Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Complex Numbers
INTRODUCTION
Consider a simple quadratic equation x2 + 4 = 0. Clearly
there is no solution of this equation in the set of real
numbers. To permit the solution of such equations the set
of complex numbers is introduced.
The solutions of the above equation are given by x2 = 4
x = - 4 = 2 1 = 2 i.
Swiss Mathematician Euler introduced the symbol i (iota)
-1 .
a b = ab is
true only if at least one number is non negative or zero.
a b ab
Ph y si cs
z1 x1 x 2 + y1 y 2 y1 x 2 - y 2 x1
=
,
z 2 x 22 + y 22
x 22 + y 22
or equivalently
z1 x1x 2 + y1 y 2
=
z 2 x 22 + y 22
y x - y 2 x1
i 1 2
x 2 + y2
2
2
z -1 =
belong to C.
(2) Commutative Property : z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 and z1z2 = z2z1
(3) Associative Property : z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3 and
z1 (z2z3) = (z1z2)z3
(4) Cancellation Property : z1 + z3 = z2 + z3 z1 = z2 and
z1z3 = z2z3 z3 = 0 or z1 = z2
(5) Distributive Property : z1 (z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3
(6) Existence of Identity : 0 = (0, 0) is additive identity, i.e. 0
+z =z+0 =z " zC
1 = (1, 0) is multiplicative identity, i.e. 1(z) = (z)1 = z " z C
(7) Existence of Inverse : For every complex number z = (x,
y), we may get a unique numberz = (x, y) such that
z + (z) = (z) + z = 0. (z) is Additive Inverse.
For every complex number z = (x, y), z 0 we may get a
unique number z1 or
x
y
1
,
= 2
2
2
2
z
x +y x +y
such that
|z|=
a + b = {Re ( z )} + {Im ( z )}
2
z z = | z |2
or
(z ) = z
(ii) z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
(iv) (i z) = -i z
a2
(xii) If z = b1
c1
b2
c2
a3
a1
b3 then z = b1
c3
c1
a2
b2
a3
b3
c2
c3
1 1
1
z = z = 1 . is multiplicative inverse.
z
z
z
1
x - iy
z
=
=
2
2
x + iy x + y
| z |2
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
4n +7
1.
ik
is
k =1
(a) 0
(c) 1
(b) 1
(d) i or i, depending on n is even or odd
4n +7
Sol. We have,
k =1
4n + 7
i k = i + i 2 + i3 +
i k = i -1 - i + 0 = -1
k =4
Laws of Motion
2.
(1 + i )x - 2i (2 - 3i ) y + i
+
= i, x , y R , then
3+i
3-i
(a) x = 3, y = 1
(b) x = 3, y = 1
(c) x = 3, y = 1
(d) x = 3, y = 1
(1 + i )x - 2i (2 - 3i ) y + i
+
=i
3+i
3-i
Multiplying both sides by (3 + i) (3 i), we get
[(1 + i)x 2i] (3 i) + [(2 3i)y + i] (3 + i) = (3 + i) (3 i)i
(4x + 9y 3) + (2x 7y 3)i = 10i
4x + 9y 3 = 0 and 2x 7y 13 = 0
Solving these equations, we get x = 3, y = 1 Answer (a)
= x1 ( x2 y3 x3 y2 ) + iy1 ( x2 y3 x3 y2 )
If
= ( x1 + iy1 ) Im ( x2 x3 + y2 y3 ) + i ( x2 y3 x3 y2 )
= ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 y3 x3 y2 )
Sol. We have
3.
Sol. We have,
=
5.
x y
- = -2( a 2 + b 2 )
a b
Sol. (x + iy)1/3 = a + ib
x + iy = (a + ib)3
i.e., x + iy = a3 + i3b3 + 3iab (a + ib)
= a3 ib3 + i 3a2b 3ab2 = a3 3ab2 + i (3a2b b3)
x = a3 3ab2 and y = 3a2b b3
Thus
sin
u
cos
v
x
y
= a2 3b2 and
= 3a2 b2
a
b
x y
- = a2 3b2 3a2 + b2
a b
= 2a2 2b2 = 2(a2 + b2).
6.
Solve the equation z2 = z , where z = x + iy
Sol. z2 = z x2 y2 + i2xy = x iy
Therefore, x2 y2 = x
...... (1)
and 2xy = y
...... (2)
So,
4.
cos 2 ( u + v ) + sin 2 ( u + v)
1
2
When x =
1
, from (1), we get
2
1 1
3
3
+ or y2 = , i.e., y =
.
4 2
4
2
Hence, the solutions of the given equation are
y2 =
z1 Im ( z 2 z 3 ) + z 2 Im(z3z1 ) + z 3 Im(z 1 z 2 ) is
(a) Re (z1z2z3)
(b) Im (z1z2z3)
(c) Re (z1 + z2 + z3)
(d) 0
0 + i0, 1 + i0,
1
3
1
3
+i
, i
2
2
2
2
4.1
Solve following problems with the help of above text and
examples.
1.
2.
+i
588
+i
+i
584
i
+i
+i
(a) 2
(b) 2
1 + i2 + i4 ... + i2n is
(a) Positive
(c) 0
578
+i
+i
(c) 1
574
The value of
592
582
+i
590
580
586
576
13
3.
(a) i
- 1 is
(d) 1
(b) Negative
(d) Cant be determined
The value of
(i n + i n+1) , where i =
n =1
(b) i 1
- 1 equals
(c) i
(d) 0
n
4.
2i
is a positive
The least positive integer n such that
1+ i
integer is
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
4
5.
Ph y si cs
The multiplicative inverse of (6 + 5i ) 2 is
11 60
- i
61 61
9 60
- i
(c)
61 61
(a)
6.
7.
(b)
11 60
+ i
61 61
2 11
(a) + i
25 25
2 11
(b) - i
25 25
2 11
(c) - + i
25 25
2 11
(d) - - i
25 25
2. (d)
(c) -
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (c)
9.
1 9
- i
4 4
1
is
1 - cos q + 2i sin q
(b)
q
2 tan
1
2
+i
5 + 3 cos q 5 + 3 cos q
a - ib = x - iy, then 3 a + ib =
ANSWER KEY
7. (d) 8. (b)
9. (c)
(b) x - iy
(c) y + ix
(d) y - ix
10. (a)
z1
| z1 |
5. z = | z | , z 2 0
2
2
1 9
+ i
4 4
(d) -
(a) x + iy
Q (x,y)
The value of
10. If
P (x,y)
M (x,o)
1 9
+ i
4 4
q
2 cot
1
2
-i
(c)
5 + 3 cos q 5 + 3 cos q
N
(0, y)
(b)
q
2 tan
1
2
(a) 5 + 3 cos q - i 5 + 3 cos q
1 9
- i
4 4
(a)
3 + 4i
The multiplicative inverse of
is
4 - 5i
8 31
8 31
+ i
- i
(b)
(a) 25 25
25 25
8 31
- i
(d) None of these
(c) 25 25
2-i
is
The conjugate complex number of
(1 - 2i) 2
1. (b)
3 3 + 4i
1
+
is
The value of
1
2
i
1
+
i 2 - 4i
8.
x 2 + y2
z
z
=1
, is a unimodular complex number
|z|
|z|
6.
( z 0 ).
7. | z1 + z 2 |2 = | z1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 +2 Re( z1z 2 )
8. | z1 - z 2 |2 = | z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 -2 Re( z1 z 2 )
9. | z1 + z 2 |2 + | z1 - z 2 |2 = 2(| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 )
10.
| az1 + bz 2 |2 + | bz1 - az 2 |2 = (a 2 + b 2 )(| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 ),
where a, b R
11. If z1, z 2 0 then | z1 + z 2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z 2 | 2
purely imaginary.
z1
is
z2
Laws of Motion
POLAR FORM (OR TRIGONOMETRICAL FORM) OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
y
Let P r epresents the n onzero
complex number z = x+iy. Let the
directed line regment OP be of
length r and makes an angle q with
the positive direction of the xaxis
(q in radians)
P (z)
r=
|z|
p
4
q
O
y
x
Thus z=r(cosq + isin q) is the poar from of z. r is the modulus of
the number z and q is called th e ARGUMENT (or
AMPLITUDE) of the number z, denoted by arg (z) or amp (z)
Hence.
so arg( z ) = p -
r= x 2 + y 2 , tanq =
cos q =
x
x 2 + y2
and sin q =
x 2 + y2
If z = 1 + i, r = x + y = 1 + 1 = 2 ;
2
p 2p
=
3
3
y
P
Case III : If x < 0, y < 0 then the point P lies in the third
y
quadrant and then
q = arg z = -(p - a ) = a - p
O
x
For example, if z = -1 - i
a
-1
=1
-1
p p
p
, + 2p,..........., + 2kp, k I
4 4
4
Any two arguments of a complex number differ by a number
which is a multiple of 2 p.
The unique value of q, such that -p < q p is called the
principal value of the Argument.
P(z)
tan a =
y
, x 0, y 0
x
x
O
y
3p
p
so arg(z) = -(p - ) = 4
4
Case IV : If x > 0, y < 0 then the point P lies in the fourth
quadrant and then q = arg z = -a
y
tan a =
-1
=
q
3
3
P
p
so, arg( z ) = y
6
Case V : If y = 0, then z is purely real and P lies on real axis, and
z = x,
so arg (z) = 0 if x > 0; arg (z) = p if x < 0
1
For example arg(3) = 0 and arg - = p
2
Case VI : If x = 0, then z = iy is a purely imaginary number and
P lies on imaginary axis
y
a=q
x
then tan a =
y
p
tan q = = 1 q =
x
4
p
p
3
= 3
-1
p
p
if y > 0 and arg (z) = - if y < 0
2
2
p
p
and arg(-100 i ) = 2
2
Ph y si cs
IMPORTANT RESULTS ABOUT ARGUMENT
1.
arg(z ) = - arg(z )
2.
3.
z
arg 1 = arg(z1 ) - arg(z 2 ) + 2kp
z2
4.
z
arg = 2arg(z) + 2kp
z
5.
7.
(c) | z1 + z 2 |
(d) | z1 + z 2 | + | z1 - z 2 |
Sol. (Trick ) The nature of the problem suggests at once that
we shold use the formula
| z1 + z 2 |2 + | z1 - z 2 |2 = 2 (| z1 |2 + | z 2 | 2 )
= 2| z1 | 2 + | z12 - z 22 |2 + 2 | z 2 |2
6.
z2
z1
If arg = q the arg = 2kp - q , k I
z1
z2
7.
arg(z ) - arg(-z ) = p
= | z1 + z 2 |2 + | z1 - z 2 |2 +2 | z1 + z 2 || z1 - z 2 |
p
+ arg(z )
2
| z1 + z 2 |=| z1 - z 2 | arg(z1 ) - arg(z 2 ) = p / 2
= (| z1 + z 2 | + | z1 - z 2 |) 2
8.
9.
2
2
2
2
= 2(| z1 | + | z 2 | ) + 2 | z1 - z 2 |
arg(iz ) =
\ | z1 + z12 - z 22 | + | z1 - z12 - z 22 |
=| z1 + z 2 | + | z1 - z 2 |
8.
EULER'S NOTATION
It can be shown that e iq = cos q + i sin q, e -iq = cos q - i sin q
\ e z = e x + iy = e x .e iy = e x (cos y + i sin y )
Also r(cos q + i sin q) = reiq
Again, cos q =
Sol.
1+ i
The smallest positive integer n for which
= 1 is
1
i
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1
Sol. As a + ib = 1 a 2 + b 2 = 1
(1 + b + ai) 2
a + b + ai
= 1 + b ai = (1 + b ai)(1 + b + ai) =
ip / 2
= i 2kp + , k I So, i p is
For example, log( i ) = log e
2
1+ i
n
\
=1 i =1
1 i
Answer (a)
1 + b + ai
If a + ib = 1. the simplified form of
is
1 + b - ai
(a) b + ai
(b) a + bi
(c) (1 + b)2 + a2
(d) ai
1 + i 1 + i 1 + i 1 + i 2 + 2i 2i
=
=
= =i
1 i 1 i 1+ i
2
1 i2
9.
e iq + e -iq
e iq - e -iq
and sin q =
2
2i
Answer (d)
(1 a 2 ) + b 2 + 2b + 2ai + 2abi
1 + (a + b ) + 2b
2
(1 + b) 2 a 2 + 2(1 + b)ai
(1 + b) 2 + a 2
b 2 + b 2 + 2b + 2ai + 2abi
1 + 1 + 2b
r=
a
a
p a
2 cos + sin or 2 cos -
2
2
4 2
a
a
+ sin
2
2
Laws of Motion
- cos a
=
Also, tan q =
1 + sin a
- sin - a
2
1 + cos - a
2
Y
P(-4, 4 3)
q
p a p a
- 2 sin - cos -
4 2 4 2 = - tan p - a = tan a - p
=
p a
4 2
2 4
2 cos 2 -
4 2
\q=
a p
2 4
-16 (1 - i 3)
1- (i 3)
X'
Y'
p a
Hence, Modulus = 2 cos - and argument
4 2
a p
= - .
2 4
Answer (a)
11.
-16
-16
Hence, cos q =
1+ i 3
1+ i 3
-16
1+ i 3
1- i 3
1- i 3
-16 (1 - i 3)
= 4 (1 - i 3)
1+ 3
= 4 + i4 3
q=p
3
1
, sin q =
2
2
2p
p
=
3
3
2p
2p
+ i sin
Thus, the required polar form is 8 cos
3
3
4.2
Solve following problems with the help of above text and
examples.
1. For any two complex number z1, z2
| 1 - z1z 2 |2 - | z1 - z 2 |2 is equal to :
2.
z1
z
numbers, then arg + arg 2
z4
z3
(a) 0
(c)
3p
2
(b)
equals
p
2
(d) p
3. If |b| = 1, then
b-a
is equal to
1 - ab
(a) 0
(b)
(c) 1
(d) 2
4. Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that z1 z 2 and
|z1| = |z2|. If z1 has positive real part and z2 has negative
imaginary part, then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
z1 + z 2
may be
z1 - z 2
2 z 1 + 3z 2
5z 2
is purely imaginary number then 2 z - 3z is
1
2
7 z1
equal to
5. If
(a)
5
7
(b)
7
9
(c)
25
49
(d) None
Ph y si cs
(a)
p
2
(c)
9.
p
(d)
4
(b)
2 2
2
1
(b) 0
p
(c) 2
( a 2 + b2 ) ( c2 + d 2 ) ( e2 + f 2 ) ( g + h 2 ) =
(1 + i 3 )
7.
8.
p
p
(b)
6
4
p
(d) None of these
(c)
2
The modulus of the complex number
is
4i(1 i 3 )
(a)
(b) A 2 + B 2
(d) A 4 B4
1
10. If q is real, then the modulus of
is
(1+ cos q ) + i sin q
(a) A 2 B 2
(c) A 4 + B 4
1
q
sec
2
2
q
(c) sec
2
1
q
cos
2
2
q
(d) cos
2
(a)
z = (1 i 3 ) (cos q + i sin q) is
2 (1 i) (cos q i sin q)
(b)
ANSWER KEY
1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (d)
DE MOIVRE THEOREM
These are two statements of De Moivre Theorem
1. (cosq+i sinq)n = cos nq + i sin nq, n I
2.
6. (a)
1
n
\ (z )
p
If n Q n = , q 0, p, q I then cos nq+i sinnq
q
8. (a)
9. (b)
1
n
r
2.
3.
P2
P3
np
np
- nq
- nq + i sin
= cos
2
2
1
= [r (cos q + i sin q)] n
k = 0, 1, 2, ......, n 1
2p
2p
and
+ i sin
3
3
4p
4p
- 1+ i 3
- 1- i 3
+ i sin
or 1,
and
.
3
3
2
2
2
2 kp
2kp
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2
3
3
1
n
Pn
P1
2q
q
cos a + i sin a
= cos( a - b) + i sin(a - b)
3.
cos b + i sin b
10. (a)
2kp + q
2 kp + q
+ i sin
cos
n
n
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, ....., n 1, we get n values which represent
nth roots of complx number z
PROPERTIES
1. These n roots always form a G. P. with common ratio ei 2p/
IMPORTANT RESULTS
7. (c)
-1 + i 3
= - 1 - i 3 and -1 - i 3 = -1 + i 3
As
2
2
2
2
Laws of Motion
So, we denote the non-real roots by w and w2 we write mostly
- 1+ i 3
-1- i 3
and w2 =
2
2
ALGEBRAIC METHOD
w=
2pk
2pk
+ i sin
; k = 0, 1, 2, ........, (n 1)
n
n
= cos
-1 i 3
,the non2
real roots , i.e., w and w2. Clearly, we can always write
i
; k = 0, 1, 2, ...., (n 1)
=e n
2kp
(z 3 - 1) = (z - 1)(z - w)(z - w 2 )
= 1, a, a 2 , a 3 ,...., a n -1 where a = e (i 2 p / n )
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF w
1. 1 + w + w = 0
2
2. w = w 2 and (w2 ) = w , so w w = w3 = 1
x + iy = a + ib or
3. | w |=| w2 |= 1
2p
+ arg( z )
3
1 x
1
w2
i
y
x 2 + y 2 = ( x + iy)( x - iy)
(ii)
x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y)(x + wy)(x + w 2 y)
4p
or - 2p
4. arg( w) = 2 p and arg(w 2 ) =
3
3
3
10.
x = a 2 - b2
and y = 2ab
(1)
(2)
Now, a 2 + b 2 = (a 2 - b 2 ) 2 + 4a 2 b 2 = x 2 + y 2 (3)
Solving the equations (1) and (3), we get
x 2 + y2 + x
a=
; b=
2
x 2 + y2 - x
From (2), we can determine the sign of ab. If ab > 0, then a and
b will have same sign. Thus
x + iy =
x 2 + y2 + x
+i
x 2 + y2 - x
If ab < 0, then
x 2 + y2 - x
2
2
x +y +x
x + iy =
-i
2
2
| z | +a
| z | -a
+i
2
2 for b > 0
and
| z | +a
| z | -a
-i
2
2 for b < 0
For example :
1+ i
(i) Square root of i is
, as x = 0, y = 1 > 0 and
2
|i|=1
10
Ph y si cs
1- i
, as x = 0, y = -1 < 0 and | i | =
(ii) Square root of -i is
2
1
5-3
5 - ( - 3)
(iii) Squar e root of -3 + 4i is
+i
2
2
3 -i
; As y = - 3 < 0
(-1 + i 3 )15
13.
(1 - i ) 20
(1 - i ) 20
15
(-2i)
10
(1 + i) 20
-1- i 3
215
215 (w)15
(-1 - i 3 )15
15
-1+ i 3
215
=
2 10
(1 - i)
c + a w + bw 2
(a) 1
1 w3
= =
= w2
w w
10
b + cw + aw
= w2 + w = -1
Answer (a)
a r cos r x , then
r=0
25 (w3 )5
(2i )
2 5
(i )
a + bw + c w 2
b + cw + aw2
(b) 1
(b) a0 = 0
r=0
(c) a6 = 1
(d) a1 = a3 = a5
Sol. [To find the value of cos nx and sin nx in ascending
powers of cos x or sin x we expand (cosx+isinx)n using
De Moivre theorem and Binomial theorem then equate
real and imaginary parts from two expansion to get
the required identity as done for above example].
We have (cosx + i sinx)6 = cos6x + isin6x
...(i)
(Using De Moivre theorem)
Also (cos x + isinx)6
[(1 + i) ]
etc.
w(aw 2 + b + cw)
ar = 1
2 10
c + aw + bw
25 (w3 )10
2 5
(i )
Answer (c)
= -2 5 - 2 5 = -64
[You can also convert the numbers into polar form and
apply De Moivre theorem but above approach is better]
14. The value of (2 w) (2 w2) (2 w10) (2 w11) is
(a) 49
(b) 16
(c) 16w
(d) 49w2
10
9
11
9
2
2
Sol. w = w .w = w, w = w .w = w
\ (2 w) (2 w2) (2 w10) (2 w11) = (2 w)2 (2 w2)2
Now x3 1 = (x 1) (x w) (x w2), dividing by x 1
\ x2 + x + 1 = (x w) (x w2)
or (x2 + x + 1)2 = (x w)2 (x w2)2.
Put x = 2, (2 w)2 (2 w2)2 = (7)2 = 49
Answer (a)
15. If w is a complex cube root of unity, then the value of
a + bw + cw 2
w 2 (aw + bw 2 + c)
(a)
is equal to
(1 + i) 20
b + cw + aw2
(-1 - i 3 )15
(-1 + i 3 )15
Let z =
a + bw + c w 2
b
a
w2
+ + c w + b + cw
2
w
w
w
+
=
b + cw + aw2
c + aw + bw 2
16. If cos6x =
3 or
c + a w + bw 2
(a) 132
(b) 64
(c) 64
(d) none
Sol. (Trick :Any complex number z with |Re(z) | : | Im(z) | = 1
:
a + bw + cw 2
2 +1
2 - 1
or
-i
1- 3 i is
2
2
Sol.
- (1 - cos 2 x )3
6
a r cos 6 x
r =0
is
Clearly
(c) a + b + c (d) 0
...(ii)
a r = a 0 + a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 = 1 .
r =0
Also a1 = a3 = a5 = 0.
Answer (a, d)
11
Laws of Motion
5
a r sin r x , then
17. If sin 5x =
5
(a)
r =0
= -
1
[2 cos 6x - 6 2 cos 4x + 15 2 cos 2x - 20]
64
= -
1
3
15
5
a r cos rx
cos 6 x + cos 4 x - cos 2 x + =
32
16
32
8
r =0
r =0
ar =1
(b) a1 = a3 = a5
(c) a0 = a2 = a4
(d) a1+a3+a 5=a0+a2+a 4
Sol. Solve as above, expand (cos x + i sinx)5 using two theorems
and equate imaginary parts.
Answer (a, c)
18.
If sin 6x
a r cos rx . Then
and a6 = -
r =0
(a) a0 = 0
(b) a1 = a3 = a5
1
2
(d) 2a0 + a1 + 3a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = 0
Sol. To express cosnx or sinnx as a series of multiple angles
of cos and sin, we use Euler's representation cosx =
5
15
3
, a = 0, a2 = , a = 0, a4 =
,a =0
8 1
32 3
16 5
We get a0 =
1
.
32
(c) a2 + a6 =
e ix + e -ix
e ix - e -ix
and expand cosnx =
and sinx =
2
2i
e ix + e -ix
example.
[Ce
6 6
2 i
6ix
- 6 C5 e ix e -5ix + 6 C6 e -6ix
- 26
[ C (e
6
(a)
- 1- 3i
2
(b) (x + y + z)i
6ix
+e
x y
(d) + i p
2 2
(c) ip
-6ix
) - C1 (e
+ C 2 (e
6
- 4ix
4ix
+e
2ix
- 2ix
) - C3
+e
xw + yw + z
2
w 2 ( xw + yw 2 + z )
xw + yw + z
2
= w2 =
Answer (a)
4.3
Solve following problems with the help of above text and
examples.
( 3 + i)
2. Arg
17
(a)
(1 i )50
2p
3
i ( 3 + i )6
4(1 i 3 ) 2
(c) - 2p
3
(d) None
(c)
is equal to
p
6
(b)
p
6
3p
10
(d)
5p
10
(a)
(b)
- 1 - 3i
2
or -1 + 3i
[Qn C r =n C n - r ]
1. If z =
xa + yb + zg
xb + yg + za
is
e ix - e -ix
sin6x =
2i
12
Ph y si cs
1 - z 2n
8.
is
1 + z 2n
(a) i tan n q (b) i tan n q (c) tan n q (d) i
4. If x = a + b, y = aw + bw2 and z = aw2 + bw, then x3+y3+z3
=
(a) 3 (a3 + b3)
(b) (a + b)3
3
3
2
2
(c) a + b a b ab
(d) None of these
2
5. If 1, w, w are the cube roots of unity then
(1 w + w2)5 + ( 1 + w w2)5 =
(a) 32
(b) 0
(c) 32w
(d) 16w2
2
6. If 1, w, w are the cube roots of unity then
(3 + 3w + 5w2)6 (2 + 6w + 2w2)3 =
(a) 0
(b) 64
(c) 36
(d) 36
9.
(a) a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = 8 z1z 2
(b) ab + bg + ga = 3z1z 2
(c) a 3 + b 3 + g 3 = 3( z13 + z 2 3 )
(d) abg = 2(z13 + z 2 3 )
10. The polynomial x 3m + x 3n +1 + x 3k + 2 , is exactly divisible
by x 2 + x + 1 if
(a) m n, k are rational
(b) m, n, k are integers
(c) m, n, k are positive integers
(d) none of these.
1 2
2
x + x + 1 + i x - x +1
(b) a, 2aw2, aw
(d) a, 2aw2, aw
334
11. If i = - 1, then 4 + 5 - 1 + i 3
1 2
2
x + x +1 - i x - x + 1
365
1 i 3
+ 3 - +
2
2
is
equal to
1 2
2
x - x + 1 + i x + x +1
2
1 2
2
x - x +1 - i x + x +1
(a) 1- i 3
(b) - 1+ i 3
(c) i 3
(d) - i 3
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (a)
7. (a)
8. (a)
9. (c)
SECTION FORMULA
As in vectors, we represent a
point by the position vector of the
OP= z
P (z1)
P(z)
R (z)
O
PR m
=
QR n
Q (z2)
mz 2 + nz1
mz 2 - nz1
(internally) and z =
(externally)
m+n
m-n
PQ = z 2 z1
z1 + z 2
2
Laws of Motion
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
(CONCEPT OF ROTATION)
z3 z4
Then z z is purely imaginary..
1
2
R (z3 )
Q (z2 )
z3 z 4
z z4
= 3
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
or alternatively
P (z1 )
q1
(i)
13
z3 z 4
= ik, for some k R - {0}
z1 z 2
z 3 z 4 = ik (z1 z 2 )
(iii) Multiplying a complex number z by i is equivalent to
rotating the image of z in Argand plane by 90 about origin,
q2
p
iz
anticlockwise, as |z| = |iz| and arg = arg (i) =
2
z
q = q 2 - q1 = arg( PR ) arg( PQ )
= arg( z 3 z 1 ) arg( z 2 z 1 )
Q (iz)
z z
\ q = arg 3 1
z 2 z1
P (z)
p/
2
z1
i.e.
z 3 z1 z z
= 3 1z
2
z 2 z1 z z
2
1
z3
z1 1
z2 1 = 0
z3 1
2p 4 p
wz
arg
or
= arg (w) =
3
3
z
z z
z z
p
arg 3 1 = 3 1 is puerly imaginary
2
z 2 z1
z 2 z1
That is,
z3 z1
z z
=- 3 1
z 2 z1
z2 z1
P (z)
Q (wz)
2p
3
R (z 3 )
P (z 1 )
ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
C (z3 )
Q ( z2 )
S (z4 )
B (z 2 )
A (z1 )
If SR and QP be perpendicular, q =
p
2
z 3 z1 CA
=
(cos A + i sin A) or z 3 z1 = CA e iA
z 2 z1 BA
z 2 z1 BA
Similarly relations with other vertical angles can be given.
14
Ph y si cs
IMPORTANT RESULTS ABOUT TRIANGLES
z1 + z 2 + z 3
3
az1 + bz 2 + cz 3
a +b+c
z1
z2
z ( z1 - z 2 )i + z ( z 2 - z1 )i + i(z1z 2 - z1z 2 ) = 0
(i)
| z1 |2
| z 2 |2
| z 3 |2
z=
z12
z22
z 32
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
z2
z3 2
z=
| z1 |2
z1 1
z 2 1 + | z 2 |2
z 3 1 | z 3 |2
z2 1
z3 1
z1 1
z12
z22
z 32
z 1
z1 1 = 0 or z( z1 - z 2 ) + z (z 2 - z1 ) + z1z 2 - z1z 2 = 0
z2 1
by - .
(iii) The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment joining the points A(z1) and B(z2) is
OR
z ( z1 - z 2 ) + z (z1 - z 2 ) =| z1 |2 - | z 2 |2
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
IMPORTANT RESULTS
1. The complex slope of line joing points A (z1) and B(z2)
HG 2
=
internally in ratio 2 : 1, i.e
OG 1
z1 - z 2
is define as m = z - z
1
2
| aa + a a + b |
2|a|
H
G
O
6. Area of the DABC is given by the modulus of
1
4
EQUATION OF A CIRCLE :
z1 z1 1
z 2 z2 1
z3 z3 1
P (z)
r
C (z 0 )
1 z2
1 z3
1 z1
z3
z1 = 0
i.e. z z 0 = r
z2
.....(1)
Laws of Motion
b.
z - z1
p
is . Then z must lie on
z - z2
4
18
6 y - 36
2
x + y - 14 x - 12 y + 76
x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 12 y + 52
..... (i)
7 2 + 9 2 - 112 = 49 + 81 - 112 = 18
Answer (b)
Note : The equation (i) may be converted to complex form as
following :
x2 14 + y2 18y + 112 = 0
(x2 14x + 49) + (y2 18y + 81) + 112 49 81 = 0
(x 7)2 + (y 9)2 = 18 |(x 7) + i (y 9)|2 = 18
|(x + iy) (7 + 9i)|2 = 18
and radius =
|z (7 + 9i)|2 = 18 |z (7 + 9i)| = 18 ,
which is equivalent to |z z0| = r
Hence centre of the circle is z0 = 7 + 9i = (7, 9) radius of
the circle is r =
18
21. Consider the complex number z satisfying |z 5i| 3, then
(a) Value of z having the least modulus is z =2i
(b) Value of z having the greatest modulus is z = 8i
(c) Value of z having the least positive argument is
4
(3 + 4i)
5
(d) Value of z having the greatest positive argument is
z=
z=
4
(-3 + 4i)
5
z - z1 ( x + iy ) - (10 + 6i ) ( x - 10 ) + ( y - 6) i
=
=
z - z2
( x + iy) - (4 + 6i )
( x - 4) + ( y - 6) i
x 2 + y 2 - 14x - 12 y + 76
p
=1
4
x2
(x - 10) + ( y - 6) i (x - 4) - ( y - 6)i
x
(x - 4) + ( y - 6) i (x - 4) - ( y - 6)i
= tan
15
C (5i)
(6 y - 36)i
x 2 + y 2 - 8x - 12y + 52
(on simplifying)
z - z1 p
Now given that arg z - z = 4 ;
2
p
6y - 36
Hence tan -1 2 2
=
x + y -14x -12y + 76 4
-1 y
Q arg ( x + iy) = tan x
B
D
b
A
f
a
16
Ph y si cs
(c)
p
- f, f = AOC
2
Now a a = | a | 2 = l2 a =
p
+f
2
OA
=
OC
OC 2 - AC2
=
OC
1
1
=
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3
Similarly, b =
5 2 - 32 4
=
5
5
p
3
r = OA = 4, cos a = cos - f = sin f = ;
5
....(2)
l2
a
l2
l2
&g =
b
g
3
5
....(1)
l2 l2 l2
1 1 1
+
+
=0 + + =0
a
b
g
a b g
1
1
1
+
+
=0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z1
1
1
1
Conversely let z - z + z - z + z - z = 0
1
2
2
3
3
1
4
sin a = sin - f = cos f = . \ A is 4 (3 + 4i)
5
2
5
Also affix of point B is r(cos b + i sinb)
p
3
r = OB = OA = 4, cos b = cos + f = sin f =
2
5
1 1 1
1
b+g a
+ + =0 = =
a b g
a
bg
bg
from (1)
\a 2 = by | a |2 =| bg || a |3 =| a || b || g |
3
Similarly | b | =| a || b || g | and | g |3 =| a || b || g |
p
4
sin b = sin + f = cos f =
2
5
Hence | a | = | b | = | g | | z1 - z 2 | = | z 2 - z 3 | = | z 3 - z1 | .
That is the triangle is equilateral.
4
(-3 + 4i)
5
Hence, the complex number with least argument is
\ B is
4
(3 + 4i) and the complex number with greatest argument
5
4
(-3 + 4i) .
5
All options (a), (b), (c) and (d) are correct
Note : Student may feel that the solution of this example is
lengthy on the contrary the solution is quite simple and direct
from the figure only.
22. Suppose that z1, z2, z3 represent the vertices of a triangle
taken in order. The triangle is equilateral if and only if
is
(a)
1
1
1
+
+
=0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z1
(b)
1
1
1
=0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z1
1
1
1
+
=0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z1
Sol.
(a) 1 + i (1 3 )
(b) i + 1 3
(c) 2 + i (1 3 )
(d) 1 2i
Laws of Motion
p
Let A be the image of complex number 2 + i, AOB =
3
z-i
Let B (or F) be z, then AOB = arg (2 + i) - i
(refer to angle between two lines in the text)
=
p
3
z -i
BO
p
p
=
cos i sin
( 2 + i) - i AO
3
3
= cos
17
p
p
i sin
3
3
Here z3 = 0, then z 12 + z 22 - z 1z 2 = 0
[Q AO = BO]
1
3
\ z - i = 2 i z = i + 1 i 3 = 1 + i 1 3
2
2
Answer (a)
24. Let a , b R , such that 0 <a < 1, 0 < b < 1. If the complex
numbers z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then values of a and b are
26.
2 z +1
is 2, then show that the
iz + 1
(a) a = b = 2 - 3
(b) a = 2 - 3 , b = 2 + 3
(c) a = 3 , b = - 3
(d) None of these
Sol.
=
{(1 - y ) + ix}
{(1 - y ) - ix}
(2 x + 1 - y ) + i (2 y - 2 y 2 - 2 x 2 - x )
1+ y 2 - 2 y + x 2
2z +1 2 y - 2 y2 - 2x2 - x
Thus, Im
=
1 + y 2 - 2 y + x2
iz + 1
2z +1
But Im
= 2 (Given)
iz + 1
z2 - 0
p
p
Clearly from the figure z - 0 = cos + i sin
3
3
1
1
3
1+ i 3
\ z 2 = z1 + i
2
or,, - 1 + bi = (-a + i)
2
a
1
3
3
a
+i = - 2 2
2 2
2 y - 2 y 2 - 2 x2 - x
1 + y 2 - 2 y + x2
= -2
a
3
+
=1 a = 2 - 3
2
2
1
3
a =b b = 2- 3
2
2
So,
Answer (a)
-p
+ 2 arg (z1) = p
2
arg (z1) =
3p
4
18
Ph y si cs
4.4
Solve following problems with the help of above text and
examples.
1. The points z1, z2, z3, z4, are the vertices of a parallelogram
(in a complex plane) taken in order if and only if
(a) z1 + z 4 = z 2 + z 3
(b) z1 + z 3 = z 2 + z 4
(c) z1 + z 2 = z 3 + z 4
(d) None
2. A square ABCD has its centre at the origin. If A be z1 then
the centroid of triangle ABC is
iz1
(a)
3
6.
7.
(c)
p
3
+ cos 1
2
5
(a)
1
2
3
3
(d) sin 1 cos 1
5
5
In the Argand plane, the area in square units of the triangle
formed by the points 1 + i, 1 i, 2i is
(c)
(d) 2
9.
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) None of these
10. The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the equation
2p
p
z 5i
= 1 lie on
z + 5i
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24
2 6i
(b)
+
5
5
2 6
24 i
+
5
5
2 6
24i
(c)
5
5
(a)
9. (c)
(b) 1
2p
4p
, r cis a +
(c) r cis a +
3
3
8. (c)
3
(b) p 2 cos 1
5
8.
7. (b)
3
(a) cos 1
5
z1
(b)
3
p
p
p
p
z1
z1
(c) cos i sin
(d) cos i sin
6
6
3
3
3
3
3. If z1 = 1+2i, z2 = 2 + 3i, z3= 3 + 4i then z1, z2 and z3 represent
the vertices of a/an
(a) equilateral triangle
(b) right angled triangle
(c) isoceles triangle
(d) none of these
4. Circumcentre of an equilateral triangle is at the origin and
one of the vertex is r cis a then the other two vertices are at
(a) r cis (-a ), r cis (2a )
If z 25i
the x-axis
the straight line y = 5
a circle passing through the origin
None of these.
ANSWER KEY
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (b)
10. (a)
z
a
2.
O
X
O
arg(z - z 0 ) = a, a R represents a line starting from the
z
X
z0
3.
Laws of Motion
| z - z1 |=| z - z 2 | is the perpendicular bisector of the
z - z1
(c) arg z - z = 0 represents the line segment joining
2
z - z1 z1 - z 2 = 2a .where
z - z1
(d) arg z - z = p represents the straight line joining
2
A
B
28. Let z1 = 6 + i and z2 = 4 3i. If z be a complex number
z - z1 p
such that arg z - z = 2 , then z satisfies
2
(a) | z (5 i)| = 5
(b) | z (5 i)| =
(c) | z (5 + i)| = 5
(d) |z (5 + i)| =
Sol.
B(z2)
A(z 1)
6.
A(z1)
z z1
= K represents a circle if
The complex equation
z z2
19
P(z)
+ z z2
= K represents
1
2
z1 z 2 , K a real number..
2
Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points and a be a real number
such that 0 a p then
(z2)B
a circle if K
8.
z - z1
p
= a, 0 < a < p, a
represents a
(a) arg
z
z
2
2
p(z)
a
A
z - z1 p
= represent a circle with diameter as
(b) arg
z - z2 2
the segment A(z1) and B(z2).
P(z)
p/2
p/2
P(z)
z - z1 p
Given arg z - z = 2
2
.....(i)
z1 - z
p
or arg z - z = - 2
2
p
. Hence the relation (i)
2
represents the points lying on a semicircle as shown in
figure. Centre of this semicircle is 5 i (mid point of AB)
and radius =
| z (5 i)| =
1
5 = AB . Therefore z satisfies
ALTERNATE :
Let z = x + i y
z - z1
x + iy - 6 - i
Now z - z = 4 - 3i - x - iy
2
=
=
( x - 6) + ( y - 1)i
( x - 6) + ( y - 1)i ( 4 - x ) + ( y + 3) i
=
( 4 - x ) - ( y + 3)i (4 - x ) - ( y + 3)i ( 4 - x ) + ( y + 3) i
[(x - 6) (4 - x ) - ( y - 1) ( y + 3)] + [(x - 6) ( y + 3) + ( y - 1) (4 - x )] i
(4 - x ) 2 + ( y + 3) 2
20
Ph y si cs
z - z1 p
z - z1
Given arg z - z = 2 z - z is purely imaginary
2
2
Sol.
z - z1
Or Re z - z = 0
2
( x - 6) (4 - x ) - ( y - 1) ( y + 3) = 0
x 2 + y 2 - 10 x + 2 y + 21 = 0
|z (5 i)| =
[( x - 1) + iy][ x + 1 - iy] p
z -1 p
arg
=
=
arg
4
z +1 4
( x + 1) 2 + y 2
( x 2 + y 2 - 1) + 2iy p
=
( x + 1) 2 + y 2 4
3
7
(3 + 4i) or (3 + 4i )
(a)
5
5
(c) 3 + 4i and 3 4 i
4
where a = 3 + 4i, is
3
y > 0, x 2 + y 2 - 1 > 0,
5
5
(3 + 4i) or (3 + 4i )
(b)
3
7
2y
2
x + y2 - 1
=1
x 2 + y 2 - 2 y - 1 = 0, y > 0, x 2 + y 2 - 1 > 0
Sol.
y=
2 8
= 1 2 , y > 0,\ y = 1 + 2
2
Answer (b)
4
3
7
B is 7 (cos q +i sin q ) = (3 + 4 i)
5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Sol.
2 z 2 - 5z + 3
3z - z - 2
2
(2z - 3)( z - 1) 2z - 3 2 z - 3 / 2
as z 1.
= .
=
(3z + 2)(z - 1) 3z + 2 3 z + 2 / 3
z - 3/ 2
2p
3
\ A is 3 (cos q +i sin q ) = (3 + 4i)
5
z -1 p
=
30. If z = x + iy such that | z + 1| = | z 1| and amp
z +1 4
then
(a) x = 2 + 1, y = 0
(b) x = 0, y =
(c) x = 0, y =
(d) x =
2 -1
2z 2 - 5z + 3 2p
=
arg 2
3 is
3z - z - 2
z= -
2 - 1, y = 0
2
2p
subtend a constant angle=
at the point z. Thus
3
3
2 +1
z= -
3
. and
2
3
and
2
2
2p
at which the chord subtends an angle=
.
3
3
Answer (c)
Laws of Motion
21
4.5
Solve following problems with the help of above text and
examples.
1. If z = x + iy and w =
1 - iz
, then |w| = 1 implies that, in the
z-i
complex plane.
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis
(b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle
(d) None of these.
2. The Points representing the complex numbers z for which
| z + 4 |2 | z 4 |2 =8 lie on
(a) a straight line parallel to x axis
(b) a straight line parallel to y axis
(c) a circle with centre as origin
(d) a circle with centre other than the origin
3. If z1 , z 2 , z 3 are in H.P. they lie on a:
(a) circle
(b) sphere
(c) straight line
(d) None of these
4. The locus of the point Z in the Argand plane for which
Z +1
+ Z 1
7.
equation
2z + 1
5. If the imaginary part of
is 2, then the locus of z in
iz + 1
z - 5i
= 1 lie on
z + 5i
z-i
= 1 , then locus of z is
z +1
8.
If
9.
(a) x-axis
(b) y-axis
(c) x = 1
(d) x + y = 0
If z = x + iy and a is a real n umber such that
| z - ai | = | z + ai | , then locus of z is
= 4 is a
z+2
is 4, then the locus of the point
z i
(a) x-axis
(b) y - axis
(c) x = y
(d) x 2 + y 2 = 1
(d) y = - x + 1
ANSWER KEY
1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (a)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (a)
Thus z1 - z 2 z1 + z 2 z 2 + z 2
2. - | z | Re( z ) | z |
3. - | z | Im(z) | z |
4. | z | < | Re(z) | + | Im(z) | <
5. If z +
2 |z|
2
2
1
= a , a is positive real number then - a + a + 4 | z | a + a + 4
z
2
2
22
Ph y si cs
1.
(b) i
3 1
3 1
- i
- i
(d) 2 2
2 2
Sol. Let z = x + iy, x, y R
[Note that the problems with lower powers of z can easily
be solved using z = x + iy]
(c)
Then z = iz 2 x iy = i (x + iy)2
x iy = i (x2 y2 + 2ixy) = i (x2 y2) 2xy
Equating real and imaginary parts x = 2xy and
y = x2 y2
Sol.
(a)
1
1
3
3
= x2 - x2 = x =
2
4
4
2
Discording the solution x = 0, y = 0 (for it is z = 0)
We get the solution z = 0 + 1i = i,
3.
3 1
- 3 1
- i and z =
- i Answer (a, c & d)
z=
2
2
2
2
The minimum value of |z| + | z i| is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) none
(b)
3 7
4
(c) 2
(d) None
z = i, 1 - i, 1 i
Let A = (0,1), B = (1,1), C=(1, 1),
1
2
If x = 0, from second equation, y (y 1) = 0 y = 0 or 1
1
from second equation
2
3 7
2
x = 2xy x (1 + 2y) = 0 x = 0 or y = -
If y = -
0
1 1
1
1
1 - 1 1 = | - 2 - 2 |= 2
\ D ABC =
2
2
- 1 -1 1
5.
Answer (c)
(b) 2 3 - 2i (c) - 2 3 - 2i
3 -i
Sol. We have two equations
| z | -4 = 0 and | z - i | - | z + 5i |= 0
(a)
(d)
...(1)
and | x + iy - i |=| x + iy + 5i |
or x 2 + ( y - 1) 2 = x 2 + ( y + 5) 2
i.e
y= 2
...(2)
Laws of Motion
\ z = 1 + cos q + i sin q
If S(n ) = i n + i - n , where i =
-n
n
n
Sol. We have, S( n ) = i + i = i +
( -1) + 1
n
in
- 1 and n is a positive
1
in
in
q 1
q
q
q
\ arg z = = arg(z - 1)
+ 2i sin cos
2
2
2
2 2
Thus, arg(z - 1) = 2 arg z.
Answer (a)
Let z be a complex number having the argument
= 2 cos 2
9.
p
and satisfying the equation | z 3i | = 3.
2
6
is
z
Sol. From geometrical representation we know that the equation
| z 3i| = 3 represents a circle with centre C (3i) i.e., the
point (0, 3) and radius = 3 Clearly, the circle touches the x
- axis at origin O. Let a point P on the circle is the image of
z, which has argument q . hence OAP = q
By property of circle OAP = q .
, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,...
(a) z1 + z 2 = z 3 + z 4
q
q
q
q
cos + i sin = 2 cos .e iq / 2
2
2
2
2
q, 0 < q <
i 2n + 1
7.
= 2 cos
Answer (b, c)
23
(b) z1 - z 2 + z 3 - z 4 = 0
z2 - z4 p
z1 - z 2 p
=
(d) amp z z = 2
z1 - z 3 2
3- 4
Sol. Since diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
(c) amp
z1 + z 3 z 2 + z 4
=
= z 0 (say)
2
2
z1 - z 2 + z 3 - z 4 = 0
Also, since diagonals of a rhombus are at right angles
\
z2
z1
O
z0
z3
\ amp
z4
z + z4
z2 - 2
p
2
amp
=
z1 + z 3
2
z1 2
8.
z 2 - z0 p
=
z1 - z 0 2
amp
z2 - z4 p
=
z1 - z 3 2
2
arg( z 2 - z)
3
6
1
cos q - i sin q
=
=
= cot q - i
sin q
z sin q (cos q + i sin q)
6
= i
z
10. Find the real part of tan (a + ib)
Sol. We have
\ cot q -
sin( a + i b )
2 sin( a + ib ) cos( a - ib )
tan (a + ib) = cos( a + ib ) = 2 cos( a + ib ) cos( a - ib )
[Multiplying numerator and denominator by 2 cos (a
ib)]
e 2b - e -2b
sin 2a + i
2
sin 2a + sin(2ib)
cos 2a +
ei(2ib) - e-i(2ib)
(Euler's rotation)
Note that sin2ib =
2i
-2b 2b
e2b - e-2b
e -e
= i
. Similarly for cos (2ib).
=
2i
2
24
Ph y si cs
2 sin 2 a
\ Real part of tan (a + ib) is 2 cos 2 a + ( e 2b + e - 2b )
1
11. If |z| 3, then find the least value of z +
z
1
= r (cos q + i sin q) + (cos q - i sin q)
r
1
1
r + cos q + i r - sin q
r
r
1
1
1
+
+
= 2w 2
a+w b+w c+w
and
p
)
2
1
- 2 = r -
2
r
\ ( t ) least = r -
r
Now r 3 t least 3 - 1 = 8 .
3 3
1
8
=
z
3
1
c + w2
1
1
1
+
+
=2
a +1 b +1 c +1
(a) 1
(b) 2
Sol. Since w 2 =
\ Least Value of t = z +
a+w
b+w
Then show that
2 1
= r + 2 + 2 cos 2 q
r
5
5
5
is ve or a + 2 a - 2 is -ve
5
5
a
2
2
13. If w is complex cube root of unity and a, b, c are three real
numbers such that
1
1
2
2
= r + cos q + r - sin q
r
r
2
(t2)least = r +
4a 2 a 2 - 0
4
2
conclude that a -
1
Let t = z +
z
t2
4a 4 + 20a 2 (1 - a 2 ) 0 -4a 4 + 5a 2 0
(c) 3
(d) None
1
1
and w = 2 the given relation may be
w
w
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
a +w b+w c+w w
rewritten as
and
= 2w
a+w
b+w
c+w
w2
Clearly w and w2 are the roots of
2
1
1
1
2
+
+
=
a+x b+x c+x x
...(1)
or
or
y + 2 = 0 \ y = -2 and x + a ( x - 1) 2 + 4 = 0
\ x 2 = a 2 ( x 2 - 2x + 5) or (1 - a 2 )x 2 + 2a 2 x - 5a 2 = 0
roots, a + w + w2 = 0 a = 1
Hence, 1 is the root of equation (1) we get
1
1
1
+
+
=2
a +1 b +1 c +1
Answer (b)
Laws of Motion
4.
5.
p
If | z | = 2 and arg (z) = then z = .............
4
The greatest and the least absolute value of z + 1 where
| z + 4 | 3 is ............. and .............
In the Argand plane, the vector z = 4 3i is turned in the
clockwise sense through 180 and stretched 3 times. The
complex number represented by the new vector is .............
6.
If x + iy =
7.
8.
If zn = cos
p
+ sin
,
(2n + 1) (2 n + 3)
(2n + 1) (2 n + 3)
11.
z = (1 + i 3) (1 + i) (cos q + i sin q) is 7p + q .
12
16. The points representing the complex number z for which
| z + 1 | < | z 1 | lies in the interior of a circle.
17. If three complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 are in A.P., then
they lie on a circle in the complex plane.
18. If n is a positive integer, then the value of in + (i)n+1 +
(i)n+2 + (i)n+3 is 0.
25
1
1
1
+
+
=0.
z1 - z2 z2 - z3 z3 - z1
1
cos
5 + 2i
1- 2i
(iii) i35 + i 40
31. If
(ii) - 2 - i
3
(iv)
2-i
(1 + 2i ) 2
- x - iy = (b - ia )
z - 8i
32. If Re
= 0 then show that z lies on the curve
z +6
x2 + y2 + 6x 8y = 0
(3 - 2i ) (2 + 3i )
(1 + 2i ) (2 - i )
26
Ph y si cs
34.
35.
36.
37.
1 1
1
+ +
z1 z 2 z 3
39.
40.
i -1
in the
p
p
cos + i sin
3
3
44.
45.
46.
Show that
u v
If (x + iy)3 = u + iv then show that + = 4( x 2 - y 2 )
x y
47.
and radius.
If | z1 | = | z2 | = ....... = | zn | = 1 then show that
42.
1.
2.
3.
4.
z -2
= 2 represents a circle. Find its centre
z -3
| z1 + z2 + .....+ zn | =
1 1
1
+ + ...... +
z1 z2
zn
48.
x = -2 - 3i
49.
z + 2 | z + 1| + i = 0
If z and w are two complex numbers such that | zw | = 1
polar form.
38.
p
p
If xn = cos + i sin
n
2
2n
a 2 = 4b
(c) a 2 = 2b
(b) a 2 = b
(d) a 2 = 3b
50.
If
p
, then show that z w = i
2
z -1
is a purely imaginary number then show that z lies
z +1
5.
6.
7.
1+ i
If
[AIEEE 2003]
= 1 then
1- i
(a) x = 2n + 1 , where n is any positive integer
(b) x = 4n , where n is any positive integer
(c) x = 2n , where n is any positive integer
(d) x = 4n + 1 , where n is any positive integer..
5p
4
(b)
p
2
(c)
3p
4
(d)
p
4
[AIEEE 2003]
Laws of Motion
1
8.
9.
x y
If z = x - i y and z 3 = p + iq , then + (p 2 + q 2 )
p q
is equal to
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 1
2
2
If | z - 1 |=| z | +1, then z lies on
[AIEEE 2004]
(a) an ellipse
(b) the imaginary axis
(c) a circle
(d) the real axis
11.
1, 1, 1
(d) 1, 1 + 2 w , 1 + 2 w
(a)
17.
18.
(b) p
(c) 0
12. If w =
(d)
z
+ . . . . . . . . . +
(b)
(c)
b (1, )
(d) b (0,1)
0
, then H70 is equal to
(a) 0
(c) H2
(b) H
(d) H
2
If z 1 and z is real, then the point represented by the
22.
z -1
1+ z
argument q, then arg
equals:
1 + z
[AIEEE 2006]
(a) 18
(b) 54
(c) 6
(d) 12
15. If | z + 4 | 3, then the maximum value of | z + 1 | is
[AIEEE 2007]
(a) 6
(b) 0
(c) 4
(d) 10
[AIEEE 2011]
21.
6 1
z + 6 is
z
b (-1, 0)
H =
0
[AIEEE 2006]
(a) i
(b) 1
(c) 1
(d) i
14. If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is complex number, then the value
of
1 2 1 3 1
z + z + z + 2 + z + 3
z
z
b =1
(a)
20.
(b) a circle
(d) a parabola
2kp
2kp
1
1
(d)
i +1
i 1
The number of complex numbers z such that
|z 1| = |z + 1| = |z i| equals
[AIEEE 2010]
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c)
(d) 0
Let a, b be real and z be a complex number. If z2 + az + b
= 0 has two distinct roots on the line Re z =1, then it is
necessary that :
[AIEEE 2011]
-p
2
10
1
i +1
[AIEEE 2005]
(a) an ellipse
(c) a straight line
(b)
19.
1
z- i
3
1
i 1
(c)
(a)
1
then that
i 1
[AIEEE 2008]
[AIEEE 2005]
(a) 1, 1 + 2 w , 1 2 w 2 (b)
(c) 1, 1 2 w , 1 2 w 2
16.
27
p
q
2
(c) q
(d) p q
If the cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2, then the roots of the
equation (x 1)3 + 8 = 0 are
[IIT 1979]
2
(a) 1, 1 + 2w, 1 + 2w (b) 1, 1 2w, 1 2w2
(c) 1, 1, 1
(d) None of these
(a) q
23.
[JEE M 2013]
(b)
28
24.
Ph y si cs
[IIT 1980]
34.
1+ i
= 1 is
1- i
25.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
z 5i
= 1 lie on
z + 5i
[IIT 1981]
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
36.
[IIT 1982]
by
[IIT 1982]
(a) Re(z) 0
(b) Re(z) < 0
(c) Re(z) > 0
(d) none of these
If z = x + iy and w = (1iz)/ (z1) then |w| = 1 implies that,
in the complex plane,
[IIT 1983]
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis
(b) z lies on the real axis
(c) z lies on the unit circle
(d) None of these
The points z1, z2, z3, z4 in the complex plane are the vertices
of a parallelogram taken in order if and only if
[IIT 1983]
(a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3
(b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
(d) None of these
If a, b, c and u, v, w are complex numbers representing the
vertices of two triangles such that c = (1 r) a + rb and
w = (1 r)u + rv, where r is a complex number, then the
two triangles
[IIT 1985]
(a) have the same area (b) are similar
(c) are congruent
(d) none of these
If w ( 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + w)7 = A + Bw
then A and B are respectively
[IIT 1995S]
(a) 0, 1
(b) 1, 1
(c) 1, 0
(d) 1, 1
Let z and w be two non zero complex numbers such that
| z | = | w | and Arg z + Argg w = p, then z equals
(a) w
(b) - w
[IIT 1995S]
33.
334
1 i 3
+3 - +
2
2
365
[IIT 1999]
(b) 1 + i 3
(d) - i 3
i 3
If arg(z) < 0, then arg (-z) - arg(z) =
(b) - p
(a) p
(c)
37.
(d) - w
z1 = z2 = z3 =
38.
39.
[IIT 2000S]
p
p
(d)
2
2
If z1, z2 and z3 are complex numbers such that
[IIT 2000S]
(c)
(c)
If i =
(a) 1 - i 3
3 i
3 i
+ +
- , then
If z =
2 2
2 2
1 i 3
- 1 , then 4 + 5 - 2 + 2
is equal to
(a) Re(z) = 0
(b) Im(z) = 0
(c) Re(z) > 0, Im (z) > 0 (d) Re(z) > 0, Im (z) < 0
27.
35.
the x-axis
the straight line y = 5
a circle passing through the origin
none of these
5
26.
(a) n = 8
(b) n = 16
(c) n = 12
(d) none of these
The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the
equation
1 1
1
+ +
= 1, then
z1 z2 z3
z1 + z2 + z3
is
(a) equal to 1
(b) less than 1
(c) greater than 3
(d) equal to 3
Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right
angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
[IIT 2001S]
(a) 4k + 1
(b) 4k +2
(c) 4k + 3
(d) 4k
The complex numbers z 1, z 2 an d z 3 satisfying
z 1- z 3 1 - i 3
=
are the vertices of a triangle which is
z 2 -z 3
2
40.
41.
1 - 1 - w2
1
w2
1
3
+i
, then the value of the det.
2
2
1
w2
is
w4
[IIT 2002]
(a) 3w
(b) 3w(w - 1)
(c) 3w2
(d) 3w(1 - w)
29
Laws of Motion
42. If z = 1 and w =
z -1
( where z -1) , then Re( w ) is
z +1
(a) 0
(c)
(b)
z
1
.
z +1 z +12
(d)
1
z +1
[IIT 2003S]
p
in
2
anticlockwise direction on a circle with centre at origin, to
reach a point z2. The point z2 is given by
[IIT 2008]
(a) 6 + 7i
(b) 7 + 6i
(c) 7 + 6i
(d) 6 + 7i
2
z +1
m =1
at q = 2 is
( -1 + 2 , 2 )
A
(1, 0)
C
(1, 0)
( - 1 + 2 ,- 2 )
3
2
(d)
1
2
w - wz
46. If
is purely real where w = a + ib, b 0 and z 1,
1- z
then the set of the values of z is
[IIT 2006]
(a) {z : |z| = 1}
(b) {z : z = z }
(c) {z : z 1}
(d) {z : |z| = 1, z 1}
47. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards
the north-east (N 45 E) direction. From there, he walks a
distance of 4 units towards the north-west (N 45 W)
direction to reach a point P. Then the position of P in the
Argand plane is
[IIT 2007]
(a) 3eip/4 + 4i
(b) (3 4i)eip/4
(c) (4 + 3i)eip/4
(d) (3 + 4i)eip/4
z
lie on
48. If | z | = 1 and z 1, then all the values of
1- z 2
(a) a line not passing through the origin
(b) | z | = 2
(c) the x-axis
(d) the y-axis
[IIT 2009]
(a)
1
sin 2
(b)
1
3sin 2
(c)
1
2 sin 2
(d)
1
4 sin 2
15
Im( z 2m 1 )
[IIT 2007]
3
3
the roots of the equation z z + z z = 350 is[IIT 2009]
(a) 48
(b) 32
(c) 40
(d) 80
52. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of
z is non-zero and a = z2 + z + 1 is real. Then a cannot take
the value
[IIT 2012]
(a) 1
(b)
1
3
1
2
(d)
3
4
(c)
1
lie on circles (x x0)2
a
2 z 0 = r 2 + 2, then a =
(a)
(c)
1
2
1
7
(b)
1
2
(d)
1
3
30
1.
2.
3.
Ph y si cs
(a)
4.
5.
6.
If f(z) =
7-z
1- z2
|z|
(b) | z |
(c) 2 | z |
(d) None
2
Given that |za| = a where z is a point in the Argand plane,
(a)
7.
z - 2a
=
z
(a) i tan (arg z)
(c) tan (arg z)
then
8.
If x + iy =
3
then 4x x2 y2 reduces to :
cos q + i sin q + 2
(a) 2
9.
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
z1
number lies in the :
z2
(a) first quadrant
(c) third quadrant
a - ib
10. The value of Arg i ln
, where a and b are real
a + ib
numbers, is
(a) 0 or p
(c) not defined
p
(b)
2
(d) none of these.
(c) ep
(d) ep
(a) 1
(b)
1
1
(d) z 2
(b)
(c) z
z
z
16. The area of the triangle on the Argand diagram formed by
the complex number z, iz and z+iz is
(a)
| z |2
| z |2
(c)
(d) None
3
2
17. If z, wz ane w z are the vertices of a triangle, then the area
of the triangle will be (where w is cube root of unity) :
(a) |z|2
(a)
(b)
3 | z |2
2
(b)
3 3 | z |2
2
3 | z |2
(d) None of these
2
18. Let z lies on the circle centred at the origin. If area of the
triangle whose vertices are z, wz and z+wz, where w is the
(c)
x
y
z
= 1,
+
+
y
z
x
3
2
(b)
3
2
(c) 0
(d) 1
31
Laws of Motion
20. Let z = 1 t + i
3
is a circle with radius 3 and centre at z =
2
is an ellipse with its foci at 1 i and 2 + i and major
axis = 3
is a hyperbola with its foci at 1i and 2 + i and its
transverse axis = 3
none of the above
2
= 2 is
z
1
= 1. Then
z
(a) Im (z) = 0
(b) Re (z) = 0
(d) None of these
(c) amp (z) = p
29. If a, b, g and a, b, c are complex numbers such that
a b c
b
g
a
+
+
= 1 + i and + + = 0, then the value of
b
c
a b g
a
a2
b2
a2
b2
(a) 0
g2
is equal to
c2
(b) 1
(c) 2i
(d) 2i
y
x
= k ( a2 b2 )
b
a
(c) 3
(d) 4
iA
(a)
3 -1
(b)
3 +1
11p
11p
+ i sin
number z = 1 + cos
are respectively..
9
(c)
(d)
2+ 3
(a)
1
= 2 . Which
z
2 +1
(c) | z | 4
(b) | z |
(d)
2 -1
2 -1
2 +1
(d) i or 1
3
1
1
3
(b)
(c)
(d)
2
2
2
2
27. If n is a positive integer grater than unity and z is a complex
satisfying the equation z n = (z + 1) n , then
(a) Re(z) < 0
(b) Re(z) > 0
(d) z lies on x =
(b)
7p
11p
, 2cos
.
18
18
(d)
p
p
, 2cos
9
18
(a)
(a)
(c) Re(z) = 0
11p
p
, 2cos
8
18
2p
7p
, 2cos
(c)
9
18
1
2
5p
5p
(a) cos
+ i sin
48
48
29p
29p
(b) cos
+ i sin
48
48
7p
7p
+ isin
48
48
19p
19p
isin
48
48
(c) cos
(d) cos
32
Ph y si cs
(a) 0
1
z1
+
1
(b) 1
1
1
is,
+ ........+
z2
zn
(c) 1
(d) None
A
B
+
= 1.
B
A
Then the origin and two points A and B form a triangle which
is
(a) equilateral
(b) obtuse angled triangle
(c) right angled triangle
(d) None of these
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 1
(a)
1
(cos a + i sin a )
cos a
(b)
1
[cos ( p + a ) + i sin( p + a )
- cos a
w1 = 1
(a)
w2 = 1
(b)
(a) 0
1+ w
1 + w2
1
1 + w2
1+ w
1
(b) 1
(c) 4
(c)
(b)
x2
y2
+
=1
8
10
(d)
(d) 2
x2
y2
+
=1
9
40
x2
y2
+
=1
3
25
sin nq
( x + a) n (x + b) n
=
is
a b
sin n q
(a) cot q 1
(b) cot q + 1
(c) cos q
(d) tan q + 1
2(z - 1)
47. If sin 1
2 is defined for some z, where z is non(
1
+
i
)
real, then:
(a) Re (z) = 1, 1 Im (z) 1
(b) Re (z) = 1, Im (z) = 2
(c) Re (z) = 1, <Im(z)<
(d) Re (z) = 1, | Im(z) | 1
48. Let z1 and z2 be non-zero complex numbers satisfying the
equation z12 2z1z2 + 2z22 = 0. The geometrical nature of
the triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points
representing z1 and z2 is
(a) an isosceles right angled triangle
(b) a right angled triangle
(c) an equilateral triangle
(d) none of these.
(a) | z + z |=
1
[cos ( 2 p + a ) + i sin( 2 p + a )]
cos a
(d) None of the above.
(c)
(a)
(d) 2
1
2
(c) | z + z | =1
(b) z + z = 1
(d) None of these.
then
Laws of Motion
(a)
a2
c2
b2
=0
z 2 z3
z1 z 2
z 3 z1
(b)
c
a
b
=0
+
+
z1 z 2
z 2 z3
z 3 z1
(c)
a2
b2
c2
+
+
=0
z 2 z3
z 3 z1
z1 z 2
(b) 1
z2 ' 1 is
z3 ' 1
(d) None
55. If
6i
- 3i
3i
-1
20
(d) 2n
3
4
2
60. Statement 1 : 3 + ix y and x 2 + y + 4i are conjugate
az1 bz 2
+
is a point on the line segment
bz 2 az1
(c) 3
(d)
3 3
2
z+2
= x + iy, then
(b) 3 3
x2 + x + 2 = 0
numbers, then x 2 + y 2 = 3
(a) x = 3, y = 1
(b) x = 1, y = 3
(c) x = 0, y = 3
(d) x = 0, y = 0
56. Let A0A1A2A3A4A5 be a regular hexagon inscribed in a
circle of unit radius. Then the product of the lengths of the
line segments A0A1,A0A2 and A0A4 is
(a)
p = a + a 2 + a 4 , q = a 3 + a 5 + a 6 then
the equation where roots are p and q is
1 + a + a 2 + .......... . + a 6 = 0
, is
(a) 2n
(b) n
(c) n
54. Let a complex function be defined as
g (z) = z z . If g(zw) = g ( z w), then
(a) z is purely real
(b) w is purely real
(c) w is purely imaginary
(d) atleast one of (a) or (c) is true.
(d)
2p
2p
59. Statement 1 : If a = cos + i sin ,
7
7
z1 ' 1
(c) 1
33
1
2
58. For the complex numbers z1 and z2 if
| 1 - z1 z2 |2 - | z1 - z2 |2 = k (1- | z1 |2 ) (1- | z2 |2 )
then k equals to
(a) 1
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 2
az1 bz 2
+
= e -ia + e ia = 2 cos a
bz 2 az1
27
1 2 1
1
x + + x + 2 + .... + x + 27
x
x
x
is 54.
Statement 2 : w, w2 are the roots of given equation and
x+
1
1
1
= -1, x 2 + 2 = -1, x 3 + 3 = 2
x
x
x
2
2 - 1 , then | z + 2z cos a | is less
than 1.
Statement 2 : | z1 + z 2 | < | z1 | + | z 2 | also | cos a | 1
34
Ph y si cs
Laws of Motion
35