to bend in elbow, loss of head occurs due to change in direction of water. But due to
abrupt change in direction the head loss in more than bend.
Mean area, A =
d 2 m2
4
Q
Mean velocity of flow, V =
m/sec
A
where,
0.01
Q=
m3/sec
t
Vd
p
Re
Loss coefficient,
K
1
V 2
2
3. Sudden expansion and contraction :
K
p
1
V 2
2
RESULTS/DISCUSSION:
1. Write down the observations.
2. Try to explain the results from theory studied earlier.
40
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Fitting
Sr.
No.
Bend
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Elbow
Fitting
Sr.
No.
Sudden expansion
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Sudden contraction
Manometer
reading hm
(mm of Hg)
Manometer
reading hm
(mm of
Hg)
Time for 10
liters rise in
measuring tank
t (sec)
Time for 10
liters rise in
measuring
tank
t (sec)
Discharge
Q
(m3/sec)
Discharge
Q
(m3/sec)
41
Vi
(m/s)
Velocity
V
(m/s)
p
(Pa)
Re
Vo
(m/s)
p
(Pa)
Re
Discharge,
Velocity of flow,
3.
Reynolds number,
Q = Volume/Time
V = Q/A
VL
VL
Re
; Re
where,
L = characteristic linear dimension.
= kinematic viscosity =
OBSERVATION TABLE:
42
m3/sec
m/sec
Sr.
No.
Velocity
V
(m/s)
Re
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RESULTS/DISCUSSIONS:
1. Write down the observations.
2. Try to explain the results from theory studied earlier.
43
Remarks
44
3.74
t
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
No.
Initial
Final
Average
Time for Viscosity
Temperature Temperature Temperature 200 cc
in
T1 (C)
T2 (C)
T (C)
t (sec) (Stokes)
Viscosity
in
(m2/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Room
Temp.
45
Graph
46
47
48
SPECIFICATIONS:
Ball
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Made of
Boron silica glass
Boron silica glass
Nickel iron alloy
Nickel iron alloy
W.-No. 4034
W.-No. 4034
Density in
g/cm3
2.2
2.2
8.1
8.1
7.78.1
7.78.1
Diameter of
ball in mm
15.81 0.01
15.6 0.05
15.6 0.05
15.2 0.1
14.0 0.5
11.0 1
Constant K in
mPa.s.cm3/g.s
0.007
0.09
0.09
0.7
4.5
33
CALCULATIONS:
The dynamic viscosity, (in mPa.s) is calculated using the following equation:
K 1 2 t
Where,
K = ball constant in mPa.s.cm3/g.s
1 = density of the ball in g/cm3
2 = density of the liquid to be measured at the measuring temperature in g/cm3
t = falling time of the ball in seconds.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
No.
Ball number
Falling time in
seconds
1
2
3
4
5
49
Dynamic
viscosity in
mPa.s
Kinematic
viscosity in
mm2/s
OBSERVATION TABLE
Density of water = = 1000 kg/m3
Brake drum diameter = D =0 .45 m
Rope diameter = d = 0.020m
Mass of hanger = 2 kg
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/s2
Calibration curve of the orifice plate
0.5842
Q(m 3 / s) = 0.0003(DP)
DP in mm of Hg
50
Nozzle
opening
Mass
added on
the drumM
(kg)
I 1.
2 kg
I 2.
4 kg
I 3.
6 kg
I 4.
8 kg
I 5.
10 kg
I 6.
12 kg
I 7.
14 kg
I8
16 kg
I9
18 kg
I10
20 kg
I 11
22 kg
I 12
24 kg
Spring balance
readingS(kg)
Net mass
acting on
the drumMS(kg)
Input
headH in
m of water
column
Speed
(rpm)
Orificemeter
reading
(mm of Hg)
51
Discharge Torque
Q(m3/s)
T
(N.m)
Input
power
Output
power
(W)
(W)
Efficiency
%
Table 2
Sl No.
Nozzle
opening
Mass
added
on the
drum
M (kg)
II 1.
2 kg
II 2.
4 kg
II 3.
6 kg
II 4.
8 kg
II 5.
10 kg
II 6.
12 kg
II 7.
14 kg
II 8
16 kg
II 9
18 kg
II10
20 kg
II 11
22 kg
II 12
24 kg
Spring
balance
reading
S(kg)
Net
mass
acting
on the
drumMS(kg)
Speed
H in(m of water
column)
(rpm)
Orificemeter
reading
(mm of Hg)
Torque
T
(m3/s)
(N.m)
52
Input
power
Output
power
(W)
(W)
Efficiency
SPECIMEN CALCULATION
Input power = g Q H
Torque T = M S g
Dd
2
Output power =
2 N T
60
Efficiency = =
output Power
Input power
GRAPHS TO BE PLOTTED:
Graph 1: x-axis is Speed, Y-axis is output power and efficiency for fully open nozzle position.
Graph 2: x-axis is Speed, Y-axis is output power and efficiency for half open nozzle position.
53
GRAPH
54
GRAPH
55
GRAPH
56
GRAPH
57
GRAPH
58